Rise of European Fascism WORLD WAR II. Germany. Germany. U.S. Isolation to Intervention. U.S. Isolation to Intervention 2/28/2013

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1 Rise of European Fascism Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in Italy Spanish Civil War & Francisco Franco WORLD WAR II Because the war to end all wars didn t work Germany Germany Rhineland, March 1936 Anshcluss (Austria), March 1938 Sudetenland, Sept Signed Munich Pact Czechoslovakia, March 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (Poland) Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1, 1939 British/French declare war Neutrality Acts in U.S. cash and carry Blitzkrieg, Spring 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg France surrenders June 22, 1940 Luftwaffe & Battle of Britain U.S. Isolation to Intervention U.S. Isolation to Intervention Stimson & Knox (both Republicans) in Cabinet Selective Service (1 st peacetime draft) Destroyers-for-Bases FDR breaks 2-term limit Lend-Lease (1 st to Britain, then to others) Germany invades eastern Poland & USSR April 1941, U.S. helps track U-boats U.S. occupies Greenland & Iceland Atlantic Charter with Britain FDR & Churchill s postwar goals Condemned international aggression Affirmed right to self-determination Supports free trade, disarmament & collective security (future basis of U.N.) Armed merchant ships in war zone, Nov

2 Japan Japan Pre-WWI imperialism: Korea, Taiwan, island chains Manchuria, 1932 War with China, 1937 U.S. terminates trade treaty, 1940 Japan invades French Indochina & SE Asia then signs Tripartite Pact (Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis) FDR freezes Japanese owned assets in U.S. U.S. breaks codes; learns attack is imminent Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, ,400 U.S. dead; 1,200 wounded Simultaneous attack of Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong Japanese head toward Australia U.S. declares WAR, Dec. 8 th Jeannette Rankin of Montana U.S. in the War U.S. in the War Focus on European theater (fighting in Pacific too) Stalin requests 2 nd Front in Western Europe U.S./Britain invade N. Africa U.S./Britain invade Sicily/Italy D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy the 2 nd Front) Battle of the Bulge All sides advance on Berlin Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Midway Island-Hopping toward Japan Loss of soldiers Okinawa/Iwo Jima Japan seems unwilling to surrender Hiroshima, Aug. 6, 1945 USSR declares war, Aug. 8, 1945 Nagasaki, Aug. 9, 1945 Surrender, Aug 14/Sept. 2, 1945 War Conferences War Conferences Casablanca, Jan FDR & Churchill Attack Italy, then France Cairo, Nov FDR, Churchill, & Chiang Kai-shek Return Manchuria/Taiwan to China; freedom to Korea Tehran, Nov.-Dec FDR, Churchill, & Stalin Planned D-Day; postwar occupation of Germany & Berlin; USSR join war against Japan with Hitler s defeat Yalta, Feb FDR, Churchill, & Stalin USSR to join war on Japan; US/British break promise to China; USSR gets east European buffer zone Potsdam, July-Aug Truman, Churchill/Attlee, & Stalin Truman warns Japan of prompt and utter destruction 2

3 U.S. Home Front U.S. Home Front: Women Economic Migration 6 million leave farms for urban areas Industrial centers, especially West Coast Significant overcrowding & urban blight Conflict between oldtimers & newcomers Employment Opportunities 6 million enter workforce; total of 19 mill 75% married; 60% over age 35; 33% with kids under 14 Defense related work: WACs, WAVES, WASPs Rosie the Riveter & Industry jobs Real Opportunities??? 65% of men s salary Lost jobs men returned Traditional attitudes remained U.S. Home Front: Blacks U.S. Home Front: Blacks Double V : victory in both war & discrimination NAACP membership reaches ½ million Smith v. Allwright: banned all white primaries Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Used nonviolent protests Sought desegregation in northern cities A. Philip Randolph Threatened a march on Washington FDR issues Executive Order 8802 Banned employment discrimination in war related work Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) War-related jobs increased 3 to 9% 1 million blacks in military service 7000 officers Still in segregated units 761 st (tanks) & 99 th (air) won distinctions Race Riots in Harlem, Mobile, Detroit Japanese propaganda & Nazi s Holocaust prompted many whites to change racial attitudes U.S. Home Front: Hispanics U.S. Home Front: Hispanics Economic migration takes agricultural workers Congress allows braceros as temporary workers Contracts violated; workers exploited Illegal immigration encouraged Many Chicanos moved to cities for industrial jobs By 1943: 10% of LA County Segregated in colonias Zoot Suit gangs in urban areas Servicemen viewed gangs as lazy draft dodgers June 1943: riot in which servicemen beat zoot suiters Servicemen praised; not punished Not segregated in military service League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Pressed for equal rights 3

