Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2) River Bend South

Transcription

1 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2) River Bend South Part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B Geo. Township of Westminster, now City of London Middlesex County, Ontario Submitted to Sifton Properties Ltd. 195 Dufferin Avenue, Suite 410, London, ON N6A 1K7 Tel: (519) Fax: (519) and Ontario Ministry of Culture Prepared by ARCHAEOLOGIX INC. 14 Oxford Street West, London, ON N6H 1P9 Tel: (519) Fax: (519) Archaeological License Number P001 CIF # P Corporate Project Number June 2008

2 ii Table of Contents Personnel Acknowledgments Project Summary iii iii iv 1.0 PURPOSE STUDY METHODS Stage 1 Background Research Stage 2 Field Assessment Methods RESULTS Stage 1 Background Research Natural Environment Pre-Contact Aboriginal Archaeological Resources and Potential Potential for Historic Archaeological Sites Stage 2 Field Assessment Results RECOMMENDATIONS 29 References Cited 30

3 iii Personnel Project Coordinator Report Production Field Directors Field/Office Assistants Jim Wilson, M.A. Tracie Carmichael, B.A., B.Ed. Jeffrey Muir, B.A. Arthur Figura, M.A. Courtney Adams, B.A. Brad Anderson, B.A. Cassandra Duckworth-Robb Jessica Figura Chris Gervais Kevin Gohm Amanda Hardman Alex Hernould Cara Hernould Bear John Kurt Kostuk Courtney Merner, B.A. Aaron Robb Sean Thomson Scott van Raay, B.A. Acknowledgments The completion of this report was facilitated by the assistance of the following individuals: Maureen Zunti, Planner, Sifton Properties Limited, London. Rob Von Bitter, Archaeological Data Coordinator, Archaeology Unit, Heritage Branch, Ontario Ministry of Culture, Toronto.

4 iv Project Summary An archaeological assessment (Stages 1 & 2) was conducted for a 61.1 hectare property located on part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B, Geographic Township of Westminster, now. This assessment was undertaken in order to meet the requirements of a standard condition of development approval. The study area consists primarily of ploughed agricultural fields with lesser areas of overgrown woodlot, orchard and manicured lawn. An area of previous disturbance associated with a house and out buildings is also located within the study limits. The Stage 2 assessment of the ploughed fields were conducted by the standard pedestrian survey method at an interval of five metres and the Stage 2 assessment of the wooded areas, the orchard and the manicured lawn was conducted by the standard shovel test pit method, also at an interval of five metres. All areas that were not disturbed were subject to the Stage 2 archaeological field assessment. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven archaeological sites, including eight pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to 9) and three 19 th century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11). Due to the small amount of material recovered from six of the pre-contact Aboriginal sites, their significance and information potential was judged to be low and no further archaeological work is recommended for Locations 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Due to the probable significance and information potential of the remaining two pre-contact Aboriginal sites, AfHi-346 and AfHi-348 (Locations 1 and 5) it is recommended that they be subject to additional Stage 3 assessment in advance of any development activities. Due to the fact that two of the Euro-Canadian locations AfHi-347 and AfHi-350 (Locations 3 and 11) produced artifacts primarily dating to the early to mid part of the 19 th century further Stage 3 assessment is recommended for both sites. The third Euro-Canadian site, AfHi-349 (Location 10) consists of primarily late 19 th century artifacts, however due to the inclusion of early 19 th century artifacts at this location, a precautionary Stage 3 assessment is recommended. The Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment was conducted in order to fulfill a standard condition of development approval, as imposed by the province of Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of Culture is asked to review the findings presented in this report and issue a standard letter of concurrence with the results presented. As additional Stage 3 archaeological fieldwork is recommended, a letter of clearance for the subject property is not requested at this time.

5 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2) River Bend South Part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B Geo. Township of Westminster, now City of London Middlesex County, Ontario 1.0 PURPOSE An archaeological assessment (Stages 1 & 2) was conducted for a 61.1 hectare property located on part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B, Geographic Township of Westminster, now. This assessment was undertaken in order to meet the requirements of a standard condition of development approval. The Stage 2 field assessment was conducted on May 2 nd, 16 th, 21 st and 23 rd, 2008 under archaeological consulting licence P001, issued to Jim Wilson by the Ministry of Culture. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven archaeological sites, including eight pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to 9) and three 19 th century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11). Due to the small amount of material recovered from six of the pre-contact Aboriginal sites, their significance and information potential was judged to be low and no further archaeological work is recommended for Locations 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Due to the probable significance and information potential of the remaining two pre-contact Aboriginal sites, AfHi-346 and AfHi-348 (Locations 1 and 5) it is recommended that they be subject to additional Stage 3 assessment in advance of any development activities. Due to the fact that two of the Euro-Canadian locations AfHi-347 and AfHi-350 (Locations 3 and 11) produced artifacts primarily dating to the early to mid part of the 19 th century further Stage 3 assessment is recommended for both sites. The third Euro-Canadian site, AfHi-349 (Location 10) consists of primarily late 19 th century artifacts, however due to the inclusion of several early 19 th century artifacts at this location a precautionary Stage 3 assessment is recommended. The Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment was conducted in order to fulfill a standard condition of development approval, as imposed by the province of Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of Culture is asked to review the findings presented in this report and issue a standard letter of concurrence with the results presented. As additional Stage 3 archaeological fieldwork is recommended, a letter of clearance for the subject property is not requested at this time.

6 2 Archaeological Assessment (Stages 1 & 2), River Bend South Figure 1. Location of Study Area

7 3 2.0 STUDY METHODS 2.1 Stage 1 Background Research In compliance with the provincial regulations set out in the Archaeological Assessment Technical Guidelines (MCzCR 1993), the Stage 1 Archaeological Overview/ Background Study included; a review of the land use history, including pertinent historic maps; and an examination of the National Site Registration Database to determine the presence of known archaeological sites in an around the project area. In addition to the visual evaluation of the subject property, background research was conducted at the Ministry of Culture Office in Toronto, the University of Western Ontario Map Library, and the corporate library of 2.2 Stage 2 Field Assessment Methods The study area consists primarily of ploughed agricultural fields with lesser areas of overgrown woodlot, orchard and manicured lawn. An area of previous disturbance associated with a house and out buildings is also located within the study limits. The Stage 2 assessment of the ploughed fields were conducted by the standard pedestrian survey method at an interval of five metres and the Stage 2 assessment of the wooded areas, the orchard and the manicured lawn was conducted by the standard shovel test pit method, also at an interval of five metres. In the event that an artifact was encountered during the pedestrian survey, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty metre radius of the find. Each test pit was approximately 30 centimetres in diameter, and was back filled. In the event an artifact was encountered in a test pit, additional test pits were dug in close proximity. The areas immediately around the house and out buildings that were previously disturbed due to landscaping activities were not assessed. All areas that were not disturbed were subject to the Stage 2 archaeological field assessment. The agricultural fields at the time of the assessment were well weathered and visibility was 100%. Figure 3 illustrates the methods and results of the Stage 2 archaeological assessment. The weather during the assessment ranged from being cloudy and cool to sunny and warm. At no time were there conditions detrimental to the recovery of archaeological remains. Permission to enter the property and remove artifacts was given by Maureen Zunti of Sifton Properties Limited, London. All recovered artifacts will be housed at the corporate head office of Archaeologix until their transfer to the Ministry of Culture collections facility located at 900 Highbury Avenue, London.

