Land areas and biomass production for current and future use in the Nordic and Baltic countries

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1 Land areas and biomass production for current and future use in the Nordic and Baltic countries Lars Rytter The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden October 22, 2014

2 Skogforsk in brief Forestry and the Government in collaboration Applied research and development R&D for sustainable and profitable forestry Over 100 employees, in three locations Communication of knowledge Research areas: - Forest Production - Wood Supply

3 Members Founders LRF Skogsägarna Large forestry enterprises Others Other forestry enterprises Common land associations Private forest owners Forest contractors Dioceses Forest commons Nurseries Hauliers, etc.

4 Research organisationen Two research areas. Six programmes. Forest Production Marie Larsson-Stern Wood Supply Magnus Thor Tree Breeding, North Tree Breeding, South Silviculture & Environment Operations and Products Forest Energy Planning Bengt Andersson Gull Bo Karlsson Isabelle Bergkvist Rolf Björheden Maria Iwarsson Wide Gert Andersson

5 Statement: As the use of renewable energy is already high in the region, the vision of independence of fossil energy by 2050 in the Nordic countries can be approached with confidence and energy from biofuels will most likely be of great importance in the future in all included countries.

6 Content: Background Energy use and goals Forest status Woody biomass availability Current and future biofuel harvest Obstacles to biomass use Growth improvement measures

7 Background Project ENERWOODS Wood based Energy Systems from Nordic Forests Support ENERWOODS is a project funded by Nordic Energy Research under the programme Sustainable Energy Systems

8 Background Aim ENERWOODS aims at strengthening the role of Nordic forestry as a significant contributor to the development of competitive, efficient and renewable energy systems. Participating countries Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden Later joined by Estonia and Latvia

9 Energy situation Share of renewable energy up to 14.1% of energy consumption in the EU28 in Eurostat News Release, 11 March Sweden Latvia Finland Austria Denmark Estonia Portugal Romania Lithuania Slovenia Croatia Bulgaria Greece Spain Italy France Germany Czech Republic Poland Slovakia Hungary Ireland Cyprus Belgium Netherlands United Kingdom Luxemburg Malta European Union Share of renewable energy Share in 2012 Target 2020

10 Energy situation Proportion of renewable energy in the EU and Iceland, Turkey, Norway and Switzerland as percentage of total energy consumption.

11 Energy situation Total end use of energy c Primary supply of renewable energy TWh yr Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Estonia Latvia Total

12 % of total Energy situation Distribution of renewable energy Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Estonia Latvia Total Solar energy Biomass % Waste Geothermic energy Hydropower energy Wind energy

13 Units in the forestry and energy sectors 2.5 million m 3 sk = 1 million tons DM = 5.3 TWh = 19.2 PJ

14 The Forests Forest land of total land area Country Forest land Total land area Forest land of total land area ha ha % Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Estonia Latvia TOTAL

15 The Forests Growing stock in mill.m 3 on bark and distributed on main tree species Tree species Country Total Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Estonia Latvia Scots pine Norway spruce Birch Other broadleaves Other conifers 25 < <1 72 Total Total (m 3 ha -1 )

16 Growing stock of tree species (%) The Forests Growing stock distributed on main tree species and expressed in % Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Estonia Country Scots pine Norway spruce Birch Other broadleaves Other conifers

17 Forest area (% of total) The Forests Age class distribution in % of total forest area Denmark Finland Norway Sweden* Estonia Latvia Total >140 Age class

18 The Forests Annual increment of stem volumes, million m 3 yr -1 Tree species Country Total Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Estonia Latvia Scots pine n.a. Norway spruce n.a n.a. Birch n.a n.a. Other broadleaves n.a. Total Total (m 3 ha -1 yr -1 )

19 Availability for wood supply (%) Biomass availability Growing stock Country Growing stock Total Available for wood supply mill. m 3 mill. m 3 Denmark Finland 2,305 2,024 Norway Sweden 3,002 2,651 Estonia Latvia Total 7,385 6,

