Paraneoplastiniai sindromai ir ekstrinė onkologija

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1 Paraneoplastiniai sindromai ir ekstrinė onkologija Jonas Korsakas Europos Sąjunga

2 Klinikinis atvejis I 68 metų pacientas Vargina distalinių kojų dalių silpnumas, tirpimas, sunku eiti dėl greito raumenų nuovargio Simptomai apie 4 metus, progresuoja, ypač sustiprėjo prie 4 mėnesius Anamnezėje prieš 30 metų Billroth II, D2 rezekcija dėl karcinomos

3 Ką daryti? Apžiūra: susilpnėję paviršiniai ir gilieji jutimai kojose, raumenų jėga 4 balai ENMG: sensomotorinė polineuropatija Biocheminiai, kraujo tyrimai kokie? Vaizdiniai tyrimai kokie?

4 PNS: Apibrėžimai Naviko netiesioginis poveikis organizmui Sisteminiai ar lokalūs piktybinio naviko išskiriamų medžiagų ar organizmo reakcijos į naviką sąlygoti simptomai, pasireiškiantys atokiose nuo pirminio naviko ar jo metastazių vietose Piktybinio naviko išskriamų medžiagų ar organizmo imuninės sistemos reakcijos į naviką sukeliami simptomai

5 Klasifikacija Bendrieji Reumatologiniai Dermatologiniai Neurologiniai Hematologiniai Endokrininiai Kardiovaskuliniai Kiti... Izoliuoti Sisteminiai

6 Patofiziologija Idiopatinis Tumoro išskiriamos biologiškai aktyvios medžiagos: Hormonai Citokinai Fermentai ar jų inhibitoriai...? Reaguojant į naviką organizmo sintetinami antikūnai

7 Epidemiologija Iki 20% piktybinių navikų Hiperdiagnostika!

8 Reumatologiniai / dermatologiniai Niežulys Artropatijos: poli/ ir monoartritai, RA, podagra Raumenų pažeidimas: poli/ dermatomiozitas, Lambert-Eaton miastenija Odos ir poodžio pažeidimas: fasciitai, panikulitas, sklerodermija, mazginė eritema, acanthosis nigricans Vaskulitai Antrinė amiloidozė

9 Reumatologiniai / dermatologiniai Hipertrichozė / alopecija Nekrotizuojanti migruojanti eritema Ichtiozė Seborėjinė keratozė (Lesser-Trelat)

10 Neurologiniai Paraneoplastinė smegenėlių degeneracija Paraneoplastinis encefalomielitas Limbinis encefalitas (dif. AL!!!) Paraneoplastinė polineuropatija Diagnostikai reikšmingi antineuroniniai antikūnai: Anti-Yo Anti-Ri Anti-Hu Ir kt..

11 Antibody MW (kd a) Staining pattern PND Associated tumours Recoverin 23, 65 Retinal photoreceptor Retinopathy SCLC Yo (PCA- 1) 34,52,6 2 Purkinje cell cytoplasm & axons PCD Ovary, breast Ma (Ma1) 37, 40 Neuronal nuclei PCD, BE Various cancer Ta (Ma2) 41.5 Neuronal nuclei, perikaryon BE, LE Testicular cancer Hu Ri (AN NA1) (AN NA2) Nuclei of both central and peripheral neurones PCD, PEM, SN SCLC 55, 80 Nuclei of central neurones OM, PCD, BE Breast, SCLC, gynaecological GAD 65, 67 Islet cells & grey matter SPS Breast, colon, SCLC CV2/CRM P5 Amphiphy sin 66 Oligodendrocytes cytoplasm PEM, SN SCLC, thymoma 128 Central presynaptic terminals SPS, SN Breast cancer, SCLC mglur1 ~140 Purkinje cell cytoplasm, climbing fibre PCD Hodgkin s lymphoma ANNA Purkinje cell cytoplasm & nucleus + glomerular podocytes PCD, PEM, SN SCLC PCA Purkinje cell cytoplasm and other neurones PEM, PCD. LEMS SCLC AGNA?? Nuclei of Bergmann glia of cerebellar Purkinje layer and glial in white matter Tr?? Purkinje cell cytoplasm with dots in molecular layer PCD Hodgkin s lymphoma PND SCLC

12

13 Hematologiniai Antifosfolipidinis sindromas Krioglobulinemija Policitemijos: neutrofilija, monocitozė, limfocitozė, leukemoidinės reakcijos Trombofilija Ūmus ar lėtinis DIK sindromas Trombocitozė (migruojantis tromboflebitas, marantinis endokarditas)

14 Endokrininiai Hiperkalcemija: dėl osteoklastinių metastazių arba/ir dėl PTHrP sekrecijos Neadekvačios ADH sekrecijos sindromas (SIADH) Ektopinės AKTH sekrecijos sindromas : Cushing o sindromas Hipokaleminė nefropatija

