The Diagnosis-Driven Physical Exam of the Shoulder
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1 The Diagnosis-Driven Physical Exam of the Shoulder April 24, 2014 Carlin Senter MD, Natalie Voskanian MD, Veronica Jow MD Carlin Senter, MD Assistant Clinical Professor UCSF Sports Medicine 1
2 Natalie Voskanian, MD Assistant Clinical Professor UCSD Sports Medicine Veronica Jow, MD Associate Team Physician UC Berkeley 2
3 Small group experts: UCSF residents and faculty Outline Shoulder anatomy Shoulder exam Shoulder hands on exam practice Cases Questions 3
4 Shoulder: top 3 diagnoses in primary care referrals to ortho (at UCSF) 1. Rotator cuff disease 1. Subacromial bursitis 2. Tendinitis or Tendinopathy 3. Partial tear 4. Full thickness tear 2. Frozen shoulder (aka Adhesive capsulitis) 3. Glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis Shoulder: diagnosis driven exam Active ROM Normal Decreased Rotator cuff dz Labral tear Biceps tendinitis AC joint OA Normal Passive ROM Decreased Frozen shoulder Xray GH joint OA Normal Abnormal 4
5 Musculoskeletal work-up History Inspection Palpation Range of motion Other Tests Strength Neurovascular Shoulder key points History Hand dominance Occupation Hobbies/sports (repetitive lifting or overhead activity) H/o dislocation H/o recent fall or injury Pain that wakes patient from sleep Exam Always perform neck exam with shoulder Inspection: gown tied under arms or shirt off Always include examination of unaffected side 5
6 Shoulder exam Underlying Anatomy - Bones Acromion Humerus Scapula o Glenoid o Acromion o Coracoid o Scapular body Clavicle Sternum Clavicle Glenohumeral Joint Lesser Tuberosity Greater Tuberosity 6
7 The LABRUM is a fibrocartilaginous ring of tissue that attaches to the glenoid rim & deepens the glenoid fossa Labral Tear Seen in young athletes from acute trauma, weight lifters Might feel like something is clicking or catching inside SLAP = superior labrum anterior-posterior is typical pattern MRI vs MR arthrogam (with intra-articular contrast) Tx = try conservative management (PT, +/- injection, time) surgery if fails Older patients (50+) -> labrum degenerates, not a source of pain, is an incidental finding 7
8 Acromion Spine of scapula is at the level of T3 Bottom of scapula is at level of T7 The Rotator Cuff Muscles (SITS) The tendons of the rotator cuff muscles reinforce the capsule of the glenohumeral joint. Lesser Tuberosity Subscapularis (Internal Rotation) Anterior View 8
9 Supraspinatus (Abduction) Greater Tubersosity Posterior View Teres Minor (External rotation) Infraspinatus (External rotation)) Shoulder impingement Inflammation of the subacromial space The area under the acromion and above the glenohumeral joint Structures in this space Supraspinatus Subacromial/subdeltoid bursa Hurts with reaching behind car seat, brushing hair, or putting on bra Subacromial bursa Supraspinatus 9
10 The Biceps Tendon (long head) can be a cause of shoulder pain #1 Supination of the elbow (screwing, twisting, gardening) #2 Flexion of the elbow Pain is often in anterior/medial aspect of shoulder Long head Short head 3 attachments: Radial tuberosity (distal) Glenoid (long head) Coracoid (short head) Neck examination Inspection Palpate C-spine FF and extension Side rotation Spurlings 10
11 Cervical Spine Spurling s Maneuver Neck extended Head rotated toward affected shoulder Axial load placed on the cervical spine Reproduction of patient s shoulder/arm pain indicates possible nerve root compression Shoulder examination Inspection Patient in gown Palpation ROM Strength Supraspinatus Infraspinatus & Teres minor Subscapularis Biceps Other tests 2.htm, permission granted by Dr. Charles Goldberg, UCSD SOM 11
12 Inspection Presence of infraspinatus atrophy increases likelihood of rotator cuff disease Positive LR 2.0 Negative LR 0.61 Litaker D et al, J Am Geriatr Soc, Shoulder examination Inspection Palpation ROM Strength Supraspinatus Infraspinatus & Teres minor Subscapularis Biceps Other tests almed/joints2.htm, permission granted by Dr. Charles Goldberg, UCSD SOM 12
13 Range of motion Abduction Flexion Range of motion Internal rotation External rotation 13
14 Supine shoulder PROM Shoulder: diagnosis driven exam Active ROM Normal Decreased Rotator cuff dz Labral tear Biceps tendinitis AC joint OA Normal Passive ROM Decreased Frozen shoulder Normal Xray Abnormal GH joint OA 14
15 Other tests Rotator cuff disease (RCD) Bursitis or impingement Tendinitis/tendinopathy Partial tear Full thickness tear Biceps tendinitis/tendinopathy Labral tear AC joint osteoarthritis What s the best way for PCPs to examine the shoulder for RCD? We concluded that there is insufficient evidence upon which to base selection of physical tests for shoulder impingement, and potentially related conditions, in primary care. 15
