Synopsys RURAL ELECTRICATION PLANNING SOFTWARE (LAPER) Rainer Fronius Marc Gratton Electricité de France Research and Development FRANCE

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1 RURAL ELECTRICATION PLANNING SOFTWARE (LAPER) Rainer Fronius Marc Gratton Electricité de France Research and Develoment FRANCE Synosys There is no doubt left about the benefit of electrication and subsequently the need for electricity services. Established utilities often tend to focus on the needs of urban areas, thus leaving rural areas aart. A small number of ilot rojects in rural electrication have already been undertaken, but they had a short lifetime, due to a lack of technical and economical robustness or because local requirements had been met artially. The LAPER software is a tool for sustainable rural electrication of vast regions. It uses all available geograhical data, creates villages-tyes in order to be able to use standardised electrical equiment for electrication, and comares the costs of all ossible solutions of electrication (i.e. mini-grids, diesel gensets, solar anels, small hydro- or windgenerators). In the first ste, geograhical and socio-economical data are gathered for the GIS database. Tyical villages are created by using the Village Tye Manager. The second ste consists of secifying investment and oeration costs related to the different means of electrication. In order to initialise the calculation code for the electrication masterlan, a network that connects all villages has to be drawn. This network is needed only as a starting oint. The Otimum Network calculates the first draft of an otimal electrical design for the all-network solution. increases. The comarison with decentralised modes must be carried out again. The core of a village and his eriherals are not treated equally : the eriherals are always electrified by solar anels. At the end of this iteration, the costs sorted by year and village as well as the global costs of the electrication are given. The last art of the rogram determines the order of electrication of the set of villages. The criteria taken into account can be olitical, technical and geograhical. The study strategy manager enables the user to simulate different economical situations or to run the rogram with different costs for electrication equiment. At the end, a ma containing the electrication mode of every village and the mini-grid left is drawn. LAPER software not only rovides costs of the electrication of vast rural regions but also guides the user in lanning the electrication, and in choosing the suitable equiment for it, thus assuring sustainable develoment of rural electrication rojects. In the next ste, the costs of electrication by network, generator, hotovoltaic, hydroelectric and wind ower are comared within each village. If decentralised electrication is cheaer for a given village, verification is made that the increase in the network cost calculated for the other villages (caused by the non-articiation of this village in the construction and maintenance of the MV-lines) does not exceed the gain generated by the decentralised electrication of this village. If it is established that, for at least one village, decentralised electrication is more advantageous, a new iteration has to be erformed. This is due to the fact that, once one or more villages have been withdrawn from the network, the network cost er connected village

2 RURAL ELECTRICATION PLANNING SOFTWARE (LAPER) Rainer Fronius Marc Gratton Electricité de France Research and Develoment FRANCE ABSTRACT Today, 40% of the world oulation need rural electrication (RE). The World Bank and other donors for RE-rojects need a clear assessment of the viability and sustainability of the roosed electricity generation facility. Electricité de France (EDF) and the French Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) have develoed LAPER, a lanning software using a GISbased method for the electrication of vast regions. This rogram determines a masterlan using geograhical data enhanced by socio-economic inquiries. After choosing the otimal means of electrication (MVnetwork, PV-anels, gensets, micro-windgenerators or micro-hydrogenerators) for each village, LAPER calculates an investment lan and an electrication schedule for the region, taking into account olitical, financial and geograhical criteria. The results are stored grahically and by tables in the GIS. 2. Initial state design 3. Search for the otimal electrication attern 4. Electrication schedule 5. Results All those five stes are rocessed within two modules which are linked together : the GIS and LAPER module. Village data collection as well as the dislay of the whole area and characteristics are erformed through the use of the GIS. The LAPER module is then used for the electrication data collection, the search for the otimal electrication attern and schedule, and the calculation of all economic related figures (budgets, costs ). Th following sketch rovides an overview of the LAPER / GIS architecture : INTRODUCTION Rural electrication has been increasingly at stake for many years. Today, a huge art of the oulation worldwide is still derived of electricity, making it critical for governments of develoing countries to ensure that energy suly sread over their territory, even in secluded areas. The recent evolution of lanning softwares and the launch of roducts dedicated to rural develoment has raised oortunities of cooeration between these governments and western ower distribution comanies. LAPER is one of those rural oriented lanning softwares. It has been develoed at EDF Research and Develoment, following a five year cooeration between EDF and the French Association for the Develoment and Management of Energy. Until now, several field studies have already been carried out with this roduct in the following countries : Madagascar, Morocco, Vietnam, Palestinian Territories, Egyt, Jordan. Interactivity and flexibility are among the main characteristics of LAPER. We shall now resent its features and its way of rocessing, which can be slit into five stes : 1. Data collection : needs and means The search of the otimal solution in LAPER consists in a ste by ste relacement using alternative sources of energy - of the virtual ower grid which as many villages as ossible are initially connected to (taking into account all geograhical constraints showed in the