15 Kiti PN sindromai Membraninis glomerulonefritas Bendrieji sindromai: Kacheksija Anoreksija Karščiavimas Prakaitavimas

16 Gydymas Vėžio gydymas Patogenetinis gydymas Simptominis gydymas

17 Take home message Paraneoplastiniai sindromai yra naviko sukelti klinikiniai sindromai, kurie gali manifestuoti ir nesergant onkologine liga tai yra pagrindinė diagnostinė problema Tik nedidelė dalis paraneoplastinių sindromų yra specifiniai ir turi diagnostinę vertę Dažniausiai nėra specifinio gydymo būtina šalinti priežastį

18 Gliukagonoma ir migruojanti nekrotinė eritema

19 Leser-Trelat

20 Acanthosis nigricans

21 Kušingo sindromas dėl ektopinės AKTH sekrecijos plaučių vėžiu sergančiam pacientui

22 Skubios pagalbos onkologinės būklės

23 Ekstrinė onkologija Kardiovaskulinės komplikacijos Neurologinės komplikacijos Nefrourologinės komplikacijos Metabolinės komplikacijos Kvėpavimo sistemos komplikacijos Gastrointestininės komplikacijos Hematologinės komplikacijos Skausmas

24 Kardiovaskulinės komplikacijos Širdies tamponada Tromboembolijos Viršutinės tuščiosios venos užspaudimo sindromas Implantų ir centrinių kateterių problemos Septinis šokas Ekstravazacija

25 Širdies tamponada Metastazės perikarde Dusulys, kosulys, krūtinės skausmas Tachikardija, hipotenzija, paradoksinis pulsas, žemas pulso spaudimas Mažas EKG voltažas, praplėstas širdies šešėlis krūtinės ląstos rentgenogramoje

26 Epidemiology of First-Time VTE Variable Seasonal Variation Risk Factors Recurrent VTE Finding Possibly more common in winter and less common in summer 25% to 50% idiopathic 15%-25% associated with cancer 20% following surgery (3 months) 6-month incidence, 7%; Higher rate in patients with cancer Recurrent PE more likely after PE than after DVT Death After Treated VTE White R. Circulation. 2003;107:I-4 I-8.) 30-day incidence 6% after incident DVT 30-day incidence 12% after PE Death strongly associated with cancer, age, and cardiovascular disease

27 Professor Armand Trousseau Lectures in Clinical Medicine I have always been struck with the frequency with which cancerous patients are affected with painful oedema of the superior or inferior extremities. New Syndenham Society 1865

28 Adjusted odds ratio Effect of Malignancy on Risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Population-based case-control (MEGA) study N=3220 consecutive patients with 1 st VTE vs. n=2131 control subjects CA patients = OR 7x VTE risk vs. non- CA patients Hematological Lung Gastrointestinal Breast Distant metastases 0 to 3 months 3 to 12 months 1 to 3 years 5 to 10 years > 15 years Type of cancer Silver In: The Hematologist - modified from Blom et. al. JAMA 2005;293:715 Time since cancer diagnosis

29 Thrombosis and Survival Likelihood of Death After Hospitalization Probability of Death DVT/PE and Malignant Disease Malignant Disease DVT/PE Only Nonmalignant Disease Number of Days Levitan N, et al. Medicine 1999;78:285

30 Viršutinės tuščiosios venos užspaudimo sindromas Dusulys, stiprūs galvos skausmai, viršutinės kūno dalies edemos, kosulys Atsiranda palaipsniui Dažniausiai plaučių vėžys, tarpuplaučio limfomos

31 Chemoterapinių vaistų ekstravazacija Pasekmės priklauso nuo preparato rūšies ir dozės Pavojingiausios antraciklinų ekstravazacijos

32 Neurologinės komplikacijos Stuburo smegenų spaudimas Metastazės galvos smegenyse

33 Stuburo smegenų suspaudimas Dėl naviko peraugančio į kanalą Dėl kompresinio slankstelio lūžio Simptomai: nugaros skausmas, motorikos ir jutimų sutrikimai, hiperrefleksija, šlapimo/išmatų nelaikymas

34 Nugaros smegenų suspaudimo priežastys Epidūrinis suspaudimas Navikas Abscesas Hematoma Disko išvarža Stuburo hemangioma Intramedulinis pažeidimas Metastazės Abscesas Hematoma Mielopatija Dėl jonizuojančios spinduliuotės poveikio Intratekalinės chemoterapijos Paraneoplastinė Leptomeninginės metastazės Spinalinis arachnoiditas

35 Metastazės galvos smegenyse Padidėjusio IKS simptomai Galvos skausmas Pykinimas, vėmimas Sąmonės sutrikimai Židininiai simptomai Klausos, regos, klalbos sutrikimai Traukuliai Ataksija

36 Nefrourologinės komplikacijos Ūmus inkstų nepakankamumas Hidronefrozė Ūmus šlapimo susilaikymas Hemoraginis cistitas

37 Ūmus inkstų nepakankamumas Intra/ekstrarenalinės obstrukcijos sukeltas IFN Tumoro lizės (šlapimo rūgšties kristalais) Patologiniais baltymais (mielominė liga) Ekstrarenalinė šlapimo takų obstrukcija Trombotinė mikroangiopatija Vaistų sukeltas IFN (cisplatina, metotreksatas, alkilinantys preparatai)

