Effect of insecticides on the most widely spread cabbage pest in white cabbages

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1 SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE INSTITUTE OF HORTICULTURE, LITHUANIAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. SODININKYSTĖ IR DARŽININKYSTĖ (1). Effect of insecticides on the most widely spread cabbage pest in white cabbages Laisvūnė Duchovskienė, Elena Survilienė Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno 30, LT Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania, The investigations were carried out in Effect of Calypso 480 SC (a. i. tiachloprid 480 g/l) and Decis 2.5 EC (a. i. deltamethrin 25 g/l) on abundance of sucking and chewing cabbage pests was observed in white cabbage Bielorusiška Dotnuvos. An efficiency of insecticide Calypso (0.2 l/ha) against small cabbage white (Pieris rapae L.) caterpillars ranged from 57.5 till 82.5 % and Decis (0.3 l/ha) %, respectively. Insecticide Calypso was effective (71 75 %) against cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne Brassicae L.) 6 10 days after treatment. Efficiency of both insecticides decreased 16 days after treatment. Efficiency of insecticide Calypso against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) was high 3 7 days after treatment. Insecticide Calypso gave higher control of sucking and chewing pests, meanwhile the insecticide Decis was not efficient enough. Negative effect of Calypso was not observed on crop. Key words: Brevicoryne Brassicae, control, diamondback moth, efficiency, Pieris rapae. Introduction. In Lithuania cabbage is an important vegetable, which is attacked by various pests, including the cabbage aphid and a number of lepidopterous species. Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne Brassicae L. causes serious losses of yield in Brassica crops and reduces its marketable value (Liu et al., 1994; Costello, Altieri; 1995). Pieris rapae is a cosmopolitan butterfly species, which prefer white cabbage plants for eggs lying. Eggs of the butterfly contain a deterrent pheromone preventing other butterflies from laying eggs on the same leaf (Jõgar et al., 2003). Older larvae of P. rapae move onto inner cabbage leaves, eating outher leaves of cabbage head and gnawing passages into it (Jõgar et al., 2008). Plutella xylostella has the capacity reaching up to 16 generations per year (Sarnthony et al., 1989). P. rapae also have multiple generations per year in most parts of the world, although not nearly as many as P. xylostella. Under Lithuanian conditions P. xylostella can produce 1 3 and P. rapae two generations per year (Survilienė, 2002). Continuous usage of broad-spectrum insecticides to control cabbage aphid results in its resurgence, secondary pest outbreaks, and development of insecticides resistance in cabbage aphid (Dimetry, Merei, 1992). Avermectin was most effective when applied on cabbage against diamond back moth (Syed et al., 2004). Resistance to cypermethrin, delta- 35

2 methrin, chlorßuazuron, thiocyclam, and methamidophos was documented in six field populations of P. xylostella in Nicaragua (Pe Rez et al., 2000). Many insecticides from the organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid groups are now ineffective to control P. xylostella because of insecticide resistance (Alam, 1992; Robinson et al., 1995). In addition, P. xylostella has been reported to rapidly evolve resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Bt) in the field (Ferre, van Rie, 2002) as well as to the spinosyn class (Sayyed et al., 2004), emamectin benzoate, spinosad and indoxacarb (Zhao et al., 2006) and insect growth regulators (Oouchi, 2005). The aim of investigati1on was to compare the efficiency of different insecticides against most widely spread cabbage pests in white cabbages. Object, methods and conditions. The investigations were carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture, in the experimental field for vegetables growing in Investigations were conducted according with EPPO standards (Anon, 1997). Insec ticides Calypso 480 SC (a. i. tiachloprid 480 g/l) 0.2 l/ha and Decis 2.5 EC (a. i. deltamethrin 25 g/l) 0.3 l/ha were tested in this study. Insecticide application against P. xylostella and P. rapae was carried out on 31 of July in 2003, against aphids on 13 of July and against P. rapae on 17 of August in White cabbages Bielorusiška Dotnuvos were grown in plot size 25 m 2, and the treatments repeated four times at random plot distribution. In treatment where cabbages were grown mineral fertilizers (complex fertilizes Skalsa ) were used. 10 plants per plot were inspected and winged, non-winged forms of the aphids and caterpillars were counted. The counts of mortality of adults and larvae were corrected by Abbott s formula (1925). The number of pests was compared among treatments in this study with a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Specific differences were identified with Duncan s multiple range test (Tarakanovas, 1999). Meteorological data (air temperature and amount of rainfall) was recorded using equipment Metos D. Meteorological conditions varied between years. In 2003 at the beginning of season weather was rainy and warm (Table 1). Table 1. Meteorological conditions in lentelė. Meteorologinės sąlygos m. Month Mėnuo May Gegužė June Birželis July Liepa August Rugpjūtis September Rugsėjis Air temperature Oro temperatūra ( C) Precipitation Krituliai (mm) average of vidutiniškai m average of vidutiniškai m

3 Later on, it was hot and in the middle of July rainy again. The end of July and the beginning of August was extremely dry and sunny. July and August were cooler and more humid than in Results. Meteorological conditions were more favorable for development of aphids in 2004, but for Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella in 2003 (Table 1). 7, 14, 21 days after application, P. rapae number significantly decreased (compare with control) in treatments with Calypso and Decis (Table 2). Table 2. Efficiency of insecticides against caterpillars of small cabbage white (Pieris rapae L.) 2 lentelė. Insekticidų poveikis kopūstinio baltuko (Pieris rapae L.) vikšrams Treatments Variantai Babtai, 2003 Mean number of caterpillars (unt./plant) Vikšrai, vnt./augalo Efficiency of insecticide after treatment Insekticido efektyvumas (%) before treatment po purškimo prieš purškimą 3 d. 7 d. 14 d. 21 d. 3 d. 7 d. 14 d. 21 d b 0.35 b 0.32 b 0.40 b Untreated Nepurkšta Calypso 0.2 l/ha ab 0.10 a 0.12 a 0.10 a Decis 0.3 l/ha ab 0.12 a 0.17 a 0.17 a Note: Means followed by the same letter are not different significantly (P = 0.05) Duncan s multiple range test. / Pastaba: reikšmės, pažymėtos tomis pačiomis raidėmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijų (P = 0,05) iš esmės nesiskiria. Table 3. Efficiency of insecticides against caterpillars of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) 3 lentelė. Insekticidų poveikis kopūstinės kandies (Plutella xylostella L.) vikšrams Treatments Variantai Babtai, 2003 Mean number of caterpillars (unt./plant) Efficiency of insecticide Vikšrai, vnt./augalo Insekticido efektyvumas after treatment before treatment (%) po purškimo prieš purškimą 3 d. 7 d. 14 d. 21 d. 3 d. 7 d. 14 d. 21 d c 0.17 c Untreated Nepurkšta Calypso 0.2 l/ha a 0.02 a Decis 0.3 l/ha abc 0.05 abc Note: Means followed by the same letter are not different significantly (P = 0.05) Duncan s multiple range test. / Pastaba: reikšmės, pažymėtos tomis pačiomis raidėmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijų (P = 0,05) iš esmės nesiskiria. 37

4 Efficiency of Calypso ranged from almost 58 % up to 75 % and was higher than efficiency of Decis, whose efficiency ranged from almost 52 % up to 66 %. The number of P. xylostella significantly decreased after 3 and 7 days only in treatment with Calypso (Table 3) in In 2003 cabbage aphids population was very low and disappeared without spraying. In all treatments white cabbages were colonized in the same term, but the number of aphids landing on plants differed in 2004 (Table 4). Table 4. Efficiency of insecticides against cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne Brassicae L.) 4 lentelė. Insekticidų poveikis kopūstiniams amarams (Brevicoryne Brassicae L.) Treatments Variantai Babtai, 2004 Mean number of infested plants (unt./plot) Efficiency of insecticide Vidutinis pažeistų augalų skaičius, vnt./plote Insekticido efektyvumas after treatment before treatment (%) po purškimo prieš purškimą 3 d. 6 d. 10 d. 16 d. 3 d. 6 d. 10 d. 16 d b 3.50 b 3.00 b 0.50 b Untreated Nepurkšta Calypso 0.2 l/ha a 1.00 a 0.75 a 0.25 ab Decis 0.3 l/ha a 1.5 a 1.00 a 0.50 ab Note: Means followed by the same letter are not different significantly (P = 0.05) Duncan s multiple range test. / Pastaba: reikšmės, pažymėtos tomis pačiomis raidėmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijų (P = 0,05) iš esmės nesiskiria. Table 5. Efficiency of insecticides against caterpillars of small cabbage white (Pieris rapae L.) 5 lentelė. Insekticidų poveikis kopūstinio baltuko (Pieris rapae L.) vikšrams Treatments Variantai 38 Babtai, 2004 Mean number of caterpillars (unt./plant) Vikšrai, vnt./augalo Efficiency of insecticide after treatment Insekticido efektyvumas (%) before treatmen po purškimo prieš purškimą 3 d. 6 d. 14 d. 3 d. 6 d. 14 d b 0.37 b 0.2 b Untreated Nepurkšta Calypso 0.2 l/ha a 0.07 a 0.05 ab Decis 0.3 l/ha a 0.1 a 0.05 ab Note: Means followed by the same letter are not different significantly (P = 0.05) Duncan s multiple range test. / Pastaba: reikšmės, pažymėtos tomis pačiomis raidėmis, pagal Dunkano kriterijų (P = 0,05) iš esmės nesiskiria.

