Biomass Supply Chain for Renewable Heat Incentive in Thailand

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2 Mem. Murora Is. Tech., 65(2015) 3-6 特 集 Biomass Supply Chai for Reewable Hea Iceive i Thailad Teeramaehi LIMWITTAYAKOR * ad Wogko WOGSAPAI * (Received 26 h Ocober 2015, Acceped 2 d February 2016) Absrac Thailad has he Reewable ad Aleraive Eergy Developme Pla for 25 perce i 10 years o ideify he framework ad direcio of Thailad reewable eergy developme. Tha cosis of 3 mai secors as follows, i.e. (i) reewable for power geeraio, (ii) reewable hea, ad (iii) biofuel. This paper choose o sudy hea secor. Because he acual reewable hea used did o reach he arge. To cosider he RHI should be aalyzed he whole supply chai because each sep of he chai has a impac o cos o calculae he appropriae fiacial suppor. The sudy case of 50 kw power pla usig biomass gasificaio echology is carried ou. This research has bee doe by usig Chiag Mai Uiversiy Sri Bua Ba locaed i Lumphu provice as a sample model. I his case, he seleced biomass is eucalypus which is eormously plaed aroud he provice. The resul foud ha he LCC of he supply chai is 0.46 Bah/MJ or 5 Bah/kg of pelle icludes harvesig of 39%, rasporaio 54%, prereame 7%. Because eergy coversio process requires jus a few coss o chage he sysem, his cos does o iclude i LCC. Therefore, by he ecoomic calculaio, he RHI is abou 0.02 bah/mj or 0.22 bah/kg of wood pelle. Keywords: Biomass, Supply Chai, Reewable Hea, Iceive, Subsidy 1 ITRODUCTIO Thailad is a eergy impor coury. Aroud 60 perce of primary commercial eergy demad derived from impor i Oil impor ook a high proporio a 80 perce of a oal domesic oil cosumpio wih icreasig red sice o capable o icrease domesic peroleum producio o mee he demad. Subsace developme o eergy will reduce depedecy ad impor of oil ad oher eergy resources, addiioally help sharig he risk i providig fuel for power geeraio which previously depeded o aural gas a over 70 perce. Reewable eergy would be coued as arge fuel expeced o sigificaly subsiue aural gas for power geeraio. The Aleraive Eergy Developme Pla (AEDP) cosiss of hree mai secios as follows, i.e. (i) reewable for power geeraio, (ii) reewable hea, ad (iii) biofuel. While he subsidy program i biofuel producio ad power geeraio have bee sared for years, bu he reewable hea iceives are sill i limi ad focus i oly small solar waer heaer programs Hece, he reewable hea figures compared o AEDP are sill far behid he pla, as preseed i Table 1. *Deparme of mechaical egieerig, Faculy of Egieerig, Chiag Mai Uiversiy Accordig o his siuaio, he promoig of reewable hea schemes is ecessary ad he sar of Reewable Hea Iceive (RHI) i Thailad o promoe he reewable eergy use such as wase, biomass, biogas ad solar o replace he fossil fuel such as LPG, LG, oil ad coal i hermal uilizaio is srogly required. This leads o he sudy of he RHI program i Thailad. Table 1 Performace of reewable hea compared o AEDP Targe (as 2013) Success Types of Targe 2014 Ui* 2013 Rae i eergy i 2021 (Q1-Q3)** 2013(%) Hea koe 9,800 5,279 4, Solar koe Biomass koe 8,500 4,694 3, Biogas koe 1, MSW koe *koe = kilo oe of oil equivale **Q1-Q3 = quaer1 o quaer3 2 METHODS 2.1 Biomass for Hea Supply Chai Modelig I his sudy, a biomass hea supply chai is comprised of four mai compoes of harvesig ad collecio,

