Oil Spill Preparedness and Response

Transcription

1 TECHNICAL GUIDELINE Number (1) Oil Spill Preparedness and Response April 2011 قسم البيي ة البحرية والحياة الفطرية- إدارة البيي ة Marine Environment & Wildlife Section Environment Department

2 Prevention and Control against Oil Pollution I. Background: Oil Spills can arise from a number of different sources ranging from oil loading, unloading or pipeline operation, and from a collision or grounding of vessels carrying crude oil and product in local ports or coastal waters. They can also arise from tankers or barges operating on inland waterways, or from exploration and production operation and tankers operating in international waters. There are also other non operational sources such as urban runoff and natural seepage. Without a doubt the most crucial aspect of dealing with any emergency is to be prepared. However unlike most emergencies that occur with little warnings but are over in a relatively short period of time, an oil spill incident can also occur with little warning but may extend for weeks, months or even years. Therefore planning for oil spills must not only look at the immediate tactical response and managing the immediate aftermath but must be prepared to cater for a much lengthier tactical response and must have a more strategic view with regards to an aftermath that may extend for years. II. Introduction: Planning for an oil spill emergency helps minimized potential danger to human health and the environment by ensuring a timely and coordinated response. Well designed local, regional and national contingency plans can assist response personnel in their efforts to contain and clean up oil spill by providing information that the response team will need before, during and after spills, occur. Developing and exercising the plan provides opportunities for the response community to work together as a team and develop the interpersonal relationship that can mean so much to the smooth functioning of a response. Because the approached and methods for responding to oil spills are constantly evolving and each oil spill provides an opportunity to learn how to better prepare for future incidents, contingency plans are also constantly evolving and improving ensuring increased protection for human health and environment from these accidents. III. Objective: To provide guidelines and model of a timely and coordinated response mechanism for the containment and recovery of oil spill using the combined resources of the government and private stakeholders. It is hope that with the application of this, the impact and damages on the marine environment caused by an oil spill will be very much minimized if not totally avoided. IV. Legal Basis A. International Conventions Table 1 shows list of international conventions in which United Arab Emirates is a signatory since joining the International Maritime Organization on Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 1 of 19

3 Table 1: International Conventions Convention CLC PROT 1992 / Protocol of 1992 to amend International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damaged,1969 OPRC 1990, International Convention on Oil Pollution Prevention, Response and Cooperation MARPOL 73/78, International Convention for the Protection of Pollution from Ships 1973 as modified by the Protocol 1978 London Convention 1972, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and other Matter, 1972, as amended Intervention 1969, International Convention relating to the intervention on the high seas in cases of oil pollution casualties, 1969 Objective This convention provides for compensation for damaged, or response cost incurred, due to spills of persistent oils within a member nation s territorial sea or EEZ. Claims are made against the vessel owner and insurers. CLC is based on the principle of strict liability, i.e., the vessel which spilled the oil will pay regardless of fault This convention makes provision for contingency plans for ships, offshore platforms, coastal terminals and ports, and for the development of national response plan Its also encourages the development of international cooperation in spill preparedness and response It sets out a wide range of procedures and ships design and operating requirements aimed at reducing pollution of the sea from ships Annex 1 deals with oil pollution This convention regulates the discharge of waste, including oily waste, at sea This Convention affirms the right of a coastal State to take such measure on the high seas as may be necessary to prevent, mitigate, or eliminate danger to its coastline or related interest from pollution by oil or the threat thereof, following a maritime casualty. B. Regional Conventions / Protocols Kuwait Regional Convention for Co operation on the Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution / Kuwait Convention 1978, Aims to provide protection of the marine environment from all sources of pollution and to promote regional cooperation in marine environmental protection and emergency response management. Established the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) which developed protocols addressing the critical areas of environmental management. Table 2 shows list of protocols: Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 2 of 19

