The Crusades Why?! What... How Do?

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1 The Crusades Why?! Popita &Kids Inc. What... How Do? Conduct research on the Crusades. Write an essay (5 to 7paragraphs) to analyze the CAUSES & EFFECTS of these holy wars on the socio-economic and political systems of Europe during the 11-th, 12-th & 13-th centuries (government, trade, economics, art, science, mathematics, education, medicine). Also, focus on the positive and negative impact of the Crusades on Jews, Muslims, and Christians. Argue whether the Crusades had a clear-cut objective/ purpose. Ask yourself why? Take the following into account: Be impartial - you are neither a Crusader, nor a Muslim, or a Jew. Have a thesis statement (where you either AGREE or DISAGREE with the outcome of the Crusades). Analyze, exemplify and arrive to a closing statement. Effectively communicate your opinion - supported by facts, reasons, quotes. Find strong, clear arguments to support your thesis. Exemplify. Identify then refute (prove wrong, false, incorrect) any opposing arguments or statements in order to make your own argument look stronger. Weave in your opinion, but refrain from degrading either party. Consider the audience you are trying to persuade. Be convincing. Find evidence from primary resources (textbook, internet, articles), cite them. Must have title page; find colored, adequate pictures, text-wrap/collage them. Show evidence of graphic organizer as notes. Why? Analyze the causes, and the effects of the Crusades; understand their impact on the Christian, Muslim, and Jewish populations in Europe - with emphasis on an increasing contact between Europeans and cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean world and the Middle East (7.6.6). Option: PowerPoint with special effects, transitions and sound; or i-movie. Resources: Due: History Alive Textbook: 2005, pages 35, The Crusades - Documentary, vol. 4, The History Channel, 1995, A&E TV Network. Causes for the Crusades Chart (see attached below). East Meets West Effects of the Crusades Chart (see attached below).

2 RUBRIC "The CRUSADES" Essay, Power-Point, i-movie Popita & Kids Inc. G u I d e l I n e s Comments % 1. Historical Time Capsule/Thesis: - Introduced the historical frame of events that led to the advent of the Crusades: why, when, where, who, how 2. Content: - Concise analysis of the events/facts. - Historically accurate. - Elaborated (sufficient relevant evidence). - Analyzed the EFFECTS of the Crusades on the socio-economic and political systems: economy/ trade, art/architecture, government, beliefs, math/education, medicine/science etc. - Impact on Christians, Jews & Muslims. - Conclusion: voiced own opinion regarding the long-term effects of the Crusades. - Persuasive Convinces the audience. 3. Visuals, Technology & Art: - Typed (report format; PPT or i-movie). - Eye-catching, fancy title page. - Pertinent images (text-wrapped or collaged). 4. Mechanics and Format Structure: - Checked spelling, grammar, proper use of language. - Multiple paragraphs format (intro, body, concl.). - Indented paragraphs. 5. Research: - Used reliable resources: textbook, library books, articles. Consequences for plagiarism will be SEVERE. - Bibliography with proper citation method. - Evidence of Notes or Graphic organizer. Overall comments: Total Score out of 100% 15 % 40 % 20 % 10 % 15 % 100 %

3 CAUSES for the CRUSADES ADVENTURE + INSTINCT TO FIGHT 1. Knights animated by the rising spirit of chivalry ; 2. Warriors/soldiers bored & restless; eager to practice their martial skills; fought amongst themselves or terrorized the peasants; 3. Christianized Teutonic tribes (German, Magyar, Viking, Slavs) had not overgrown their barbarian instincts; RELIGIOUS PIETY 1. Pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre ; 2. Conviction that the sacred lands must be rescued from profanation of infidels; 3. The Saracean Moslem actually encouraged the Christian pilgrimage as a source of revenue; ADVANCING THREAT of the TURKS 1.Greek/Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus I pleads for the Pope s help ; 2. Holy relics and property were under threat to be sacked by the Moslem Turks; 3. The Seljuk Turks disrupted Pilgrim traffic = insulted, persecuted, killed the pilgrims; 4. Byzantines lost Anatolia (Asia Minor) to the Turks Battle of Manzikert, 1071; 5. Civil conflicts and economic crisis severely weakened the Byzantine empire; PAPAL POLITICS 1. Roman Church of the West attempted to assert total control over the Eastern Byzantine Church = Conflict; 2. Speech of Pope Urban II great triumph of oratory that conspired to inflame + convince the crowd to start the Crusades (Holy Wars) = manipulation succeeded; 3. The Pope guaranteed forgiveness of sins + life eternal ; he claims It is the Will of God ; 4. Pope Urban II commissions Peter the Hermit to preach a crusade and move the hearts and fire the spirits = he succeeded; RIFT IN THE CHURCH 1. Dispute over Papal authority = The Great Schism of 1064; 2. In 1054, the Pope refused to give Patriarch Cerularius the title of Ecumenical ; the Pope imposed Rome's claim to be the head and mother of the churches; 3. The Eastern Orthodox Church breaks away; the Western Church becomes Roman Catholic; EUROPEAN EXPANSION 1. Catholic Rome + Pope endorsed the invasion of England by William the Conqueror of Normandy = Battle of Hastings (1066); 2. Recapture of Southern Spain & Toledo from the Moslem Turks (1087); 3. Normans recapture Sicily from the Moslem Turks (1091);