4 U.S. Home Front: Jews U.S. Home Front: Jews Wide-spread anti-semitism Couldn t live in certain areas or attend many colleges Charles Lindbergh & Father Coughlin Immigration quotas as barrier to refugees St. Louis: 900 sought asylum in FL; turned away 1938 poll, 75% against allowing more Jews in to U.S. 1939: Congress rejects Wagner-Rogers bill to allow 20,000 Jewish children in to U.S. FDR expressed concern; helping Jews in Nazi camps not a priority 1943: 400 rabbis march in Washington to protest This changes once U.S. army confirms death camps Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe Albert Einstein, successful immigrant, works closely with Manhattan Project to build A-Bomb U.S. Jewish communities split on Zionism Pearl Harbor intensifies yellow peril Rumors that Japanese in Hawaii had helped Fears of Japanese living along west coast Harassment of businesses and homes Executive Order 9066: Relocation of those deemed a threat Basis for relocation of Japanese to detention camps Regardless of Issei (1 st generation) or Nisei (2 nd gen. & citizen) status No evidence of espionage needed Power of Iconic Images Was it legal &/or justified? Korematsu v. U.S. 1944: government has special need during war to prevent espionage 1982, gov t report Personal Justice Denied: relocation was not a military necessity 1988: Congress paid $20,000 to each surviving former internee 1998: Pres. Clinton formally apologized & gave Fred Korematsu the Medal of Freedom Should iconic images be parodied? 4

5 Rise of European Fascism Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in Italy Spanish Civil War & Francisco Franco WORLD WAR II Because the war to end all wars didn t work Germany Germany Rhineland, March 1936 Anshcluss (Austria), March 1938 Sudetenland, Sept Signed Munich Pact Czechoslovakia, March 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (Poland) Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1, 1939 British/French declare war Neutrality Acts in U.S. cash and carry Blitzkrieg, Spring 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg France surrenders June 22, 1940 Luftwaffe & Battle of Britain U.S. Isolation to Intervention U.S. Isolation to Intervention Stimson & Knox (both Republicans) in Cabinet Selective Service (1 st peacetime draft) Destroyers-for-Bases FDR breaks 2-term limit Lend-Lease (1 st to Britain, then to others) Germany invades eastern Poland & USSR April 1941, U.S. helps track U-boats U.S. occupies Greenland & Iceland Atlantic Charter with Britain FDR & Churchill s postwar goals Condemned international aggression Affirmed right to self-determination Supports free trade, disarmament & collective security (future basis of U.N.) Armed merchant ships in war zone, Nov

6 Japan Japan Pre-WWI imperialism: Korea, Taiwan, island chains Manchuria, 1932 War with China, 1937 U.S. terminates trade treaty, 1940 Japan invades French Indochina & SE Asia then signs Tripartite Pact (Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis) FDR freezes Japanese owned assets in U.S. U.S. breaks codes; learns attack is imminent Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, ,400 U.S. dead; 1,200 wounded Simultaneous attack of Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong Japanese head toward Australia U.S. declares WAR, Dec. 8 th Jeannette Rankin of Montana U.S. in the War U.S. in the War Focus on European theater (fighting in Pacific too) Stalin requests 2 nd Front in Western Europe U.S./Britain invade N. Africa U.S./Britain invade Sicily/Italy D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy the 2 nd Front) Battle of the Bulge All sides advance on Berlin Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Midway Island-Hopping toward Japan Loss of soldiers Okinawa/Iwo Jima Japan seems unwilling to surrender Hiroshima, Aug. 6, 1945 USSR declares war, Aug. 8, 1945 Nagasaki, Aug. 9, 1945 Surrender, Aug 14/Sept. 2, 1945 War Conferences War Conferences Casablanca, Jan FDR & Churchill Attack Italy, then France Cairo, Nov FDR, Churchill, & Chiang Kai-shek Return Manchuria/Taiwan to China; freedom to Korea Tehran, Nov.-Dec FDR, Churchill, & Stalin Planned D-Day; postwar occupation of Germany & Berlin; USSR join war against Japan with Hitler s defeat Yalta, Feb FDR, Churchill, & Stalin USSR to join war on Japan; US/British break promise to China; USSR gets east European buffer zone Potsdam, July-Aug Truman, Churchill/Attlee, & Stalin Truman warns Japan of prompt and utter destruction 2

7 U.S. Home Front U.S. Home Front: Women Economic Migration 6 million leave farms for urban areas Industrial centers, especially West Coast Significant overcrowding & urban blight Conflict between oldtimers & newcomers Employment Opportunities 6 million enter workforce; total of 19 mill 75% married; 60% over age 35; 33% with kids under 14 Defense related work: WACs, WAVES, WASPs Rosie the Riveter & Industry jobs Real Opportunities??? 65% of men s salary Lost jobs men returned Traditional attitudes remained U.S. Home Front: Blacks U.S. Home Front: Blacks Double V : victory in both war & discrimination NAACP membership reaches ½ million Smith v. Allwright: banned all white primaries Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Used nonviolent protests Sought desegregation in northern cities A. Philip Randolph Threatened a march on Washington FDR issues Executive Order 8802 Banned employment discrimination in war related work Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) War-related jobs increased 3 to 9% 1 million blacks in military service 7000 officers Still in segregated units 761 st (tanks) & 99 th (air) won distinctions Race Riots in Harlem, Mobile, Detroit Japanese propaganda & Nazi s Holocaust prompted many whites to change racial attitudes U.S. Home Front: Hispanics U.S. Home Front: Hispanics Economic migration takes agricultural workers Congress allows braceros as temporary workers Contracts violated; workers exploited Illegal immigration encouraged Many Chicanos moved to cities for industrial jobs By 1943: 10% of LA County Segregated in colonias Zoot Suit gangs in urban areas Servicemen viewed gangs as lazy draft dodgers June 1943: riot in which servicemen beat zoot suiters Servicemen praised; not punished Not segregated in military service League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Pressed for equal rights 3

