WORD FORMATION I PREFIXES. microwave, microscopic, micro-computer. disagree, dishonest, dislike, incompentent, inefficiency,

Transcription

1 WORD FORMATION I PREFIXES anti- (=against) anti-war, anti-social, anti-biotic auto- (=by oneself) autograph, auto-pilot, autobiography bi- (=two, twice) bicycle, bi-monthly, biannual, bilingual, biplane dis- (=opposite) disloyal, disobedient, disappear, disagree, dislike ex- (=former) exwife, exstudent, expresident, exflatmate ex- (=out of) extract, exhale, excommunicate, express in- (=opposite) inconvenient, inedible, invisible, intolerant, incorrect inter- (=between) intermediate, intersection im- (=opposite) impatient, immortal, immature il- (=opposite) illegal, illegible, illiterate ir- (=opposite) irreplaceable, irreversible, irrelevant mal- (=badly) malfunction, malnutrition, maltreat micro- (=small) microwave, microscopic, micro-computer mis- (=badly) misunderstand, mistranslate, misinform mono- (=one/single) monorail, monotonous, monologue, monogamous multi- (=many) multilingual, multi-national, multi-racial over- (=too much) overeat, oversleep, overtired, overdo post- (=after) postwar, postgraduate, post-revolutionary pre- (=before) prejudge, preview, prejudice pro- (=in favour of) pro-government, pro-revolutionary, pro-nuclear pseudo- (=false) pseudo-scientific, pseudo-nym, pseudo-intellectual re- (=again) retype, reread, replace, rewind semi- (=half) semicircular, semi-final, semi-detached sub- (=under) subway, submarine, subdivision, sub-editor super- (=above) superman, supernatural trans- (=across) transatlantic, transaction, transexual un- (=opposite) uncomfortable, undo, undress, unload, unlock, untidy under- (=not enough) underworked, underused, undercooked uni- (=one) unilateral, unisex, unicycle PREFIXES which show an opposite state or process dis- disagree, dishonest, dislike, in- incompentent, inefficiency, im- (before p/m ) impossible, impatient,. il- (before l ) illegible, illegal, illiterate, ir- (before r ) irresistible, irregular, irrelevant, mal- malfunction, malnutrition, maltreat, un- unbelievable, undressed, unlocked,

2 SUFFIXES A. Verbs suffixes -ise (ize): used to make verbs from adjectives modern --- modernise general --- generalise commercial --- commercialise industrial --- industrialise -(i)fy: used to make verbs from adjectives or verbs note --- notify class --- classify pure --- purify terror --- terrify clear --- clarify specific --- specify B. Noun suffixes -ance/ence: used to make nouns from verbs or adjectives annoy --- annoyance assist --- assistance obedient --- obedience refer --- reference prefer --- preference tolerant --- tolerance -dom: used to make abstract nouns from adjectives or nouns bore --- boredom king --- kingdom martyr --- martyrdom star --- stardom wise --- wisdom free --- freedom -er/-ee: person who does something (-er) or person who receives something (-ee) employ --- employer / employee address --- addresser / addressee send --- sender *lie --- liar (exception) -er/-or: things or people who do a particular job, professions work --- worker inspect --- inspector act --- actor play --- player garden --- gardener project --- projector -hood: used for abstract nouns, especially family terms child --- childhood mother --- motherhood brother --- brotherhood adult --- adulthood neighbour --- neighbourhood -ian: people who do a particular job, professions music --- musician politics --- politician electricity --- electrician -ist: used for people who play musical instruments violin --- violinist piano --- pianist cello --- cellist

3 -ist/-ism: used for people s politics, beliefs and ideologies anarchy --- anarchist physics --- physicist comunist / comunism terror --- terrorist Marx --- Marxism socialist / socialism -ity: used to make nouns from adjectives flexible --- flexibility hostil --- hostility anonym --- anonymity absurd --- absurdity real --- reality generous --- generosity curious --- curiousity pure --- purity productive --- productivity -ment: used to make nouns from verbs enjoy --- enjoyment replace --- replacement argue --- argument invest --- investment retire --- retirement achieve --- achievement agree --- agreement excite --- excitement pay --- payment -ness: used to make abstract nouns from adjectives good --- goodness happy --- happiness careful --- carefulness weak --- weakness bitter --- bitterness tender --- tenderness ugly ugliness sad --- sadness -ship: used for abstract nouns, especially status friend --- friendship author --- authorship member --- membership partner --- partnership fellow --- fellowship relation --- relationship -th: used to make abstract nouns from adjectives long --- length strong --- strength wide --- width deep --- depth broad --- breadth warm --- warmth -(t)ion: used to make nouns from verbs admit --- admission combine --- combination act --- action collect --- collection imagine --- imagination reduce --- reduction alter --- alteration produce --- production complicate --- complication -y: used to make nouns from verbs or from adjectives injure --- injury perjure --- perjury royal --- royalty honest --- honesty fluent --- fluency beautiful --- beauty

4 C. Adjective suffixes -able/-ible: with verbs, it means can be done drink --- drinkable wash --- washable read --- readable count --- countable eat --- edible recognize --- recognizable -al: used to make adjectives from nouns or verbs practice --- practical option --- optional magic --- magical sphere --- spherical arrive --- arrival refuse --- refusal -ful: it makes adjectives from nouns or verbs and means a great quantity of help --- helpful use --- useful cheer --- cheerful hope --- hopeful care --- careful wonder --- wonderful -ish: used to make adjectives from nouns and means with the quality of red --- reddish green --- greenish child --- childish -ive: used to make adjectives from verbs pass --- passive destruct --- destructive attract --- attractive act --- active produce --- productive progress --- progressive -less: used to make adjectives from nouns or verbs and means without hope --- hopeless use --- useless harm --- harmless help --- helpless care --- careless cloud --- cloudless -ous: used to make adjectives from nouns danger --- dangerous fury --- furious -y: used to make adjectives from nouns luck --- lucky trick --- tricky D. Irregular forms live --- life die --- death succeed --- success see --- sight hot --- heat young --- youth fly --- flight true --- truth angry --- anger