4 EFFECTS of the CRUSADES on Europe EAST meets WEST Political System Education & Literature (Intellectual Gains) Art & Architecture AFTER the Crusades Contact with the culture of the East provided a general refining influence. * Broke down the power of the feudal aristocracy, giving prominence to the kings and the people (beginning of democracy). * Kings consolidated power in a stronger national government: many landowning families became bankrupt paying for their knights voyages; thus their land was returned to the monarchs, whose power grew. * Undermine feudalism, when thousands of barons and knights mortgaged or sold their lands in order to raise money for a crusading expedition. * European kingdoms/states improved the system of administration, including the taxing system. * Role of urban merchant class grew & became more important (which filled the gap between the upper and the lower classes). * Romantic and imaginative literature blossomed - poetry. * Artists were influenced by new trends such as calligraphy, music; the minds of the crusaders were liberalized. * Returned with finer tastes, broader ideas, and wider sympathies; the chivalry code adopted idea of courtly love. * Stimulated the Latin intellect, and helped to awaken in Western Europe that mental activity which resulted finally in the great intellectual outburst known as the Revival of Learning and the period of the Renaissance. * Women were perceived more as pure & good, rather than weak & inferior. * Crusader knights, almost all of them illiterate, soon began using emblems and geometric designs to identify themselves. This practice later evolved into a complex code of heraldic emblems + coats of arms. * Builders gained knowledge of heavy stone masonry; then spires or steeples on churches, possibly inspired by minarets.

5 Commerce & Trade; Crafts = flourished Religious Science Economy Mathematics Medicine * Once Crusader kingdoms, however fragile, were set up in Palestine, they traded with their kin in Europe, sending finished goods to Europe and importing raw materials. * The demand for fineries (luxury goods) increased: spices, furs, silk, fabrics (muslin), pearls, apricots, sesame, carole beans, rice, sugar cane, melons, apricots, paper, metalwork, ivory, precious stones, perfumes. * Merchants earned enormous profits by trading for new goods. * Increased demand in ship building, glass-making + objects. * The result was a stimulus to Mediterranean trade. * The Italian cities of Venice, Pisa & Genoa negotiated special trade treaties with Muslim rulers; became the sole suppliers of certain goods. * In 1277, by special treaty with Muslim Sicily, the Venetians learned glass making ; * There was an increased demand in shipbuilding. * Strengthened the church s desire to spread Christianity & overwhelm the Muslim Empire. * Scholars learned about advances in biology, astronomy, and ancient Greco Roman ideas (via the Middle East). * The needed to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking functions (loans). * Knights started a tax system to raise funds. * The need to pay for supplies led to the use of money (coins). * The needed to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking and accounting techniques. * New interest in the realm of algebra, geometry, trigonometry. * Sparked new medical inquiry + advancement in treatment of diseases and bone fractures; gain knowledge of the human body and hygiene. * Discovered that certain aromatic derivatives helped prevent the spread of infection. *Cedar and pine were often burnt to fumigate infected homes and streets. * Acquired knowledge of herbs treatment.

6 Warfare Geographic Knowledge Urbanism Vision * Transfer of military technology: Improved techniques of siege, tunneling, and sapping, used to undermine enemy fortifications; better weapons + tactics; gunpowder. * Urged to seek exploration, which led to the expansion of territories and various voyages (travels), such as the celebrated Italian, Marco Polo to China. * European towns grew; the cities gained many political advantages at the expense of the crusading barons and princes. 12-th and 13-th centuries money was largely in the hands of the burgher class, and in return for the contributions and loans they made to their overlords, or suzerains, they received charters conferring special and valuable privileges. * Before the Crusades, most Europeans had seen little beyond their villages. After, they expanded their knowledge about Geography, life in the Holy land, the Mediterranean cultures. They learned there were better ways to doing things & set out to try them.