16 Rotator cuff disease exam Pain provocation tests Pain and strength tests Often the pain radiates to lateral shoulder/proximal arm ( deltoid ) Pain test: Impingement signs Hawkin s Photos from Dr. Christina Allen Neer s 16
17 Pain test: Painful arc If painful, positive LR 3.7 for RCD. If not painful, negative LR 0.36 for RCD. JAMA. Rational clinical exam: Does this patient have rotator cuff disease? Aug Pain/strength test: Drop arm test Positive LR 3.3 for rotator cuff disease. JAMA. Rational clinical exam: Does this patient have rotator cuff disease? Aug
18 Pain & Strength test: Supraspinatus = abduction Supraspinatus Empty can (aka Jobe s) Photos from Dr. Christina Allen Pain & Strength test Infraspinatus and teres minor = resisted external rotation Infraspinatus Teres minor Photos from Dr. Christina Allen 18
19 Strength test: External rotation lag test Positive LR 7.2 for full thickness rotator cuff tear JAMA. Rational clinical exam: Does this patient have rotator cuff disease? Aug Pain & Strength test: Subscapularis = internal rotation lag test aka lift off Positive LR 5.6 for full thickness rotator cuff tear. Negative LR JAMA. Rational clinical exam: Does this patient have rotator cuff disease? Aug
20 Biceps Tests: Speeds Tests for biceps pathology (tendinitis, tendinopathy, tear) Palms up, patient pushes up against resistance (resisted elbow flexion) +Test is pain at proximal biceps tendon Sens = 54%, Spec = 81% Biceps Tests: Yergasons Tests for biceps pathology (tendinitis, tendinopathy, tear) Patient supinates (twists out) against resistance +Test is pain at proximal biceps tendon Also tests for biceps strength Sens = 41%, Spec = 79% 20
21 Arm forward flexed to 90 Elbow fully extended Arm adducted 10 to 15 with thumb down Downward pressure Repeat with thumb up Suggestive of labral tear if more pain with thumb down Sens = 59-94%, Spec = 28-92% O Brien s Test To r/o Labral Tear Testing the AC Joint: AC Crossover Tests for AC joint osteoarthritis or sprain Can be done passively by patient or physician +Test is pain at AC joint 21
22 Shoulder Exam Hands On Key Components of the Shoulder Exam: - Inspection - Palpation - Range of Motion: abduction, flexion, ER, IR - Strength - Neurovascular - Special tests Special Tests: Spurling s (cervical spine radiculopathy) Hawkins impingement sign Neers impingement sign Painful arc Drop arm test Jobe s, aka Empty-can (supraspinatus) Resisted external rotation (infraspinatus) External rotation lag test Internal rotation lag test aka Lift-off test (subscapularis) Speeds (biceps) Yergason s (biceps) O briens (SLAP tear) AC crossover (AC joint OA or sprain) Knee Shoulder Case #1 50 y/o RHD woman with DM2 and hypothyroidism presenting with R shoulder pain. No injury. Waking up at night during sleep. Shoulder feels very stiff, having trouble reaching behind and raising above head. Has tried ice and ibuprofen without relief. Pain level ranges 5-9/10. 22
23 Case #1 exam Inspection: no muscle atrophy Palpation: nontender ROM testing: very limited on the right both actively and passively Strength: painful on R so mildly decreased d/t pain/guarding (5-/5) Shoulder: diagnosis driven exam Active ROM Normal Decreased Rotator cuff dz Labral tear Biceps tendinitis AC joint OA Normal Passive ROM Decreased Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen shoulder) Normal Xray Abnormal GH joint OA 23
24 Ddx 50 y/o woman with severe R shoulder pain and limited active + passive ROM Adhesive capsulitis Glenohumeral joint arthritis Inflammatory Osteoarthritis Need XR to differentiate The key exam maneuver 24
25 Case #2 57 y/o RHD man presents with R shoulder pain that started after he fell 3 months ago. Pain at R deltoid area (points to lateral arm). Waking at night from sleep due to pain. 3/10 pain at rest, 8/10 pain with any arm use. He tried physical therapy for 6 weeks without benefit. Also tried heating pad and advil w/o relief. I: no atrophy Case #2 Exam P: mild +TTP subacromial space, nontender biceps, nontender AC joint ROM: Unable to actively abduct past 120 degrees 2/2 pain. Full PROM. 25
26 Shoulder: diagnosis driven exam Active ROM Normal Decreased Rotator cuff dz Labral tear Biceps tendinitis AC joint OA Normal Passive ROM Decreased Frozen shoulder Normal Xray Abnormal GH joint OA Case #2 exam, continued Other tests: (+) Painful arc (+) Neers and Hawkins 4/5 strength on Empty can with (+)pain. 5/5 resisted external rotation with (+)pain. 5/5 strength on Lift-off with (+)pain (-) External rotation lag test (-) Speeds (-) Yergasons (-) AC crossover 26
