Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste. Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
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1 Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
2 Foreword Objectives : To underline the importance of waste recovery within the framework of the sustainable use of natural resources To identify the models and the leverages for recovery of Construction and Demolition waste. Report carried out : At the request of Didier Audibert, President of UEPG By Hafedh Ben arab, Director, Holcim Group Acknowledgments European Aggregates Association (UEPG) European actors working in the recovery of Construction and Demolition waste Investigations and recent studies relating to the recovery of Construction and Demolition waste Revision The report will be updated on a regular basis to take into account new developments Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
3 Production of aggregates in Europe ~ Mt Reference : UEPG annual report ) including crushed gravel and marine aggregates* (*: except when specified in (5)) 2) excluding crushed gravel 3) coming from Construction & Demolition Waste used in aggregates market 4) industrial & extraction by-products for Building and Civil Works 5) source ZEEGRA and EMSAGG Conference February 2006 (ZEEGRA and EMZAGG are Belgium and European marine aggregates associations) Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
4 Framework Directive on Waste The proposed revised Waste Framework Directive (COM 2005) 667 final is expected to be adopted by end It will repeal the Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste. The new proposal aims at: clarifying a number of definitions (1) taking in account latest developments in EU environment law simplifying current legal provisions Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
5 C&D Waste: a renewable resource for recycled aggregates According to information published by the Environment Statistics, Eurostat, the total production of waste* in EU 25 is increasing and represent approximately 3 tons of waste/person/year. Waste total (hazardous and non-hazardous waste) by sectors ; year 2002 Agriculture and forestry Mining and quarrying Manufacturing and industry Energy prod. Water Purification & Distribution Construction Other Municipal waste t Kg/person Construction waste represents an average of 1 ton/person/year in EU 25 * : covering manufacturing industry, energy prod., water purification & distribution, construction and municipal waste Source : Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
6 Construction materials Life Cycle Recycled material = Secondary material Construction waste Waste from renovation Demolition waste 5. Recycling 1. Planning Quality management Demolition waste 4. Demolition 2. Construction Raw material Construction waste 3. Use Waste from renovation Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
7 C&D Waste: a renewable source of recycled aggregates Materials from inert construction & demolition waste are secondary materials since: their use does not have an overall negative environmental impact there is an existing market for these materials, especially in areas with scarce natural resources Remark: the two above criteria are those defined in Article 11 of the revised Waste Framework directive Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
8 Secondary materials: various ways of production Secondary materials can be produced: In a recycling platform Directly on the construction site As part of the manufacturing process link (2) Production figures from construction sites and manufacturing processes are generally less accessible. Therefore official recycling figures are often under-estimated. Recovery performance (3) Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
9 but recovery follows the same value chain Transport Disposal Renovation Demolition Construction Sorting Transport Treatment Transport Transport The proposed Commission text for a revised Waste Framework Directive defines Treatment as the operations of Disposal and Recovery. Recovery Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
10 EU uses nearly 7 tons of aggregates per inhabitant 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe United Kingdom Germany Netherlands Belgium France Sweden Poland Switzerland Italy Austria Czech Republic Spain Irland Finland Norway Slovakia Denmark Portugal Netherlands Belgium United Kingdom Germany Italy Switzerland Czech Republic Denmark Poland Portugal Slovakia Austria France Spain Irland Sweden Finland Norway Million tonnes Prodution of recycled aggregets in Europe Production of aggregates in Europe 1, ,20 1,00 Production of recycled aggregates in Europe 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 0,00 600,00 500,00 Recycling t/km2 Average of density inhab/km2 400,00 300,00 200,00 100,00 0,00 Reference : UEPG annual report 2005 Irland Finland Austria Norway Spain Denmark Sweden Portugal Switzerland France Czech Republic Italy Belgium Germany Netherlands Slovakia United Kingdom Poland Netherlands Belgium United Kingdom Sweden Switzerland Germany Austria Czech Republic Irland Poland France Finland Italy Norway Slovakia Spain Denmark Portugal t/inhab t/inhab 20 EU average EU average
