The Development of Soil Survey and Soil Mapping in China

Transcription

1 The Development of Soil Survey and Soil Mapping in China Gan-Lin Zhang, Zi-Tong Gong State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing , China

2 A brief history of China 1979, The Reform and Openness , The Cultural Revolution 1949, The End of Civil War 1937, The Japanese Invasion 1911, The Constitutional China More than 2500 years of dynasties

3 The Major Stages The origin of modern soil science in China The reconnaissance survey stage (-1949) Regional soil resource survey and evaluation ( ) (the 1st soil survey in 1958) The (2 nd ) National soil survey and the new recovery era ( ) Soil quality and thematic property survey (2000-) Digital soil maps and digital soil mapping (2005-)

4 The Ancient Ideas

5 The introduction of modern soil science into China 1930: Soil Division China Central Geological Survey

6 Soil Geography of China:1936 James Thorp Marbut System

7 Started with Paddy soils and tropical soils 1700 Soil Series With broad definition

8 The Russian School since 1950

9 Regional soil survey for land exploitation South China: rubber tree plantation Northeast China: potential agricultural (arable) land survey Northwest (the arid part) and Southwest (the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) China: natural resource survey Problem soils: waterlogged and saline soils

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12 Up to 1978 A much better understanding of soils and their distribution in China has been achieved based on regional soil studies, which provided the basis for the nationwide soil survey program Amelioration and fertilization recommendation played an important roles in agricultural production

13 The recovery stage (1980-) National soil survey Nationwide efforts Genetic concept and soil classification New concepts, new technology emerged Soil Taxonomy (1982) Chinese Soil Taxonomy (1984) SOTER (1990 conception, 1995 manual, 1998 Haisoter test)

14 The Soil Atlas of China, 1986 Until 1986

15 1:4M Soil Map of China 1994

16 1:1 M Soil Map of China 1996

17 Chinese Soil Taxonomy: 20 years of dominance

18 SOC Stock Based on 1:1M Soil Maps

19 Soil Terrain Digital Database

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21 SOTER Database and Its Use Spatial soil database Soil attribute data Land use, Climate, DEM USLE (RUSLE) Erosion assessment

22 Application of SOTER

23 1:50,000 Soil Map

24 Collection of the detailed maps

25 Digitization of the detailed maps

26 Soil C stock, Soil nutrient status and soil resource evaluation Soil resource and land suitability, degradation risk assessment For agricultural production SISChina in 1:1 M, 1:2.5 M, 1:4 M, 1:14 M and 1:50000, 1:200000, 1: regional Scales SOTER in 1:50 000, 1: , 1: of Some regions and 1:4 M of China Soil Maps of Province, County and Township Soil Maps of China in 1:4 M, 1:6 M, 1:10 M, 1:14M, 1:18 M and 1:20 M Scales Forth Stage Third Stage Second Stage Soil regionalization Maps of China in 1:4 M and 1:15 M Scales Soil Maps of China in 1:2.5 M, 1:4M, 1:8 M, 1:10 M Scales Agricultural Soil Map of China in 1:2.5 M Scale Natural resource regionalization, watershed management, arable land exploitation, irrigation plan, soil erosion control First Stage Soil Maps in Large, Medium Scales of Province, County and Township General Soil Maps of China in 1:6 M, 1:8 M, 1:10 M Scales Understanding the main soils and their distribution, characteristic

27 Thematic Soil Survey ( ) Soil nutrient status survey (MOA) Crop land and Soil type based C, ph and major nutrients Non-grid random sampling Geochemical survey (MOL) 2km X 2km grid Inorganic elements Surface and 2m depth Pollution Status Survey (MOEPA) 8km X 8km grid (16 X 16) Heavy metals and organic pollutants

28 National Soil Pollution Survey Aims: 1. General picture of soil pollution in China 2. Soil pollution status and sources in key areas 3. Recheck soil background values 4. Risk assessment, safety classification, screening of remediation technologies 5. Establish law, regulation and standards system for soil pollution prevention and control, capacity building for soil environmental monitoring

29 Regional pilot platform as EU contribution to a Global Soil Observing System

30 Soil Series Inventory (2009-) heilongjiang jilin xinjiang xizang gansu qionghai liaoning neimenggu beijing tianjin hebei ningxia shanxi shandong shanxi henan jiangsu anhui shanghai hubei sichuan chongqiong zhejiang guizhou hunan jiangxi fujian yunnan guangxi guandong taiwan hainan

31 Soil-Landscape Units Based Soil Inventory DEM Topographical analysis Landform units Parent materials Moisture Temperature Land Use Overlay algorithms Observation site

32 Land information system Attribute data basic auxiliary images Evaluation models utilization Degradation prediction Auxiliary data Images Analytical methods experimental climate personnel

33 Prediction of soil properties by soil-landscape models = SOC distribution

34 East Asia Node in the Consortium

35 Institutional Development Related to Soil Survey Ministry of Education Academy of Sciences Ministry of Agriculture Universities Institute of Soil Science (1953) Institute of Soil and Fertilizers Provincial Institute of Soil and Fertilizers

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37 Summary Scientific interest and the societal demand have driven soil science moving in China, while politics has affected soil survey in many ways A path along with that of the world: from qualitative to quantitative, from map to database, from polygon to grid

38 Thank you!