27 Diagnosis A. Adhesive capsulitis B. Rotator cuff tear C. Impingement syndrome D. Glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis Rotator cuff tear more likely if Older patient, 50s+ Traumatic mechanism Weak on rotator cuff strength testing Lift off test (subscapularis) External rotation lag test (infraspinatus) Empty can test (supraspinatus) 27
28 Treatment A. Order MRI, confirm tear, refer for arthroscopic RCT repair B. Repeat trial of physical therapy, f/u 3 months. C. NSAIDs and activity modification, f/u 3 months D. Subacromial injection, f/u 3 months Rotator cuff disease spectrum Stage I: < 25 y/o. Bursitis Stage II: y/o. Tendinitis and fibrosis of rotator cuff Stage III: > 40 y/o. Partial to complete tearing of rotator cuff 28
29 Rotator cuff tear algorithm If weak on testing of rotator cuff order xrays and MRI if (+) full thickness rotator cuff tear refer to orthopedic surgeon Greater likelihood tear if >40 y/o Surgical outcomes better if cuff tears fixed earlier than later (months, not urgent) Smaller tear Less fatty infiltration Less muscle atrophy Less retraction Case 3 42 year-old female tennis player complains of right shoulder pain for 4 months o Superolateral shoulder region o Intensity 4-7/10 with overhead activity and reaching behind her o Hurts when she rolls onto her right side, or tries to put on her bra, or reach behind her in the car o Better with rest o No weakness but has been avoiding use o Is right-handed o Tylenol doesn t help 29
30 Case 3 Exam Inspection: Symmetric, no gross abnormalities Palpation: +Tenderness over the subacromial space Range of Motion: full but painful Strength o 5-/5 Supraspinatus (empty can) o 5/5 Subscapularis (liftoff) o 5/5 Infraspinatus (external rotation) o 5/5 Biceps (yergasons) Neurovascular status: Intact Provocative Shoulder Testing o - (-) Drop Arm Test o - (+) Neers, Hawkins, Empty Can, resisted ER, Lift-off o - (-) Speed s, Yergason s, Obrien s, AC Crossover, lag tests The joint above and below: Neck and Elbow o Normal neck and elbow exam Case 3 What s the Diagnosis? 1.a. Osteoarthritis 2.b. Labral Tear 3.c. Rotator Cuff Tendinosis w/ Impingement 4.d. Rotator Cuff Tear 5.e. Biceps Tendinitis 6.f. AC sprain 30
31 Case 4 42yo LHD midwife who presents with left shoulder pain for 3 weeks. She works 5 days a week, on 10hr shifts. She enjoys gardening on the weekends. One weekend she spent several hours digging out weeds, the next day she noticed significant anterior shoulder pain, pain has persisted. Shoulder really hurts with pulling, twisting, reaching, heavy lifting. Hurts to lift her baby nephew. Mildly improved w/ aleve and rest. Pain level ranges 3-6/10. Case 4 Inspection: Symmetric, no gross abnormalities Palpation: ++TTP biceps tendon, nontender AC joint, nontender subacromial space Range of Motion: full flexion, abduction, IR, ER Strength o 5/5 Supraspinatus (empty can) o 5/5 Subscapularis (liftoff) o 5/5 Infraspinatus (external rotation) o 5-/5 Biceps (yergasons) Neurovascular status: Intact Provocative Shoulder Testing o - (-) Drop Arm Test, Neers, Hawkins o - (-) Empty Can, resisted ER, Lift-off o - (-) AC crossover, Obriens o - (+) Speed s, Yergason s The joint above and below: Normal neck and elbow exam 31
32 Case What s the Diagnosis? 1.a. Osteoarthritis 2.b. Labral Tear 3.c. Rotator Cuff Tendinosis w/ Impingement 4.d. Rotator Cuff Tear 5.e. Biceps Tendinitis 6.f. AC sprain Case 4 Most common finding in biceps tendinitis is +TTP over biceps tendon, along w/ hx of pain localizing to biceps tendon Speeds test (sens 54%) and Yergasons test (sens 41%) are not very sensitive tests (can t rule it out if neg); but can have high specificity if + (81%, 79%) 32
33 Bonus case! 70 y/o RHD man presents complaining of posterior R shoulder pain and weakness. He has trouble raising his right hand above his head. This started 2 months ago after he was discharged from hospital where he was in the ICU for sepsis. Ddx 70 y/o with posterior shoulder pain + stiffness or weakness Rotator cuff disease Impingement Full thickness tear Glenohumeral joint OA Nerve impingement Cervical radiculopathy Long thoracic nerve Spinal accessory nerve 33
34 Bonus case! exam Inspection: thin, but no frank muscle atrophy. Medial R scapular border more prominent than L. Palpation: nontender AC joint, biceps tendon AROM: Lacks flexion and abduction R side PROM: equal bilaterally (abd 90, ER 85, IR 45) Strength: 5/5 rotator cuff strength bilaterally, without pain An exam maneuver was done 34
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