3 GIS dislay). The first virtual grid is suosed to be designed by the user. DATA COLLECTION Needs The final aim - a reliable electrication attern - can only be achieved after all useful data have been gathered. Such data cover a wide scoe of information and some of them have to be adated before they become art of the rocess. Two arameters among them are of aramount imortance : - oulation classification according to load rofiles - evolution of energy consumtion The very first classification ste consists in breaking consumers over three categories : Big Consumers, Collective Equiments and Standard Households. No doubt the consumtion characteristics of these categories are fairly different, yet it is ossible to reach a more detailed level of classification through secifying various consumtion sub-categories for the Standard Households. Then, the user will indicate in the data sheet the roortion of Standard Households belonging to each re-defined sub-category, for each and every village. Sub-categories features can be secified by the lanner in the LAPER module. Besides, since every village has undergone an in deth analysis rior to the lanning study, the data sheet contains a significant amount of information, which can either be basic (situation, wind seed, distance to the nearest river ) or more comlex (socio-economic study, consumtion habits, main activity in the village ). Means Features related to electrication modes can be secified through the use of the LAPER module. The modes allowed are the following : - MV network - Solar anels - Hydroelectricity - Fuel engine / wind ower The LAPER module rocesses the calculation of all related costs, taking into account every arameter secified by the lanner (costs er unit and erformance levels). A clear difference is seen between investment costs and running exenses. MV and LV losses are art of the exenses calculation, excet for hydroelectricity, since there is no fuel cost related to this mode. Wind ower is only considered here as an alternative for fuel generation. Whenever the cost / benefit ratio is roved to be favourable for wind ower within a determined eriod in a village, the otimal solution for this village to be comared with other electrication means will be a combination of fuel and wind ower. Else, only fuel generation will be comared to other means. The total investment cost for every electrication mode (I LV, I MV, I hydr, I v, I fuel..) consists of the sum of investment costs of all related devices. Besides, given that the lifetime may be different for every device (solar anels, LV control anels, batteries ) eriodical renewing investments must be taken into account for the cost calculation. Since those devices may also become unable to coe with growing energy consumtion before their time is over, eriodical extension investments must be done and reorted in the costs. The total amount that is to be send for the electrication roject has to be secified by the lanner in the LAPER module, as well as the annual available amount. We shall see later on how imortant the annual breakdown is. INPUT FOR THE INITIAL STATE The GIS rovides the user with a direct access to the location of the villages and their resective geograhical context (levelling of the ground, rivers, roads, etc ). The lanner may then draw what he considers as the most suitable ower grid to which the maximum amount of villages can be connected. He may choose between several kinds of lines, since the main line is automatically set as a three hased one, and the secondary lines as single hased ones. The software then carries out an electric check of the designed grid. The ower grid cannot grow during the study, since the rocess consists in trying to substitute disersed generation facilities to the network. The grid that the lanner initially designs is thus the largest ossible. The following examle is a study zone as seen through the GIS. Several strategies may be tested within the same roject, using the strategy manager as shown below : SEARCH FOR THE OPTIMUM ELECTRICATION PATTERN The otimisation algorithm is rather simle. It consists in minimising the global cost of the whole area s