38 Hidronefrozė Ekstrarenalinės obstrukcijos pasekmė

39 Ūmus šlapimo susilaikymas Dubens navikai (arba metastazės) Skausmas, čiuopiama šlapimo pūslė, anurija Sukelia hidronefrozę ir IFN ( kreatininas) Gydymas: šlapimo pūslės kateterizacija, nefrostoma, epicistostoma

40 Hemoraginis cistitas Etiologija: chemoterapija, spindulinis gydymas, adeno/bk virusai Pavojingiausia komplikacija: šlapimo pūslės tamponada Profilaktika! Gydymas: šlapimo pūslės kateterizacija, plovimas, epicistostoma

41 Metabolinės komplikacijos Kacheksija/anoreksija Tumoro lizės sindromas Hiperkalcemija Hiponatremija Hipoglikemija Laktacidozė Antinksčių nepakankamumas

42 Kacheksija/anoreksija Kūno masės sumažėjimas daugiau kaip 10% Pablogėjusi mityba (<1500 kcal/d) Katabolinių procesų aktyvėjimas

43 Hiperkalcemija CNS simptomai: psichozė, depresija, delyras, koma Kardiovaskuliniai simptomai: trumpas QT intervalas, prailgėjęs T dantelis, aritmijos, asistolija, hipotenzija (dėl dehidracijos) Poveikis inkstams: poliurija, akmenligė Poveikis virškinimo traktui: obstipacijos, skrandžio opos, anoreksija, pykinimas, vėmimas, polidipsija

44 Hiperkalcemija: gydymas Skysčių balanso atstatymas ir sekimas Diuretikai (tik po rehidracijos) Elektrolitų balanso korekcija Bifosfonatai Gliukokortikosteroidai Kalcitoninas Priežasties pašalinimas

45 Kvėpavimo sistemos komplikacijos Plaučių infekcijos Dusulys ir kvėpavimo nepakankamumas

46 Dusulys Skystis pleuros ertmėje Plaučių karcinomatozė Plaučių tromboembolija Bronchų spazmas alerginės reakcijos į chemoterapiją Viršutinių kvėpavimo takų obstrukcija: Anatominė struktūrinė Funkcinė (laringospazmas)

47 Skystis pleuros ertmėje Simptomai: Dusulys Krūtinės ląstos pleurinis skausmas Onkologinės ligos - eksudatas Gydymas reikalingas tik esant kvėpavimo nepakankamumui Deguonis Pleuros skysčio aspiracija ( m/watch?v=nodxydbo LrA ) Torakocentezė ir pleuros drenažas

48 Gastrointestininės komplikacijos Pykinimas ir vėmimas Mukozitas Viduriavimas Žarnų nepraeinamumas

49 Pykinimas/vėmimas Dažniausia chemoterapijos sukeliama komplikacija Būdingas kumuliacinis toksiškumas Labai pablogina gyvenimo kokybę ir gydymo chemoterapija galimybes

50 Pykinimas/vėmimas Ankstyvas (iki 24 val. po chemoterapijos) Vėlyvas (daugiau 24 val. po chemoterapijos) Vaistai klasifikuojami į 5 emetogeniškumo klases Gydymas: 5HT3 antagonistai, dopamino antagonistai, gliukokortikosteroidai, neurokinino antagonistai, benzodiazepinai

51 Mukozitas Viena vaistų dozę ribojančių komplikacijų Iki 40% chemoterapija gydomų pacientų % KKLT pacientų

52 Mukozito gydymas Profilaktika: Burnos higiena Mityba Keratinocitų kolonijas stimuliuojantys faktoriai Gydymas Antiseptikai Analgetikai Daug įvairių priemonių, tačiau jų efektyvumas neįrodytas

53 Viduriavimas Etiologija: Mukozitas Infekcija (atmesti oportunistines infekcijas ir Cl. difficile) Chemoterapija Gydymas simptominis: Rehidracija Hipokalemijos, hipochloremijos korekcija Mitybos korekcija Antibiotikai tik esant indikacijoms

54 Hematologiniai sutrikimai Febrili neutropenija Koagulopatijos Trombofilijos Pancitopenija

55 Skausmas Dažniausias onkologinių ligų simptomas Gydomas blogiausiai ir nepakankamai 80% atvejų gali būti nesunkiai kontroliuojamas paprastomis priemonėmis

56

57 Take home message Kiekviena būklė turi savo etiologiją, patogenezę ir gydymą Svarbiausia susidūrus su ja nepasimesti, suvokti visas šias grandis bei pagal jas parinkti tinkamiausią gydymą Jūsų (ir Lietuvos) situacijoje tai dažniausiai bus nukreipimas pas kitą specialistą...

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