The Hand Exam: Tips and Tricks
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1 The Hand Exam: Tips and Tricks Nikki Strauss Schroeder, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery November 4, 2013 Outline Surface Anatomy Hand Anatomy Exam Management of ER/traumatic injuries 1
2 Hand Radiograph Distal Phalanx hyponychium Sterile matrix paronychium Middle Phalanx Proximal Phalanx Germinal matrix eponychium lunula Metacarpals Carpals Wrist radiograph Finger Radiographs Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Pisiform scaphoid Triquetrum Lunate So Long To Pinky, Here Comes the Thumb 2
3 Hand Motion Thumb Motion Courtesy ASSH Courtesy ASSH Vascular exam Allen s Test Clinical appearance Radial, ulnar Allen s Test Digital Allen s test Doppler 3
4 Sensory Exam What nerves provide sensation to the hand? Median Sensory Exam Palmar cutaneous branch Digital nerves to thumb, index, and middle and radial half of ring fingers Ulnar Dorsal and palmar cutaneous branches Digital nerves the small, ulnar half of ring finger Radial Sensory branch Sensation: quick and dirty 4
5 Sensory exam: 2-point discrimination Normal= mm In kids, see if hand wrinkles when placed in water Motor exam Median Anterior Interosseous Recurrent motor branch Radial Posterior Interosseous Ulnar Motor exam: quick and dirty Median- thumb palmar abduction (touch tip of small finger) AIN- OK sign ) Ulnar- spread index and long finger apart (peace sign) Radial/PIN- retropulse thumb (palm flat on table, extend thumb) 5
6 Specific Tests- FDS/ FDP ER Cases ER Management The ER Hand Exam Patient Stabilization Evaluation for other injuries Complete but brief assessment Tetanus, Antibiotics, Irrigation History Physical Exam Imaging 6
7 ER History The ER Hand Exam Age, Hand Dominance, Occupation Mechanism of Injury Onset/Location/Duration Exam Inspect Document wound location (finger, volar/dorsal, radial/ulnar), size Sensory Exam 2PD Its OK to do a digital block after sensory exam is done!! Motor exam FDP/FDS, extensors, EPL Range of motion/rotation Vascular Digital Allen s, Doppler Imaging Is there a fracture? Is there a dislocation? Green s Hand Surgery Photo courtesy of L Lattanza 7
8 Choosing the right imaging Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 8
9 Hand Emergencies Replants Revascularizations Flexor Tenosynovitis Compartment Syndrome Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Amputations: Field E&M Control with Direct pressure Rare tourniquet (temporary use only) No clamps Elevate arm Field E&M Save all parts!!! Place parts in moist (Ringers) gauze and into a plastic bag Bag is placed on ice. NO dry ice! Urgent transfer to ED- Surgical emergency Wilhelmi BJ, Lee WP, Pagenstert GI, Pagensteert GI, May JW Jr. Replantation in the mutilated hand. Hand Clin. Feb 2003;19(1):
10 ER Management Patient Stabilization Evaluation for other injuries Complete but brief assessment Tetanus, Antibiotics, Irrigation History Physical Exam Imaging The bleeding arm that won t stop Please LET THE TOURNIQUET DOWN and assess the wound Direct pressure stops bleeding MUCH better Hand Emergencies: Revascularizations Hand Emergencies: Flexor Tenosynovitis 10
11 Flexor Tenosynovitis: Kanavel Signs Flexed resting position of the digit Fusiform swelling Tenderness to palpation of the flexor tendon sheath Pain on passive digital extension Hand Emergencies: Compartment Syndrome Rare entity Does not include flexor tenosynovitis 10 compartments of the hand Dorsal and palmar IO Thenar, hypothenar Adductor Carpal Tunnel First Image: Essentials of Hand Surgery 2002 Second Image: Regional Review Course 1998 Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome High Pressure Injection Injuries 1-10% incidence with distal radius fractures Typically high-energy injury Peri-lunate, lunate dislocations Document 2PD prior to reduction and post-reduction Elevate, check again within 1-hour after reduction 11
12 What about the artery that just won t stop bleeding? Ex: Isolated ulnar or radial artery In a perfused hand: Direct pressure. Up to 1 hour of compression Likely a shear injury to vessel If doesn t stop, OR to ligate vs repair Conclusions Hand Anatomy Radiographs Physical Exam Specific ER Cases Obtain the correct radiographs Do sensory exam first, then OK to do a block! Thank You Nikki Schroeder schroedern@orthosurg.ucsf.edu 12
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