The Cardiovascular System: Blood
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1 Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew The Cardiovascular System: Blood PowerPoint Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University Slides 1 to 54
2 The Functions of Blood Cardiovascular System Overview Provides a system for rapid transport within the body Nutrients Hormones Waste products Respiratory gases Cells Heat
3 The Functions of Blood Blood functions include: Transport of cells and compounds Regulate ph and electrolytes of interstitial fluids Limit blood loss through damaged vessels Defend against pathogens, toxins Absorb, distribute heat as part of temperature regulation
4 The Composition of Blood Blood Collection and Analysis Whole blood can be fractionated into: Plasma (liquid component) Formed elements (cellular components) Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) Platelets
5 The Composition of Blood The Composition of Whole Blood Figure 11-1(a)
6 Plasma Plasma Basics Makes up about 55% of whole blood Water makes up about 92% of plasma Has more protein and oxygen than interstitial fluid Plasma proteins fall in three classes Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen
7 Plasma Key Note Approximately half the volume of whole blood consists of cells and cell products (the formed elements). Plasma resembles interstitial fluid but contains a unique mixture of proteins not found in other extracellular fluids.
8 Plasma The Composition of Whole Blood Figure 11-1(b)
9 Formed Elements Hemopoiesis The cellular pathways by which the formed elements are produced. Stem cells (hemocytoblasts) Cells that divide and mature to produce all three classes of formed elements.
10 Formed Elements Red Blood Cells Also called, erythrocytes or RBCs Make up about 45% of whole blood volume Make up 99.9% of the formed elements
11 Formed Elements Hematocrit Percentage of whole blood volume taken up by formed elements (mostly RBCs). In clinical shorthand, it s called, the crit.
12 Formed Elements The Composition of Whole Blood Figure 11-1(c)
13 Formed Elements Properties of RBCs Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood stream Have large surface to volume ratio Speeds up gas loading/unloading Lack most organelles Makes more room for hemoglobin Degenerate after about 120 days
14 Formed Elements The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells Figure 11-2
15 Formed Elements Red Blood Cell Composition Hemoglobin makes up 95% of RBC protein Globular protein composed of four subunits Each subunit contains: A globin protein chain A molecule of heme An atom of iron A binding site for one oxygen molecule Phagocytes recycle hemoglobin from damaged or dead RBCs
16 Formed Elements Hemoglobin Recycling Figure 11-4
17 Formed Elements Erythropoiesis Process for formation of red blood cells Occurs mainly in the bone marrow Stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO) EPO increases when oxygen levels are low Development stages include: Erythroblasts Reticulocytes (after nucleus is expelled)
18 Formed Elements The Origins and Differentiation of RBCs, Platelets, and WBCs Figure 11-5 PLAY Origins and Differentiation of Formed Elements
19 Release of erythropoietin (EPO) Increased mitotic rate Bone marrow Stem cells Tissue oxygen levels decline Accelerated maturation Erythroblasts Tissue oxygen levels rise Reticulocytes Improved oxygen content of blood Increased numbers of circulating RBCs Figure of 7
20 Tissue oxygen levels decline Figure of 7
21 Release of erythropoietin (EPO) Tissue oxygen levels decline Figure of 7
22 Release of erythropoietin (EPO) Increased mitotic rate Bone marrow Stem cells Tissue oxygen levels decline Erythroblasts Figure of 7
23 Release of erythropoietin (EPO) Increased mitotic rate Bone marrow Stem cells Tissue oxygen levels decline Accelerated maturation Erythroblasts Reticulocytes Figure of 7
24 Release of erythropoietin (EPO) Increased mitotic rate Bone marrow Stem cells Tissue oxygen levels decline Accelerated maturation Erythroblasts Reticulocytes Increased numbers of circulating RBCs Figure of 7
25 Release of erythropoietin (EPO) Increased mitotic rate Bone marrow Stem cells Tissue oxygen levels decline Accelerated maturation Erythroblasts Tissue oxygen levels rise Reticulocytes Improved oxygen content of blood Increased numbers of circulating RBCs Figure of 7
26 Formed Elements Key Note Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most numerous cells in the body. They circulate for about four months before being recycled; millions are produced each second. The hemoglobin inside transports oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
