The Garden City Movement
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- Imogene Lyons
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1 The Garden City Movement 5. September Eli Støa Dalen hageby, Trondheim. Foto: Tore Brantenberg
2 Ebenezer Howard: Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898) Town and country must be married, and out of this joyous union will spring a new hope, a new life, a new civilization (p.10)
3 A house with a feeling Andrew Jackson Downing, USA 1850 To the right: Plan of Riverside, Illinois, 1869 (Ill: Fishman, 1987)
4 Other inspirations New Lanark, Scotland (1786) built for cotton mill workers by David Dale and developed further by his son-in-law Robert Owen Welsh philantropist and social reformer
5 Other inspirations Port Sunlight, by Lever (Liverpool, 1888), built for workers at Sunlight Soap factory Bournville, Birmingham ( ), built for workers at Cadbury chocolate factory
6 The main idea To unite town and country in a new synthesis, as a reaction towards the muserable housing conditions for the working class in the cities (Brantenberg, 2002) Letchworth Garden City, ca Foto: Miller, 1989
7 The main idea..all the advantages of the most energetic and active town life, and all the beauty and delight of the country may be secured in combination (Howard, 1945:45-46). Letchworth Garden City, ca Foto: Miller, 1989
8 Ebenezer Howard: Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898) But neither the Town magnet nor the Country magnet represent the full plan and purpose of nature. Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together. The two magnets must be made one (p.9)
9 Ideological background The villa suburbs of the bourgeois (from the 1700s) Separation between work and housing High status moved from the city centre to the suburbs Family got a new meaning Class antagonism The genuine suburban landscape Housing in a park like environment (open and deep front gardens) Asymmetry and formal diversity Picturesque, emotional, eclectic aesthetics (Fishman, 1987:145)
10 Ebenezer Howard: Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898) Physical principles Satellites in the outskirts of existing cities Surrounded by farm land Small industries Maximum ca habitants Divided into neighborhoods with approx inhabitants
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14 Ebenezer Howard: Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898) Organizational / financial principles: Garden City companies were established by help of private investors. Voluntary socialism : Increased values returned to the community Local self goverment ( Social city )..by buying land at depressed agricultural prices, the communiuty could create its own urban land values and use them to finance a local welfare state (Hall & Ward, 1998)
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16 Examples Letchworth Garden City, England ( ) Sunnyside Gardens, New York ( ) Ullevål Hageby, Oslo ( ) Lille Tøyen, Oslo ( ) Øvre Rosenborg ( )
17 Letchworth Garden City ( ), England Architects: Barry Parker / Raymond Unwin Foto: Miller, 1989
18 Letchworth Garden City ( ), England Architects: Barry Parker / Raymond Unwin Hertfordshire 56 km north of London Combination of monumental axis and winding roads Small scale housing boliger (terracced housing) Planned for ca inhabitants reached in 1938 and in 1991 Recreating the image of a picturesque English village with low density
19 Letchworth: Architectural design Traditionalism: Vernacular style (Arts & Crafts) Detaced and semi detached houses Green streets Community centre, park: village green and public buildings Growing focus on new housing requirments: sanitation systems, ventilation, daylight
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22 Det var en nostalgisk drøm om en førindustriell verden, og da versjonen av hagebyen senere ble gjennomført i Letchworth, ble den hensiktsmessig utfylt med Arts and Craft- formspråket i Raymond Unwins arkitektur (Brantenberg, 2002:26) Foto: Miller, 1989
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28 Sunnyside Gardens, New York ( ) Arch: Henry Wright / Clarence Stein / Frederick Ackerman Objective Reasonable and adequate housing for low income groups: Decent homes for all Cooperative models for ownership Demonstrate advantages with mass production of housing Localisation Queens, 15 min with subway to Manhatten
29 Sunnyside Gardens, New York ( ) Arch: Henry Wright / Clarence Stein / Frederick Ackerman Linear terracced housing and low apartmentbuildings 1202 standardised units Large urban quarters ( units in each quarter) Community house Parking houses: carfree outdoor areas Combination of flat and gabled roofs
30 Sunnyside Gardens, New York ( ) Arch: Henry Wright / Clarence Stein / Frederick Ackerman
31 Traditional and modern elements identifiable housing units, well known / traditional elements (porches, chimneys, cornices, windows etc) Modern movement expressed in the overall area plan, the inbuilt furnishing and functional plan layout providing light and air
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33 The Nordic version of the Garden city idea «Own home» («egne-hjem») movement Decent and healthy houses for the working class Small houses with private gardens the best for common people ( almuen ) Traditional housing from the countryside transfered to the cities Modest public involvement private industrialist built the houses
34 The Nordic version of the Garden city idea På den ene side representerte de en anti-industriell reaksjon som knyttet det selveide hjem til en konservativ eierfilosofi med røtter på landsbygda. På den annen side var bevegelsen preget av et mer moderne, kollektivt og industrielt tilpasset idégrunnlag On one hand they represented an anti urban reaction with connected the home to a conservative homeowner philosophy with roots in the countryside. On the other hand, the movement was marked by a more modern, collective ideological foundation adapted to industrialism (Annaniassen, 1991:57)
35 Arctanderbyen, Oslo 1911 Arkitekt: Morgenstierne & Eide Foto og tegninger: T. Brantenberg, 2002
36 Ullevål Hageby, Oslo ( ) Reguleringsplan: Oscar Hoff / Arkitekt: Harald Hals m.fl
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38 Foto: Brantenberg, 2002
39 Foto: Brantenberg, 2002
40 Lille Tøyen Hageby ( ) Ark: M.Poulsson
41 Lille Tøyen Hageby ( ) Arkitekt: M. Poulsson
42 Lille Tøyen Hageby ( ) Ark: M. Poulsson
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46 Øvre Rosenborg, Ark: Klingenberg / Pedersen Foto: Brantenberg, 2002
47 Øvre Rosenborg, Ark: Klingenberg / Pedersen
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50 What happened? Garden cities were (..) intended to become the perfect antithesis of noisy, dirty industrial towns. Of course, the principle was soon reduced to a planning exercise.. (Förster, 2006:12) Foto: Miller, 1989
51 What happened? Garden suburbs instead for garden cities For the middle class instead of the working class Post war New towns 60-70s low-dense movement in Scandinavia New urbanism Sustainable housing
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