8 4 Figure 2. A Portion of the Historic Map of the Township of Westminster

9 5 3.0 RESULTS 3.1 Background Research The Natural Environment The study area is situated within the physiographic region known as London Annex of the Caradoc Sand Plain (Chapman and Putnam 1984:146). Immediately surrounding the City and extending several miles eastward there is a basin lying between 850 and 900 feet a.s.l. Into this basin the earliest glacial spillways discharged muddy water, laying down beds of silt and fine sand. Later, when standing water had retired westward to lower levels, gravelly alluvium was spread over the lower parts of the basin. (Chapman and Putnam 1984:146) The area is drained to the west towards Kilworth by a small, unnamed tributary of the Thames River (Figure 1) Pre-Contact Aboriginal Archaeological Resources and Potential Previous archaeological assessments and research surveys have demonstrated that this portion of the province of Ontario was intensively utilized by pre-contact Aboriginal peoples. There are 30 registered sites within a one kilometre radius of the subject property, ranging from Early Archaic precontact Aboriginal to nineteenth century Euro- Canadian (Table 2). The most notable site is a Glen Meyer village, the Dunn Site (AfHi- 50), just east of the study area (Pearce 1995:87-88). Table 1 provides a cultural chronology for the area, taken from Ellis and Ferris (1990). Given the proximity of the stream and the large number of nearby registered sites, the potential for pre-contact Aboriginal archaeological resources was judged to be high. Table 1. Cultural Chronology for London Area Period Characteristics Time Comments Early Paleo-Indian Fluted Projectiles B.C. spruce parkland/caribou hunters Late Paleo-Indian Hi-Lo Projectiles B.C. smaller but more numerous sites Early Archaic Kirk and Bifurcate Base Points B.C. slow population growth Middle Archaic Brewerton-like points B.C. environment similar to present Late Archaic Lamoka (narrow points) B.C. increasing site size Broadpoints B.C. large chipped lithic tools Small Points B.C. introduction of bow hunting Terminal Archaic Hind Points B.C. emergence of true cemeteries Early Woodland Meadowood Points B.C. introduction of pottery Middle Woodland Dentate/Pseudo-Scallop Pottery 400 B.C. - A.D.500 increased sedentism Princess Point A.D introduction of corn Late Woodland Early Ontario Iroquoian A.D emergence of agricultural villages Middle Ontario Iroquoian A.D long longhouses (100m +) Late Ontario Iroquoian A.D tribal warfare and displacement Contact Aboriginal Various Algonkian Groups A.D early written records and treaties Historic Euro-Canadian A.D present European settlement

10 6 Table 2. Registered Archaeological Sites within One Kilometre of the Study Area Borden # Site Name Site Type Cultural Affiliation AfHi-50 Dunn village Glen Meyer AfHi-51 Miriam village; homestead Glen Meyer; Euro-Canadian AfHi-57 Warbler's Woods Burial burial Glen Meyer AfHi-60 findspot Glen Meyer AfHi-61 campsite; homestead pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-62 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-63 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-64 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-75 Two Forts findspot Glen Meyer AfHi-76 Timber Drive findspot Western Basin; Glen Meyer AfHi-77 Warbler Woods North findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-120 SoSad special purpose station Uren AfHi-123 findspot Iroquoian AfHi-124 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-125 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-126 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-127 findspot Iroquoian AfHi-189 River Bend 1 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-190 River Bend 2 findspot Early Archaic AfHi-192 River Bend 4 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-193 River Bend 5 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-194 River Bend 6 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-195 River Bend 7 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-196 River Bend 8 findspot; homestead pre-contact Aboriginal; Euro-Canadian AfHi-216 River Bend 23 findspot pre-contact Aboriginal AfHi-230 Kilbourne Cemetery cemetery Euro-Canadian AfHi-261 Kilbourne homestead Euro-Canadian AfHi-265 Cassady campsite; homestead Early Iroquoian; Euro-Canadian AfHi-324 The Kains Road Site camp Middle Woodland AfHi-325 William Rufus homestead Euro-Canadian Potential for Historic Archaeological Sites The historic map of the Township of Westminster in the 1878 H.R. Page & Co. s Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Middlesex lists the owners of the relevant portions of Lot 49, Concession B, as M. Orman and W. Armstrong and lists the owners of the relevant portions of Lot 50 as W. Armstrong and C. Smith (Figure 2). Two historic houses are indicated within the limits of the study area, one is located in the same approximate location as Location 10 in C. Smith s portion of Lot 50 and one in the same approximate location as Location 11 in W. Armstrong s portion of Lot 49. Due to the major roadway along the north end of the subject area, and the proximity of the historic communities of Byron and London, the potential for historic material was judged to be high.

11 7 Figure 3. Stage 2 Survey Methods & Results

12 8 3.2 Stage 2 Field Assessment Results The Stage 2 archaeological assessment was conducted using the methods described in Section 2.2. Figure 3 illustrates the areas assessed, the techniques employed and the locations of the sites. Complete artifact catalogues for each location are provided as Appendix A. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven archaeological sites, including nine pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to 9) and three 19 th century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11), each of which is described in greater detail below Location 1 (AfHi-346) Location 1 (AfHi-346) consists of 10 positive test pits found in a 15 by 15 metre cluster found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70763/ The cluster is located on a large sandy ridge running along a north-south axis and appears to be part of a large settlement, possibly a village. The artifacts recovered are listed in Appendix 1. Figure 4. Stage 2 Artifacts Recovered from Location 1 (AfHi-346) Actual Size 1: Neck Sherd 2: Neck Sherd Nineteen artifacts were recovered in total. The total includes 10 chipped lithic artifacts (52.63% of the Stage 2 artifact collection) and nine ceramic artifacts (47.37% of the Stage 2 artifact collection). The archaeologists recovered a random flake core and nine pieces of chipping detritus. All chipped lithic artifacts were manufactured on Onondaga chert. Onondaga chert is a high quality raw material that outcrops along the north shore of Lake Erie east of the embouchure of the Grand River. This material can also be recovered from secondary, glacial deposits across much of southwestern Ontario, east of Chatham. The core measures 32.4 mm long, 22.4 mm wide, and 21.6 mm thick. The chipping detritus consists of three secondary flakes, three retouch flakes, and three flake fragments.