27 Formed Elements Blood Type Determined by presence or absence of specific antigens (agglutinogens) on outside surface of RBC Antigens are called A, B, and Rh Antibodies (agglutinins) in plasma react with foreign antigens on RBCs RBCs clump and break open Anti-Rh antibody made after exposure to Rh-positive blood cells
28 Formed Elements Blood Types and Cross-Reactions Figure 11-7(a)
29 + Surface antigens + Opposing antibodies Agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis Figure 11-7(b) 1 of 5
30 Surface antigens Figure 11-7(b) 2 of 5
31 + Surface antigens + Opposing antibodies Figure 11-7(b) 3 of 5
32 + Surface antigens + Opposing antibodies Agglutination (clumping) Figure 11-7(b) 4 of 5
33 + Surface antigens + Opposing antibodies Agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis Figure 11-7(b) 5 of 5
34 Formed Elements White Blood Cells (WBCs) Also called, leukocytes Defend the body against: Pathogens Toxins Abnormal cells Damaged cells
35 Formed Elements WBC Properties Perform diapedesis Push between cells to cross blood vessel walls and enter the tissues Exhibit chemotaxis Move toward specific chemicals released by bacteria or injured cells Consist of two groups: Granulocytes (cytoplasmic granules) Agranulocytes (no granules)
36 Formed Elements Three Types of Granulocytes Neutrophils 50 70% of circulating WBCs Phagocytic Eosinophils Less common Phagocytic Attracted to foreign proteins Basophils Release histamine Promote inflammation
37 Formed Elements Two Types of Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Found mostly in lymphatic system Provide specific defenses Attack foreign cells Produce antibodies Destroy abnormal (cancer) cells Monocytes Migrate into tissues Become macrophages Live as phagocytic amoeba
38 Formed Elements White Blood Cells Figure 11-8(a)
39 Formed Elements White Blood Cells Figure 11-8(b)
40 Formed Elements White Blood Cells Figure 11-8(c)
41 Formed Elements White Blood Cells Figure 11-8(d)
42 Formed Elements White Blood Cells Figure 11-8(e)
43 Formed Elements Production of WBCs in Bone Marrow Myeloid stem cells produce: Granulocytes (three types) Monocytes (future macrophages) Lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes Process called, lymphopoiesis Lymphocytes enter blood Migrate to lymphoid tissues
44 Formed Elements Regulation of WBC Maturation Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Hormones which regulate certain WBC populations Four CSFs are known CSFs target stem cell lines Several CSFs used with cancer patients with bone marrow suppression
45 Formed Elements Regulation of WBC Maturation Regulation of lymphocyte maturation is poorly understood Thymosins (hormones in thymus gland) trigger T cells to develop
46 Formed Elements Key Note WBCs outnumber RBCs by a 1000 to 1. WBCs defend the body against infection, foreign cells, or toxins, and assist in the repair of damaged tissues. Most numerous are neutrophils, which engulf bacteria, and lymphocytes, which are responsible for the specific immune defenses.
47 Platelets Platelets are Produced in the bone marrow Released from megakaryocytes as cytoplasmic fragments into the blood Essential to clotting process
48 Hemostasis Hemostasis Processes that stop the loss of blood from a damaged vessel. Largely dependent on platelets and soluble proteins (clotting factors).
49 Hemostasis Three phases in Hemostasis: Vascular phase Local contraction of injured vessel Platelet phase Platelets stick to damaged vessel wall Coagulation phase Clotting factors in plasma form blood clot
50 Hemostasis The Clotting Process Coagulation pathways require an external trigger Extrinsic pathway Triggered by factors released by injured endothelial cells or peripheral tissues Intrinsic pathway Triggered by factors released by platelets stuck to vessel wall Both pathways lead to common pathway Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen subunits to an insoluble polymer, fibrin
51 Hemostasis The Structure of a Blood Clot Figure 11-9
52 Hemostasis Events in the Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis Figure 11-10
53 Hemostasis Clot Retraction and Removal Clot retracts because platelets contract Pulls broken vessel closed Clot gradually dissolves Called, fibrinolysis Plasmin, an enzyme derived from plasminogen in the plasma, cuts fibrin apart like a molecular scissors
54 Hemostasis Key Note Platelets coordinate hemostasis (blood clotting). If they are activated by abnormal changes in their surroundings, platelets release clotting factors and other chemicals. Hemostasis is a complex cascade that produces a fibrous patch that is subsequently remodeled and then removed as repair proceeds.
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