Determination Of Heart Rates And Some Blood Parameters Variability In Young Football Players Before And After Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test

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1 International Journal of Sport Studies. Vol., 4 (10), , 2014 Available online at http: ISSN ; Science Research Publications Determination Of Heart Rates And Some Blood Parameters Variability In Young Football Players Before And After Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test Halit HARMANCI, Mihri Barış KARAVELİOĞLU, Alparslan ÜNVEREN Dumlupınar University, School of Physical Education and Sport, Kütahya-Turkey *Corresponding Author, halitharmanci@hotmail.com Abstract The aim of this study was to determine heart rates and some blood parameters (blood lactate, Ph, sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ) and calcium (Ca +2 )) variability in young football players before and after Yo-yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test. 14 male football players compete at U-19 amateur football league volunteered to participate in this study. The mean age, stature and body mass of participations were ± 0.72 years, ± 7.31 cm and ± 7.83 kg., respectively. Fingertip blood lactate and blood H +, Na +, K +, Ca +2 ion concentrations of the football players were taken immediately before and after the Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test. During the test, variability of heart rate was recorded by Polar RS 800 heart rate monitor system. A paired sample t test was used to determine whether there is a significant differences in heart rate, blood lactate, Ph, Na +, K + and Ca +2 ion concentrations before and after the Yo-Yo 1 test. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate between blood lactate, Na +, K + and Ca +2 ion concentrations after the Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test. There was a significant change in young football players between pre- and post-test scores in heart rate, blood lactate, Ph, Na +, K + and Ca +2 ion concentrations (p < 0,05). After the Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test, The Pearson correlation coefficient was indicated that blood Ca +2 ion concentrations were highly correlated with blood ph and blood Ca +2 ion concentrations (r = 0.81 and r = 0.81, respectively). Similarly there was a high relationship between blood Na + and K + ion concentrations (r = 0.96). Keywords: Yo-yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test, Heart Rate, Some Blood Parameters. Introduction Football is the one of most popular sport in the world. Like the others sports, football has in a variety of their own movement patterns. Football is an aerobic-based anaerobic sport including sprinting, submaximal running, walking, dribbling, changing pace, jumping, turning and tackling (Diker et al., 2011). In addition, football is a sport that performed repeatedly high-intensity exercise with the short intervals (Bangsbo, 1994; Reilly, 1997; Chuman et al., 2011). It is stated that distances and numbers of sprints and high speed runs are increasing with the match level. (Mohr et al., 2003; Chuman et al., 2011). Trainers in football game should be aware of ability of each their athlete in order to supply physical demands which caused by soccer-specific intermittent efforts. 1252

2 A reliable and valid test is needed for evaluating and assessing the athlete s training program. (Chuman et al., 2011). Bangsbo et al. (1996) have developed Yo-yo 1 intermittent recovery test in order to evaluate the performance for the team-sport athletes. Yoyo I is one of the most common fitness tests in sports sciences (Bangsbo et at., 2008). It is used to evaluate athlete s performance for repetitive intense exercise (Delahunt et al., 2013; Bangsbo et al., 2008). The Yo-Yo 1 tests consists of 2 20m shuttle runs performed at increasing speeds interspersed with a 10-second of active recovery until exhaustion (Bangsbo et al., 2008). It is well known that exercise causes a variety of physiological and laboratorial changes depending on the characteristics of exercise like duration and intensity. (Rovira et al., 2008). As well as detecting athletes exercise capacity, determining changes in physiological variables such as heart rate and blood parameters are important in terms of sports sciences. Knowledge of physiological response to training stimulus is guidance for trainer and athletes about the suitability of training-volume and -intensity. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine heart rates and some blood parameters variability in young football players before and after Yo-yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test. Material and Methods 14 male football players compete at U-19 amateur football league volunteered to participate in this study. The mean age, stature and body mass of participations were ± 0.72 years, ± 7.31 cm and ± 7.83 kg., respectively. Participants were informed about the study and signed informed consent form. Before the data were collected participant were familiarized with test procedures. Endurance Test Yo-yo 1 intermittent recovery test which is developed by Bangsbo (1994) is used to define endurance capacity of the participants. Yoyo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test includes 10 seconds active recovery periods between 2X20 meters shuttle runs at increasing speeds. This test includes continuous running between two lines 20 meters apart. 10 seconds of recovery section is determined by a 5 meters line which is marked behind the starting point. Participants are informed about test and all tests are performed at artificial turf football field. Heart Rate Measurements During the test, variability of heart rate was recorded by Polar RS 800 CX heart rate monitor system. Heart rate monitor system is formed by a watch that displaying and recording individual s heart rate and a transmitter that sends the heart rate signal to the watch during exercise. Heart rates of the participants were followed by chest-strapped monitor system with 5 seconds intervals. Recorded data in monitor storage which belong to participants are transferred to computer software program (Polar Pro Trainer 5 Professional Training Software for Windows) via USB connection. Blood Parameters Measurements Capillary blood Ph, calcium, potassium and sodium ion concentrations of the participants were measured by blood gas analyzer (Easy Stat Blood Gas Analyzer, Medica Corporation, ABD). 100 µl of blood samples were taken from fingertip and placed into the capillary tubes. After that, blood samples were measured by the blood gas analyzer within 1-2 minutes. Capillary blood lactate samples of the participants were measured by Eco Twenty Care Diagnostica lactate analyzer. For this, Fingertip was pricked by lancet and 20 µl of blood samples were placed into capillary tubes. Afterwards, capillary samples were collected into the 2.0 ml plastic solution tube that included a lysing stabilizing agent for the measurement process. 2.0 ml of plastic solution tubes were shaken by hand and placed into removable sample trays on lactate analyzer. Before blood analysis, the blood lactate analyzer was calibrated with 12 mmol.l -1 standard solution. Statistical Analysis A paired sample t test was used to determine whether there is a significant differences in heart rate, blood lactate, Ph, Na +, K + and Ca +2 ion concentrations before and after the Yo-Yo 1 test. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate between blood lactate, Na +, K + and Ca +2 ion concentrations after the Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test. Statistical analysis of the measurements is performed by using SPSS 17.0 for Windows and P<0.05 is used to determine statistical significance. 1253

3 Results Table 1: Heart rate, blood lactate, blood ph, blood Na +, K + and Ca +2 ion concentrations of the participants before and after the Yo-yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test Variables Pretest (X±Sd) Posttest (X±Sd) t Heart Rate (rate/min) 69.00± ± * Blood lactate (mmol/l) Blood ph Blood Na (mmol/l) Blood K (mmol/l) Blood Ca (mmol/l) 1.02±0, ± ± ± ± ±1, ± ± ± ± * 10.26* -5.59* -3.39* -2.34* P<0.05* Heart rate, blood lactate, blood ph, blood Na +, K + and Ca +2 ion concentrations of the participants before and after the yo-yo 1 intermittent recovery test presented in table 1. Heart rate, blood lactate, Ph, Na, Ca and K values were significantly increase after the Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test (p < 0.05). Table 2: Relationships between capillary Na, K and Ca ion concentrations of the participants after Yo-yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test Variables Blood Na (mmol/l) Blood K (mmol/l) Blood Ca (mmol/l) Blood Na (mmol/l) 1 Blood K (mmol/l) 0.96** 1 Blood Ca (mmol/l) 0.81** 0.81** 1 P<0.01** Relationships between capillary Na, K and Ca ion concentrations of the participants after Yo-yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test were presented in table 2. After the Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test, The Pearson correlation coefficient was indicated that blood Ca +2 ion concentrations were highly correlated with blood ph and blood Ca +2 ion concentrations (r = 0.81 and r = 0.81, respectively). Similarly there was a high relationship between blood Na + and K + ion concentrations (r = 0.96). Discussion and Conclusion The movement structures and physiological requirements of the football have been studied comprehensively for many years (Ekblom, 1986; Bangsbo et al., 1991; Bradley et at., 2011). Football is an intermittent sport that characterized by prolonged movement which regular recovery intervals are given between high-intensity activities (Bangsbo et al., 2006; Krustrup et al., 2010; Bradley et al., 2011). The physiological measurements that include heart rate, blood sample and muscular analysis have shown that the aerobic loadings are very high during a football match and anaerobic energy systems are highly taxed during a majority of the game. (Bangsbo et al., 1994; Ekblom, 1986; Krustrup et al., 2003). A high number of laboratory and area tests are used to evaluate physical performance in soccer. Yo-yo I intermittent recovery test which is commonly used by trainers and athletes is a simple and valid test to determine athlete s capacity to perform intense exercise repeatedly and to follow changes in performance variables (Bangsbo et al., 2008). In recent studies, it has been stated that there is a meaningful relation between Yo-yo I intermittent recovery test and match performance. (Krustrup et al., 2006; Bangsbo et al., 2008). According to the results obtained from this study, the mean heart rate, blood lactate and running distance of the young football players were rate/min, 10,62 mmol/l and m. after the Yo-yo I intermittent recovery test, respectively. Various studies have examined the performance and physiological values of the athletes obtained from Yo-yo 1 test. Castagna et al. (2008) found 198 rate/min of heart rate and 1678 meters of 1254

4 running distance in young basketball players; Veale et al. (2010) stated mean running distance are 1910 meters in elite young football players and 1438 meters in non elite young football players; Dupont et al. (2010) found 2034 meters of running distance, rate/min of heart rate and 12.0 mmol/l of maksimal blood lactate in amateur football players; Castagna et al. (2005) found 1503 meters of running distance, 185 rate/min of heart rate and 10.0 mmol/l of maksimal blood lactate in football referees. At the end of the Yo-yo 1 intermittent recovery test, differences in athletic performance and physiological values can be explained by age, gender, training level and sport branches. Our results show that after Yo-Yo 2 intermittent recovery test the young football players heart rate, blood lactate, ph, Na, Ca and K values were significantly higher than the values before the test. The release of potassium ions from muscles during exercise leads to increased electrical activity in muscles (Fenn, 1938; Medbo ve Sejersted, 1990). As the intensity of the exercise increases the potassium loss in skeletal muscle will eventually result in its accumulation in extracellular space (Medbo ve Sejersted, 1990). Medbo and Sejersted (1990) stated that the extracellular potassium ion concentration may increase with the duration and severity of exercise and also it can reach the peak values during exhaustive exercises. Hirche et al (1980) showed that following stimulation the potassium loss occur in isolated muscles and this loss is more pronounced with the extended exercise duration. On the other hand, It has been shown that there is a substantially proportional relationship between the cellular potassium loss and sodium consumption in exercising muscles (Juel, 1986). Judson et al. (1938) reported that plasma sodium and potassium concentrations increased in parallel with maximal exercise whereas there were no changes in sodium concentration at the end of submaximal exercises. Bones are the main store of calcium (Judson et al., 1938). Grimston et al, (1993) stated that exercise will stimulate the blood parathyroid hormone and result in the increased releasing of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream. Medium and high intensity exercises lead to ionic changes by causing acidosis in the contracted muscles (Putman et al., 2003; McCartney et al., 1983; Kowalchuk et al, 1984; Lindinger et al. 1995). As it is known, in normoxic conditions, transition from resting state to exercise especially applied workloads greater than anaerobic ventilation threshold (60-70 % of maximum oxygen consumption), rapid changes take place in human tissue (muscle) and blood stream (H + ions) (Cerretelli ve Samaja, 2003). Lactic acid production in muscles leads to a decrease in muscle and blood ph values due to the dissociation of the lactic acid into hydrogen ions and lactate (Abbiss and Laursen, 2005; Juel, 1998; Bogdanis et al., 1994). It has been shown that ph values decrease approximately down to 6.4 in muscle and 6.94 in blood after the maksimal exercise stimulus (Messonnier et al., 2007; Hermansen and Osnes, 1972). As a result, Heart rate, blood lactate, Ph, Na, Ca and K values were significantly increase after the Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test. In addition a significant correlation was found between blood Na +, K + and Ca +2 ion concentrations after the Yo-Yo 1 Intermittent Recovery Test. References Abbiss, C.R., Laursen, P.B, Models to explain fatigue during prolonged endurance cycling. Sports Med., 35 (10): Bangsbo J, The physiology of soccer with special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Phys. Scand., 151, Suppl. 619: 155. Bangsbo J, Yo-yo test. Ancona: Kells. 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