8 U.S. Home Front: Jews U.S. Home Front: Jews Wide-spread anti-semitism Couldn t live in certain areas or attend many colleges Charles Lindbergh & Father Coughlin Immigration quotas as barrier to refugees St. Louis: 900 sought asylum in FL; turned away 1938 poll, 75% against allowing more Jews in to U.S. 1939: Congress rejects Wagner-Rogers bill to allow 20,000 Jewish children in to U.S. FDR expressed concern; helping Jews in Nazi camps not a priority 1943: 400 rabbis march in Washington to protest This changes once U.S. army confirms death camps Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe Albert Einstein, successful immigrant, works closely with Manhattan Project to build A-Bomb U.S. Jewish communities split on Zionism Pearl Harbor intensifies yellow peril Rumors that Japanese in Hawaii had helped Fears of Japanese living along west coast Harassment of businesses and homes Executive Order 9066: Relocation of those deemed a threat Basis for relocation of Japanese to detention camps Regardless of Issei (1 st generation) or Nisei (2 nd gen. & citizen) status No evidence of espionage needed Power of Iconic Images Was it legal &/or justified? Korematsu v. U.S. 1944: government has special need during war to prevent espionage 1982, gov t report Personal Justice Denied: relocation was not a military necessity 1988: Congress paid $20,000 to each surviving former internee 1998: Pres. Clinton formally apologized & gave Fred Korematsu the Medal of Freedom Should iconic images be parodied? 4

9 Rise of European Fascism Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in Italy Spanish Civil War & Francisco Franco WORLD WAR II Because the war to end all wars didn t work Germany Germany Rhineland, March 1936 Anshcluss (Austria), March 1938 Sudetenland, Sept Signed Munich Pact Czechoslovakia, March 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (Poland) Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1, 1939 British/French declare war Neutrality Acts in U.S. cash and carry Blitzkrieg, Spring 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg France surrenders June 22, 1940 Luftwaffe & Battle of Britain U.S. Isolation to Intervention U.S. Isolation to Intervention Stimson & Knox (both Republicans) in Cabinet Selective Service (1 st peacetime draft) Destroyers-for-Bases FDR breaks 2-term limit Lend-Lease (1 st to Britain, then to others) Germany invades eastern Poland & USSR April 1941, U.S. helps track U-boats U.S. occupies Greenland & Iceland Atlantic Charter with Britain FDR & Churchill s postwar goals Condemned international aggression Affirmed right to self-determination Supports free trade, disarmament & collective security (future basis of U.N.) Armed merchant ships in war zone, Nov

10 Japan Japan Pre-WWI imperialism: Korea, Taiwan, island chains Manchuria, 1932 War with China, 1937 U.S. terminates trade treaty, 1940 Japan invades French Indochina & SE Asia then signs Tripartite Pact (Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis) FDR freezes Japanese owned assets in U.S. U.S. breaks codes; learns attack is imminent Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, ,400 U.S. dead; 1,200 wounded Simultaneous attack of Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong Japanese head toward Australia U.S. declares WAR, Dec. 8 th Jeannette Rankin of Montana U.S. in the War U.S. in the War Focus on European theater (fighting in Pacific too) Stalin requests 2 nd Front in Western Europe U.S./Britain invade N. Africa U.S./Britain invade Sicily/Italy D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy the 2 nd Front) Battle of the Bulge All sides advance on Berlin Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Midway Island-Hopping toward Japan Loss of soldiers Okinawa/Iwo Jima Japan seems unwilling to surrender Hiroshima, Aug. 6, 1945 USSR declares war, Aug. 8, 1945 Nagasaki, Aug. 9, 1945 Surrender, Aug 14/Sept. 2, 1945 War Conferences War Conferences Casablanca, Jan FDR & Churchill Attack Italy, then France Cairo, Nov FDR, Churchill, & Chiang Kai-shek Return Manchuria/Taiwan to China; freedom to Korea Tehran, Nov.-Dec FDR, Churchill, & Stalin Planned D-Day; postwar occupation of Germany & Berlin; USSR join war against Japan with Hitler s defeat Yalta, Feb FDR, Churchill, & Stalin USSR to join war on Japan; US/British break promise to China; USSR gets east European buffer zone Potsdam, July-Aug Truman, Churchill/Attlee, & Stalin Truman warns Japan of prompt and utter destruction 2

