Wound Care and Hyperbaric Medicine
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1 Wound Care and Hyperbaric Medicine Nancy Yazinski APRN,CWCN Wound Care Hyperbaric Medicine Jay C. Buckey, M.D. Hyperbaric Medicine
2 DHMC Opening New Wound Care Center
3 Case #1 80 year old male with lower extremity arterial occlusive disease. November, 2012, spontaneously developed ulcerations to right plantar heel, lateral second and third toes. Ulcers were painful with direct pressure and did not awaken him at night. He was seen by his PCP and referred to a vascular surgeon and wound center.
4 Problem List Peripheral Vascular Disease Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm HTN Hyperlipidemia Spinal Stenosis Bilateral Hip Replacement Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Prostate cancer Dementia Social History: Smoked for 40 yrs;quit smoking 20 yrs ago
5 Ankle Brachial Index January 2010 Right-0.56 January 2013 Right-0.36 Left-0.6 Left-0.56 (< = 0.5 (0.56 L) Severe ischemia) (< = 0.4 (0.36 R) Limb threatened ) ABI Interpretation Right: Moderately severe to severe lower extremity arterial occlusive disease Left: Moderate to moderately severe lower extremity arterial occlusive disease
6 Case #1:Lower Extremity Arterial Disease January,2013: Seen at wound center and by a vascular surgeon. Physical Exam: Palpable pulses>radial, femoral and left popliteal. Non-palpable pulses>right popliteal, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis. Full thickness ulcers right medial heel with a smaller ulcer to lateral right heel. Open wound to lateral right third toe with a smaller wound to lateral second toe.
7 ARTERIAL ULCER
8 ARTERIAL ULCER
9 Wound Care Principles Debride devitalized tissue Control infection Maintain moisture balance Correct hypoxia
10 Wound Care Principles Arterial Ulcers Debride devitalized tissue Remove infected necrotic tissue-surgical consult Non-infected, Non-fluctuant, dry necrotic tissueprotective covering. Paint 3 x week betadine. Removal-creates larger wound
11 Wound Care Principles Control infection Systemic antibiotics with cellulitis/infection Consider antimicrobial dressings-reduce bacterial load Silvadene used in this case
12 Wound Care Principles Maintain Physiological Wound Environment Arterial ulcers> dry, minimal exudate Provide moisture> Ex. Hydrogel impregnated gauze Silvadene provided moisture with antimicrobial activity Protect wound Manage pain
13 Wound Care Principles Correct hypoxia Revascularization not possible Pharmacology-statins, vasodilators-trental, antiplatelets Hyperbaric oxygen?
14 LOWER EXTREMITY NEUROPATHIC DISEASE CASE REVIEW #2 DIABETIC NEUROPATHIC ULCER
15 Case #2: Lower Extremity Neuropathic Ulcer 75 year old male with 35 year history of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. May 2003-devloped ulcer to left foot that did not heal. August-October Several surgeries for removal of 2 nd digit right foot, 1 st and 5 th digits left foot. Since second surgery, poor healing of ulcer to lateral aspect left foot. Wound therapy- daily dressing changes with Santyl (removes necrotic debris), Granulex spray.
16 Lower Extremity Neuropathic Ulcer PMH: Coronary Artery Disease, Inferior MI. Seizures- occurred in setting of heart block. Pacemaker placed. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Right total knee replacement Pneumothorax after pacemaker insertion Amputation of left great toe and fifth toe, amputation of right third toe History of tobacco and occasional alcohol use. Medications: Nexium,Lipitor, Lotensin, Multi-vitamin, Insulin, ASA
17 Diabetic Ulcer Typical location: Increased pressure points on plantar surface of feet. Appearance: Borders are punched out, surrounding skin often calloused.
18 Wound Care Principles Debride devitalized tissue Know perfusion status before debridement In this case, surgical debridement essential Santyl, a daily enzymatic debridement agent, cover with a secondary dressing. Discontinue when necrotic tissue debrided.
19 Wound Care Principles Control infection Avoid increase in wound bio-burden Use non-occlusive dressings (foam) Systemic antibiotics with or without topical antimicrobials (Ex. Honey, cadexomer iodine, silver impregnated dressings,silvadene)
20 Wound Care Principles Maintain moisture balance Exudative wound- foams, alginates, hydrofiber dressings. Wounds that require moisture-add hydrogel or hydrogel impregnated gauze. Protect foot Offload pressure
21 Wound Care Principles Correct hypoxia Hyperbaric oxygen as adjunct to wound care?
22 Dr. Ite Boerema Pig placed in hyperbaric chamber breathing oxygen under pressure Red cells removed in increments, but plasma returned to the pig At 3 ATA of oxygen, hemoglobin concentration could be lowered to essentially zero.
