WHY ADJUSTING JOURNAL ENTRIES? CHAPTER FIVE. ADJUSTING ENTRIES Page 145 MATCHING PRINCIPLE WHY ENDING BALANCE NOT CORRECT?
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1 CHAPTER FIVE ADJUSTING ENTRIES Page 1 WHY ADJUSTING JOURNAL ENTRIES?! All amounts must be correct before financial statements printed! Test ending balance in each account! Auditing! Test accounting system, internal controls! Verify ending balances are correct ACCOUNT BALANCES CORRECT! Record revenues earned for period! Match expenses to revenues! Count and value assets! Accurately report liabilities MATCHING PRINCIPLE! Match EXPENSES to REVENUES! Provides best measure of net income! Detective work are all revenues and expenses recorded? WHY ENDING BALANCE NOT CORRECT?! Received document and made error! Wrong amount! Wrong account! Entered twice! Not entered! No documentation received NO DOCUMENTATION! Internal transactions! No document ever created! External transactions! No document yet created, will be in future
2 EXTERNAL TRANSACTIONS! Involve outside parties! Vendors! Customers! Involve documentation! Invoices! Credit memos! Cash, checks EXTERNAL TRANSACTIONS! If documentation received! recorded in accounting cycle! If no documentation received! adjusting journal entry required NO DOCUMENTATION Requires adjusting journal entry! Made purchase, invoice not received from vendor! Made sale, invoice not created by our accounting department! Internal transactions! Correct error INTERNAL TRANSACTIONS! Involve only our company! Consume assets! Supplies! Prepaid insurance! Equipment used over lifetime! No document sent to accounting department! Requires adjusting journal entry FISCAL YEAR ADJUSTING ENTRIES! Any twelve-month period! May, or may not, be calendar year! Schedule fiscal year to end when business is slow. Let s look at some adjusting entries for Jessica Jane s Campus Delivery.
3 During June, purchased supplies, PURCHASED IN JUNE BALANCE Count Supplies on hand at end of month: $0 remaining BALANCE But unless there is an adjusting entry made, of Supplies will be shown on the Balance Sheet. BALANCE ADJUSTING ENTRY NEEDED Bal. Supplies - $0 Remaining Used Up Bal. is credited to Supplies to remove the amount of supplies used during June.
4 Bal. EXPENSE Bal. Bal. $0 EXPENSE is debited to Supplies Expense to recognize the amount of supplies used during June. Balance Sheet will show $0 of Supplies! Bal. Bal. $0 EXPENSE Bal. Income Statement will show of Supplies used during June. 1 Adjusting Entries June 0 Each adjusting entry dated the last day of accounting period. 1 June 0 Supplies Expense 0 00 Supplies 0 00 During June, Jessica paid for an eight-month insurance policy with coverage beginning on June 1. -month policy June 1 - Jan. 1
5 During June, Jessica paid for an eight-month liability insurance policy with coverage beginning on June 1. At the end of June we remove the cost of one month s insurance from this account. for months: = per month INSURANCE EXPENSE Prepaid Insurance is credited to remove June s insurance coverage that has expired. Insurance Expense is debited to recognize the amount of insurance coverage for June. Bal. $1 INSURANCE EXPENSE Bal. $1 INSURANCE EXPENSE Bal. The Balance Sheet will show $1 ( months) of Prepaid Insurance! The Income Statement will show (1 month) of insurance consumed!
6 1 June 0 Insurance Expense 00 Prepaid Insurance 00 Jessica paid employees $0 on June. Since then, they have earned an additional, but have not been paid. Balance $0 $0 $0 does not include all of the wages earned by employees during June. $0 debit to Wages Expense for the wages earned on June,, 0. $0 WAGES PAYABLE Jessica Jane owes employees additional wages. This liability is recorded in Wages Payable. Bal. $0 $00 WAGES PAYABLE Bal. $0 $00 WAGES PAYABLE Bal. The Income Statement will show ALL wages earned by employees in June! Balance Sheet will show liability for wages earned in June that will be paid in July.
7 1 June 0 Wages Expense 0 00 Wages Payable 0 00 COST PRINCIPLE! Assets valued at original purchase cost! The cost remains on the books as long as the business owns the asset! No adjustments are made for changes in market value USEFUL LIFE DEPRECIATION EXPENSE! The period of time an asset will produce revenues.! Allocate cost of asset over life of asset.! Matching an asset s cost against the revenue produced over the useful life.! Many depreciation methods! Based on estimates of useful lives and salvage values. SALVAGE VALUE! The expected market value of asset at the end of its useful life! Also called! Scrap Value! Residual Value ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION! Contra account! Paired with primary account! Opposite balance! One is a debit, one is a credit! On financial statement show Primary Contra = Net book value
8 BOOK VALUE! Value carried in accounting records! Book Value equals:! Original Cost - Accumulated Depreciation! Also called Undepreciated Cost DEPRECIATION EXAMPLE Motor scooters!cost of!life of years!no salvage value Allocate cost over next three years. STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD 1st step: Calculate Depreciable Cost. FORMULA: Original Cost Salvage Value = Depreciable Cost $0 = Calculating Depreciation Expense nd step: Determine depreciation expense for this accounting period. FORMULA: Depreciable Cost Estimated Useful Life Since we are trying to compute depreciation for one month, we will use months instead of years. Calculating Depreciation Expense nd step: Determine depreciation expense for this accounting period. FORMULA: Depreciable Cost Estimated Useful Life months Calculating Depreciation Expense nd step: Determine depreciation expense for this accounting period. FORMULA: Depreciable Cost Estimated Useful Life months $0 per month
9 DEPRECIATION EXPENSE DEPRECIATION EXPENSE DELIVERY EQUIPMENT DELIVERY EQUIPMENT ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION - DELIVERY EQUIPMENT $0 We do NOT adjust this account. It should always reflect the ORIGINAL COST of the asset. Depreciation is credited to this contra-asset account instead of the Equipment account. DEPRECIATION EXPENSE ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION - DELIVERY EQUIPMENT DELIVERY EQUIPMENT $0 DEPRECIATION EXPENSE $0 1 June 0 Depr. Expense - Equipment 0 00 Accum. Depr. - Equipment 0 00 DEPRECIATION Balance sheet at end of June, first month Assets: Delivery equipment Less Accumulated Depreciation 0 Book value $,00 1 July 1 Depr. Expense - Equipment 0 00 Accum. Depr. - Equipment 0 00 Make same entry at end of each month for months
10 DEPRECIATION End of Chapter Balance sheet end of July, second month Assets: Delivery equipment Less Accumulated Depreciation 00 Book value $,00
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