5 WORD FORMATION II 1.- Expressions of size: adjectives & nouns broad breadth deep depth high height long length wide width 2.- Adjectives & adverbs (normally formed by the addition of ly ) slow slowly happy happily rude rudely pure purely strong strongly angry angrily hard hard fast fast 3.- Adjectives ending in -y, adverbs in -ily, and nouns in -ness happy happily happiness pretty prettily prettiness lazy lazily laziness ordinary ---- ordinarily ---- ordinariness fussy fussily fussiness (inquieto) naughty naughtily ---- naughtiness (malo) 4.- Adjectives in -ful, adverbs in -ly, and nouns in -ness careful --- carefully --- carefulness helpful --- helpfully --- helpfulness cheerful --- cheerfully --- cheerfulness dreadful --- dreadfully --- dreadfulness (temor) 5.- Verbs with adjectives -ive, adverbs in -ively, and nouns in -ion attend attentive attentively attention attract attractive attractively attraction destroy destructive destructively destruction permit permissive permissively permission persuade persuassive persuassively persuassion progress progressive progressively progression 6.- Adjectives in -ible/-able, nouns in -ibility/ability accessible accessibility credible credibility impossible impossibility sensible sensibility responsible responsibility able ability capable capability adaptable adaptability durable durability respectable respectability 7.- Verbs in -fy, nouns in -ation clarify clarification falsify falsification satisfy satisfaction classify classification notify notification specify specification

6 8.- Verbs in -ate, nouns in -ation agitate agitation animate animation elaborate ---- elaboration moderate ---- moderation alternate alternation duplicate duplication estimate estimation separate separation 9.- Verbs in -ise, nouns in -isation authorise authorisation generalise generalisation modernise modernisation colonise colonisation legalise legalisation organise organisation 10.- Adjectives with adverbs in -ly and nouns in -ty beautiful beautifully beauty pure purely purity rare rarely rarity real really reality 11.- Verbs forming nouns in -ance/ence assist assistance deliver deliverance perform performance resist resistance disappear disappearance adhere adherence depend dependence refer reference persist persistence prefer preference 12.- Verbs forming nouns in -ment agree agreement argue argument enjoy enjoyment pay payment resent resentment treat treatment retire retirement achieve achievement replace replacement 13.- Nouns forming adjectives in -al practice practical comedy comical formality formal option optional magic magical sphere spherical 14.- Verbs in -mit, nouns in -ission emit emission permit permission submit submission omit omission remit remission transmit transmission 15.- Nouns associated with people or their qualities end in -hood, -ship, -ism boyhood authorship hypnotism childhood fellowship optimism neighbourhood friendship realism

7 EXERCISES 1.- Use the suffixes -er/-or/-ee/-ist to give the names of the following: a. A person who plays jazz on the piano = a jazz pianist b. The thing that wipes rain off your car windscreen= c. Person who plays classical violin= d. Person who takes professional photographs= e. Person who acts in amateur theatre= f. Person to whom a cheque is paid= g. Machine for washing dishes= h. Person who donates their kidneys upon their death= i. Person to whom a letter is addressed= 2.- Rewrite each sentence by changing the underlined words a. Most of his crimes can be forgiven Most of his crimes can be b. The Club refuses to admit anyone not wearing a tie The Club refuses c. Her only fault is that she is lazy Her only fault is her d. This firm has produced a lot in recent years This firm has been very e. I found the book very easy and pleasant to read I found the book very 3.- Write the abstract nouns of the following adjectives affectionate > amused > attentive > original > graceful > excited > hopeful > equal > happy > popular > kind > stupid > resentful > wise > secure > 4.- Complete the following table abstract noun adjective verb adverb contentment contented to content contentedly argument emptiness intensity satisfaction sentiment strength

8 5. Write the opposite of these words using a correct prefix happy patient polite legal correct regular visible possible legible friendly employed like pack lock agree honest 6. Replace the underlined words by others with the same meaning a. He doesn t have a job, does he? No, he is b. It s against the law, isn t it? Yes, it is c. He took off his clothes! Yes, he d. This handwriting is impossible to read Yes, it is e. She can never wait for five minutes, can she? No, she is so f. The BBC tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly g. He s in favour of the American approach h. Most people say they work too hard but are paid too little i. He dated his cheque with a date that was later than the real date j. She s still on good terms with the man who used to be her husband k. He made so many mistakes in the letter that he had to write it again 7. Write down the name of the person who does these things act employ football farm murder phychology translate economics direct dance manage sing 8. Complete the table verb noun adjective noun educate improve govern hesitate arrange elect stupid dark weak similar punctual popular

9 9. Complete the verbs in these sentences 10. Combine the suffixes on the right with the verbs or adjectives on the left and then complete the text 11. Write down an adjective formed from these nouns or verbs

10 12. Fill the gaps with suitable adjectives from exercise ZERO AFFIXATION Rewrite these sentences using the underlined nouns as verbs 14. Now rewrite these sentences using the underlined verbs as nouns