11 U.S. Home Front U.S. Home Front: Women Economic Migration 6 million leave farms for urban areas Industrial centers, especially West Coast Significant overcrowding & urban blight Conflict between oldtimers & newcomers Employment Opportunities 6 million enter workforce; total of 19 mill 75% married; 60% over age 35; 33% with kids under 14 Defense related work: WACs, WAVES, WASPs Rosie the Riveter & Industry jobs Real Opportunities??? 65% of men s salary Lost jobs men returned Traditional attitudes remained U.S. Home Front: Blacks U.S. Home Front: Blacks Double V : victory in both war & discrimination NAACP membership reaches ½ million Smith v. Allwright: banned all white primaries Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Used nonviolent protests Sought desegregation in northern cities A. Philip Randolph Threatened a march on Washington FDR issues Executive Order 8802 Banned employment discrimination in war related work Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) War-related jobs increased 3 to 9% 1 million blacks in military service 7000 officers Still in segregated units 761 st (tanks) & 99 th (air) won distinctions Race Riots in Harlem, Mobile, Detroit Japanese propaganda & Nazi s Holocaust prompted many whites to change racial attitudes U.S. Home Front: Hispanics U.S. Home Front: Hispanics Economic migration takes agricultural workers Congress allows braceros as temporary workers Contracts violated; workers exploited Illegal immigration encouraged Many Chicanos moved to cities for industrial jobs By 1943: 10% of LA County Segregated in colonias Zoot Suit gangs in urban areas Servicemen viewed gangs as lazy draft dodgers June 1943: riot in which servicemen beat zoot suiters Servicemen praised; not punished Not segregated in military service League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Pressed for equal rights 3

12 U.S. Home Front: Jews U.S. Home Front: Jews Wide-spread anti-semitism Couldn t live in certain areas or attend many colleges Charles Lindbergh & Father Coughlin Immigration quotas as barrier to refugees St. Louis: 900 sought asylum in FL; turned away 1938 poll, 75% against allowing more Jews in to U.S. 1939: Congress rejects Wagner-Rogers bill to allow 20,000 Jewish children in to U.S. FDR expressed concern; helping Jews in Nazi camps not a priority 1943: 400 rabbis march in Washington to protest This changes once U.S. army confirms death camps Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe Albert Einstein, successful immigrant, works closely with Manhattan Project to build A-Bomb U.S. Jewish communities split on Zionism Pearl Harbor intensifies yellow peril Rumors that Japanese in Hawaii had helped Fears of Japanese living along west coast Harassment of businesses and homes Executive Order 9066: Relocation of those deemed a threat Basis for relocation of Japanese to detention camps Regardless of Issei (1 st generation) or Nisei (2 nd gen. & citizen) status No evidence of espionage needed Power of Iconic Images Was it legal &/or justified? Korematsu v. U.S. 1944: government has special need during war to prevent espionage 1982, gov t report Personal Justice Denied: relocation was not a military necessity 1988: Congress paid $20,000 to each surviving former internee 1998: Pres. Clinton formally apologized & gave Fred Korematsu the Medal of Freedom Should iconic images be parodied? 4

13 Rise of European Fascism Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in Italy Spanish Civil War & Francisco Franco WORLD WAR II Because the war to end all wars didn t work Germany Germany Rhineland, March 1936 Anshcluss (Austria), March 1938 Sudetenland, Sept Signed Munich Pact Czechoslovakia, March 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (Poland) Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1, 1939 British/French declare war Neutrality Acts in U.S. cash and carry Blitzkrieg, Spring 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg France surrenders June 22, 1940 Luftwaffe & Battle of Britain U.S. Isolation to Intervention U.S. Isolation to Intervention Stimson & Knox (both Republicans) in Cabinet Selective Service (1 st peacetime draft) Destroyers-for-Bases FDR breaks 2-term limit Lend-Lease (1 st to Britain, then to others) Germany invades eastern Poland & USSR April 1941, U.S. helps track U-boats U.S. occupies Greenland & Iceland Atlantic Charter with Britain FDR & Churchill s postwar goals Condemned international aggression Affirmed right to self-determination Supports free trade, disarmament & collective security (future basis of U.N.) Armed merchant ships in war zone, Nov

14 Japan Japan Pre-WWI imperialism: Korea, Taiwan, island chains Manchuria, 1932 War with China, 1937 U.S. terminates trade treaty, 1940 Japan invades French Indochina & SE Asia then signs Tripartite Pact (Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis) FDR freezes Japanese owned assets in U.S. U.S. breaks codes; learns attack is imminent Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, ,400 U.S. dead; 1,200 wounded Simultaneous attack of Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong Japanese head toward Australia U.S. declares WAR, Dec. 8 th Jeannette Rankin of Montana U.S. in the War U.S. in the War Focus on European theater (fighting in Pacific too) Stalin requests 2 nd Front in Western Europe U.S./Britain invade N. Africa U.S./Britain invade Sicily/Italy D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy the 2 nd Front) Battle of the Bulge All sides advance on Berlin Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Midway Island-Hopping toward Japan Loss of soldiers Okinawa/Iwo Jima Japan seems unwilling to surrender Hiroshima, Aug. 6, 1945 USSR declares war, Aug. 8, 1945 Nagasaki, Aug. 9, 1945 Surrender, Aug 14/Sept. 2, 1945 War Conferences War Conferences Casablanca, Jan FDR & Churchill Attack Italy, then France Cairo, Nov FDR, Churchill, & Chiang Kai-shek Return Manchuria/Taiwan to China; freedom to Korea Tehran, Nov.-Dec FDR, Churchill, & Stalin Planned D-Day; postwar occupation of Germany & Berlin; USSR join war against Japan with Hitler s defeat Yalta, Feb FDR, Churchill, & Stalin USSR to join war on Japan; US/British break promise to China; USSR gets east European buffer zone Potsdam, July-Aug Truman, Churchill/Attlee, & Stalin Truman warns Japan of prompt and utter destruction 2

