Natural Resource and Environmental Economics

Transcription

1 Natural Resource and Environmental Economics Third Edition Roger Perman YueMa James McGilvray Michael Common PEARSON Addison Wesley Harlow, England London New York Boston San Francisco Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Hong Kong Seoul Taipei New Delhi Cape Town Madrid Mexico City Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan

2 Preface to the Third Edition Acknowledgements Notation xin xv xvi xix Part I Chapter 1 0 Foundations An introduction to natural resource and environmental economics 1.1 Three themes 1.2 The emergence of resource and environmental economics 1.3 Fundamental issues in the economic approach to resource and environmental issues 1.4 Reader's guide Chapter 2 The origins of the sustainability problem o 2.1 Economy-environment interdependence 2.2 The drivers of environmental impact 2.3 Poverty and inequality 2.4 Limits to growth? 2.5 The pursuit of sustainable development Chapter 3 Ethics, economics and the environment

3 vl Contents 3.1 Naturalist moral philosophies 3.2 Libertarian moral philosophy 3.3 Utilitarianism 3.4 Criticisms of utilitarianism 3.5 Intertemporal distribution Appendix 3.1 The Lagrange multiplier method of solving constrained optimisation problems Appendix 3.2 Social welfare maximisation Chapter 4 Concepts of sustainability e 4.1 Concepts and constraints 4.2 Economists on sustainability 4.3 Ecologists on sustainability 4.4 The institutional conception 4.5 Sustainability and policy Chapter 5 Welfare economics and the environment 105 Part I Efficiency and optimality 5.1 Economic efficiency 5.2 An efficient allocation of resources is not unique 5.3 The social welfare function and optimality 5.4 Compensation tests Part II Allocation in a market economy 5.5 Efficiency given ideal conditions 5.6 Partial equilibrium analysis of market efficiency 5.7 Market allocations are not necessarily equitable Part III Market failure, public policy and the environment 5.8 The existence of markets for environmental services 5.9 Public goods 5.10 Externalities 5.11 The second-best problem 5.12 Imperfect information 5.13 Government failure Appendix 5.1 Conditions for efficiency and optimality

4 vii Appendix 5.2 Market outcomes Appendix 5.3 Market failure Part II Environmental pollution Chapter 6 Pollution control: targets 6.1 Modelling pollution mechanisms f/ r 6.2 Pollution flows, pollution stocks, and pollution damage 6.3 The efficient level'of pollution 6.4 A static model of efficient flow pollution 6.5 Modified efficiency targets 6.6 Efficient levels of emissions of stock pollutants 6.7 Pollution control where damages depend on location of the emissions 6.8 Ambient pollution standards 6.9 Intertemporal analysis of stock pollution 6.10 Variable decay 6.11 Convexity and non-convexity in damage and abatement cost functions 6.12 Estimating the costs of abating pollution 6.13 Choosing pollution targets on grounds other than economic efficiency Appendix 6.1 Matrix algebra Appendix 6.2 Spatially differentiated stock pollution: a numerical example Chapter 7 Pollution control: instruments 7.1 Criteria for choice of pollution control instruments 7.2 Cost efficiency and cost-effective pollution abatement instruments 7.3 Instruments for achieving pollution abatement targets 7.4 Economic incentive (quasi-market) instruments 7.5 Pollution control where damages depend on location of the emissions 7.6 A comparison of the relative advantages of command and control, emissions tax, emission abatement subsidy and marketable permit instruments

5 vlii Contents Chapter 8 Appendix 7.1 The least-cost theorem and pollution control instruments Pollution policy with imperfect information Difficulties in identifying pollution targets in the context of limited information and uncertainty 8.2 Sustainability-based approaches to target setting and the precautionary principle 8.3 The relative merits of pollution control instruments under conditions of uncertainty 8.4 Transactions costs and environmental regulation. \ Discussion question Chapter 9 Economy-wide modelling Input-output analysis Environmental input-output analysis Costs and prices Computable general equilibrium models Appendix 9.1 A general framework for environmental input-output analysis Appendix 9.2 The algebra of the two-sector CGE model Chapter 10 International environmental problems International environmental cooperation Game theory analysis Factors contributing to enhancing probability of international agreements or achieving a higher degree of cooperation International treaties: conclusions Acid rain pollution Stratospheric ozone depletion The greenhouse effect International trade and the environment Learning outcomes