4 Table 2 shows list of regional protocols that United Arab Emirates has ratified. Table 2: Regional Protocols Protocol Protocol concerning Marine Pollution resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf (1999) Protocol for the Protection of the Marine Environment against Pollution from Land-Based Sources (1990) Protocol concerning Regional Cooperation in Combating Pollution by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency (1978) Objective To take all appropriate measures to prevent, abate and combat pollution in the Sea Area resulting from exploration and exploitation of the bed of the territorial sea and its sub-soil and the continental shelf. To take all appropriate measures to prevent, abate and combat pollution by discharges from land reaching the Sea Area whether water-borne, airborne, or directly from the coast including outfalls and pipelines. Is to provide cooperative and effective preventive and response measures to deal with marine emergencies caused by oil and other harmful substances. C. Federal Laws a. Federal Law No. 24 of 1999, on the Protection and Development of the Environment. Chapter 2 of this law deals with the protection of marine environment and it's living and non living natural resources including coast, beach and seaports by prevention, reduction and control from all kinds and forms of pollution regardless of its source. b. Federal Law No. 23 of 1999, concerning Exploitation, Protection and Development of living Aquatic Resources in the State of the United Arab Emirates. D. Local Orders a. Local Order No. 61 of 1991, Environment Protection Regulations in the Emirate of Dubai has a provision prohibiting discharge of oil to marine environment. b. Local Order No. 11 for the year 2003, concerning Public Health and Community Safety in the Emirate of Dubai. V. Source of Oil Pollution How does petroleum (oil products) become a pollutant in the coastal and marine environment? Accidental or deliberate, operational discharges and spills of oil from ships, especially tankers, offshore platforms and pipelines, is the most obvious and visible cause of oil pollution of the marine environment. However, oils enter the ocean from the variety of sources, and both natural sources and land based sources account for a large part of the total annual input to the marine environment as oil pollution. Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 3 of 19

5 Fig.1 drawn from data contained in National Research Council (2003), Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates and Effects. natural seeps 47% other (atmospheric deposition and jettisoned aircraft fuel) 5% consumption activities (land-based runoff,non-tanker operational releases and spills) 33% VI. Guidelines: extraction (plaforms and produces w aters) 3% trasportation (cargo w ashing, coastal facility and pipeline spills) 4% tanker spills 8% 1. Following Entities are required to develop and maintain oil spill response plan capable to handle Tier 1 or 2 spills ( see definition at part VIII ) emanating from their operations and be submitted to Marine Environment and Wildlife Section for approval; a) Oil exploration and production activities b) Shipyards c) Oil refineries, terminals and depot d) Port, harbors and marinas e) Manufacturing plants and other establishment using persistent oil 2. Ships / Vessels are required to develop and maintain on board a Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP). 3. Response plans must clearly indicate the reporting requirements and must assigned responsibilities for reporting pollution incident. The contact details and requirements for reporting spills must also be displayed throughout the site in accordance with Part VII. 4. Companies must maintain oil spill equipment capable of addressing spills from their facilities/vessels including port, harbors and marinas. 5. The response plan must list any critical environmental resources within the likely impact areas and the means to protect them. 6. The response plan must list the inventory of all equipment to be maintained at the site and who is responsible for its maintenance. 7. Enough number of trained personnel to mount effective oil spill response operation. VII. Reporting Oil Spill: a. Under the Federal Law 24 of 1999, the owner, captain or any person in charge of the marine means of transportation, the persons responsible for the transportation of oil located within seaports or the marine environment of the United Arab Emirates and the officials of parties involved in oil extraction are required to report immediately any oil spillage incident to the following Authorities. Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 4 of 19