15 U.S. Home Front U.S. Home Front: Women Economic Migration 6 million leave farms for urban areas Industrial centers, especially West Coast Significant overcrowding & urban blight Conflict between oldtimers & newcomers Employment Opportunities 6 million enter workforce; total of 19 mill 75% married; 60% over age 35; 33% with kids under 14 Defense related work: WACs, WAVES, WASPs Rosie the Riveter & Industry jobs Real Opportunities??? 65% of men s salary Lost jobs men returned Traditional attitudes remained U.S. Home Front: Blacks U.S. Home Front: Blacks Double V : victory in both war & discrimination NAACP membership reaches ½ million Smith v. Allwright: banned all white primaries Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Used nonviolent protests Sought desegregation in northern cities A. Philip Randolph Threatened a march on Washington FDR issues Executive Order 8802 Banned employment discrimination in war related work Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) War-related jobs increased 3 to 9% 1 million blacks in military service 7000 officers Still in segregated units 761 st (tanks) & 99 th (air) won distinctions Race Riots in Harlem, Mobile, Detroit Japanese propaganda & Nazi s Holocaust prompted many whites to change racial attitudes U.S. Home Front: Hispanics U.S. Home Front: Hispanics Economic migration takes agricultural workers Congress allows braceros as temporary workers Contracts violated; workers exploited Illegal immigration encouraged Many Chicanos moved to cities for industrial jobs By 1943: 10% of LA County Segregated in colonias Zoot Suit gangs in urban areas Servicemen viewed gangs as lazy draft dodgers June 1943: riot in which servicemen beat zoot suiters Servicemen praised; not punished Not segregated in military service League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Pressed for equal rights 3

16 U.S. Home Front: Jews U.S. Home Front: Jews Wide-spread anti-semitism Couldn t live in certain areas or attend many colleges Charles Lindbergh & Father Coughlin Immigration quotas as barrier to refugees St. Louis: 900 sought asylum in FL; turned away 1938 poll, 75% against allowing more Jews in to U.S. 1939: Congress rejects Wagner-Rogers bill to allow 20,000 Jewish children in to U.S. FDR expressed concern; helping Jews in Nazi camps not a priority 1943: 400 rabbis march in Washington to protest This changes once U.S. army confirms death camps Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe Albert Einstein, successful immigrant, works closely with Manhattan Project to build A-Bomb U.S. Jewish communities split on Zionism Pearl Harbor intensifies yellow peril Rumors that Japanese in Hawaii had helped Fears of Japanese living along west coast Harassment of businesses and homes Executive Order 9066: Relocation of those deemed a threat Basis for relocation of Japanese to detention camps Regardless of Issei (1 st generation) or Nisei (2 nd gen. & citizen) status No evidence of espionage needed Power of Iconic Images Was it legal &/or justified? Korematsu v. U.S. 1944: government has special need during war to prevent espionage 1982, gov t report Personal Justice Denied: relocation was not a military necessity 1988: Congress paid $20,000 to each surviving former internee 1998: Pres. Clinton formally apologized & gave Fred Korematsu the Medal of Freedom Should iconic images be parodied? 4

17 Rise of European Fascism Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in Italy Spanish Civil War & Francisco Franco WORLD WAR II Because the war to end all wars didn t work Germany Germany Rhineland, March 1936 Anshcluss (Austria), March 1938 Sudetenland, Sept Signed Munich Pact Czechoslovakia, March 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (Poland) Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1, 1939 British/French declare war Neutrality Acts in U.S. cash and carry Blitzkrieg, Spring 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg France surrenders June 22, 1940 Luftwaffe & Battle of Britain U.S. Isolation to Intervention U.S. Isolation to Intervention Stimson & Knox (both Republicans) in Cabinet Selective Service (1 st peacetime draft) Destroyers-for-Bases FDR breaks 2-term limit Lend-Lease (1 st to Britain, then to others) Germany invades eastern Poland & USSR April 1941, U.S. helps track U-boats U.S. occupies Greenland & Iceland Atlantic Charter with Britain FDR & Churchill s postwar goals Condemned international aggression Affirmed right to self-determination Supports free trade, disarmament & collective security (future basis of U.N.) Armed merchant ships in war zone, Nov

18 Japan Japan Pre-WWI imperialism: Korea, Taiwan, island chains Manchuria, 1932 War with China, 1937 U.S. terminates trade treaty, 1940 Japan invades French Indochina & SE Asia then signs Tripartite Pact (Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis) FDR freezes Japanese owned assets in U.S. U.S. breaks codes; learns attack is imminent Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, ,400 U.S. dead; 1,200 wounded Simultaneous attack of Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong Japanese head toward Australia U.S. declares WAR, Dec. 8 th Jeannette Rankin of Montana U.S. in the War U.S. in the War Focus on European theater (fighting in Pacific too) Stalin requests 2 nd Front in Western Europe U.S./Britain invade N. Africa U.S./Britain invade Sicily/Italy D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy the 2 nd Front) Battle of the Bulge All sides advance on Berlin Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Midway Island-Hopping toward Japan Loss of soldiers Okinawa/Iwo Jima Japan seems unwilling to surrender Hiroshima, Aug. 6, 1945 USSR declares war, Aug. 8, 1945 Nagasaki, Aug. 9, 1945 Surrender, Aug 14/Sept. 2, 1945 War Conferences War Conferences Casablanca, Jan FDR & Churchill Attack Italy, then France Cairo, Nov FDR, Churchill, & Chiang Kai-shek Return Manchuria/Taiwan to China; freedom to Korea Tehran, Nov.-Dec FDR, Churchill, & Stalin Planned D-Day; postwar occupation of Germany & Berlin; USSR join war against Japan with Hitler s defeat Yalta, Feb FDR, Churchill, & Stalin USSR to join war on Japan; US/British break promise to China; USSR gets east European buffer zone Potsdam, July-Aug Truman, Churchill/Attlee, & Stalin Truman warns Japan of prompt and utter destruction 2