5 3, 7, 10 days after 1st application aphid number significantly decreased in treatments with Calypso and Decis (compare with untreated treatment). 10 days after 1st treatment Calypso gave highest control against cabbage aphids 75 %. Decis gave lower control than Calypso. Efficiency of both insecticides decreased 16 days after treatment. The number of P. rapae in both treatments significantly decreased only after 3 and 6 days (compare with control (Table 5) in 2004). 14 days after treatment the number of caterpillars of small cabbage white decreased in all treatments. Discussion. To save infested plants, pest control is nearly always necessary. Under the pressure of permanent pesticide s treatment the resistance to synthetic pesticides can develop quickly in pests (Gillespie, 2002). Andaloro et al. (1983) evaluated insectide usage in pest management program of cabbage at New York and reported that methamidophos and pyrethroids consistently provided the most effective control of Lepidoptera. In our investigation P. rapae number significantly decreased in treatments with Calypso and Decis, but the number of P. xylostella significantly decreased only in treatment with Calypso. In the case of P. xylostella, several generations per year and its high migration potential have contributed to faster selection of resistant populations to several classes of insecticides (Sarfraz, Keddie, 2005). In the recent years, topical application of insecticides showed high resistance to pyrethroids (permethrin and esfenvalerate) in Australia (Eziah et al., 2008). The integration of biological and chemical controls is a common objective of integrated pestmanagement (IPM). It was found that pirimiphos-methyl, thiamethoxam, malathion and thiaclopridare are highly toxic to the parasitoid and they have to be used in such a way to prevent their harmful effects on the parasitoid, but cypermethrin and pirimicarb were the most toxic to the cabbage aphid that they were more toxic to the cabbage aphid than to its parasitoid (Tawfiq et al., 2010). Comparison between the tested insecticides for B. Brassicae shows that the most toxic insecticide by unit weight of active ingredient was cypermethrin followed by pirimicarb, thiamethoxam, pirimiphos-methyl, malathion and thiacloprid (Tawfiq et al., 2010). In our treatment thiacloprid was 1.4 times more effective against cabbage aphids, than deltametrin. Because of pest management problems, environmental degradation, and occupational and public health risks associated with insecticides, it is imperative to find an integrated pest management (IPM) approach for P. xylostella management (Ivey, Johnson, 1997). The LC 50 values showed that these P. xylostella populations have been subjected to high selection pressure with deltamethrin or other pyrethroids over many years (Castelo Branco et al., 2003). The efficacy loss of deltamethrin has been observed when we used it against B. Brassicae, P. xylostella and P. rapae in our treatments. Conclusions. Insecticide Calypso at a rate of 0.2 l/ha was effective against B. Brassicae. Insecticide Calypso gave higher control against lepidopterous species than Decis. Negative effect of Calypso was not observed on crop, when 0.2 l/ha solution was used. Gauta Parengta spausdinti

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8 SODININKYSTĖ IR DARŽININKYSTĖ. MOKSLO DARBAI (1). Insekticidų poveikis labiausiai paplitusiems kopūstų kenkėjams L. Duchovskienė, E. Survilienė Santrauka metais buvo tirtas insekticidų: Calypso 480 SC (v. m. tiachlopridas 480 g/l) ir Decio 2,5 EC (v. m. deltametrinas 25 g/l), poveikis čiulpiančiųjų ir graužiančiųjų kenkėjų gausumui Bielorusiška Dotnuvos veislės baltagūžių kopūstų pasėlyje. Insekticido Calypso (0,2 /ha) efektyvumas naikinant ropinių baltukų (Pieris rapae L.) vikšrus buvo nuo 57,5 iki 82,5 %, o Decio (0,3 l/ha) 46,9 75 %. Calypso geriau naikino (71 75 %) ir kopūstinius amarus (Brevicoryne Brassicae L.) praėjus 6 10 dienų po purškimo. Abiejų insekticidų efektyvumas sumažėjo po purškimo praėjus 16 dienų. Calypso efektyviai naikino kopūstinės kandies (Plutella xylostella L.) vikšrus praėjus 3 7 dienoms po purškimo. Insekticidas Calypso efektyviau naikino čiulpiančiuosius ir graužiančiuosius kenkėjus, nei Decis. Calypso toksiškumo augalams nepastebėta. Reikšminiai žodžiai: apsauga, Brevicoryne Brassicae, efektyvumas, Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella. 42