ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 VP; MOOD. Greenbaum and Quirk, 1990: pp Blaganje and Konte, 1998: pp ;
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1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 VP; MOOD Greenbaum and Quirk, 1990: pp Blaganje and Konte, 1998: pp ;
2 Types of verbs Full / lexical: carry te lexical meaning (work, sleep, know,...) and are open class you can inven nwe ones. Auxiliary: closed classes
3 Types of verbs Auxiliary: closed classes Primary auxiliaries: to form tenses and can also be full lexical verbs (in meaning: I have a dog.). 3: BE DO HAVE Modal auxiliaries: Can Could May would
4 The VP: types of verbs according to their function MAIN VERB: only verb in a VP or last verb in a VP (lexical / primary) AUXILIARY VERB: preceeding the main verb (modal / primary) * operator: first auxiliary verb which changes (ko menjaš oblike v niklano, tdilno, vprašalno...), others behind it stay the same (We should work out.)
5 Operator First verb in a finite VP Auxiliary verb: samo prvi se spreminja, ko menjaš iz trdilne v nikalno, vprašalno in ostale oblike, vsi ostali glagoli za njim ostajajo nespremenjeni. We should buy that. We shouldn`t buy that. Should we buy that? Main verbs: BE HAVE in(bre) Negation: We shouldn`t buy that Interrogative form (S-Operator inversion): Should we buy that?
6 Operator S-Operator inversion in sentences with introductory negatives: Never was that possible! Ellipsis: Will you try again? Yes I will. Dummy/empty operator: DO Enclitic particle: n t (don`t, won`t ) Contracted forms: m, s, re, ll
7 Modal auxiliaries - [modalni pomožni glagoli] Followed by the bare infinitive No nonfinite forms (- ing forms) No s inflection (3rd p. sg. pr. tense) Past tense forms can have a present/future meaning He could be here tomorrow. I might know the answer to your question.
8 Primary auxiliaries: BE Aspect auxiliary (to express continuous forms) We are working. v. We work. Voice auxiliary (to express passive) The letter was written. v. I wrote it. Can also be a main verb (copula) He is a student.
9 Primary auxiliaries: HAVE Aspect auxiliary (to form perfect) He has written a letter. Can also be a main verb (transitive) He has a car. The negative and interrogative form (BrE) Have you a car? He hasn t a car. Have you got a car? He hasn t got a car.
10 Primary auxiliaries: DO Tense auxiliary (to form present, past) Do you work here? Did you work here? He doesn t like music. Emphasis : do is used to emphasize Can also be a main verb (transitive) Do your homework.
11 Mood - [glagolski naklon] Indicates the factual, nonfactual, counterfactual status of the predication Indicates in what relation to reality the speaker places the action expressed by the verb
12 Types of mood in English Indicative (unmarked) - [povedni naklon] It is raining. I know the answer. Imperative: to express commands and other directive speech acts - [velelni naklon] Be attentive. Don t worry. Open the door. Subjunctive: to express a wish or a recommendation - [pogojni naklon]
13 The subjunctive - [pogojni naklon] Only 2 forms: The present subjunctive (but it doesn`t refer to the present, that is just a name) The past subjunctive (but it doesn`t refer to the past, that is just a name) The distinction: the mood, not the tense =>terminology is misleading * In subjunctive forms we can judge TRUE or FALSE (tako jih prepoznamo)
14 The present subjunctive: FORM Base form of the verb in all persons: I call we call you call you call he call they call she call it call Verb BE: be in all persons (I be, you be, he be, she be, it be, we be, they be) All other verbs: in present subjunctive are in 3rd person sg. form (we recognise it, because there is no s); passive voice
15 The present subjunctive:use THE MANDATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE: that (object) clauses after an expression of demand, recommendation, wish, suggestion or proposal Moscow demanded that Lithuania freeze its declaration of independence. It is imperative that he be released.
16 The present subjunctive:use alternative: PUTATIVE SHOULD you can use should instead of mandative subjunctive Moscow demanded that Lithuania should freeze its declaration of independence. It is imperative that he should be released.
17 The present subjunctive:use THE FORMULAIC SUBJUNCTIVE (formula = words that can go together, set phrases ) In a limited number of set expressions: Long live the Queen! So be it. (It is so. it`s not the same)
18 The past subjunctive: FORM Only one surviving form: WERE (be) Only 1st & 3rd person singular I were we were you were you were he were they were she were it were
19 The past subjunctive:use HYPOTHETICAL MEANING: Conditional clauses: If I were you, I would not do that. Concessive clauses (as though, as if) He speaks as if he were afraid. Subordinate clauses following I wish and suppose: I wish it were true. Suppose this were true.
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