PASSERELLES. La question des hydrocarbures dans les domaines maritimes de la Chine et des pays voisins. Pierre René BAUQUIS
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1 PASSERELLES La question des hydrocarbures dans les domaines maritimes de la Chine et des pays voisins Pierre René BAUQUIS Enseignant Ancien Directeur Stratégie et Planification de Total Passerelles 14 novembre 2013
2 LA QUESTION DE SOUVERAINETÉ DANS LES ZONES MARITIMES Les grands aspects: Politiques Miltaires Economiques Les enjeux économiques Pétrole et gaz naturel Pêche et aquaculture Minéraux Passerelles, 14 novembre
3 LES ASPECTS ÉCONOMIQUES Chiffres d affaires mondiaux (en 2012) Pétrole «amont» 3500 G$ Gaz «amont» 1800 G$ Construction construction automobile 100 G$ Construction aviation civile 100 G$ Pêche et acquaculture 100 G$ Les enjeux pétrole et gaz sont de très loin les plus importants Passerelles, 14 novembre
4 DROIT DE LA MER ET DROITS AUX RESSOURCES DU SOUS-SOL UN POINT DE LA SITUATION Passerelles, 14 novembre
5 GEOGRAPHIC AND LEGAL VIEW UN LAW OF THE SEA (1982) - CONCEPTS Internal Waters: Covers all water and waterways on the landward side of the baseline. The coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters. Baseline: the low-water line (lowest astronomical tide) of a coastal State. When the coastline is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable, straight lines, each limited to 24 NM in length may be used. < 24 NM Territorial Waters: Out to 12 NM from the baseline, the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. Vessels were given the right of innocent passage through any territorial waters. 1 Nautical Mile (NM) = 1852 meters Passerelles, 14 novembre
6 GEOGRAPHIC AND LEGAL VIEW UN LAW OF THE SEA (1982) CONCEPTS (CONT D) Contiguous zone : Beyond the 12 NM, a further 12 NM or 24 NM from the territorial sea baselines limit, in which a state could continue to enforce laws regarding activities such as smuggling or illegal immigration. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) : Extend 200 NM from the baseline. Within this area, the coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources. Foreign nations have the freedom of navigation and overflight, subject to the regulation of the coastal states. Foreign states may also lay submarine pipes and cables. Right of 200 NM provided that distant to the closest opposite country s coast is at least 400 NM. Passerelles, 14 novembre
7 GEOGRAPHIC AND LEGAL VIEW UN LAW OF THE SEA (1982) CONCEPTS (CONT D) Continental Shelf : The continental shelf is defined as the natural prolongation of the land territory to the continental margin s outer edge, or 200 NM from the coastal state s baseline, whichever is greater. State s continental shelf may exceed 200 NM until the natural prolongation ends, but it may never exceed 350 NM, or 100 NM beyond 2,500 meter isobath. Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and non-living material in the subsoil of its continental shelf, to the exclusion of others. Two criteria for continental margin extension : «60 NM from Continental Rise» and «sediment thickness greater than 1% of distance to Continental Rise» Passerelles, 14 novembre
8 GEOGRAPHIC AND LEGAL VIEW UN LAW OF THE SEA (1982) CONCEPTS (CONT D) ISLANDS Article 121(2) of UNCLOS provides that islands are in principle entitled to a territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone in the same manner as mainland territory. However, Article 121(3) of UNCLOS adds that: "Rocks, reefs, low tide elevation, platforms which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf". HISTORICAL RIGHTS Three factors are considered in determining whether a historic claim is valid : The exercise of authority other the area The continuity over time of this exercise of authority The attitude of foreign states to the claim. however geography remains predominant Passerelles, 14 novembre
9 UNCLOS SIGNATURE AND RATIFICATION Ratified Signed but not yet ratified Did not signed China ratifies the UNCLOS in June 96 to the extent it does not impinge upon its sovereign claims to all the islands and regions of South China Seas, VIETNAM (ratified in July 94). Not yet ratified in South East Asia : Cambodia, Thailand CHINA and VIETNAM ratified the 2002 ASEAN SCS Code of Conduct Passerelles, 14 novembre
10 LE CAS DES MERS DE LA CHINE DU SUD: QUELS CONFLITS FRONTALIERS? Passerelles, 14 novembre