3 Teeramaehi LIMWITTAYAKOR ad Wogko WOGSAPAI Source: Deparme of Aleraive Eergy Developme ad Efficiecy Fig. 1 Aleraive Eergy Developme Pla: AEDP Fig. 2 Biomass for Hea Supply Chai Maageme pre-reame, raspor ad hea coversio as show i Fig Fas-growig wood plaaio Fas-growig wood ca grow i may soil ypes such as waercourses, flood plais, dry fores ypes, semi-arid areas ad log erm arid. Furhermore, i ca survive i acidic or sady alluvial soils wih precipiaio less ha 650 mm/yr. Oly limesoe soil codiio cao be oleraed o he fas growig wood. The maure ree heigh ca be up o m all wih 1-2 m diameer a 40% relaive humidiy he heaig value of dry wood is 10.9 MJ/kg (eucalypus wood chip) (2) Trasporaio The rasporaio of biomass from Lamphu was maily doe by ruck-based rasporaio. A average fuel cos for fully-loaded rasporaio cosumpio was lires/km while a average fuel cosumpio for o-loaded rasporaio was lires/km. The maximize capaciy of fas-growig rasporaio was 8 kg per rasporaio vehicle Coversio To maximize he efficiecy of he oal combusio, he fuel wood coversio was carried ou o reduce he size of biomass which was o less ha 5 cm i diameer ad o more ha 10 cm i legh Hea o Power Geeraio The elecriciy power was geeraed by a seam urbie power pla. Mechaical power is produced by a hea egie ha rasforms hermal eergy which flow from a high emperaure sources o low emperaure sources. All hermal power plas produce hea provided by biomass as a by produc of he useful elecrical eergy produced. Seam urbie power plas operae o a Rakie cycle show i Fig. 3. The mai compoes of a seam urbie power pla are 1) Boiler 2) Seam Turbie 3) Geeraor 4) Codeser ad 5) Boiler Feed Pump. The seam is creaed by a boiler, where pure waer passes hrough a series of ubes o capure hea ormally provided by burig fossil fuel or i his case, he biomass. The superheaed seam leavig he boiler he eers he seam urbie hrole, where i powers he urbie ad coeced geeraor o make elecriciy

4 Biomass Supply Chai for Reewable Hea Iceive i Thailad 20 bar, 200 C, kg/s BOILER TURBIE GEERATOR where: i(1 C C P (1 1 = umber of years P = Producio cos (Bah) i = Discou Rae % / year 2 MPa, Sa.liq BOILER FEED PUMP Fig. 3 Seam urbie power plas 2.2 Life Cycle Cosig CODESER Life cycle cosig aalysis ivolve he ecoomic evaluaio echique ha deermies he oal cos of owig ad operaig a producio faciliy over period of ime by usig Life Cycle Cos Aalysis (LCCA). Where: C C = The capial cos (Bah) C O&M = Operaio ad Maieace Cos C F = Fuel Cos S = Savage Value This research was coduced o examied he followig hypoheses of he Biomass Geeraio The elecriciy peak demad of he area is 50 kwe. The geeraor operaio period is 7,008 hour/yrs. Fuel wood less ha 5 cm i diameer ad o more ha 10 cm i legh. Wood producio 30.8 os/rai. Relaive humidiy of he harvesed fuel wood 60 %. Relaive humidiy of he fuel wood before power geeraio 40 %. A 40% relaive humidiy he heaig value of dry wood is 10.9 MJ/kg. Overall efficiecy from fuel wood combusio o he boiler feed pump 80 %. The aual power geeraio is 350,400 kwh. Deails of he above producio coss of he biomass geeraio sysem ca be prese as 4 separae facors. 