Ch. h. 1 6 a nd n d 1 7 Wor o ld l d W a I I I I B eg e i g n i n n i n n i g n s g s & A e m r e ic i a a in i n W o ld l d W a I I

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1 Ch. 16 and 17 World War II Beginnings & America in World War II Ch.16 Objectives: To trace the rise of dictators, the beginnings of war, and the American response in the 1930 s. Section 1 1.Indentify the types of governments that took power in Russia, Italy, Germany, and Japan after World War1. 2.Descibe the details of American s turn to isolationism in the 1930 s. Ch. 16 section 1 Causes of European Conflict: Economic depression Rise of dictators due to nationalism & a lack of democratic tradition. Treaty of Versailles Cause of resentment & anger War Guilt Clause blamed Germany for the war. Took away colonies and border territories their money source. Military reduced to a defensive military only. US Responds with Isolationism Nye Committee created to look into war profits by weapon makers. Created increase in anti-war & isolationist feelings in US. FDR reaches out to World at first. Recognizes USSR Continues the Good Neighbor Policy w/ Latin America to secure support if war breaks out. Reciprocal Trade Agreement we lower tariffs if others lower tariffs. Neutrality Breaks Down 1937, Japan invades China and US sends aid to China FDR gives Quarantine speech, Chicago, isolate aggressor nations w/ embargo but backs off due to criticism. 1

2 Ch. 16.3: The Holocaust Enabling Acts gives Hitler power to make laws himself. Boycotts - isolated Jewish business & people from German society Nazis made it against the law for a Jewish person to hold public office Nuremberg Laws, took rights of German Citizenship from Jews, their jobs and property. Forced Jews to wear a yellow star to easily identify a Jewish person. Kristallnacht Nov the night of broken glass - Nazis launched a violent attack on Jews. - Storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues in Germany & killed 100 Jews. - Major step in the persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi party. Result: 1. Many had fled to other countries 2. Jews who stayed in Germany were forced into overcrowded & isolated parts of cities, called ghettos. 2

3 Flood of Jewish Refugees Jews had a hard time finding nations to accept them. British worried about fueling anti-semitism, accepted up to 80k in UK and 30k in Palistine. France only 40k. US accepted 100k Jews, especially persons of exceptional merit, Einstein, Thomas Mann, Walter Gropius & Paul Tillich. US worried Jews would take US jobs from US citizens & threaten economic recovery. Anti-semitism and fear of enemy agents entering the US. FDR said he would do nothing to harm American citizens. US indifference St. Louis St. Louis a German ocean liner w/ 943 passengers w/ 700+ w/ papers, Coast Guard sent them back to Europe. Finally, taken in by France and later taken over by Germany. ½ of the passengers later Final Solution Policy of genocide - the systematic killing of an entire people. Why? 1. To ensure racial purity of the Aryan race. 2. Not all the Jews would leave Germany. In 1939, Hitler had the Jews rounded up and moved to concentration camps or killed. 3

4 Final Stage: Mass Extermination 1942, built six death camps with gas chambers and huge furnaces for mass killings. Chelmno started in 1941, the largest was in Auschwitz 6 million died in death camps and in Nazi massacres Fewer than 4 million European Jews survived the Holocaust. 4

5 Ch Objectives: Section 4 1. Describe the US responses to the outbreak of the war in Europe in explain how Roosevelt assisted the Allies without declaring war. 3. Summarize the events that brought the United States into armed conflict in Germany. 4. Describe the American responses to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Ch. 16.4: America Moves Toward War Moving Away From Neutrality Sept Cash & Carry Plan Allows warring nations to buy supplies if they pay in CASH & CARRY it on their own ships. To help Allies and keep US out of war. Sept Bases for Destroyers Plan France fell and Britain running out of money, US traded 50 WWI destroyers for bases from Caribbean to Newfoundland. Sept. 27, 1940 Tripartite Pact Germany, Japan, Italy become the Axis Powers. Aimed at keeping US out of the war, war w/ one means war w/ all 3 nations. 1940, Increased Defense Spending, Selective Training and Service Act 16 million registered & 1 million drafted to prepare for war. FDR Runs for Third Term FDR breaks 2 term tradition Republican Wilkie & FDR both said they would stay out of war. The Great Arsenal of Democracy March 1941, Lend-Lease Lease Act Britain ran out of money & FDR decided to LEND or LEASE war supplies to Britain, when done they return supplies. June 1941, Germany invades USSR, US extends Lend-Lease Lease to USSR. German Wolf Packs German U-boats attacked Lend-Lease Lease shipments & convoys. FDR granted Navy to attack u-boats in self-defense. FDR Plans for War Aug. 1941, terms of draftees extended to prepare for war. Atlantic Charter US & Britain pledged: collective security, disarmament, self- determination, economic cooperation & freedom of the seas. Basis for the A Declaration of the United Nations Shoot on Sight USS Greer fired on by Germany, FDR orders navy to shoot u-boats on sight. Sinking of Pink Star & Reuban James Senate allowed arming of 5

