Cancer: DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis
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1 Chapter 5 Cancer: DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis Copyright 2007 Pearson Copyright Prentice Hall, 2007 Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 1
2 What Is Cancer? Benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissue Malignant tumors invade surrounding structures: are cancer Properties of Cancer cells Promote Angiogenesis Loss of contact inhibition Loss of anchorage dependence 2
3 Properties of Cancer cells Angiogenesis growth of blood vessels caused by secretions from cancer cells Increases the blood supply to cancer cells: more oxygen and nutrients Cancer cells can divide more Tumors develop, sometimes filling entire organs 3
4 Contact inhibition Properties of Cancer cells in normal cells prevents them from dividing all the time Divisions would force the new cells to pile up on each other 4
5 Properties of Cancer Cells: Lack of contact inhibition Normal skin cells Grow in monolayer Skin cancer cells Do not grow in monolayer Pile up on each other 5
6 Properties of Cancer cells Anchorage dependence in normal cells keeps the cells in place 6
7 Multiple Hit Model of Cell Transformation to Cancer Many mutations, or hits, in a cell are required for it to become malignant or cancer Multiple hit model describes the process of cancer development from a normal cell Mutations can be inherited and/or can stem from environmental exposures 7
8 Most cancers result from exposures to mutagens If one sib or twin gets cancer, other usually does not Populations that migrate profile of cancer becomes more like people indigenous to new location 8
9 Multiple Hit Model of Cell Transformation to Cancer 9
10 The Multiple Hit Model for Colon Cancer 10
11 5.5 Cancer Detection and Treatment Earlier detection and treatment of cancer greatly increase the odds of survival Knowing the warning signs of cancer is important to health Cancer screenings extremely important Self exams can catch early tumors both benign and malignant 11
12 Cancer Detection 12
13 Cancer Detection Methods Blood tests for High blood cell counts May indicate a leukemia or lymphoma High protein concentration May indicate a tumor is making lots of protein Prostate cancer PSA Ovarian cancer CA125 Biopsy When a tumor is found and cancer is suspected the surgical removal of cells, tissue, or fluid for analysis Under a microscope: benign tumors appear orderly and resemble other normal cells Malignant tumors do not resemble normal tissue 13
14 Cancer Detection Methods: Biopsy 14
15 Treatment Methods When possible, surgeons remove tumors with a laparoscope through small incisions generally lead to quicker, easier recoveries 1 to 2 weeks are possible only when growths are small Others are surgically removed and require much longer recovery time 6-8 weeks Continued monitoring and other treatments may come after surgery 15
16 Treatment Methods: Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is used for cancer that cannot be surgically removed or that has metastasized Any Chemical or drug that kills cancer cells is considered chemotherapy Classical chemotherapy kills all dividing cells and is usually injected into the bloodstream Combinations of chemical agents are usually used since cancer cells can become resistant Adverse effects on chemotherapy patients during treatment Hair loss Nausea Immunosuppression fatigue 16
17 Treatment Methods: Chemotherapy Newer chemotherapy drugs target just cancer cells Not all dividing cells Successful tumor specific drugs Her2/neu = Herceptin for Breast Cancer Bcr/abl = Gleevec for CML CD20 = Rutuxan for Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) Block necessary component for tumor cell growth Does not harm normal cells Very few if any side effects Activate our own immune system to specifically kill tumor cells 17
18 Treatment Methods: Radiation Radiation therapy High energy radioactive particles damage DNA and kill cells Highly focused on tumor area Radiation therapy is can be administered with or without chemotherapy A patient is in remission if the patient is no longer suffering negative impacts from cancer after a given period 18
19 Essay 5.1 Cancer Risk Factors Known risk factors are linked to particular cancers 19
20 Essay 5.1 Cancer Risk Factors Known risk factors are linked to particular cancers 20
21 Essay 5.1 Cancer Risk Factors Known risk factors are linked to particular cancers 21
22 Essay 5.1 Cancer Risk Factors Known risk factors are linked to particular cancers 22
23 Essay 5.1 Cancer Risk Factors Known risk factors are linked to particular cancers 23
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