6 1. Dubai Municipality see details below 2. Ministry of Environment & Water (24/7) 3. UAE Coastguard 4 th Squadron Tel. no Dubai Police - Operation Center Tel. no / DP World Control room Tel. no MARINE ENVIROMENT & WILDLIFE SECTION DUBAI MUNICIPALITY Sunday Thursday Office hours between 07:30 14:30 Contact numbers (04) / 6818 / 6821 / 6822 b. Basic Information Emergency Needed hotline reporting Oil Spill / i. Location of the spill (by latitude and longitude if possible ); ii. Nature of the spill (oil type etc); iii. Approximate quantity of pollutant; iv. Source of the spill; v. Weather, sea state, and tidal conditions in the area; vi. Initial actions taken; and vii. Identification of the reporter (name, contact number etc). c. Within 24 hours of the incident, Oil Spill Report form (see Annex 1) must be faxed to MEWS office, Fax No or by to marabdulla@dm.gov.ae and mahussain@dm.gov.ae. VIII. Concept of Tiered Response The size, location and timing of an oil spill are unpredictable. Spills can arise from oil loading, unloading or pipeline operations, and from a collision or grounding of vessels carrying crude oil and products in local ports or coastal waters. They can also arise from tankers or barges operating on inland waterways, or from exploration and production operations and tankers operating in international waters. Oil spill risks and the responses they require should be classified according to the size of spill and its proximity to a company s operating facilities. This leads to the concept of Tiered Response to oil spills. A company should seek to develop response capability in a way that allows it to be escalated as required for each incident. A contingency plan should cover each Tier and be directly related to the company s potential spill scenarios. The amount of equipment and trained personnel identified at each Tier will vary for each operation, depending on a variety of factors such as the risk, location, oil type and environmental or socioeconomic sensitivities under threat. Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 5 of 19

7 Fig. 2: The Tiered Response a. Tier 1 Response Small local spills This should cover operations at company-owned, operated (or shared) facilities where events are largely controlled by the company s operating procedures, and personnel and equipment can be made available to respond immediately to an on-site incident. Such an incident would generally be associated with ship transfer or bunkering operations at a jetty, pier or mooring, and around waterside storage tanks. The contingency plan should recognize the need for the local operators to control events and to establish a rapid response capability aimed at quickly containing and, if possible, recovering the spill. If this is achieved there will be no need to involve other parties apart from meeting legal, reporting or alerting requirements. b. Tier 2 Response Medium spills that may be local or at some distance from operational centers This will cover company operations at their own facilities and within public or multi-user facilities where a company has limited control of events and the physical area of the spill is larger than in the Tier 1 case. The risks here would typically be associated with shipping accidents in ports or harbors, in creeks or coastal waters, but could also be from pipelines, tank failures or near shore exploration and production operations. Other users/operators of the facility should recognize that they run similar risks and be encouraged to join in establishing an oil spill plan and response capability. As public amenities might be threatened, local government services and agencies may act as the principal coordination and control agency. The contingency plan should carefully define the conceptual response capability, the roles and responsibilities of the various parties, the scope of the plan and procedures for escalating the response to the Tier 3 level. c. Tier 3 Response Large spills which may exceed national boundaries This will cover major incidents, the scale and scope of which is beyond the capabilities of the Tier 2 response. Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 6 of 19

8 Typically Tier 3 plans cover larger oil spills at sea where the operating company may not have any capability to deploy resources immediately and government takes the leading role. The oil spilled may have an impact on the property or operations of the company, or occur near a company installation and be too large for the company to handle alone. Equally, it might be very remote from all company owned or -operated resources. The likelihood of such incidents may be low but pollution damage can be considerable and coastlines over a wide area are potentially at risk. The contingency plan should aim to access and mobilize local, national and international resources (from regional stockpiles and elsewhere) quickly and efficiently. Because such incidents often become high profile and politically sensitive, the Tier 3 plan will most probably form part of a National Emergency Plan headed by an appropriate national agency or government department. The contingency plan must identify the agreed role for all participants within that National Emergency Plan. In actual incidents, spills do not always fall into convenient categories and the boundaries between Tiers will inevitably be blurred. It is, therefore, important to be prepared to involve the next highest Tier from the earliest moments. It is easier to stand down an alerted system than to try to escalate a response by calling up unprepared reserves at a late stage. d. Classification The spill dimensions associated with the individual Tier classes are classified in the table below: Tier Volume Response I Up to 10,000 liters (10 m³) Facility / Onboard Capability II Up to 1,000,000 liters (1,000 m³) Tier I response including the capabilities of other industries, OSRO (Oil Spill Response Organization) and government agencies III More than 1,000,000 liters (> 1,000 m³) Total national resources and foreign resources IX. Overall Organization and Responsibilities A. Incident Organizational Structure (IOS) In the event of an oil spill, the incident organizational chart shown below shall be followed: Fig. 3: Structure for Incident Organization Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 7 of 19