13 9 The recovered ceramics were all quite small, ranging in size from roughly 1 mm in diameter to 3 mm in diameter. Six of the sherds were classified as fragmentary. All of them are well made sherds averaging around 6 mm in thickness with granitic temper inclusions. Four exhibit surface treatment, probably of various matting or cordage impressions although it is difficult to assess given their small size. One sherd was a cord wrapped paddle impressed body sherd that was 7.2 mm thick with granitic temper inclusions. Finally, two neck sherds (Figure 4) with some decoration visible along the upper edge were recovered. One has incised decoration where lines were scratched on the surface (Figure 4:2) while the other might have had the line pushed into the clay (Figure 4:1). Both were 8.4 mm thick and had granitic temper inclusions. Although the pottery sherds do not offer a lot of decoration to make an analysis, the decorative techniques are similar to those found on Early Ontario Iroquoian Glen Meyer vessels. This makes sense given the nearby Glen Meyer sites such as Dunn (AfHi-50) and Miriam (AfHi-51). Due to the fact that Location 1 (AfHi-346) is a spatially discrete area producing pre-contact Aboriginal cultural material datable to the Early Ontario Iroquoian Glen Meyer period, it is recommended that this site should be subject to a Stage 3 archaeological assessment. The Stage 3 assessment should include the mapping of any surface finds and the hand excavation of a series of one metre square test units Location 2 Location 2 is three lithic artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 71054/ All three artifacts were manufactured from Onondaga chert. One Onondaga secondary flake (catalogue number 1) has been intentionally retouched along one edge while two other edges exhibit expedient utilization. The other two lithic artifacts are secondary flake chipping detritus, one manufactured from Onondaga chert and one manufactured from Kettle Point chert (catalogue number 2). These lithic artifacts were found in three positive test pits found in a 3 by 3 m area. As detailed in Section 2.2, an additional 20 test pits were dug around the finds but no further artifacts were found. Given the low information potential of Location 2 and that the artifacts are non-diagnostic, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended Location 3 (AfHi-347) Location 3 consists of a large 60 by 60 metre surface scatter of early to late 19 th century Euro-Canadian artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70367/56904 (Figure 3). In total a representative sample of 361 Euro-Canadian artifacts were collected from the surface including 319 ceramic, 32 kitchen or food related, six structural, one barn tack, one miscellaneous glass, one miscellaneous metal and one personal artifact. Each artifact class is discussed in greater detail below. Table 3 provides a summary of the Stage 2 artifacts collected from Location 3 and Appendix A provides a complete catalogue listing of all the Stage 2 recoveries.

14 10 Table 3: Stage 2 Artifact Summary for Location 3, AfHi-347 Artifact Frequency % Ceramic Artifacts: whiteware ironstone utilitarian pearlware creamware porcelain yelloware Total Ceramic Artifacts Non-Ceramic Artifacts: kitchen/food related structural barn tack misc. glass misc. metal personal Total Non-Ceramic Artifacts Total Stage 2 Artifacts Ceramic Artifacts In total 319 fragments of ceramic cups, plates or pots were collected during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 3. Included in this total are 165 pieces of whiteware, 72 pieces of ironstone, 36 utilitarian ceramic pieces, 31 pieces of pearlware, ten pieces of creamware, three pieces of porcelain and two pieces of yelloware. Table 4 provides a breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by ware type, while Table 5 provides a more detailed breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by decorative style. Table 4: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Ware Type, AfHi-347 Artifact Frequency % whiteware ironstone utilitarian pearlware creamware porcelain yelloware Total

15 11 White Earthenware Whiteware was the most common type of ceramic recovered from AfHi-347 with 165 pieces, comprising 51.7% of the ceramic assemblage. Whiteware is a variety of earthenware with a near colorless glaze that replaced earlier near white ceramics such as pearlware and creamware by the early 1830 s. Early whiteware tends to have a porous paste, with more vitrified, harder, ceramics becoming increasingly common later in the 19 th century. 45 Of the whiteware pieces recovered from Location 3 were catalogued as plain or undecorated. The most common type of decorated whiteware recovered is transfer printed with 75 pieces. Transfer printed whiteware became popular quite early in the 19 th century and involved the transfer of an intricate pattern from a sheet of treated paper to the underglaze surface of the clay. Before 1830, almost all transfer printed wares were blue. After 1830, colours such as light blue, black, brown, green, purple and red became more common. Transfer printed whiteware ceramics were less densely decorated than the earlier pearlware types, with more of the white background showing through the designs. From this location 67 of the pieces are blue, five are brown and three are black (Figure 5:5). The second most common type of decorated whiteware recovered from Location 3 is flow transfer printed with seventeen pieces. This style of decoration, in which the pigment is allowed to flow into the glaze, became popular in the 1840 s and 50 s, with a later revival in the 1890 s. Fifteen of the flow transfer printed pieces are blue and two are black. Twelve pieces of sponged whiteware were recovered from Location 3. Sponged whiteware ceramics were a form of inexpensive tableware in which a sponge was used to apply an underglaze pigment. All-over sponging became popular by the 1840 s and remained common until the 1870 s. All nine of the recovered pieces are blue. Seven pieces of edged whiteware were also recovered from this Location during the Stage 2 assessment. Edged whiteware plates became common as early as 1790 and overlapped with the manufacture of edged pearlware ceramics. Both blue and green edged wares were popular in the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries with green edged wares declining in popularity post Due to the fragmentary nature of most of the edged pieces it is difficult to clearly identify decorative techniques that were used such as moulded designs and scalloped rims therefore each piece was only classified according to the decorative elements that could be clearly identified. Three of the edged pieces are blue with straight rims and a moulded chicken foot design, one is blue with a scalloped rim and impressed curved lines, one is blue with a scalloped rim and a fancy moulded design, one is blue with impressed curved lines and one is blue with a straight rim, impressed curved lines and no moulding (Figure 5:3). Miller (1987) outlines the production range for edged whiteware according to rim decoration as follows; scalloped rim with impressed curved lines, , scalloped rim with impressed straight lines, , scalloped rim with impressed bud, , embossed raised patterns, 1820-