11 Paracels ~782 NM / 1500 kms Macclesfield Pratas Scarborough MAIN ISSUES IN SOUTH CHINA SEA 2nd most used sea lane in the world ( ~15 Mboe / day transported), to Japan, South Korea, China 21 of China s 39 sea lanes (i.e. 60% of foreign trade) passing though the Spratleys 60% of ships in Strait of Malacca are Chinese, accounting for 80% of China s imported oil from Middle East and Africa SCS Claim Map Spratleys China Claim «9-dotted-line», KMT, 1947 Source fond carto: / / Philippines Taiwan Vietnam Malaysia China Brunei Passerelles, 14 novembre Source : Atlas Géopolitique des espaces maritimes Chap. XI-141( D. Ortolland J.- P. Pirat / 2008)
12 Sharing resources of the South China Sea Mark J. Valencia, Jon M. Van Dyke and Noël A. Ludwig GEOGRAPHIC AND LEGAL VIEW UNIVERSITY STUDIES EQUIDISTANT LINES FROM DEFENSIBLE BASELINES ignoring Spratleys and Paracels ignoring Spratleys but full effect on Paracels 200 NM, ignoring Spratleys and Paracels 200 NM, ignoring Spratleys but full effect on Paracels Passerelles, 14 novembre
13 Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Passerelles, 14 novembre
14 GEOGRAPHIC AND LEGAL VIEW PARACELS ISLANDS ~200 NM ~200 NM Source : / / / Source : «Historic rights» claimed by Vietnam and China Occupied by French Colony in 1934 and by South-Vietnam from 1954 Seized by force by China in 1974, and since then occupied without interruption by China (RPC) In 2012, Beijing Beijing announced the establishment of the prefecture-level city of covering the Paracel and Spratly Islands, July 2012 the National Assembly of Vietnam passed a law demarcating Vietnamese sea borders to include the Paracels and Spratly Islands Aug 2012, Beijing announces its plan to establish a military garrison on the Paracel Islands Passerelles, 14 novembre
15 GEOGRAPHIC AND LEGAL VIEW SPRATLEYS ISLANDS Military incident Phillippines-China (1994) Mischief Reef Military incident Vietnam-China (1988) Johnson Reef Source : / Source : / Philippines Taiwan Vietnam Malaysia China Passerelles, 14 novembre
16 POLITICAL VIEW CHINA CLAIM NINE DOTTED LINE U SHAPED LINE First shown on Chinese Maps in 1947 (Guomindang ) 1953, nine-dotted-line confirmed by Zhou Enlai. No dissent expressed by international community. 14 sept 1958 : Pham Van Dong. North VN PM, in a diplomatic note to China acknowledged China s claim over SCS. Claim on islands and rocks or the whole sea? Historical title? Feb 92 : Law on territorial sea and contiguous zone May 96 : Baseline of the territorial sea June 96 : Ratification of UNCLOS June 98 : EEZ and Continental Shelf Act December 2007 : creation of an administrative area ruled by Hainan autorities to manage the SCS islands (Paracels, Spratleys,..) Claim on water area Passerelles, 14 novembre
17 EXISTING AGREEMENTS SOUTH EAST ASIA Source : Atlas Géopolitique des espaces maritimes Chap. XI-137 ( D. Ortolland J.-P. Pirat / 2008) Border delimitations 1. Indonesia / Malaisia (27 October 1969) 4 2. Thailand / Malaisia (24 October 1979) OCA D 3. Thailand / Vietnam (9 August 1997) 4. Chine / Vietnam (25 Décembre 2000) No border delimitation but joint exploitation A. Malaisia / Vietnam (CAA/PM3 under dev.) 3 B. Indonesia / Vietnam ( June 2003.) 2 C A B C. Malaisia / Thailand ( JDA 1979) 1 1 D. Cambodia / Vietnam ( historical water)..east China Sea Japan China (2008), and Tripartie Agreement CNOOC/PNOC/PVN for Joint Seismic Exploration Passerelles, 14 novembre
18 1 Border delimitation Indonesia / Malaysia (69) Chin Thailand / Malaysia (79) Thailand / Vietnam (97) China / Vietnam (2000) 4 Hainan a China Claim «9-dotted-line» Paracel Islands Vietnam Claim 200 NM from Vietnam Baseline Cambodia Vietnam Tripartite Agreement CNOOC, PVN, PNOC Philippine s Islands OCA D Spratly Islands Joint Cooperation 2 3 C A B A B C D Malaisia / Vietnam (CAA/PM3 under dev.) Indonesia / Vietnam ( June 2003.) Malaisia / Thailand ( JDA 1979) Cambodia / Vietnam ( historical water) Malaysia 1 1 Brunei Malaysia Passerelles, 14 novembre
19 LA VISION PÉTROLIÈRE DES ZONES PROSPECTIVES STÉRILISÉES PAR LES INCERTITUDES JURIDIQUES Passerelles, 14 novembre
20 UN GUIDE CLEF DES ENJEUX PÉTROLIERS LA GÉOLOGIE Passerelles, 14 novembre
21 Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Passerelles, 14 novembre
22 Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Passerelles, 14 novembre
23 Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Passerelles, 14 novembre
24 Paracel Islands Spratly Islands Passerelles, 14 novembre
25 Paracel Islands A B C D Spratly Islands Passerelles, 14 novembre
26 Paracel Islands A B C D Spratly Islands Passerelles, 14 novembre
27 UN NOUVEAU «POINT CHAUD» STATÉGIQUE..ET PÉTROLIER DOMAINES MARITIMES DE LA CHINE ET DU JAPON Passerelles, 14 novembre
28 Joint Cooperation A January 1974) South Corea / Japan (... Country claims China / Japan China Shenkaku Islands ( Diaoyu ) Passerelles, 14 novembre
29 Thank you gracias 谢 谢 спасибо merci Obrigado Tusen takk Terima Kasih Bedankt Cám ơn grazie شكرا Passerelles, 14 novembre
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