9 B. Preparation of Contingency plan The movement of oil from the dominant production centers of the world to the worldwide market is achieved primarily by the use of tankers and pipelines. The global pattern of marine transport is well established. The risks posed by oil transportation lead governments, oil companies and ship owners alike to recognize the need to have in place an effective and tested crisis management capability. Oil spill response planning is one facet of that activity. An oil spill contingency plan should comprise three parts: A strategy section, which should describe the scope of the plan, including the geographical coverage, perceived risks, roles/responsibilities of those charged with implementing the plan and the proposed response strategy; An action and operations section, which should set out the emergency procedures that will allow rapid assessment of the spill and mobilization of appropriate response resources; A data directory, which should contain all relevant maps, resource lists and data sheets required to support an oil spill response effort and conduct the response according to an agreed strategy. The preferred industry approach to oil spill contingency planning should tackle three main issues: Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 8 of 19

10 1. To enable effective escalation of a response to changing circumstances companies should develop plans based on the tiered response as described in this report. 2. Maximum credible and most likely case scenarios should be identified based on a risk analysis of the geographic area covered by the plan. 3. A cooperative approach by all parties concerned is essential in ensuring an effective response. When developing plans companies should seek the cooperation of those who share the risk and those who will participate in the response by integrating their plans with those of national authorities and industry partners. The general the plan should be comprise of three main parts: 1. Strategy Section Authorities and responsibilities: This should indicate the various authorities encompassed by the plan and their responsibilities. It should also outline any statutory requirements that the plan may be required to adhere to, particularly if the plan interfaces with a local authority regulations Dimension of plan: which will indicate the area the plan covers and its geographical limits. For instance it may cover a refineries operations plus the sea approaches to the marine terminal at the refinery. Risk: the part will describe he types of risk involved from the chance of a hose burst or pipeline failure to the possible grounding or collision of an approaching tanker. From these scenarios plus knowledge of types of oils being handled at the facility an indication of the fate and effect of an incident can be predicted. By being able to predict the fate and effect shoreline resources can be prioritized from protection. Response strategy: will define the philosophy and objectives of response. It will indicate the problems due to local limiting and adverse conditions as well as setting out the strategies for sea and coastal zones. Arrangements for dealing with waste storage and disposal will be outlined. Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 9 of 19

11 Equipment: what equipment is available and how it can be effectively used in the strategies previously outlined. Organization and manpower: this sub section will clearly outline the management organization from the on scene commander to the clean up workers in the field. It will also show the relationship with the relevant government authorities and how they fit into the incident management system. Communications: the communications network will also be described in this sub-section, listing the communications equipment fitted into the command center and a description of the field communications equipment. Examples are reports and incident logs etc. 2. Action and Operations Section Initial Procedures: This set out arrangements for notifying the relevant authorities of an accident. Emergency: activation procedures for calling out response team members and setting up the command center. Emergency activation and mobilization procedures that will allow rapid sourcing and deployment of resources particularly from contractors and third parties. Planning: what requires to be done in the form of planning in the short, medium and long term. Guidance on specific cleanup operations and the critical factors when deciding the final and optimum levels of shoreline cleanup. 3. Data Directory Section Which should contain all the relevant maps, (particularly sensitivity maps) resource list and local wind, weather and environment data sheets to assist in the assessment of the situations and the development of a strategy for dealing with the situations. Primary oil spill equipment (manufacturer type, size, location and cost of hire where applicable) Support equipment needed to deploy the equipment. Workboat, tugs, tractors and trailers etc. Sources of manpower, contractors, local authorities, etc. Source of experts and advisers Local, national and international contacts who required to be notified of the incident and who may be able to offer assistance. Refer to Annex 2 for Proposed Contingency Planning Format for more detailed on what should be contained within each of the main section of the response plan. Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 10 of 19