16 , unscalloped and impressed rim, , unscalloped and unmoulded rim, Five pieces of stamped whiteware were recovered from Location 3. Stamping involved the transfer of paint to the bisque surface through the use of a stamp most frequently made of sponge. This decorative technique usually dates to the second half of the 19 th century. Three of the stamped pieces are decorated with a blue design and two with a red. The remaining type of whiteware recovered form Location 3 during the Stage 2 survey was hand painted with four pieces. The hand painted whiteware from this location is exclusively polychrome, floral pattern tea ware. Painted wares of this type were popular from as early as 1830 through to the 1870 s. The prominent colours from this collection are blue, pink, green and black (Figure 5:4). Ironstone The second most common type of ceramic recovered from Location 3 is ironstone with 72 pieces. Ironstone or graniteware is a variety of refined white earthenware introduced in the 1840 s that became extremely popular in Upper Canada by the 1860 s (Kenyon 1985). It is usually much thicker than other whiteware, and often decorated with raised moulded designs of wheat or fruit. 59 Pieces of plain ironstone and thirteen pieces of moulded ironstone were recovered from this location. Three of the moulded pieces are decorated with a wheat design. Starting in the 1860 s the wheat design, also referred to as Ceres was the most popular ironstone pattern produced (Kenyon 1985). Utilitarian Ceramic Wares In addition to the tableware, 36 pieces of utilitarian ceramics were recovered from Location 3, comprising 11.3% of the ceramic assemblage. This collection consists of twenty pieces of red earthenware, eleven pieces of yellow earthenware and five pieces of stoneware. Red and yellow earthenware vessels were manufactured throughout the late 18 th and 19 th centuries and were the most common utilitarian ware in the first half of the 19 th century, eventually being replaced by more durable stoneware vessels. Stoneware vessels were also produced throughout the 19 th century. Pearlware Pearlware, sometimes referred to as China glazed, is a variety of earthenware that was popular from 1780 to Pearlware is often difficult to recognize because of its similar appearance to later whiteware ceramics, however because of the addition of cobalt, the glaze has a light blue to blue-green tint. When placed on a white earthenware bisque, this glaze gave the impression of a whiter ware than the earlier yellow tinted creamware. 23 Pieces of plain pearlware and eight pieces of decorated pearlware were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 3.

17 13 The most common type of decorated pearlware recovered is painted with six pieces. The earliest painted designs were done using only one colour, blue with their appearance beginning in the late 18 th century and declining in popularity around The painting for blue painted pearlware was applied directly onto the plain fired bisquit and then glazed, this type of technique sealed the colour and protected the wares from daily damage (Lockett 1996:3). Because of this technique of application blue painted pearlware often looks as crisp today as when the wares were first manufactured which explains their enduring popularity (Lockett 1996:3). Polychrome painted pearlware started to become popular around the turn of the century. Early Palette colours, such as muted shades of blue, yellow, orange, brown and green were manufactured from as early as 1795 to 1815 (Noel Hume 1969:129). More brilliant colours such as red, pink, bright yellow and bright green were not used until as late as 1840 and referred to as the Late Palette colours (Noel Hume 1969:129). From this assemblage three of the pieces are decorated using only blue and three with early palette colours: brown, orange, green and blue (Figure 5:2). The remaining two pieces of decorated pearlware that were recovered from Location 3 are transfer printed. Transfer printing was developed as early as 1780, but did not become common in Upper Canada until around 1810 (Kenyon 1985:46). The early transfer printed pearlwares were most frequently decorated in blue, with other colours, such as black, green, red and purple becoming popular after Early transfer printed pearlwares were frequently densely decorated, with very little white background apparent. Both of the transfer printed pearlware pieces are decorated using blue (Figure 5:1). Creamware Creamware, often referred to as Queen s Ware was first produced in the 1750 s, and later perfected by Josiah Wedgwood in the 1760 s. This type of tableware became very common in Upper Canada by 1770 and continued in popularity until about 1820 when it started to be replaced by later pearlware and whiteware types. Creamware is a refined, thin bodied earthenware with a clear lead-glaze that appears creamy yellow to yellowish-green in colour. Creamware was most often manufactured plain or decorated with moulded designs, however transfer printed, hand painted and banded examples of creamware do exist. Ten pieces of plain creamware were recovered from Location 3. Porcelain Porcelain is a type of earthenware fired at such a high temperature that the clay has begun to vitrify; consequently the ceramic is translucent when held up to a light. Because of its high cost, porcelain is extremely rare on 19 th century sites in Ontario, however by the turn of the century it becomes relatively common, as production techniques were developed in Europe which greatly reduced costs. Three pieces of porcelain, including two plain sherds and one transfer printed were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at this location. The transfer printed piece is green and appears to be from the 20 th century.

18 14 Yelloware The remaining two ceramic pieces recovered from Location 3 are yelloware. Yelloware ceramics were first manufactured in the 1840 s, and continue to be manufactured in limited quantities today. Both of the yelloware pieces from this location are banded, decorated with blue and white bands and a black mocha design (Figure 5:6). Figure 5. Stage 2 Artifacts Recovered from Location 3 (AfHi-347) 1: Transfer Printed Pearlware 2: Hand Painted Pearlware 3: Edged Whiteware 4: Hand Painted Whiteware 5: Transfer Printed Whiteware Actual Size 6: Banded Yelloware 7: Fluted White Clay Pipe Bowl

19 15 Table 5: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Decorative Style, AfHi-347 Artifact Frequency % whiteware, transfer printed ironstone, plain whiteware, plain pearlware, plain earthenware, red whiteware, flow transfer printed ironstone, moulded whiteware, sponged earthenware, yellow creamware, plain whiteware, edged pearlware, painted stoneware whiteware, stamped whiteware, painted pearlware, transfer printed porcelain, plain yelloware, banded porcelain, transfer printed Total Kitchen/Food Artifacts 32 artifacts were gathered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 3 that were classified as part of the kitchen or food related assemblage. This collection consists of twenty shards of bottle glass and twelve faunal fragments. The colours of bottle glass represented in this collection includes nine dark olive or black glass, nine aqua, one clear and one brown. The colour of bottle glass alone is very limited with regards to providing dates of manufacture for glass bottles (Lindsey, 2008). The nine pieces of black glass however, likely date to the first half of the nineteenth century. The addition of iron when making glass was common practice up until 1860 and produced dark olive or dark amber glass that became known as black glass (Kendrick 1971). Three of the faunal remain pieces are butchered. Structural Artifacts Six artifacts that were recovered from Location 3 were categorized as part of the structural collection. This assemblage includes five shards of window glass and one cut nail. Cut nails were machine cut and have a flat head. They were invented as early as 1790, but did not become common in Ontario until 1830.