1. The Capial Cos (CC) The capial cos icludes he iiial capial expese of a projec. The coss are expressed as aual expeses icurred a he ed of each year ad deermie by he formula: 2. Operaio ad Maieace Cos (CO&M) The sum of all yearly scheduled operaio ad maieace coss (O&M). O&M usually assig as 20 perce of capial cos ad deermie by he formula: PW F F (1 e) where: PW = Prese value of he projec (Bah) F = Producio cos a he year, = 1,2,3, Fo = Producio cos a he prese year e = Escalaio rae = Projec period (year) 3. Fuel Cos (CF) The calculaio is as same as O&M cos. The eergy cos of a sysem is he sum of he yearly fuel cos. 4. The Salvage Value (S) Salvage value is he e worh cos value a he ed of he producio sysem as he e worh i he fial year of he life-cycle period. The salvage value rae is 10 % of he origial cos by calculae he salvage value ad subrac wih he producio cos i each year by he formula: S S i(1 (1 1 where: S= Salvage value i each year (Bah/year) S= Salvage value a he year i = Discou Rae % / year = Projec period (year) 2.3 Reewable Hea Iceive The ecoomic assumpios for RHI i his sudy are as follows. Deb o Equiy Raio (D/E) varies from 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 ad 80:20,

5 Teeramaehi LIMWITTAYAKOR ad Wogko WOGSAPAI Miimum Loa Rae (MLR) cosiss of 4 major baks; i.e. Bagkok Bak, Krughai Bak, Kasikor Bak ad The Siam commercial Bak, a 7% per year, Repayme period of deb 8 years, The depreciaio rae is liear, The ieral rae of reur (IRR) varies from 10% 12% ad 15%, Projec duraio is 10 years. RHI ca be calculaed from he equaio below. VC FC 0 RHI I 0 FC = Projec fix ivesme cos, Bah VC = Aual variable cos, Bah/year (calculae by sum of operaio ad maieace cos, fuel cos, depreciaio cos ad ledig rae) I = Aual icome from he beefi, Bah/year (calculae by he expeced IRR above) i = Discou Rae = Projec life ime 3. Resul ad Discussio 3.1 Producio Cos of he Biomass for Hea Producio coss i each year of he biomass for hea ca be calculaed usig Life Cycle Cos Aalysis (LCCA) o deermie he cos per ui of hea producio compare wih he producio cos of he rasmissio lie. The producio coss per ui alog he life-spa of he producio sysem were covered o he prese currecy rae. The resuls were show i Table 2. Table 2. Life cycle cosig alog he oal projec period(bah/mj) Processes Coss Perceage Plaaio % Trasporaio % Coversio % Hea Producio % Toal % 3.2 Reewable Hea Iceive (RHI) From he resul i able 2, exe he LCC perceage o projec he whole coury hea eeds ha is 19,392,122, MJ ad calculae he RHI by he ecoomic calculaio. We foud ha he goverme should suppor RHI abou 0.02 bah/mj or 0.22 bah/kg of pelle. 4 COCLUTIOS From he survey ad calculaio, LCC of he biomass o hea supply chai is 0.46 Bah/MJ or 5 Bah/kg of pelle icludes harvesig of 39%, rasporaio 54%, prereame 7%. Because eergy coversio process requires jus a few coss o chage he sysem, his cos does o iclude i LCC. Therefore, he RHI is abou 0.02 bah/mj or 0.22 bah/kg of wood pelle. ACKOWLEDGMET We would like o ackowledge o Eergy Techology for Eviromeal Research Ceer, Faculy of Egieerig, Chiag Mai Uiversiy for supporig ad faciliaig me boh budge ad rasporaio o be paricipaed i he coferece. REFERECES (1) Iformaio of Chiag Mai Uiversiy Campus a Lamphu Provice. [Olie], Available:hp://plaig.oop.cmu.ac.h/web2004/Maser Pla/iid.hml (2) Asia Isiue of Techology, 1996, 2d Regioal Traiig o Wood Eergy Plaig, Volume 1, AIT, p.25 (3) Ieraioal Orgaizaio for Sadard, ISO14040, Firs ediio, 1997 (4) Elecriciy Geeraig Auhoriy of Thailad(EGAT), Aual Repor, 2008 (5) Eergy for Evirome Foudaio (efe), Iformaio o hp://