12 X. Oil Spill Response and Strategy A. General Philosophy and Objectives Normally, the aims of oil spill response are both to minimize the immediate damage to environmental and socio-economic resources and to reduce the time for recovery of affected resources. These can be best achieved by basing all oil spill responses on the process called Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA), meaning the measures undertaken should be those that will result in the greatest reduction of environmental damage for the available means and resources. Below are some of the guidelines in carrying out a NEBA; 1. Collect information about physical characteristics, ecology, human use of the environment, and other resources of interest in the area; 2. Review previous spill experiences and experimental results which are relevant in the area and the response methods that were considered; 3. In the bases of the aforementioned, predict the likely environmental outcomes of using the suggested response method; 4. Predict similarly the likely environmental outcomes if the area is left for a natural clean up; 5. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the response option with those of a natural clean up; 6. Oil should be contained and recovered mechanically if possible; 7. Oil should generally be collected as close to the source as possible; 8. Focus should be on preventing oil from reaching the shoreline; 9. If mechanical recovery is not effective or possible, chemical dispersants should be considered based on a NEBA; 10. Upon protecting shoreline resources, the level of priority should be based on its environmental sensitivity; 11. All oil spill response efforts should be based on a NEBA; 12. The natural breakdown processes should be utilized to the greatest extent possible; and 13. Consider the No response option in conducting a NEBA. B. Response Strategy o Mechanical Recovery Mechanical recovery constitutes the most common approach for combat of marine oil spills. The mechanical recovery operation will typically involve the following components: Booms for containment of oil Skimmers for recovery of oil Pumps Oil / water separators Temporary storage Vessel for towing of booms and operation of recovery units The operation may involve three or two vessels, depending on how the boom is deployed. The purpose of the boom is to concentrate the oil to a thick enough layer for effective recovery to take place. The effectiveness of booms to accumulate the oil is highly dependent on wave conditions, tow speed, boom configuration and oil Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 11 of 19

13 properties. It is commonly assumed that booms lose oil by entrainment at relative speeds exceeding 0.7 knots, even though some novel inventions show promise for higher speeds. o Mechanical removal Shoreline cleanup by mechanical removal involves a wide range of different tools and techniques, reflecting the highly variable conditions that a shoreline area can represent. Techniques may be ranging from manually removal of oil using sorbents of simple tools to the use of more advances beach cleaning machinery. Here is only listed a number of techniques/tools commonly applied to remove oil at a shoreline: Manual sorbent application Manual removal of oiled materials (hand, shovel, rakes) Manual cutting of vegetation Low pressure flushing at ambient temperature Vacuum trucks Warm water / low pressure washing High pressure flushing Manual scraping Beach cleaners o Leave alone, but monitor Sometimes the best course of action is a decision not to clean up the spilled oil. If the oil is at sea, and not threatening shore or sensitive areas, it may be sufficient to monitor the spill while allowing the natural process of dispersion and biodegradation to take course. o Bioremediation Bioremediation is the application of nutrients (fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorous) to the shoreline to accelerate the natural biodegradation of the oil. Oil biodegradation is the natural process by which microorganism oxidizes hydrocarbons, ultimately converting them to carbon dioxide and water. The process is limited by the availability of oxygen, moisture and nutrients needed by microbes. The use of non-native bacteria is not recommended as most areas have indigenous bacteria that are capable of degrading oil. Bioremediation is typically used as a final treatment step after completing conventional shoreline treatment or in areas where other methods are not possible or recommended. o Biodegradation This is natural process whereby bacteria and other micro-organism found in the sea break down spilled oil. It is one the main ways in which spilled oil is weathered. When oil is spilled into the marine environment, the growth of indigenous microbes is stimulated as increase amounts of carbon in the oil provide food for the microbes. Biodegradation occurs at different rates depending on the type of oil, the amount of oxygen and nutrients and temperature levels. o In-situ burning In situ burning is carried out at shorelines by igniting the upwind end of the oiled area and allowing the oil to burn downwind. The method is typically used on substrate or vegetation where sufficient oil has collected to sustain ignition, if oil of Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 12 of 19