19 U.S. Home Front U.S. Home Front: Women Economic Migration 6 million leave farms for urban areas Industrial centers, especially West Coast Significant overcrowding & urban blight Conflict between oldtimers & newcomers Employment Opportunities 6 million enter workforce; total of 19 mill 75% married; 60% over age 35; 33% with kids under 14 Defense related work: WACs, WAVES, WASPs Rosie the Riveter & Industry jobs Real Opportunities??? 65% of men s salary Lost jobs men returned Traditional attitudes remained U.S. Home Front: Blacks U.S. Home Front: Blacks Double V : victory in both war & discrimination NAACP membership reaches ½ million Smith v. Allwright: banned all white primaries Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Used nonviolent protests Sought desegregation in northern cities A. Philip Randolph Threatened a march on Washington FDR issues Executive Order 8802 Banned employment discrimination in war related work Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) War-related jobs increased 3 to 9% 1 million blacks in military service 7000 officers Still in segregated units 761 st (tanks) & 99 th (air) won distinctions Race Riots in Harlem, Mobile, Detroit Japanese propaganda & Nazi s Holocaust prompted many whites to change racial attitudes U.S. Home Front: Hispanics U.S. Home Front: Hispanics Economic migration takes agricultural workers Congress allows braceros as temporary workers Contracts violated; workers exploited Illegal immigration encouraged Many Chicanos moved to cities for industrial jobs By 1943: 10% of LA County Segregated in colonias Zoot Suit gangs in urban areas Servicemen viewed gangs as lazy draft dodgers June 1943: riot in which servicemen beat zoot suiters Servicemen praised; not punished Not segregated in military service League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Pressed for equal rights 3

20 U.S. Home Front: Jews U.S. Home Front: Jews Wide-spread anti-semitism Couldn t live in certain areas or attend many colleges Charles Lindbergh & Father Coughlin Immigration quotas as barrier to refugees St. Louis: 900 sought asylum in FL; turned away 1938 poll, 75% against allowing more Jews in to U.S. 1939: Congress rejects Wagner-Rogers bill to allow 20,000 Jewish children in to U.S. FDR expressed concern; helping Jews in Nazi camps not a priority 1943: 400 rabbis march in Washington to protest This changes once U.S. army confirms death camps Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe Albert Einstein, successful immigrant, works closely with Manhattan Project to build A-Bomb U.S. Jewish communities split on Zionism Pearl Harbor intensifies yellow peril Rumors that Japanese in Hawaii had helped Fears of Japanese living along west coast Harassment of businesses and homes Executive Order 9066: Relocation of those deemed a threat Basis for relocation of Japanese to detention camps Regardless of Issei (1 st generation) or Nisei (2 nd gen. & citizen) status No evidence of espionage needed Power of Iconic Images Was it legal &/or justified? Korematsu v. U.S. 1944: government has special need during war to prevent espionage 1982, gov t report Personal Justice Denied: relocation was not a military necessity 1988: Congress paid $20,000 to each surviving former internee 1998: Pres. Clinton formally apologized & gave Fred Korematsu the Medal of Freedom Should iconic images be parodied? 4

21 Rise of European Fascism Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in Italy Spanish Civil War & Francisco Franco WORLD WAR II Because the war to end all wars didn t work Germany Germany Rhineland, March 1936 Anshcluss (Austria), March 1938 Sudetenland, Sept Signed Munich Pact Czechoslovakia, March 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (Poland) Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1, 1939 British/French declare war Neutrality Acts in U.S. cash and carry Blitzkrieg, Spring 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg France surrenders June 22, 1940 Luftwaffe & Battle of Britain U.S. Isolation to Intervention U.S. Isolation to Intervention Stimson & Knox (both Republicans) in Cabinet Selective Service (1 st peacetime draft) Destroyers-for-Bases FDR breaks 2-term limit Lend-Lease (1 st to Britain, then to others) Germany invades eastern Poland & USSR April 1941, U.S. helps track U-boats U.S. occupies Greenland & Iceland Atlantic Charter with Britain FDR & Churchill s postwar goals Condemned international aggression Affirmed right to self-determination Supports free trade, disarmament & collective security (future basis of U.N.) Armed merchant ships in war zone, Nov

