2c. What has been happing to the gap between MDCs and LDCs in terms of GDP?

Transcription

1 Development: Key Issue 1 Why Does Development Vary Among Countries Rubenstein, p ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 1. What four different factors does the UN consider when determining a country s level of development, its HDI (Human Development Index)? 2a. What is gross domestic product (GDP)? 2b. What is the annual per capita GSP in an MDC? In an LDC? 2c. What has been happing to the gap between MDCs and LDCs in terms of GDP? 3. Explain this statement: Per capita GDP measures average (mean) wealth, not its distribution. TYPES OF JOBS 4a. Describe the type of work done in the primary sector of an economy. Secondary sector. Tertiary sector. 4b. Using Figure 9-3, how is the % of workers in the primary sector different in LDCs and MDCs?

2 4c. Using Figure 9-3, describe the trend (increasing or decreasing), within MDCs, for each of the sectors. Primary Secondary Tertiary PRODUCTIVITY 5. Define each of the following related terms: Productivity Value added CONSUMER GOODS 6a. What three consumer goods are considered to be particularly good indicators of development? 6b. The people in LDCs who have access to these consumer goods are usually concentrated in what regions? 6c. What are the ratios of people to these types of goods in a typical MDC? In a typical LDC? SOCIAL INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION AND LITERACY 7a. Quantity of education: What is the student to teacher ratio (number of students per teacher) in primary school in an average LDC? MDC? 7b. What is the literacy rate in MDCs? In LDCs?

3 HEALTH AND WELFARE 8. What are three ways in which the level of health and welfare are measured in a country? DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT 9. Indicate the statistic for each of the following demographic characteristics. MDC LDC Life Expectancy Infant Mortality Rate Natural Increase Rate Crude Birth Rate Crude Death Rate

4 Development: Key Issue 2 Where are More and Less Developed Countries Located Rubenstein, p As you read the text, identify the average HDI (Human Development Index) for each region in the left column and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in the region in the right column. NORTH AMERICA EUROPE RUSSIA JAPAN OCEANIA

5 LATIN AMERICA EAST ASIA SOUTHWEST ASIA & NORTH AFRICA SOUTHEAST ASIA CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

6 Development: Key Issue 3 Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender Rubenstein, p GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX 1. The GDI considers what four areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries? 2a. Using Figure 9-17, identify where GDIs are the highest. 2b. Using Figure 9-17, identify where GDIs are the lowest. GENDER EMPOWERMENT 3. What does the GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) measure? 4. What two things are measured in order to calculate the GEM? (a) Economic Indicators of Empowerment i. ii. (b) Political Indicators of Empowerment i. ii. 5. Where are the highest GEMs? The lowest? 6a. Every country has a lower than. 6b. What does that mean?

7 Problems & Criticisms Elements Development: Key Issue 4 Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles to Development? Rubenstein, p Complete the table below with notes from the text on two different models of development. APPROACHES TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Self-Sufficiency Model International Trade Approach (Rostow s Development Model)

8 Case Studies India Four Asian Dragons Arabian Peninsula States 2. Which of the two models for development has shown the most success? 3a. Mark each of the following statements, regarding the World Trade Organization (WTO), as true or false. If false, make them true. (a) The WTO was established by countries which conduct the majority of international trade. (b) The WTO seeks to increase import quotas and reduce import and export tariffs. (c) The WTO seeks to eliminate restrictions on the flow of money between countries. (d) Though it can hear accusations, the WTO cannot order remedies. 3b. Why have each of the following groups been critical of the WTO? i. Progressives: ii. Conservatives:

9 TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS 4. What is a transnational corporation? 5. List the two areas in which most transnational corporations are headquartered. (a) (b) FINANCING DEVELOPMENTS 6. What are the two principal ways in which LDCs obtain money to finance development? (a) (b) 7. Identify the two main sources, both controlled by MDCs, of loans for LDCs. (a) (b) LOANS 8. What is the THEORY behind using loans for infrastructure projects in LDCs? 9. In reality, what are some common reasons some projects fail? 10. What are structural adjustment programs? 11. What requirements are usually included as part of structural adjustment programs? 12. What criticisms exist of structural adjustment programs?

10 Industry: Key Issue 1 Where is Industry Distributed? Rubenstein, p ORIGIN OF INDUSTRY 1. Regarding the Industrial Revolution: (a) What (b) Where (c) When 2. What was the cottage industry? 3. Who was James Watt? What did he build? IRON 4a. How did the steam engine provide a practical solution that benefitted iron production? 4b. What did Henry Cort develop? COAL 5. What source of energy was becoming scarce prior to the Industrial Revolution? What replaced it? TRANSPORTATION 6. What modes of transportation enabled factories to bring in bulky materials? 7. What did Richard Arkwright invent? TEXTILES

11 INDUSTRIAL REGIONS 8. In what three world regions is industry concentrated? As you read the section, make notes on the resources, advantages, conditions, and issues in each of the sub regions of industrial development discussed. Shade and label each of the regions on the accompanying maps. 9. WESTERN EUROPE 10. EASTERN EUROPE