20 16 Barn Tack One sleigh bell was recovered from Location 3 during the Stage 2 assessment. Misc. Glass Artifacts One piece of white glass or milk glass was recovered from Location 3. Milk glass was most commonly used for cosmetic containers, toiletry bottles or cream jars. The opaque white glass was very commonly used for such products dating from about 1870 through to the 20 th century (Lindsey, 2008). Misc. Metal Artifacts One piece of miscellaneous metal hardware was recovered during the Stage 2 assessment. This piece appears to be part of a metal hook, possibly a coat hook. Personal Artifacts The remaining artifact recovered from Location 3, a white clay pipe bowl fragment was classified as a personal item. White clay pipes were very popular throughout the 19 th century, with a decline in use by 1880 when they were replaced by briar pipes and cigarettes (Adams et al. 1994:93). This pipe bowl fragment is decorated with a fluted design (Figure 5:7). Summary Due to the overwhelming predominance of whiteware over later types of ceramics and the presence of early creamware and pearlware ceramics it is recommended that Location 3 (AfHi-347) should be subject to a Stage 3 archaeological investigation to further evaluate its significance and information potential. The Stage 3 examination should include the controlled mapping of the surface finds as well as the hand excavation of a series of one-meter test units to sample the nature and density of the cultural deposits. Archival research should also be conducted on the 19 th century land registry data for this lot Location 4 Location 4 is a single isolated piece of Onondaga chipping detritus located at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70283/ This artifact was not retained for analysis. As detailed in Section 2.2, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty metre radius of the find but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find at Location 4 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended.

21 Location 5 (AfHi-348 ) Location 5 (AfHi-348) is a scatter of chipping detritus found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70567/ These artifacts were not retained for analysis but left in the field to facilitate relocating the site. Nine Onondaga chert flakes were found within an area of 20 by 15 metres. Due to the fact that Location 5 (AfHi-348) is a spatially discrete area producing pre-contact Aboriginal cultural material, it is recommended that this site should be subject to a precautionary Stage 3 archaeological investigation to further evaluate its significance and information potential. The Stage 3 assessment should include the mapping of any surface finds and the hand excavation of a series of one metre square test units Location 6 (AfHi-351) Table 6: AfHi-351 Projectile Point Characteristics Cat. # Artifact Length Width Thickness Shoulder Width Inter-Notch Width Basal Width 1 projectile point 49.4* * all measurements in millimetres *incomplete measurement Figure 6. Stage 2 Artifact Recovered from Location 6 (AfHi-351) 1: Projectile Point Actual Size Location 6 is a single isolated notched projectile point made of Kettle Point chert (Figure 6) that has been reworked and subsequently damaged. Its GPS coordinates are 17T MH 70645/ As detailed in Section 2.2, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty metre radius of the find but no further artifacts were found. The overall shape of the projectile point is hard to determine; one barb has been reworked and the stem base is damaged and it appears to flare outward. While measurement were taken (see Table 6), the basal shape, length and width are impossible to extrapolate or measure accurately now. Given the damage it is impossible to assign the point to a type or even a general time period. While a diagnostic artifact, it was found in isolation and therefore the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low. No further archaeological assessment is recommended Location 7 Location 7 is a single isolated piece of Onondaga chipping detritus located at GPS co-ordinate 17T MH 71054/ As detailed in Section 2.2, an additional 20 test pits were dug around the finds but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find

22 18 at Location 7 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended Location 8 Location 8 is a single isolated piece of Kettle Point chipping detritus located at GPS co-ordinate 17T MH 70870/ This artifact was not retained for analysis. As detailed in Section 2.2, survey intervals were intensified to one metre within a twenty metre radius of the find but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find at Location 8 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended Location 9 Location 9 is a single isolated piece of Onondaga chipping detritus found in a positive test pit located at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70637/ As detailed in Section 2.2, additional test pits were dug in close proximity but no further artifacts were found. Given this is the only find at Location 9 and is a non-diagnostic artifact, the cultural heritage value of this site is judged to be low and no further archaeological assessment is recommended Location 10 (AfHi-349) Table 7: Stage 2 Artifact Summary for Location 10, AfHi-349 Artifact Frequency % Ceramic Artifacts: whiteware ironstone Total Ceramic Artifacts Non-Ceramic Artifacts: kitchen/food related structural misc. metal recent material barn tack personal Total Non-Ceramic Artifacts Total Stage 2 Artifacts Location 10 consists of a 40 by 40 metre surface scatter of mid to late 19 th century Euro-Canadian artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70637/56776 (Figure 3). In total a representative sample of 55 Euro-Canadian artifacts were collected from the surface including seven ceramic, 23 kitchen or food related, eighteen structural, three

23 19 miscellaneous metal, two recent, one barn tack and one personal artifact. Each artifact class is discussed in greater detail below. Table 7 provides a summary of the Stage 2 artifacts collected from Location 10 and Appendix A provides a complete catalogue listing of all the Stage 2 recoveries. Ceramic Artifacts In total seven fragments of ceramic cups, plates or pots were collected during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 10. Included in this total are four pieces of whiteware and three pieces of ironstone. Table 8 provides a breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by ware type, while Table 9 provides a more detailed breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by decorative style. Table 8: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Ware Type, AfHi-349 Artifact Frequency % whiteware ironstone Total White Earthenware Whiteware was the most common type of ceramic recovered from AfHi-349 with four pieces. Whiteware is a variety of earthenware with a near colorless glaze that replaced earlier near white ceramics such as pearlware and creamware by the early 1830 s. Early whiteware tends to have a porous paste, with more vitrified, harder, ceramics becoming increasingly common later in the 19 th century. Two of the whiteware pieces recovered from Location 10 were catalogued as plain or undecorated (Figure 7:2). The remaining two pieces of decorated whiteware recovered are both flow transfer printed. This style of decoration, in which the pigment is allowed to flow into the glaze, became popular in the 1840 s and 50 s, with a later revival in the 1890 s. Both of the flow transfer printed pieces from this location are blue (Figure 7:1). Ironstone The second most common type of ceramic recovered from Location 10 is ironstone with three pieces. Ironstone or graniteware is a variety of refined white earthenware introduced in the 1840 s that became extremely popular in Upper Canada by the 1860 s (Kenyon 1985). It is usually much thicker than other whiteware, and often decorated with raised moulded designs of wheat or fruit. All three of the ironstone pieces recovered from this location are plain or undecorated (Figure 7:3).