14 a type that will sustain burning and local air pollution regulations allow. The method will kill surface organism in burn area and residue may be somewhat toxic. The method will also cause local and time limited air pollution o Dispersant The use of dispersants will break up the oil film physically, thus reducing the smothering effect of a slick in plants and animals and they will also accelerate the oil biodegradation process. The use of dispersant in Dubai water is not recommended where physical recovery of oil is feasible. Below are guidelines for the use of dispersant. The use of dispersants is only allowed in Dubai Waters with the following conditions: 1. Use of dispersant should be taken in accordance with the decision tree given in figure Use of dispersant in open sea should only take place with approval of the coordinator nominated within the Dubai Oil Spill Response Plan 3. Use of dispersant within creek, ports, harbors and areas of shallow waters (20 m or less within 1 mile of such depth) as well as beaches and rocky shore is only allowed with written approval from Environment Department. 4. On- site testing must be carried out to check for the effectiveness of the dispersant before using it on the field 5. Only low toxicity dispersant approved by the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME), below is the list of approved dispersant: a. COREXIT 9500* b. DASIC SLICKGONE NS c. FINASOL OSR 52 d. GAMLEN OD 4000 (PE 988) e. NU CRU f. RADIAGREEN OSD * For sea and beach but not for rocky shore 6. In case of using any other product which not approved it s considered a violation and penalty will be imposed Note: the used of Dispersant, Bioremediation, Biodegradation and In Situ Burning in oil spill response is allowed with approval from the Authority Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 13 of 19

15 Fig. 4: Dispersant use decision tree Oil Spilled Can oil be left to disperse and degrade naturally? Yes No Monitor Reassessment if necessary Is physical control and recovery feasible? Reassessment Yes No Implement Yes Are control/recovery actions adequate? No Or partially Can oil be chemically dispersed? Yes No Continue actions Will adverse impacts associated with chemical dispersion be less than those results without chemical dispersion? Monitor until change in status and consider resource protection techniques Yes No Implement dispersion Was action adequate? Monitor until change in status and consider resource protection techniques Yes No Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 14 of 19

16 Annex 1: Oil Spill Report form OIL SPILL REPORT FORM Fill in this form and send it by fax or to the Marine Environment & Wildlife Section: Fax no : marabdulla@dm.gov.ae or mahussain@dm.gov.ae DATE OF TIME OF OBSERVATION: / /20 OBSERVATION:.(hour).(min.) am/pm LOCATION (Coordinates or the nearest land-mark): E:. º.. N:. º SOURCE / CAUSE OF POLLUTION (X mark): APPEARANCE: vessel oil transfer site Oil production facility land based Other (specify)... silver rainbow brown to black brown / orange VOLUME & EXTENT OF SPILL:.... WIND DIRECTION & CURRENT:.... WEATHER CONDITIONS:.... ACTION, BOTH TAKEN AND INTENDED, TO COMBAT POLLUTION & PREVENT FURTHER SPILLAGE NAME & CONTACT DETAILS OF INITIAL OBSERVER & INTEMEDIATE REPORTER INITIAL OBSERVER: NAME:.. OCCUPATION: PHONE NO: INTERMEDIATE REPORTER: NAME: OCCUPATION:.. PHONE NO:... ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/REMARKS:... Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 15 of 19

17 Annex 2: Proposed Contingency Planning Format What follows sets out the proposed sections and subsections of each part of a typical oil spill contingency plan and may be used either as a template when writing a new plan or as a checklist when reviewing an existing plan. Strategy Section 1. Introduction and scope 1.1 Authorities and responsibilities, coordinating committee 1.2 Statutory requirements, relevant agreements 1.3 Geographical limits of plan 1.4 Interface with other plans/representation at joint control centers 2. Oil spill risks 2.1 Identification of activities and risks 2.2 Types of oil likely to be spilled 2.3 Probable fate of spilled oil 2.4 Development of oil spill scenarios 2.5 Shoreline sensitivity mapping 2.6 Shoreline resources, priorities for protection 2.7 Special local considerations 3. Spill response strategy 3.1 Philosophy and objectives 3.2 Limiting and adverse conditions 3.3 Strategy for offshore zones 3.4 Strategy for coastal zones 3.5 Strategy for shoreline zones 3.6 Strategy for oil and waste storage and disposal 4. Equipment, supplies and services 4.1 On water oil spill equipment 4.2 Inspection, maintenance and testing 4.3 Shoreline equipment, supplies and services 5. Management, manpower and training 5.1 Crisis manager and financial authorities 5.2 Incident organization chart 5.3 Manpower availability (on-site, on-call) 5.4 Availability of additional labor 5.5 Advisors and consultants 5.6 Training/safety schedules and drill exercise programmed 6. Communications and control 6.1 Incident control room and facilities 6.2 Field communications equipment 6.3 Reports, manuals, maps, charts and incident logs Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 16 of 19