12 11. NORTH AMERICA 12. EAST ASIA

13 Industry: Key Issue 2 Why are Situation Factors Important? Rubenstein, p Define situation factors: 2. What is a bulk-reducing industry? PROXIMITY TO IMPORTS COPPER 3a. Make a brief flowchart to illustrate how copper is an example of a bulk-reducing industry. 3b. How does energy play a role in the siting of copper mills? STEEL 4. The text describes the changing location of steel mills in the US. Explain why each location was preferred. (a) Pittsburgh, southwestern Pennsylvania (b) locations around southern shore of Lake Erie (c) Southern Lake Michigan (Gary, Indiana and Chicago) (d) East and West Coasts (Trenton, NJ and Los Angeles CA) 5. Why are the newest steel mills (minimills) beginning to move closer to markets and away from inputs? PROXIMITY TO MARKETS 6a. What is a bulk-gaining industry?

14 6b. Give two examples of this industry. i. ii. 7a. Single-market manufacturers are specialized manufacturers with only or customers. 7b. Describe one example of this phenomenon. 8. List examples of perishable products that must be located near their markets. 9. Give reasons for which each of the following modes of transportation might be selected by a manufacturer to deliver their products to market. 10a. What is a break-of-bulk point? 10b. Give two examples of important break-of-bulk points. i. ii.

15 Industry: Key Issue 3 Why are Site Factors Important? Rubenstein, p LABOR 1. What are the three production cost factors associated with the site of an industry? 2. Define labor intensive industry 3. What are textiles? 4. List 5 facts about the TEXTILE INDUSTRY worldwide: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) LAND 5. Why did early factories favor cities? 6. What site factors have cities always lacked? 7. Explain how contemporary factories function. 8. Where will you most likely find single-story factories now?

16 9. Thus, factories cluster in parks located near junctions. 10. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, where were most economic activities located? Why? 11. Where do aluminum factories locate themselves? Why there? CAPITAL 12. Why did the motor-vehicle industry concentrate in Michigan? 13. What kind of industries are located in Silicon Valley? What was the most important factor for the clustering of these industries in Silicon Valley?

17 Industry: Key Issue 4 Why are Location Factors Changing? Rubenstein, p CHANGING INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION WITHIN MDCs 1. Within the United States, where is industry shifting from? To? INTERREGIONAL SHIFTS IN INDUSTRY 2a. What is the principal lure for manufacturers to Southern States? 2b. What are right-to-work laws? 2c. What are wages like in right-to-work states compared with states without right-to-work legislation? 3a. Where was textile manufacturing concentrated in the early twentieth century? 3b. Where did it move (name one region that is especially dominant now)? 3c. Why there? 3d. How did mills handle the issue of transportation to markets? 4a. What are convergence regions in Europe? Where are they? 4b. What are competitive and employment regions in Europe? Where are they? 5. What important site & situation factors does Central Europe have?

18 6. What industries/areas are helping to shift the following regions: (a) East Asia (b) South Asia (c) Latin America INTERNATIONAL SHIFTS IN INDUSTRY 7. Describe the changing dynamic of the global steel industry. 8. Define: (a) New international division of labor: (b) Outsourcing: 9. Explain the difference as a company shifts from vertical integration to outsourcing. RENEWED ATTRACTION OF TRADITIONAL INDUSTRIAL REGIONS 10. What two location factors influence industries to remain in traditional regions? 11. Define the following: (a) Fordist (b) post-fordist

19 12. What types of work rules distinguish post-fordist production? 13. What is just-in-time delivery? 14. How does just-in-time shipping benefit manufacturers? 15. What are two kinds of disruptions that effect just-in-time delivery? Provide an example of each. (a) (b) Example: Example:

20 Development & Industry: Free Response Questions (FRQs) Industrialization & Economic Development 1. Countries in the graph above have been chosen to illustrate an important trend in educational patterns in the developing world. A. Identify the trend shown in the graph above. B. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on population growth in the developing world. C. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on economic development in the developing world. D. Identify and explain an effect of this trend on gender roles in the developing world. Annotate the question then create a brainstorm in the space below for Question #1.

21 2. Economic restricting is transforming the world economy. A. Define and discuss the key features of the new international division of labor (also known as global division of labor). 3. According to Alfred Weber s theory of industrial location, three factors determine the location of a manufacturing plant: the location of raw materials, the location of the market, and transportation costs. A. Using an example of a specific industry other than the one portrayed on the map above, explain under what conditions an industry would locate near the market. B. Using an example of a specific industry other than the one portrayed on the map above, explain under what conditions an industry would located near raw materials.

22 4. Rostow s five-stage model of economic growth and the core-periphery concept of Wallerstein s threepart world system theory are two of the more common economic development models. B. Use one of the two models to explain the level of economic development in either Mexico or Brazil C. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale.