Irrinet Emilia Romagna Online Decision Support on Irrigation:

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1 CONSORZIO DI BONIFICA DI SECONDO GRADO PER IL CANALE EMILIANO ROMAGNOLO BOLOGNA Irrinet Emilia Romagna Online Decision Support on Irrigation: an example of successful dissemination of information in agrometeorology Federica Rossi - CNR Istituto di Biometeorologia

2 2.2 M ha total estension 1.3 M ha agricultural farms surface 14% total national agricultural production

3 Promotion based on distinctive features in terms of excellence and healthiness, as well as respect for the environment. "Traditional products" -consolidated over time- are promoted. In a wider sense, the regulations aim to enhance the agro-food system s competitiveness, within an integrated plan for the valorization of the local heritage. Sustainable agricultural practices are strongly urged and promoted. An ethical use of water resources is a compelling need.

4 AMOUNT OF WATER USED IN EMILIA ROMAGNA 2020 MILLIONS m 3 water are withdrawn 66 % 23 % publicdomestic Civile 440 Agricola 1120 Withdrawal is 130 Mm 3 higher than recharge, thus a progressive subsidence is induced irrigation 11 % industry Industria 460

5 15% 64% 46% 28% 30% 86% 26% 5%

6 ET0 rainfall mm/mese marzo aprile maggio giugno luglio agosto settem. ottobre Annual rainfall 650 mm with a summer drought period. ET0 is higher than rainfall from May, with a maximum drought in July. In July, average maximum temperature is higher than 30 C.

7 The peculiarities of soils and climate make irrigation useful but not essential for many crops The water management must be more efficient than in arid areas, where water is a very limiting factor The GAP code includes requirements for minimizing negative impacts of agriculture on the environment Farmers have become much more concerned about sustainable management, but they must be ensured that yield is not affected from irrigation limitation

8 The transfer of the information to farmers has been for long time a weakness, criticized for structural inadequacies. An enlarged utilization of the results from research is the best valorisation of the costs of the research itself. The direct contact between final users (technicians-farmers) and researchers is still considered scarcely profitable, also considering the low ratio experts/farmers. The complexity of the transfer of modelling applications, sometime complex and characterized by many interactions (water/plant/soil/atmosphere), is still high. So far, the most reliable opportunity is a service able to calculate and transfer on line technical, personalized, indications.

9 When and how much to irrigate? What is the proper irrigation system?

10 CER is a consortium distributing water and the most important idraulic infrastructure It is founded by the local Authorities and from the different regional reclamation consortiums Through a channel from Po river water is made available over a 3000 Km 2 area and the water resources (68m 3 /s) allow to satisfy the irrigation needs. Water is furnished together with the information for its rational and sustainable utilization.

11 Water balance parameters During the last 20 years local research worked to identify the parameters for the calculation of water balance for each specific local environment and crop. Such parameters are enclosed into a water balance model, computing all the inputs and outputs. PIOGGIA Iu = (E T - Pu + F) IRRIGAZIONE TRASPIRAZIONE EVAPORAZIONE RUSCELLAMENTO FALDA

12 The water expenditure is calculated by evaporimetric data from Regional Meteo Service, corrected for Kc and modified according to local direct observations. An estimation of the reduction of the water absorbance from the soil in relation to crop water stress is kept into account based on the soil relative humidity. The water dynamic in the soil is described in three reservoirs : surface layer (soil-plantatmosphere), rooted layer, deep layer.

13 IRRINET AS A SERVICE IN AGRICULTURE The service is active from 1985, and has allowed to the farmers using this facility to save an average 20 % water. IRRINET WATER BALANCE Telematic applications (videotel, internet) are offering very good results at farm and local level.

14 WATER BALANCE IRRINET consorziocer.itit input: data on crop type and irrigation plants, meteo data from SMR and radar output: time and amount of irrigation, soil humidity

15 CER The irrigation service- IRRINET Meteo data Crop parameters Soil data base

16 IRRINET crop module

17 IRRINET soil module

18 The story The first applications in 1984 through VideoTel: about 1000 farmers of Emilia Romagna joined the service. Farmers communicated phenological phases, depth of the water table and rains (pluviometers had been distributed to each farmer) and had as a feedback the personalized advice (x cv., rootstock) 18/7/1985: a traffic of informations was registered

19 in the list of the visited sites, the Videotel service for advices in irrigation rated the second position irrigation

20 The evolution of the service

21 Registered users: : farm, soil, crop data are kept in memory and used from the program. Unregistered users: : users can interrogate by selecting crop and finding the farm location

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23 Output page (after the interrogation) Effective evapotranspiration expected Cumulated water deficit Date of the next irrigation Volume of water to distribute