6 Japan Attacks the United States 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria (N. China) July 1937, Japanese Chief of Staff Hideki Tojo invades China. US only remaining power to keep Japan from seizing an E. Asian Empire. US set up an embargo most important was OIL. Peace talks break down, Dec. 6, Dec. 7 th, 1941 Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii A date the will live in infamy, said by FDR. 2,403 Americans killed & 1178 wounded. US reaction: outrage to panic, isolationism destroyed & people called for & supported a declaration of war. Dec. 8 th, 1941 US declares war on Japan Dec. 11 th, 1941 Germany & Italy declare war on US. 6

7 Ch Objectives 1. Explain how the United States expanded its armed forces in World War Describe the wartime mobilization of industry, labor, scientists, and the media. 3. Trace the efforts of the US government to control the economy and deal with alleged subversion. Ch. 17: The US in WWII Mobilizing for Defense 5 million volunteered Selective Service added 10 m more. May, 1942, Military needs were so great Gen. Marshall pushed to form Women s Auxillary Army Corps. Women did all duties not combat related. July 1943, Army dropped Auxillary to form WAC s, women now receive w/ benefits. Minority groups in WWII Groups discriminated against AA lived & worked in segregated units A Production Miracle Feb. 1942, factories were quickly converted to war production. Henry Kaiser, turned out ships an average of 14 days. Kaiser used prefabrication, to assemble ship in yard & the workers. By 1944, 18 million workers 6 million women but earned only 60% of men s wage. 2 million minorities, A Americans Americans usually only hired for menial labor. A. Phillip Randolph, A American American labor leader, protested such discrimination by calling for a march on D.C. FDR met w/ Randolph & agreed to issue an executive order for full & equitable participation of all workers in defense industries. 1941, FDR created Office of Scientific Research & Development. Improvement and creation of technologies. Radar, Sonar, DDT, penicillin, etc. Manhattan Project, 1942, to build an atomic bomb, Einstein warned FDR about the Germans getting the bomb first, Office of Price Administration 7

8 War Production Board Job of ensuring military & war industries had resources needed to win war. Decided which companies would make what product for war. Organized nationwide recycling drives iron, tin, paper, rags, copper, etc. Rationing system created ration coupon books to households to allot a fixed amount of goods essential for war meats, sugar, shoes, gasoline. Americans carpooled, rode bicycles, rationed toys to tires. 1. Who is in the poster? 2. What symbols do you see? 3. What are War Bonds? 4. What message is the poster sending to the public? Ch Objectives 1. Identify key turning points in the war in the pacific. 2.Describe all Allied offensive against the Japanese. 3. Explain both the development of the atomic bomb and debates about its use. 4. Describe the challenges faced by the Allies in the building a just and lasting peace. Chapter 17.3: WWII in the Pacific & the Rebuilding Begins Turning Points in the Pacific Bataan Death March Philippines Japan forced MacArthur to leave but soldiers left became POW s. Doolittle s Raid Lifted US spirits, showed Japan could be attacked at home. Battle of the Coral Sea 1 st time Japanese invasion had been stopped. Battle of Midway Stopped Japanese, broke their code, began island hopping 8