20 Fellings share of totalincrement (%) Biomass availability Increment and fellings Country Annual amount (mill.m 3 ) Increment Fellings mill. m 3 mill. m 3 Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Estonia Latvia Total

21 Biomass availability Obstacles to utilization 1. Conflicts with other interests (eg. conservation, social values) 2. Technical problems (eg. steep terrain, wetlands) 3. Management restrictions (eg. foreign tree species, clone material) 4. Damage (eg. animal browsing, frost)

22 Wood for energy (TWh) Current and future energy wood harvests Denmark Wood for energy objective (TWh) BAU BIO ENV Kombi Scenario (Graudal et al. 2013) BAU unchanged forest management BIO focus on production, increased use of conifers, improved material, thinning ENV focus on environment, increased afforestation, more broadleaves w longer rotations Kombi increased afforestation, set aside for biodiversity, more harvest & improve mtrl

23 Wood for energy of energy use (%) Current and future energy wood harvests Denmark Wood for energy objective (TWh) BAU BIO ENV Kombi Scenario (Graudal et al. 2013)

24 Current and future energy wood harvests Finland Potential bioenergy harvest (TWh yr -1 ) from Kärkkäinen et al. (2008). Scenario Period Current climate 48 Sustainable cutting Maximum cutting 76 63

25 Biofuel potential (TWh yr -1 ) Current and future energy wood harvests Norway Current annual biofuel harvest potential from Gjølsjø & Hobbelstad (2009) Slash Stumps and large roots Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 = all forest without restrictions, all wood from harvests Level 2 = reduction for off road distance, steep terrain and environment Level 3 = as 2 but with a forest road programme

26 Annual biofuel potential (Twh yr -1 ) Current and future energy wood harvests Sweden Annual biofuel harvest potential from SKA-08 (Swedish Forest Agency 2008) Final felling - Slash Final felling - Stumps Thinning - Slash Thinning - Stumps Small-sized trees Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 no restrictions, all possible biofuels used Level 2 ecological restrictions Level 3 both ecological and technical/economic restrictions

27 Current and future energy wood harvests Estonia Potential woody biomass for energy ( Assortment Usable for energy (TWh) Energy potential (TWh) Fuelwood from stems Felling residues Stumps Non-forest land Wood industry Total Latvia Annually extractable forest biofuel is 49.5 TWh (Gruduel et al. 2013).

28 Growth improvement measures 1. A Changing climate 2. Increased fertilization 3. Improved plant material 4. Extended cultivation area 5. Change of tree species 6. New management systems

29 1. A changing climate Example Sweden (Swedish Forest Agency 2008, reference scenario)

30 2. Increased fertilization Example Sweden Suitable land for fertilization according to recommendations from Swedish National Forestry Agency In % of total forestland Suitable land for fertilization according to recommendations from Swedish National Forestry Agency In % of total forestland

31 3. Improved plant material Example Sweden Genetic gain. Norway spruce till +35 (%) till +15 Local seed 80 Current seed orchard New seed orchard Cuttings

32 4. Extended cultivation area Mainly abandoned agriculture land) Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Estonia Latvia TOTAL ha ha ha, mainly coastal heathland ha ha ha ha

33 5. Change of tree species Mean annual increment of stem volume on fertile soils in southern Sweden. Tree species Norway spruce Scots pine 9 12 Silver birch Contorta pine Hybrid larch Hybrid aspen Poplar c. 25 Sibirian larch c. 8 Sitka spruce Douglas fir Grand fir Volume stem wood (m 3 ha -1 yr -1 )

34 6. New management systems Combination of different tree species.

35 Conclusions As the use of renewable energy is already high in the region, the vision of independence of fossil energy by 2050 in the Nordic countries can be approached with confidence and energy from biofuels will most likely be of great importance in the future in all included countries. - We have a lot of woody biomass available - The growth is larger than the harvests - Scenarios indicate a large future availability of biomass - Growth improvement measures have a large potential

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