4 electrication. This cost consists of the sum of investments and running exenses. The sum covers the whole duration of the study eriod, as we consider that electrication is achieved at t = 0. T A( t) + C( t) F( T ) =, we use the annualised t t= 0 (1 + i) investment A(t) thus taking into account the fact that the life exectancies of devices are different and may exceed the duration of the study. We obtain this annualised investment for each device through multilying the initial amount (I) by the annual factor corresonding to its life exectancy (D). The exact formula is the following : D i (1 + i) D (1 + i) 1 As far as the MV network is concerned, each and every village bears the entire exenses incurred for lines to which it is the only one connected. Exenses for shared ortions of lines are broken down according to the consumtion of each village. The first ste consists of selecting the most economical disersed mode of electrication for each village. Then, for every village which was initially connected to the network, the network is relaced by the selected disersed mode (this is to be done whenever the selected disersed mode is more economical than the network for a given village). The global cost born by every disconnected village will then dwindle, whereas the MV network exenses born by all villages that will remain connected will increase, since they may bear additional shared exenses formerly shared with the newly disconnected village. The global cost for all villages that are already sulied through disersed generation remains, of course, unchanged. Hence we have to comare, at each ste (whenever a given village i is disconnected), two ossible costs for the whole community, : F et all.. villages.. village.. i village.. i 1 = F network + Fnetwork all.. villages.. village.. i village.. i F2 = F network + Fdisersed.. gen A given village must switch to the aroriate disersed generation whenever F1 is greater than F2. Once there is no reason left to disconnect any village, we consider that we have reached the final stage. We then have to set an electrication schedule for the whole area. ELECTRICATION SCHEDULE During the first ste, it was made ossible for the lanner to gather villages in searate grous (according to their characteristics). LAPER then slits these grous, so as to gather all villages that are sulied through the same generation mode. Several criteria can then be taken into account so as to lan the electrication schedule. Each criterion s value may vary from given village to another one. The lanner may also give a secific weight to each criterion. The criteria are the following : The lanner can set the value of the three following criteria : - Political criterion (Crit ) - Financial resources criterion (Crit s ) - Develoment criterion(crit d ) The value of the last two criteria is automatically set by LAPER : - Financial criterion (Crit f ) (distance between the village and the substation) - Inter-region balance criterion (Crit e ) (favours an homogeneous attern of electrication : the fewer electrified subgrous a given grou has, the higher the level of riority of these subgrous). The last criterion may evolve each year, since its value deends on the ongoing attern of electrication. Noting s, f, e,, d, the weights (ranging between 0 and 1) of each criterion, the annual criterion for a given village is : Crit = s s d f Crit d f e Crit The amount of available financial ressources may also be a decisive factor, as far as the schedule is concerned. Each following ste can only be reached rovided that the resources are available. One or several years may ass without any village being connected to any mode of electrication. At the end of the eriod, some villages may also remain derived of electricity. RESULTS At the end of the study, it is ossible to check the characteristics of each and every village through e

5 LAPER : date of electrication, electrication mode, investments, income, amount of sulied clients. It is also ossible to get the results for the whole area, or for a given year. All results can be transferred from LAPER to the GIS, where a table will then be available with all characteristics of the final network. Besides, it is ossible to visualise the whole area year after year. Whenever new calculations are rocessed through LAPER, a new transfer can be achieved, so as to udate all tables and mas of the GIS. The ma below is an examle of what can be visualised through the GIS (every dot is a village, and the form of the dot indicates the electrication mode).