22 Japan Japan Pre-WWI imperialism: Korea, Taiwan, island chains Manchuria, 1932 War with China, 1937 U.S. terminates trade treaty, 1940 Japan invades French Indochina & SE Asia then signs Tripartite Pact (Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis) FDR freezes Japanese owned assets in U.S. U.S. breaks codes; learns attack is imminent Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, ,400 U.S. dead; 1,200 wounded Simultaneous attack of Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong Japanese head toward Australia U.S. declares WAR, Dec. 8 th Jeannette Rankin of Montana U.S. in the War U.S. in the War Focus on European theater (fighting in Pacific too) Stalin requests 2 nd Front in Western Europe U.S./Britain invade N. Africa U.S./Britain invade Sicily/Italy D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy the 2 nd Front) Battle of the Bulge All sides advance on Berlin Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Midway Island-Hopping toward Japan Loss of soldiers Okinawa/Iwo Jima Japan seems unwilling to surrender Hiroshima, Aug. 6, 1945 USSR declares war, Aug. 8, 1945 Nagasaki, Aug. 9, 1945 Surrender, Aug 14/Sept. 2, 1945 War Conferences War Conferences Casablanca, Jan FDR & Churchill Attack Italy, then France Cairo, Nov FDR, Churchill, & Chiang Kai-shek Return Manchuria/Taiwan to China; freedom to Korea Tehran, Nov.-Dec FDR, Churchill, & Stalin Planned D-Day; postwar occupation of Germany & Berlin; USSR join war against Japan with Hitler s defeat Yalta, Feb FDR, Churchill, & Stalin USSR to join war on Japan; US/British break promise to China; USSR gets east European buffer zone Potsdam, July-Aug Truman, Churchill/Attlee, & Stalin Truman warns Japan of prompt and utter destruction 2

23 U.S. Home Front U.S. Home Front: Women Economic Migration 6 million leave farms for urban areas Industrial centers, especially West Coast Significant overcrowding & urban blight Conflict between oldtimers & newcomers Employment Opportunities 6 million enter workforce; total of 19 mill 75% married; 60% over age 35; 33% with kids under 14 Defense related work: WACs, WAVES, WASPs Rosie the Riveter & Industry jobs Real Opportunities??? 65% of men s salary Lost jobs men returned Traditional attitudes remained U.S. Home Front: Blacks U.S. Home Front: Blacks Double V : victory in both war & discrimination NAACP membership reaches ½ million Smith v. Allwright: banned all white primaries Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Used nonviolent protests Sought desegregation in northern cities A. Philip Randolph Threatened a march on Washington FDR issues Executive Order 8802 Banned employment discrimination in war related work Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) War-related jobs increased 3 to 9% 1 million blacks in military service 7000 officers Still in segregated units 761 st (tanks) & 99 th (air) won distinctions Race Riots in Harlem, Mobile, Detroit Japanese propaganda & Nazi s Holocaust prompted many whites to change racial attitudes U.S. Home Front: Hispanics U.S. Home Front: Hispanics Economic migration takes agricultural workers Congress allows braceros as temporary workers Contracts violated; workers exploited Illegal immigration encouraged Many Chicanos moved to cities for industrial jobs By 1943: 10% of LA County Segregated in colonias Zoot Suit gangs in urban areas Servicemen viewed gangs as lazy draft dodgers June 1943: riot in which servicemen beat zoot suiters Servicemen praised; not punished Not segregated in military service League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Pressed for equal rights 3

24 U.S. Home Front: Jews U.S. Home Front: Jews Wide-spread anti-semitism Couldn t live in certain areas or attend many colleges Charles Lindbergh & Father Coughlin Immigration quotas as barrier to refugees St. Louis: 900 sought asylum in FL; turned away 1938 poll, 75% against allowing more Jews in to U.S. 1939: Congress rejects Wagner-Rogers bill to allow 20,000 Jewish children in to U.S. FDR expressed concern; helping Jews in Nazi camps not a priority 1943: 400 rabbis march in Washington to protest This changes once U.S. army confirms death camps Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe Albert Einstein, successful immigrant, works closely with Manhattan Project to build A-Bomb U.S. Jewish communities split on Zionism Pearl Harbor intensifies yellow peril Rumors that Japanese in Hawaii had helped Fears of Japanese living along west coast Harassment of businesses and homes Executive Order 9066: Relocation of those deemed a threat Basis for relocation of Japanese to detention camps Regardless of Issei (1 st generation) or Nisei (2 nd gen. & citizen) status No evidence of espionage needed Power of Iconic Images Was it legal &/or justified? Korematsu v. U.S. 1944: government has special need during war to prevent espionage 1982, gov t report Personal Justice Denied: relocation was not a military necessity 1988: Congress paid $20,000 to each surviving former internee 1998: Pres. Clinton formally apologized & gave Fred Korematsu the Medal of Freedom Should iconic images be parodied? 4

25 Rise of European Fascism Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in Italy Spanish Civil War & Francisco Franco WORLD WAR II Because the war to end all wars didn t work Germany Germany Rhineland, March 1936 Anshcluss (Austria), March 1938 Sudetenland, Sept Signed Munich Pact Czechoslovakia, March 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (Poland) Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1, 1939 British/French declare war Neutrality Acts in U.S. cash and carry Blitzkrieg, Spring 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg France surrenders June 22, 1940 Luftwaffe & Battle of Britain U.S. Isolation to Intervention U.S. Isolation to Intervention Stimson & Knox (both Republicans) in Cabinet Selective Service (1 st peacetime draft) Destroyers-for-Bases FDR breaks 2-term limit Lend-Lease (1 st to Britain, then to others) Germany invades eastern Poland & USSR April 1941, U.S. helps track U-boats U.S. occupies Greenland & Iceland Atlantic Charter with Britain FDR & Churchill s postwar goals Condemned international aggression Affirmed right to self-determination Supports free trade, disarmament & collective security (future basis of U.N.) Armed merchant ships in war zone, Nov