24 20 Table 9: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Decorative Style, AfHi-349 Artifact Frequency % ironstone, plain whiteware, flow transfer printed whiteware, plain Total Kitchen/Food Artifacts 23 Artifacts gathered during the Stage 2 Assessment at Location 10 were classified as part of the kitchen or food related assemblage. This collection consists of sixteen shards of bottle glass and seven faunal fragments. The colours of bottle glass represented in this collection includes five aqua, four brown, four clear and three green. The colour of bottle glass alone is very limited with regards to providing dates of manufacture for glass bottles (Lindsey, 2008). One of the green bottle glass fragments is machine manufactured, dating it to the twentieth century. Three of the faunal fragments that were recovered have been burnt. Figure 7. Stage 2 Artifacts Recovered from Location 10 (AfHi-349) 1: Flow Transfer Printed Whiteware 2: Plain Whiteware 3: Ironstone Actual Size 4: Horse Harness Buckle 5: Cut Nail Structural Artifacts Eighteen artifacts that were recovered from Location 10 were categorized as part of the structural collection. This assemblage includes eight wire drawn nails, six shards of window glass and four cut nails (Figure 7:5). Cut nails were machine cut and have a

25 21 flat head. They were invented as early as 1790, but did not become common in Ontario until Wire drawn nails are identical to the type of nails in current use today, with a flat, round head and a wire shaft. Wire drawn nails became popular in the 1890 s. Misc. Metal Artifacts Two pieces of miscellaneous metal hardware and one piece of miscellaneous metal were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment. The metal hardware consist of one nut and one bolt. Recent Material Two pieces of recent material were found at Location 10. One of these pieces is the base of a modern tin can and the other is a seal possibly from the inside of a bottle lid. Barn Tack One horse harness buckle was recovered from Location 10 during the Stage 2 assessment (Figure 7:4). Personal Artifacts The remaining artifact recovered from Location 10, a portion of a zipper, was classified as a personal item. Summary The artifacts collected from Location 10 (AfHi-349) predominantly date to the second half of the 19 th century. Despite the fact that a large number of late 19 th century artifacts were recovered from this location, the inclusion of the earlier artifacts such as the whiteware ceramics and the cut nails suggests that further Stage 3 assessment of Location 10 (AfHi-349) is warranted. The Stage 3 assessment of Location 10 should be aimed towards determining if there are localized areas of earlier artifact concentrations at this site. This Stage 3 examination should include the controlled mapping of the surface finds as well as the hand excavation of a series of one metre test units to sample the nature and density of this cultural deposit. Archival research should also be conducted on the 19 th century land registry data for this lot Location 11 (AfHi-350) Location 11 consists of a 35 by 40 metre surface scatter of early to late 19 th century Euro-Canadian artifacts found at GPS co-ordinates 17T MH 70645/56042 (Figure 3). In total a representative sample of 83 Euro-Canadian artifacts were collected from the surface including 60 ceramic, twelve structural, ten kitchen or food related and one personal. Each artifact class is discussed in greater detail below. Table 10 provides a

26 22 summary of the Stage 2 artifacts collected from Location 11 and Appendix A provides a complete catalogue listing of all the Stage 2 recoveries. Table 10: Stage 2 Artifact Summary for Location 11, AfHi-350 Artifact Frequency % Ceramic Artifacts: whiteware utilitarian pearlware unknown ceramic type ironstone porcelain yelloware Total Ceramic Artifacts Non-Ceramic Artifacts: structural kitchen/food related personal Total Non-Ceramic Artifacts Total Stage 2 Artifacts Ceramic Artifacts In total 60 fragments of ceramic cups, plates or pots were collected during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 11. Included in this total are 39 pieces of whiteware, ten utilitarian ceramic pieces, five pieces of pearlware, two unknown ceramic pieces, two pieces of ironstone, one piece of porcelain and piece of yelloware. Table 11 provides a breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by ware type, while Table 12 provides a more detailed breakdown of the ceramic assemblage by decorative style. Table 11: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Ware Type, AfHi-350 Artifact Frequency % whiteware utilitarian pearlware unknown ceramic type ironstone porcelain yelloware Total

27 23 White Earthenware Whiteware was the most common type of ceramic recovered from AfHi-350 with 39 pieces, comprising 65% of the ceramic assemblage. Whiteware is a variety of earthenware with a near colorless glaze that replaced earlier near white ceramics such as pearlware and creamware by the early 1830 s. Early whiteware tends to have a porous paste, with more vitrified, harder, ceramics becoming increasingly common later in the 19 th century. 27 Of the whiteware pieces recovered from Location 11 were catalogued as plain or undecorated. The most common type of decorated whiteware recovered was edged with six pieces. Edged whiteware plates became common as early as 1790 and overlapped with the manufacture of edged pearlware ceramics. Both blue and green edged wares were popular in the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries with green edged wares declining in popularity post Due to the fragmentary nature of most of the edged pieces it is difficult to clearly identify decorative techniques that were used such as moulded designs and scalloped rims therefore each piece was only classified according to the decorative elements that could be clearly identified. Three of the pieces are blue with scalloped rims and impressed curved lines, two are blue with straight rims and one is a blue fragmentary piece (Figure 8:4). Miller (1987) outlines the production range for edged whiteware according to rim decoration as follows; scalloped rim with impressed curved lines, , scalloped rim with impressed straight lines, , scalloped rim with impressed bud, , embossed raised patterns, , unscalloped and impressed rim, , unscalloped and unmoulded rim, The second most common type of decorated whiteware recovered from Location 11 was transfer printed with two pieces. Transfer printed whiteware became popular quite early in the 19 th century and involved the transfer of an intricate pattern from a sheet of treated paper to the underglaze surface of the clay. Before 1830, almost all transfer printed wares were blue. After 1830, colours such as light blue, black, brown, green, purple and red became more common. Transfer printed whiteware ceramics were less densely decorated than the earlier pearlware types, with more of the white background showing through the designs. From this location one of the pieces is blue and one is brown (Figure 8:5). One piece of hand painted whiteware was recovered form Location 11. This piece is decorated using green and black. Painted wares of this type were popular from as early as 1830 through to the 1870 s (Figure 8:3). A banded piece of whiteware was recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 11. Banded wares were decorated with horizontal bands of coloured slip applied in varying widths. Colours are predominantly muted earth tones including, black, green, brown, orange, yellow, grey, and pale blue. Banded pieces may also include inlaid and cut away slip decoration and bands of lathe turned grooves or patterns. Banding occurred both as a primary decorative element and in conjunction with other design