18 Action and Operations Section 7. Initial procedures 7.1 Reporting incident, preliminary estimate of response Tier 7.2 Notifying key team members and authorities 7.3 Establishing and staffing control room 7.4 Collecting information (oil type, sea/wind forecasts, aerial surveillance, beach reports) 7.5 Estimating fate of slick (24, 48 and 72 hours) 7.6 Identifying resources immediately at risk, informing parties 8. Operations planning and mobilization procedures 8.1 Assembling full response team 8.2 Identifying immediate response priorities 8.3 Mobilizing immediate response 8.4 Preparing initial press statement 8.5 Planning medium-term operations (24-, 48 and 72-hour) 8.6 Deciding to escalate response to higher Tier 8.7 Mobilizing or placing on standby resources required 8.8 Establishing field command post and communications 9. Control of operations 9.1 Establishing a management team with experts and advisors 9.2 Updating information (sea/ wind/weather forecasts, aerial surveillance, beach reports) 9.3 Reviewing and planning operations 9.4 Obtaining additional equipment, supplies and manpower 9.5 Preparing daily incident log and management reports 9.6 Preparing operations accounting and financing reports 9.7 Preparing releases for public and press conferences 9.8 Briefing local and government officials 1O.Termination of operations 10.1 Deciding final and optimal levels of beach clean-up 10.2 Standing-down equipment, cleaning, maintaining, replacing 10.3 Preparing formal detailed report 10.4 Reviewing plans and procedures from lessons learnt Data Directory Maps/charts 1. Coastal facilities, access roads, telephones, hotels, etc. 2. Coastal charts, currents, tidal information (ranges and streams), prevailing winds 3. Risk locations and probable fate of oil 4. Shoreline resources for priority protection 5. Shoreline types 6. Sea zones and response strategies 7. Coastal zones and response strategies 8. Shoreline zones and clean-up strategies Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 17 of 19

19 9. Oil and waste storage/disposal sites 10. Sensitivity maps/atlas Lists 1. Primary oil spill equipment: booms, skimmers, spray equipment, dispersant, absorbents, oil storage, radio communications, etc (manufacturer, type, size, location, transport, contact, delivery time, cost and conditions) 2. Auxiliary equipment: tugs and work boats, aircraft, vacuum trucks, tanks and barges, loaders and graders, plastic bags, tools, protective clothing, communications equipment, etc (manufacturer, type, size, location, transport, contact, delivery time, cost and conditions) 3. Support equipment: aircraft, communications, catering, housing, transport, field sanitation and shelter etc (availability, contact, cost and conditions) 4. Sources of manpower: contractors, local authorities, caterers, security firms (availability, numbers, skills, contact, cost and conditions) 5. Experts and advisors: environment, safety, auditing, (availability, contact, cost and conditions) 6. Local and national government contacts: (name, rank and responsibility, address, telephone, fax, telex) Data 1. Specifications of oils commonly traded 2. Wind and weather 3. Information sources References: For more additional information in combating oil spills, the following references and websites are recommended: a. "A guide to Contingency Planning for Oil Spill in Water", IPIECA Report Series Vol. 2 2 nd Edition March 2000 b. "Guide to Tiered Preparedness and Response", IPIECA Report Series Vol. 14 c. "Choosing Spill Response Option to Minimized Damage", Net Environmental Benefit Analysis IPIECA Report Series Vol. 10 d. "Action Against Oil Pollution", A Guide to the Intergovernmental and Industry organizations involve in the prevention and mitigation of oil spill in the marine environment by IPIECA e. f. g. Technical Guideline Number 1 - Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Page 18 of 19