26 Japan Japan Pre-WWI imperialism: Korea, Taiwan, island chains Manchuria, 1932 War with China, 1937 U.S. terminates trade treaty, 1940 Japan invades French Indochina & SE Asia then signs Tripartite Pact (Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis) FDR freezes Japanese owned assets in U.S. U.S. breaks codes; learns attack is imminent Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, ,400 U.S. dead; 1,200 wounded Simultaneous attack of Philippines, Malaya, Hong Kong Japanese head toward Australia U.S. declares WAR, Dec. 8 th Jeannette Rankin of Montana U.S. in the War U.S. in the War Focus on European theater (fighting in Pacific too) Stalin requests 2 nd Front in Western Europe U.S./Britain invade N. Africa U.S./Britain invade Sicily/Italy D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy the 2 nd Front) Battle of the Bulge All sides advance on Berlin Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Midway Island-Hopping toward Japan Loss of soldiers Okinawa/Iwo Jima Japan seems unwilling to surrender Hiroshima, Aug. 6, 1945 USSR declares war, Aug. 8, 1945 Nagasaki, Aug. 9, 1945 Surrender, Aug 14/Sept. 2, 1945 War Conferences War Conferences Casablanca, Jan FDR & Churchill Attack Italy, then France Cairo, Nov FDR, Churchill, & Chiang Kai-shek Return Manchuria/Taiwan to China; freedom to Korea Tehran, Nov.-Dec FDR, Churchill, & Stalin Planned D-Day; postwar occupation of Germany & Berlin; USSR join war against Japan with Hitler s defeat Yalta, Feb FDR, Churchill, & Stalin USSR to join war on Japan; US/British break promise to China; USSR gets east European buffer zone Potsdam, July-Aug Truman, Churchill/Attlee, & Stalin Truman warns Japan of prompt and utter destruction 2

27 U.S. Home Front U.S. Home Front: Women Economic Migration 6 million leave farms for urban areas Industrial centers, especially West Coast Significant overcrowding & urban blight Conflict between oldtimers & newcomers Employment Opportunities 6 million enter workforce; total of 19 mill 75% married; 60% over age 35; 33% with kids under 14 Defense related work: WACs, WAVES, WASPs Rosie the Riveter & Industry jobs Real Opportunities??? 65% of men s salary Lost jobs men returned Traditional attitudes remained U.S. Home Front: Blacks U.S. Home Front: Blacks Double V : victory in both war & discrimination NAACP membership reaches ½ million Smith v. Allwright: banned all white primaries Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Used nonviolent protests Sought desegregation in northern cities A. Philip Randolph Threatened a march on Washington FDR issues Executive Order 8802 Banned employment discrimination in war related work Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) War-related jobs increased 3 to 9% 1 million blacks in military service 7000 officers Still in segregated units 761 st (tanks) & 99 th (air) won distinctions Race Riots in Harlem, Mobile, Detroit Japanese propaganda & Nazi s Holocaust prompted many whites to change racial attitudes U.S. Home Front: Hispanics U.S. Home Front: Hispanics Economic migration takes agricultural workers Congress allows braceros as temporary workers Contracts violated; workers exploited Illegal immigration encouraged Many Chicanos moved to cities for industrial jobs By 1943: 10% of LA County Segregated in colonias Zoot Suit gangs in urban areas Servicemen viewed gangs as lazy draft dodgers June 1943: riot in which servicemen beat zoot suiters Servicemen praised; not punished Not segregated in military service League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Pressed for equal rights 3

28 U.S. Home Front: Jews U.S. Home Front: Jews Wide-spread anti-semitism Couldn t live in certain areas or attend many colleges Charles Lindbergh & Father Coughlin Immigration quotas as barrier to refugees St. Louis: 900 sought asylum in FL; turned away 1938 poll, 75% against allowing more Jews in to U.S. 1939: Congress rejects Wagner-Rogers bill to allow 20,000 Jewish children in to U.S. FDR expressed concern; helping Jews in Nazi camps not a priority 1943: 400 rabbis march in Washington to protest This changes once U.S. army confirms death camps Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe Albert Einstein, successful immigrant, works closely with Manhattan Project to build A-Bomb U.S. Jewish communities split on Zionism Pearl Harbor intensifies yellow peril Rumors that Japanese in Hawaii had helped Fears of Japanese living along west coast Harassment of businesses and homes Executive Order 9066: Relocation of those deemed a threat Basis for relocation of Japanese to detention camps Regardless of Issei (1 st generation) or Nisei (2 nd gen. & citizen) status No evidence of espionage needed Power of Iconic Images Was it legal &/or justified? Korematsu v. U.S. 1944: government has special need during war to prevent espionage 1982, gov t report Personal Justice Denied: relocation was not a military necessity 1988: Congress paid $20,000 to each surviving former internee 1998: Pres. Clinton formally apologized & gave Fred Korematsu the Medal of Freedom Should iconic images be parodied? 4