28 24 elements such as marbling, or the dendritic patterns found on mocha ware. Banded patterns can be found on whiteware dating from 1830 up to the 20 th century (Sussman 1997). Banded designs are most frequently found on whiteware. After 1850 annular wares became available only on the blue banded variety and its use continued into the 20 th century (Sussman 1997). The banded piece from this site is decorated with brown and blue annular bands (Figure 8:6). One piece of sponged whiteware was also recovered form this location. Sponged whiteware ceramics were a form of inexpensive tableware in which a sponge was used to apply an underglaze pigment. All-over sponging became popular by the 1840 s and remained common until the 1870 s. The sponged piece form this location is blue (Figure 8:1). The remaining piece of decorated whiteware recovered from Location 11 is stamped. Stamping involved the transfer of paint to the bisque surface through the use of a stamp most frequently made of sponge. This decorative technique usually dates to the second half of the 19 th century. This piece is decorated with a blue design (Figure 8:2). Utilitarian Ceramic Wares In addition to the tableware, ten utilitarian ceramic pieces were recovered from Location 11. This collection consists of eight pieces of red earthenware and two pieces of stoneware. Red and yellow earthenware vessels were manufactured throughout the late 18 th and 19 th centuries and were the most common utilitarian ware in the first half of the 19 th century, eventually being replaced by more durable stoneware vessels. Stoneware vessels were also produced throughout the 19 th century. Pearlware Pearlware, sometimes referred to as China glazed, is a variety of earthenware that was popular from 1780 to Pearlware is often difficult to recognize because of its similar appearance to later whiteware ceramics, however because of the addition of cobalt, the glaze has a light blue to blue-green tint. When placed on a white earthenware bisque, this glaze gave the impression of a whiter ware than the earlier yellow tinted creamware. Five pieces of plain pearlware were recovered during the Stage 2 assessment at Location 11 (Figure 8:7). Unknown Ceramic Type Unfortunately two of the ceramic pieces recovered from Location 11 could not be catalogued into specific ceramic-ware classifications. These pieces are so heavily damaged and fragmentary that it is impossible to accurately identify them by ceramic type. In order to avoid altering the separate ceramic totals, percentages and ultimately the temporal data for the site the damaged pieces were simply classified as miscellaneous unidentified ceramics.

29 25 Ironstone Ironstone or graniteware is a variety of refined white earthenware introduced in the 1840 s that became extremely popular in Upper Canada by the 1860 s (Kenyon 1985). It is usually much thicker than other whiteware, and often decorated with raised moulded designs of wheat or fruit. One piece of plain ironstone and one piece of moulded ironstone were recovered from this location. The moulded piece was decorated with a wheat design. Starting in the 1860 s the wheat design, also referred to as Ceres was the most popular ironstone pattern produced (Kenyon 1985). Porcelain Porcelain is a type of earthenware fired at such a high temperature that the clay has begun to vitrify; consequently the ceramic is translucent when held up to a light. Because of its high cost, porcelain is extremely rare on 19 th century sites in Ontario, however by the turn of the century it becomes relatively common, as production techniques were developed in Europe which greatly reduced costs. One piece of plain white porcelain was recovered from this location. Yelloware The remaining two ceramic piece recovered from Location 11 is yelloware. Yelloware ceramics were first manufactured in the 1840 s, and continue to be manufactured in limited quantities today. This yelloware piece is banded and decorated with a white band. Table 12: Summary of Ceramic Collection According to Decorative Style, AfHi-350 Artifact Frequency % whiteware, plain earthenware, red whiteware, edged pearlware, plain whiteware, transfer printed stoneware unknown ceramic type whiteware, painted whiteware, banded yelloware, banded whiteware, sponged whiteware, stamped ironstone, moulded ironstone, plain porcelain, plain Total

30 26 Structural Artifacts Twelve artifacts that were recovered from Location 11 were categorized as part of the structural collection. This assemblage includes nine cut nails and three shards of window glass. Cut nails were machine cut and have a flat head. They were invented as early as 1790, but did not become common in Ontario until Kitchen/Food Artifacts Ten artifacts were gathered during the Stage 2 Assessment at Location 11 that were classified as part of the kitchen or food related assemblage. This collection consists of seven shards of bottle glass and three faunal fragments. Unfortunately due to the fragmentary nature of the bottle glass shards the collection can only be classified according to colour. All seven of the bottle glass pieces are aqua coloured. Unfortunately due to the fragmentary nature of the bottle glass shards the collection can only be classified according to colour. The colour of bottle glass alone is very limited with regards to providing dates of manufacture for glass bottles (Lindsey, 2008). Figure 8. Stage 2 Artifacts Recovered from Location 11 (AfHi-350) 1: Sponged Whiteware 2: Stamped Whiteware 3: Hand Painted Whiteware 4: Edged Whiteware 5: Transfer Printed Whiteware Actual Size 6: Banded Whiteware 7: Plain Pearlware 8: White Clay Pipe Bowl

31 27 Personal Artifacts The remaining artifact recovered from Location 11, a white clay pipe bowl fragment was classified as a personal item. White clay pipes were very popular throughout the 19 th century, with a decline in use by 1880 when they were replaced by briar pipes and cigarettes (Adams et al. 1994:93). This pipe bowl fragment is plain (Figure 8:8). Summary Due to the overwhelming predominance of whiteware over later types of ceramics and the presence of early pearlware ceramics it is recommended that Location 11 (AfHi-350) should be subject to a Stage 3 archaeological investigation to further evaluate its significance and information potential. The Stage 3 examination should include the controlled mapping of the surface finds as well as the hand excavation of a series of onemeter test units to sample the nature and density of the cultural deposits. Archival research should also be conducted on the 19 th century land registry data for this lot. Figure 9. Area of Stage 2 Pedestrian Assessment, 5m Intervals

32 28 Figure 10. Area of Stage 2 Test Pit Assessment, 5m Intervals Figure 11. Area of Previous Disturbance, Not Assessed

33 RECOMMENDATIONS An archaeological assessment (Stages 1 & 2) was conducted for a 61.1 hectare property located on part of Lots 49 and 50, Concession B, Geographic Township of Westminster, now. This assessment was undertaken in order to meet the requirements of a standard condition of development approval. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment resulted in the identification of eleven archaeological sites, including eight pre-contact Aboriginal sites (Locations 1, 2 and 4 to 9) and three 19 th century Euro-Canadian sites (Locations 3, 10 and 11). Due to the small amount of material recovered from six of the pre-contact Aboriginal sites, their significance and information potential was judged to be low and no further archaeological work is recommended for Locations 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Due to the probable significance and information potential of the remaining two pre-contact Aboriginal sites, AfHi-346 and AfHi-348 (Locations 1 and 5) it is recommended that they be subject to additional Stage 3 assessment in advance of any development activities. Due to the fact that two of the Euro-Canadian locations AfHi-347 and AfHi-350 (Locations 3 and 11) produced artifacts primarily dating to the early to mid part of the 19 th century further Stage 3 assessment is recommended for both sites. The third Euro-Canadian site, AfHi-349 (Location 10) consists of primarily late 19 th century artifacts, however due to the inclusion of earlier artifacts at this location a precautionary Stage 3 assessment is recommended. The Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment was conducted in order to fulfill a standard condition of development approval, as imposed by the province of Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of Culture is asked to review the findings presented in this report and issue a standard letter of concurrence with the results presented. As additional Stage 3 archaeological fieldwork is recommended, a letter of clearance for the subject property is not requested at this time. Should deeply buried archaeological material be found on the property during excavation activities, the Ministry of Culture should be notified immediately at (416) In the event that human remains are encountered during excavation, the proponent should immediately contact both the Ministry of Culture and the Registrar or Deputy Registrar of the Cemeteries Regulation Unit of the Ministry of Consumer and Commercial Relations, (416)

