Innovative observations and analysis of human thermal comfort in Amsterdam
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1 Innovative observations and analysis of human thermal comfort in Amsterdam Bert Heusinkveld, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, Reinder Ronda, Jisk Attema and Bert Holtslag ICUC annual meeting, Toulouse 2015
2 Number of tropical days (left) and trend in Summer days in NL (right) Annual average Number of days with a max. temperature of 30C
3 Number of tropical days (left) and trend in Summer days in NL (right) Annual average Number of days with a max. temperature of 30C Amsterdam Rotterdam 25 km
4 Big cities are urban heat islands (UHI), recent example: Rotterdam Summer UHI max ~8K
5 25 km Urban land use fraction (-) Urbanization Amsterdam km Year Maps: Land use maps from Kramer H., Hazeu, G., Wageningen UR - Alterra
6 24 Urban weather stations
7 WMO reference 20 km Urban Heat Islands or Urban Cool Islands? Summer 2014, T max_urban -T max_wmo 23 km Landuse maps LGN7, 2012, Alterra
8 WMO reference 20 km Urban Heat Islands or Urban Cool Islands? Summer 2014, 95percentile(T max_urban -T max_wmo ) 23 km Landuse maps LGN7, 2012, Alterra
9 WMO reference 20 km Urban Heat Islands or Urban Cool Islands? Summer 2014, T min_urban -T min_wmo 23 km Landuse maps LGN7, 2012, Alterra
10 WMO reference 20 km Urban Heat Islands Summer 2014, 95percentile(T min_urban -T min_wmo ) 23 km Landuse maps LGN7, 2012, Alterra
11 WMO reference 20 km Nocturnal Urban Heat Islands Summer 2014, daily_maximum(t urban -T wmo ) 23 km Landuse maps LGN7, 2012, Alterra
12 WMO reference 20 km Nocturnal Urban Heat Islands Summer 2014, 95percentile(daily_maximum(T urban -T wmo )) 23 km Landuse maps LGN7, 2012, Alterra
13 20 km Nocturnal Urban Heat Islands Summer 2014, 95percentile(daily_maximum(T urban -T wmo )) 23 km Landuse maps LGN7, 2012, Alterra
14 NDVI (-) Fenology of vegetation, detection from space to quantify urban vegetation Groenmonitor, initiative of Alterra, Wageningen UR, the Netherlands. Gerbert Roerink & Sander Mucher, Satellites: Formosat (8m), DMC (22m), Landsat7-ETM
15 UHI 95% at Tmin (K) Land-use and nocturnal UHI in Amsterdam y = -4.2x R² = NDVI 100m grid (-)
16 Cargo bicycle measures human thermal comfort, importance of radiation (direct measurement of T mrt ) GPS: location, time, speed Air temperature, humidity (aspirated screen) Wind speed, -direction Radiation Radiation Wheel speed Design: Bert Heusinkveld
17 T ( C) Campus at 22 July 2013, 11 UTC: T mrt : 62 C, PET: 45 C Ta Tmrt Campus 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 Similar values at Campus and rural station, but not the extremes
18 2 bicycle measurement tracks 8 km
19 Real-time thermal comfort measurements in Amsterdam Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) scale:
20 Real-time thermal comfort measurements in Amsterdam
21 Real-time thermal comfort measurements in Amsterdam
22 Real-time thermal comfort measurements in Amsterdam UTCI
23 Windspeed (m/s) Cloud cover (Octas) Freq. dist (or seconds) Freq. dist. (or seconds) Amsterdam (18-19 July 2014) T ( C) u10 CC T_rural Stations hours, July 2014 (hh) Qgl Global radiation (W/m2) Tmrt UTCI 19 July 11:00-12:22 (Moderate to very strong heatstress)
24 App development: Forecasting Thermal comfort in a complex environment The idea is to present a location specific 3 h weather forecast of human thermal comfort up to 36 h ahead. Requirements: Use of a modern thermal comfort scale: UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) No numbers (only a colour scale) Thermal stress levels as text (UTCI scale) Includes land-use effects (temperature, wind speed, radiation) Based on: Thermal comfort measurements/analysis: Bert Heusinkveld, session NONTM11 WRF simulation: Reinder Ronda, session TUKUP4 Land-use map 25 m resolution: Jisk Attema, session GD5 Global model forecast: GFS, NCEP, U.S.A. Technical realisation: Master student Gert Sterenborg
25 App Thermal comfort 1. Use location data Smartphone 2. Download forecast 3. Display forecast Add symbol sun Wind/obstructed
26 App: Thermal comfort Today 16 to 19 h Wind protected Windy location
27 Concluding remarks Urban space during heat wave conditions: Amsterdam has a substantial nocturnal urban heat island effect (canals don t help) Thermal comfort varies strongly among built up areas Parks with short vegetation are urban hot spots (during daytime) Narrow street canyons can be more thermally comfortable than a WMO weather station location (air temperature and UTCI)
28 Thank you for your attention! 160 m 600 m BERT.HEUSINKVELD@WUR.N L
29 Very detailed geographical data available Lidar altimetry map: Waterschapshuis Rijkswaterstaat the Netherlands Aerial photographs: Aerodata
30 T ( C) Ta Td : : : : : : : Q global Radiation (W m-2) 800 Q diffuse : : : : : : :00 Date & Time Ql_in Ql_out : : : : : : :00 6 v (m s-1) Radiation (W m-2) Heat wave July 2013 Observations Rural station Date & Time 4 Wind speed : : : : : : :00 Date & Time
31 Mean radiant temperature and PET, rural station 50 PET T ( C) 40 Ta Ta T ( C) 50 Tmrt : : : : : : :00 Date & Time PET: Calculated with a human thermal energy balance model Rayman (Matzarakis et al.)
32 Temperature ( C) Realtime thermal comfort measurements in Amsterdam : Frequency density distrubution (-) T ( C) T_rural Stations Qgl hours, July 2014 (hh) Global radiation (W/m2) Error bars: 95percentile of a 1 hour measurement of 24 stations
33 Urban heat island Amsterdam Temperature ( C) 35 15: Temperature ( C) Frequency density distrubution (-) :59 T ( C) Frequency density distrubution (-) T_rural Stations Qgl hours, July 2014 (hh) Global radiation (W/m2) Error bars: 95-percentile of a 1 hour measurement of 24 stations
34 Measured variation in thermal comfort UTCI
35 Urban heat islands (UHI) on climate maps?
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