6 Ix Appendix 10.1 Some algebra of international treaties Part III Project appraisal Chapter 11 Cost-benefit analysis Chapter Chapter Intertemporal welfare economics Project appraisal Cost-benefit analysis and the environment ' ^ Appendix 11.1 Conditions for intertemporal efficiency and optimality Appendix 11.2 Markets and intertemporal allocation Valuing the environment Dimensions of value The theory of environmental valuation Environmental valuation techniques The travel cost method Contingent valuation Other techniques Appendix 12.1 Demand theory and environmental evaluation Irreversibility, risk and uncertainty Individual decision making in the face of risk Option price and option value Risk and irreversibility Environmental cost-benefit analysis revisited Decision theory: choices under uncertainty A safe minimum standard of conservation

7 Appendix 13.1 Irreversibility and development: future known Appendix 13.2 Irreversibility, development and risk Part IV Natural resource exploitation Chapter 14 The efficient and optimal use of natural resources a Part I A simple optimal resource depletion model 14.1 The economy and its production function 14.2 Is the natural resource essential? 14.3 What is the elasticity of substitution between K^and /?? 14.4 Resource substitutability and the consequences of increasing resource scarcity 14.5 The social welfare function and an optimal allocation of natural resources Part II Extending themodel to incorporate extraction costs and renewable resources 14.6 The optimal solution to the resource depletion model incorporating extraction costs 14.7 Generalisation to renewable resources 14.8 Complications 14.9 A numerical application: oil extraction and global optimal consumption Appendix 14.1 The optimal control problem and its solution using the maximum principle Appendix 14.2 The optimal solution to the simple exhaustible resource depletion problem Appendix 14.3 Optimal and efficient extraction or harvesting of a renewable or non-renewable resource in the presence of resource extraction costs Chapter 15 g The theory of optimal resource extraction: non-renewable resources A non-renewable resource two-period model 15.2 A non-renewable resource multi-period model 15.3 Non-renewable resource extraction in perfectly competitive markets 15.4 Resource extraction in a monopolistic market 15.5 A comparison of competitive and monopolistic extraction programmes

8 xl 15.6 Extensions of the multi-period model of non-renewable resource depletion 15.7 The introduction of taxation/subsidies 15.8 The resource depletion model: some extensions and further issues 15.9 Do resource prices actually follow the Hotelling rule? Natural resource scarcity " Appendix 15.1 Solution of the multi-period resource depletion model ' ' Appendix 15.2 The monopolist's profit-maximising extraction programme Appendix 15.3 A worked numerical example i Chapter 16 Stock pollution problems 16.1 An aggregate dynamic model of pollution 16.2 A complication: variable decay of the pollution stock 16.3 Steady-state outcomes 16.4 A model of waste accumulation and disposal Discussion question Problem Chapter 17 Renewable resources o 17.1 Biological growth processes 17.2 Steady-state harvests 17.3 An open-access fishery 17.4 The dynamics of renewable resource harvesting 17.5 Some more reflections on open-access fisheries 17.6 The private-property fishery 17.7 Dynamics in the PV-maximising fishery 17.8 Bringing things together: the open-access fishery, static private-property fishery and PV-maximising fishery models compared 17.9 Socially efficient resource harvesting A safe minimum standard of conservation Resource harvesting, population collapses and the extinction of species Renewable resources policy

9 xil Contents Chapter 18 Chapter 19 e Appendix 17.1 The discrete-time analogue of the continuous-time fishery models examined in Chapter 17 Forest resources 18.1 The current state of world forest resources 18.2 Characteristics of forest resources 18.3 Commercial plantation forestry 18.4 Multiple-use forestry 18.5 Socially and privately optimal multiple-use plantation forestry 18.6 Natural forests and deforestation 18.7 Government and forest resources ^ Appendix 18.1 Mathematical derivations Appendix 18.2 The length of a forest rotation in the infinite-rotation model: some comparative statics Accounting for the environment 19.1 Environmental indicators 19.2 Environmental accounting: theory 19.3 Environmental accounting: practice 19.4 Sustainability indicators 19.5 Concluding remarks Appendix 19.1 National income, the return on wealth, Hartwick's rule and sustainable income Appendix 19.2 Adjusting national income measurement to account for the environment Appendix 19.3 The UNSTAT proposals References Index