34 30 References Cited Adams, Nick, Ian Kenyon, and Dena Doroszenko 1994 Field Manual for Avocational Archaeologists in Ontario. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., Archaeological Stewardship Project. Chapman, Lyman John and Donald F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd ed. Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto. Ellis, Chris J. and Neal Ferris (editors) 1990 The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, Number 5. Government of Canada 1999 Topographic Map Sheet 40 I/14: St. Thomas (Edition 8). Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. Government of Ontario 1993 Archaeological Assessment Technical Guidelines. Archaeology & Heritage Planning Unit, Cultural Programs Branch, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Recreation. n.d. Archaeological Data Base Files. Heritage Branch, Ministry of Culture, Toronto. H.R. Page and Company 1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Middlesex, Ontario reprint. Edward Phelps, Sarnia. Hume, Ivor Noel 1969 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Knopf. Kendrick, Grace 1971 The Antique Bottle Collector. New York: Pyramid Books. Kenyon, Ian 1985 A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario, Arch Notes May/June Lindsey, Bill 2008 Historic Glass Bottle Identification and Information Website. The Bureau of Land Management, Society for Historical Archaeology.

35 31 Lockett, Terence A Pearlware: Origins and Types (Part 1). Miller, George 1987 An Introduction to English Ceramics for Archaeologists. Midwestern Archaeological Research Centre. Illinois State University. Pearce, Robert J Mapping Middleport: A Case Study in Societal Archaeology. 2nd edition. Museum of Ontario Archaeology Research Report No. 25. Sussman, Lynne 1997 Mocha, Banded, Cat s Eye, and Other Factory-Made Slipware. Studies in Northeast Historical Archaeology, no. 1. Boston: Boston University.

36 32 APPENDIX A: Complete Stage 2 Catalogues

37 33 Location 1 (AfHi-346) Cat # Context Artifact Freq. Comments 1 test pits core 1 1 Onondaga chert 2 test pits chipping detritus 9 9 Onondaga chert 3 test pits fragmentary sherds 6 4 test pits neck sherds 2 5 test pits body sherds 1 Location 2 Cat # Context Artifact Freq. Comments 1 test pits retouched flake Onondaga chert; 1 edge retouched, 2 edges utilized 2 test pits chipping detritus 2 2 Onondaga chert Location 3 (AfHi-347) Cat # Context Artifact Freq. Comments 1 surface ironstone, moulded 3 2 surface ironstone 33 3 surface creamware 10 4 surface pearlware 11 5 surface whiteware 8 6 surface whiteware, stamped 2 7 surface porcelain 1 plain white 8 surface pearlware, transfer printed 1 blue 9 surface pearlware, painted 3 blue 3 red stamped design and green painted 10 surface whiteware, painted 1 blue, green 11 surface whiteware, edged 2 1 blue with straight rim and chicken foot design, 1 blue with scalloped rim and impressed curved lines 12 surface whiteware, sponged 3 blue 13 surface whiteware, flow transfer printed 6 blue 14 surface whiteware, transfer printed blue, 3 brown 15 surface whiteware, transfer printed 2 16 surface pearlware, transfer printed 1 blue 17 surface pearlware, painted 3 black with writing - "JAMES..D MA " 1 blue, 2 E.P. brown, green, orange and blue 18 surface whiteware, painted 3 pink, blue, green, black blue, white, black mocha 19 surface yelloware, banded 2 design 20 surface whiteware, stamped 3 blue 21 surface whiteware, sponged 9 blue 22 surface porcelain, transfer printed 1 green - modern 23 surface porcelain 1 plain white

38 34 24 surface whiteware, edged 5 2 blue with straight rim & chicken foot design, 1 scalloped rim & fancy moulding, 1 blue with impressed curved lines, 1 blue with straight rim and curved lines/no moulding 25 surface whiteware, flow transfer printed 11 9 blue, 2 black 26 surface whiteware, transfer printed blue, 2 brown, 1 black 27 surface ironstone, moulded 10 3 wheat design 28 surface ironstone surface pearlware surface whiteware surface stoneware 5 32 surface earthenware, red surface earthenware, yellow surface bell 1 sleigh bell 35 surface white clay pipe bowl 1 fluted design 36 surface nail, cut 1 37 surface glass, bottle surface glass, white 1 "milk" glass 39 surface glass, window 5 40 surface misc. metal hardware 1 metal hook 9 dark olive "black glass", 9 aqua, 1 clear, 1 brown 41 surface faunal remains 12 1 shell, 3 butchered Location 6 (AfHi-348) Cat # Context Artifact Freq. Comments 1 surface projectile point 1 1 Kettle Point chert; unidentifable Location 7 Cat # Context Artifact Freq. Comments 1 test pits chipping detritus 1 1 Onondaga chert Location 9 Cat # Context Artifact Freq. Comments 1 surface utilized flake 1 1 Onondaga chert; 1 utilized edge Location 10 (AfHi-349) Cat # Context Artifact Freq. Comments test pits whiteware, flow transfer printed 2 blue 2 test pits whiteware 2 3 test pits ironstone 3 4 test pits glass, bottle aqua, 4 brown, 4 clear, 3 green ( 1 machine made)

39 35 5 test pits glass, window 6 6 test pits faunal remains 7 3 burnt 7 test pits nail, cut 4 8 test pits nail, wire drawn 8 9 test pits zipper 1 10 test pits recent material 2 bottom of tin can, foil seal from bottle 11 test pits metal buckle 1 horse harness 12 test pits misc. metal hardware 2 nut and bolt 13 test pits misc. metal 1 Location 11 (AfHi-350) Cat # Context Artifact Freq. Comments 1 test pits whiteware, edged 6 3 blue with scalloped rim & impressed curved lines, 2 blue with straight rims, 1 blue fragment 2 test pits whiteware, painted 1 green, black 3 test pits whiteware, transfer printed 2 1 brown, 1 blue 4 test pits whiteware, banded 1 brown, blue bands 5 test pits yelloware, banded 1 white band 6 test pits whiteware, sponged 1 blue 7 test pits whiteware, stamped 1 blue 8 test pits pearlware 5 9 test pits whiteware test pits ironstone, moulded 1 wheat design 11 test pits ironstone 1 12 test pits porcelain 1 plain white 13 test pits earthenware, red 8 14 test pits stoneware 2 15 test pits unknown ceramic type 2 16 test pits white clay pipe bowl 1 17 test pits faunal remains 3 1 burnt 18 test pits glass, bottle 7 7 aqua 19 test pits glass, window 3 20 test pits nail, cut