11 Recycled aggregates use Studies shows that recycled aggregates are used in several segments: Filling Foundation Asphalt Concrete The use in ready-mixed concrete is embryonic in spite of the many studies referring to it: Mirian thesis 96 (4), Roumiana thesis 98 (5) Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
12 Environmental benefits Saving natural resources Voluntarist policy to limit the exploitation of alluvial in the overexploited areas (France, Belgium ) Voluntarist policy to preserve the deposit for future generations (GB) Reducing landfill sites The recovery of construction waste leads to the reduction of disposal (NL, ) Reducing harmful effects of transport Waste to be recovered is located in urban areas which are also the most significant consumption areas; Quarries are in theory located outside the centres of urban areas and tend to move away; Therefore, the consumption of recycled aggregates leads to a significant reduction in transport and thus in the harmful effects related. Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
13 Quality & recycled aggregates standards When natural materials are in abundance or present, recycled materials can compete only if their quality is equivalent to that of natural aggregates. Standards for recycled aggregates are expected to be issued in Proposed amendments for recycled aggregates (6) Classification test for the constituents of coarse recycled aggregate (7) Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
14 Profitability The profit margin on recycled aggregates depends on: Perception: a better acceptability of recycled materials enhances their economic value and thus their margin Localisation: to compensate for their production cost which is higher than for natural materials, the recycled materials are in fact intended for a local market; Tax incentives: high landfill taxes support recycling tipping fees (direct improvement of the margin) and induce more volumes towards recycling sites (indirect improvement of the margin ; reduction in the production costs by the volume effect). Taxes (8) Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
15 Profitability /T Production cost Logistics cost to the market Tipping fees recycling plants or tax on natural materials Profit margin * : 15 km around production site Market price for natural materials Market price for recycled materials* Natural materials Recycled materials Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
16 Profitability The market price variation between recycling and natural aggregates (1 to 2 per ton) is closely related to customer confidence in an area given to recycled materials. This confidence is all the more random as, in the majority of countries, there is no compulsory quality standard for recycled materials. The price of recycled materials is sometimes subject to significant fluctuations related to the management of incoming stock of recycling sites. Recycling cost & micro markets (9) Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
17 Pros & Cons + Recycling represents an additional source of aggregates Supported by the European Commission Existing national recommendations and regional guidelines Standardisation under development Positive perception of recycling" - Attraction of non-professional recycling companies Reluctance of certain building designers & managers Lack of support from public procurement Low acceptability of recycled products Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
18 Conclusions Construction waste is a significant renewable source of recycled aggregates. Recycled aggregates from inert C&D waste qualify as secondary materials. Thanks to the continuous improvement of the legal framework, incentives from competent authorities and technical innovation, some countries have achieved a high recovery rate of construction waste. Before entering the recycling business, it is essential that operators examine carefully local conditions. Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
19 Annexes 1. Definitions 2. Concrete plant 3. Recovery performance 4. Mirian thesis 5. Roumiana thesis 6. Proposed amendments for recycled aggregates 7. Classification test for the constituents of coarse recycled aggregates 8. Taxes 9. Recycling cost & micro markets 10. The industry of recycling 11. The French case study 12. The Netherlands Case study 13. The Belgium case study 14. The United Kingdom Case study 15. The German Case study Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
20 List of references Country Institution/addresses Web site Contact person Belgium FEDIEX FEREDECO VVS Michel Lerat Marc Regnier Willy Goossens UNICEM, UNPG, SNPGR Alain Snakkers, Michel Lomberty France FNTP FFB LCPC Germany BKS MIRO Hans-Peter Braus Prof. Ulrich Hahn The Netherlands BRBS UK QPA Simon van der Byl Jerry Mclaughlin EU UEPG FIR Gregoire Poisson Vincent Basuyau Geert Cuperus Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
21 Sources EU summary on waste disposal EC Study on waste generated and treated in Europe EN.PDF Study on raw materials policy and supply practices in north western Europe Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
22 Thanks To : W.J. van Bentum BRC Ivo Berti Gralex Wim Blonk Holcim Marcel Carlier Eiffage Koen Van De Put Holcim Christophe Joson Eurovia Jean-Marc Vanbelle Gralex Jacques Vecoven Holcim And: The UEPG members For their inputs and valuable contributions Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe
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