9 Allies on the Offensive Island Hopping main strategy Take weaker islands and cut off strong holds Battle of Guadalcanal Island of Death Japan s 1 st defeat on land. Battle of Leyte Gulf Devastated Japanese Navy, 500 Kamikazes used. Battle of Iwo Jima Critical to US to be able to bomb Japanese mainland & take Okinawa. 200 of 20, 700 Japanese survived battle, 6k US deaths. Battle of Okinawa 1,400 Kamikazes used. 7,600 US deaths & 110,000 Japanese deaths Gave Allies idea of what it may take to take Japanese mainland. Kamikaze Atomic Bomb Brings Surrender Truman uses THE BOMB to bring the war to a quick end. Why? Invading Japan may result in ½ million US deaths. Developed as a secret project called the Manhattan Project led by Gen. Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer - July 1945, 1st bomb exploded in New Mexico in. - Truman warned the Japanese but US got no reply. - Aug. 1945, Enola Gay dropped an A-bomb on Hiroshima, 73k died. - 3 days later, still had no reply & a 2 nd bomb fell on Nagasaki, 37,500 died, 200 k died by end of the year from imjuries & radiation poisoning. - Sept. 2, 1945, Japanese surrendered to Gen. MacArthur on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Before After 9

10 10/17/2012 Enola Gay Little Boy 1st Bomb Fat Man 2nd Bomb Hiroshima 10

11 Nagasaki Yalta Conference - February 1945 Big Three Meet Stalin, FDR, & Churchill. Stalin favored harsh treatment divide Germany to protect USSR. Churchill disagreed & FDR was mediator & willing to compromise for 2 reasons: Wanted USSR to stand by its commitments to join US against Japan Wanted USSR support for the United Nations. Result: Temporary division of Germany Stalin promised free elections in Poland & other E. European nations, HE LIED. Stalin agreed to join in war against Japan. Nuremberg War Trials Nazi leaders put on trial for war crimes, crimes against humanity & crimes against the peace. 12 of 24 were sentenced to death & most others sent to prison 200 more were later convicted of same crimes. IMPORTANCE: Set precedent that there is individual responsibility now entrenched in international law. Ch Objectives 1. Describe the economic and social changes that reshaped American life during World War Summarize both the opportunities and discrimination African Americans the other minorities experienced during the war. 11

12 Occupation of Japan Gen. McArthur led Japanese occupation 1,100 + put on trial for war crimes. McArthur introduced free-market practices, led to economic recovery. McArthur Constitution, Japanese constitution, provided for woman suffrage & guaranteed basic freedoms. Chapter 17.4: Home Front Economic Gains During war unemployment fell to 1.2% in 44 & pay up 10% Farmers prospered; good weather, new machinery & fertilizers, & rising crop prices. Finally, farmers could repay mortgages. 6 m. women entered work force & proved women could do what men could do. Population Shifts Triggered massive migration from South to north & western cities to defense industries jobs. 1 million migrated to CA from Social Adjustments Women left alone w/ children w/ men at war. Children left w/ relatives or child care while moms at work. Some teens drifted into deliquency Men had a hard period adjustment, some had PTSD. Couples rushed to get married before men went to war. Servicemen Readjustment Act, 1944, (GI Bill) to help veterans return to civilian life. Provided education, training, & home & business loans (VA) for vets. by govt. Discrimination & Reactions Civil Rights Protests CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) founded by James Farmer, 1942, to confront urban segregation in North. 1943, Detroit riots lasted 3 days w/ 34 dead, revealed how bad tensions had gotten. By 1945, 400 committees were formed to deal w/ tensions. Zoot Suit Riots Summer, 1943, in L.A. lasted a week where hundreds of Mex.- Americans were beaten by thousands of servicemen & civilians. Internment of Japanese Americans Pearl Harbor attack caused many Americans to question Japanese-American loyalty. War Dept. wanted all Japanese-Americans in HI to be evacuated but it would have ruined HI economy. (37% of HI pop. 1% evacuated.) Feb. 19, 1942 FDR ordered the removal of 110k Japanese- Americans to 1 of 10 relocation camps. Most were Nisei, Japanese ancestry but US born. Families were forced to sell homes, businesses, & belongings for less then their value. Korematsu v. U.S. ruled gov t was justified due to military necessity JACL(Japanese American Citizens League) sued for compensation after war. 1988, Congress ok d $20k for each person sent to a camp. 12