24 Irrinet-sms Message from CER: your PEACH orchard must be irrigated today for 3 h 20 minutes The sms service uses IRRINET data to send personalized messages. This opportunity allowed to greatly increase the number of users

25 IRRISMS service: your PEACH orchard must be irrigated today for 3 h 20 minutes, MAIZE on May 5th with 25 mm Up to now, 116 farmers in Emilia Romagna have joined the IRRISMS service, receiving a total of 2431 Sms

26 An example: Coprob an association of sugar beet producers. 200 users Data Data file file Request s.m.s.

27 Consorzio di Bonifica Parmigiana Moglia The feed rationing of dairy cows is based on the use of local forage (at least 50% of forage dry matter must be provided by hay). At least 35% of dry matter must be supplied by forage produced on the farm and at least 75% by forage coming from the region of origin.

28 Tradition-high value optimal irrigation strategies This consortium through a Call Center operates to book and to distribute water (also directly opening the bulkheads of channels), indicating to each farm how much water is needed. The service is consulted 5000 times a year

29 Aziende registrate n3 bilanci anonimi n pagine tecnirri consultate 300 Aziende registrate n.4 bilanci anonimi n pagine tecnirri consultate 170 Aziende registrate n.5 bilanci anonimi n. 343 pagine tecnirri consultate 70 Aziende registrate n.12 bilanci anonimi n. 100 pagine tecnirri consultate 600 utenti chiamata esterna n.4500 districts Aziende registrate n.6 bilanci anonimi n.300 pagine tecnirri consultate 410 Aziende registrate n.10 bilanci anonimi n. 500 pagine tecnirri consultate 550 utenti chiamata esterna n.100 Aziende registrate n.17 bilanci anonimi n. 770 pagine tecnirri consultate 630 Aziende registrate n.15 bilanci anonimi n. 640 pagine tecnirri consultate 1000 Aziende registrate n.8 bilanci anonimi n pagine tecnirri consultate 350 bilanci anonimi n.515 pagine tecnirri consultate 900 Aziende registrate n.60 bilanci anonimi n. 400 pagine tecnirri consultate 1000 SMS inviati 1500 Aziende registrate n.22 bilanci anonimi n. 390 pagine tecnirri consultate 490 Aziende registrate n.26 bilanci anonimi n. 500 pagine tecnirri consultate 510 utenti chiamata esterna n.100 Aziende registrate n.10 bilanci anonimi n. 600 pagine tecnirri consultate 750 Aziende registrate n.26 bilanci anonimi n pagine tecnirri consultate 1140 SMS inviati 930

30 Irrinet is also an important tool to comply with the DISCIPLINARI di PRODUZIONE INTEGRATA (DPI) To support environmental sustainable production, Emilia Romagna, as other Italian regions, has developed the rules for Integrated Production in accordance to Reg. CE 1257/99 (period ). Farmers meeting such rules, water saving included, are supported with granted direct aids.

31 What the farmers must do to follow a correct water scheduling Each farmer must know date and amount of the rainy water in his own farm. Each farm must irrigate at defined times in relation to the type of crop and to its specific needs. The water volumes, per each irrigation, must not be higher than those indicated. The observance of the rules above must be documented. Two kind of indication can be obtained, according to the technologic level of knowledge of the farmer

32 Basic method- Irrigation based on fixed schedule- communicated via fax-mail For each crop a table of water expenditure Phenologic al phase Sowing 6.th leaf 8.th leaf 12.th leaf 16.th leaf Expenditure mm/day 0,6 1,2 2,4 4,1 - Irrigation Not admitted Not admitted Admitted Admitted Not admitted

33 Basic method- Irrigation based on fixed schedule (PREDIRRI) For each crop a table of maximum water volume per each irrigation is indicated to keep into account the soil type The volume is obtained by interpolating the % values of sand and clay A R G I L L A % S A B B I A % In this example: 25% - 35%, the volume is 36 mm or 360 m 3 /ha.

34 The suggestion is given on the basis of water balance based on the average climatic data of the area, on crop characteristics and on the irrigation system adopted

35 and a personalized suggestion for each orchard is offered for different irrigation systems drip sprinkler

36 Advanced method: on line support IRRINET To the farms is required : To schedule the irrigation according to the dates indicated from IRIINET To apply water amounts applied not exceeding those indicated by the service. Each farm must keep evidence by saving the irrigation records, that in case of SMS service, are automatically compiled by the service. The farmer has not to provide rain data (service based on pluviometry monitored by the Meteorological Service).