23 Lambertsen, C.J. et al J. Appl. Physiol. Venous Hb sat at almost arterial levels at 3.5 ATM of oxygen.
24 Löndahl et al., Curr Diab Rep, 2011
25 Tongue pre-hbo
26 Tongue post-hbo
27 Main HBO effect Greatly increases the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma Increases the oxygen content of blood reaching the tissues
28 Kessler et al. Study Kessler et al. enrolled 28 patients with Wagner grade 1-III foot ulcers. 15 randomized to HBO + standard treatment, 13 to standard treatment Both groups hospitalized for 2 weeks for optimal blood sugar control HBO group received HBO twice a day for 2 weeks
29 Kessler, et al., Diabetes Care, 2003 Ulcers healed faster with HBO (white bars)
30 Löndahl et al. Study Randomized, single-center, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial 94 patients with Wagner grade II,III, or IV ulcers present for > 3 months HBO given 5 days a week for 8 weeks (40 treatments), control subjects received hyperbaric air Patients followed for 1 year, blinding not broken until last patient completed 1 year follow-up.
31 Healing rates in patients completing >35 HBO sessions (dark grey bars) (** p<0.01)
32 Proper Patient Selection is Essential Wagner grade III with no improvement despite 30 days of appropriate wound care Other reasons for poor healing investigated and controlled (proper footwear, good diabetic control, vascular problems corrected if possible)
33 HBO summary HBO speeds healing of diabetic foot ulcers Also, indicated for arterial ulcers based on TCO2 outcomes Recent randomized trial shows better outcomes for diabetic ulcers in HBO group Further trials in work, data on amputation rates, patient selection needed Covered by Medicare and private insurance (Anthem, Cigna, Harvard Pilgrim, etc.)
34 Use of HBO Usual treatments are at atmospheres absolute for 90 minutes. Treatment course usually treatments. Complications include claustrophobia, oxygen seizures (rare), difficulty clearing ears. Contraindications: Current doxorubicin use, history of bleomycin use, disulfiram use, current cisplatinum use, pneumothorax Relative contraindications: chronic sinusitis, seizures, emphysema with CO2 retention, history of thoracic surgery, surgery for otosclerosis, history of optic neuritis, poor cardiac function.
35 Case #1 Patient wanted alternative to surgery. Not an ideal candidate for surgery. Referred for Hyperbaric Medicine consult to determine if hyperbaric oxygen would be a reasonable treatment option for ulcers. Transcutaneous oxygen(tco2) measurement mid foot was 23 mmhg and increased to 40 mmhg after breathing 100% O2.(TCO2-non-invasive measure of oxygen diffusion in the skin. Values less than 40 mm Hg reflect tissue hypoxia and delays in healing) Hyperbaric oxygen treatments were initiated.
36
37 Hyperbaric Treatment The patient received 40 treatments, however some were not complete 90 minute sessions. Some treatments were terminated early due to confinement anxiety as well as pain to legs while in a supine position.
38
39 ARTERIAL ULCER
40 Case #2 Hyperbaric consult - Physical exam of left foot revealed: Ulcer on lateral aspect of left foot. Ulcer on medial aspect of left foot Small ulcer to plantar surface of left foot second toe Transcutaneous oxygen measurement lateral aspect left foot was 35-40mm Hg.
41 Pre initial HBO treatment
42 Left foot S/P great toe amputation pre- HBOT
43 Left foot S/P great toe amputation during course of HBO treatment
44 Left foot end of HBO treatment January 13,2004
45 During course of HBO Treatment
46 Left lateral foot during course of HBO treatment
47 Left lateral foot final HBO Treatment January 13,2004
48 SUMMARY Maintain a physiological wound environment Debridement of devitalized tissue Prevent and Manage Infection Manage exudate, edema & moisture balance Eliminate dead space Manage pain Protect peri-wound Correct Hypoxia-Revascularization,Hyperbaric oxygen if indicated
49 References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Peripheral Arterial Disease Fact Sheet, July 26,2013. Management of Wounds in Patients with Lower Extremity Arterial Disease, p Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society, Management of Wounds in Patients with Lower- Extremity Neuropathic Disease, p Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society,2004.
50
51 Comprehensive Wound Healing Center (CWHC) 4M Faulkner Building DHMC
52 Staff Gary Freed, MD Medical Director Tim Bray RN, BSN, CWCN Practice Manager Gabrielle Carrier, MBA Associate Practice Manager Nancy Yazinski, APRN Kathy Kovacs, APRN Team of Certified Wound Care Nurses & LNAs
53 Typical Wounds Assessment, Evaluation and Management of: Lower extremity arterial ulcers Venous ulcers Pressure ulcers Neuropathic wounds (diabetic foot ulcers) Traumatic wounds Surgical non-healing wounds
54 Counseling/Education/Suppor Glucose control Smoking cessation Weight management Exercise/ activity Nutrition counseling Offloading/ pressure relief Foot care Self-care/ health maintenance t
55 Comprehensive Care Treatment based on evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines Interdisciplinary resources at D-H are made available through established care pathways
56 Opening Date Referrals accepted Nov. 4, 2013 Wound Center opens Nov. 11, 2013 Call for referral intake -OR- E-DH ambulatory referral order: MHMH Wound Ctr. Open Mon-Fri 8:00-4:30
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