37 Other on-line services

38 Fert irrigere V1.14 FINE E METEO INPUT IRRIGERE FERTIL Advices for fertirrigation to substitute the static schemes of somministration A. Battilani P. Bussie r e s Y. D umas

39 Advices for fertirrigation given to substitute the static scheme of somministration Rossi Giovanni - anno 2000 Data Num. Num. N P2O5 K2O Settimana Settimana Kg ha Kg ha Kg ha Trap-emerg Fertirrigazione 20-apr 1 1 settimana 27-apr 2 Nitrato di potassio kg ha mag Nitrato 9 ammonico kg ha mag Solfato 9 di potassio kg ha mag settimana mag Nitrato 17.9di potassio kg ha giu Nitrato 17.9ammonico kg ha giu Solfato 26.9di potassio kg ha giu settimana giu Nitrato 33.6di potassio kg ha giu Nitrato 33.6ammonico kg ha lug Solfato 17.9di potassio kg ha lug settimana lug lug Nitrato di potassio kg ha 38.9 Nitrato ammonico kg ha 24.8 Solfato di potassio kg ha 0.0

40 The irrigation volume is indicated daily Help on line for conversion factors or to define the parameters Date Virr Stress Stop Irr IRR Pluie Etr VOL IRR RZ AWcc Slimite AW Ajust. Ajust. Rain RZ Aw RIEMPIRE SOLO LE CASELLE BLU o GIALLE Ajustements date Virr Stress Stop Irr IRR PluieRain Etr VOL IRR RZ AWcc Slimite AW RZ AW d values at the d day beginning decided values during the day d values at the d day end at the d-1 day end mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm H2O% Home VOLUME IRRIGUO ESPRESSO IN ORE E MINUTI Virr as a function of crop characteristic 30-lug 0,00 0,0 5,45 0, ,8 46,4 41,6 31-lug 4,76 4,8 2,0 3,60 4, ,8 46,4 44,8 01-ago 0,00 0,0 4,55 0, ,8 46,4 40,3 02-ago 6,15 6,2 0,0 5,25 6, ,8 46,4 41,2 03-ago 5,25 Leggero stress 0,0 4,08 0, ,8 46,4 37,1 04-ago 9,32 Leggero stress 0,0 3,93 0, ,9 46,4 33,2 05-ago 13,25 Stress 13,3 0,0 5,56 13, ,9 46,4 40,9 06-ago 5,55 8,1 2,63 0, ,9 46,4 46,3 07-ago 0,00 0,0 7,63 0, ,9 46,4 38,7 08-ago 7,71 Stress 0,0 3,88 0, ,9 46,4 34,8 09-ago 11,59 Leggero stress 0,0 2,78 0, ,9 46,4 32,1 10-ago 14,37 Leggero stress 0,0 1,31 0, ,9 46,4 30,8 11-ago 15,68 25,4 2,30 0, ,9 46,4 53,9 12-ago 0,00 STOP 0,0 0,00 0, ,9 #DIV/0! Two stress levels as a warning signal Optimal data to stop the irrigation

41 Start 20-apr Tbase= 12.8 TGmax = 26.7 Superficie mq = GDDcum 850 KNfert 0.9 KPfert KKfert KCafert KMgfert AZOTO FOSFORO POTASSIO DATA Tmax Tmin Tmed GDD gddcum QN Distrib Da Dare QP2O5 Distrib Da Dare QK2O Distrib Da Dare 20-apr apr apr apr apr apr apr apr apr apr Growing degree days N to be distributed P to be distributed K to be distributed

42 FERTIRRIGERE is still experimental not on-line but downloadable from URL

43 A web-service of technical assistance in selecting irrigation systems It helps to choose on line the type, the size of irrigation devices to optimize the application efficiencies and the uniformity of water distribution.

44 Dimensions of pipes Type of irrigator- indicating the quality of each commercially available type Number and spatial disposition of the irrigators based on the orchard and soil Converter of units of Filters Pluviometry

45 TECNIRRI: the choice of a efficient device may allow to optimise the homogeneity of water distribution and to save water

46 TECNIRRI: the choice of appropriate tube diameters may allow an uniform pressure through the entire irrigation line

47 TECNIRRI: the number and the position of sprinklers or drips is suggested according to the soil-orchard characteristics

48 From February to October (8 months) the total requests to the service were 9380, i.e. 37 interrogations / day.

49 General consideration on the basis of the local experience: -information transferred must be simple and immediately understandable -complex models are difficult to be transferred, it is better to loose a bit in accuracy and offer a service that is perceived as a real benefit (custom- tailored information) -the farmer must be fascinated and kept faithful. His involvement is fundamental, he must feel important and participator. The messages must be personalized

50 Thank you