Electricity Markets and Grid Services Chances and Challenges for Communities

Transcription

1 ORIGIN Orchestration of Renewable Integrated Generation in Neighbourhoods, Task 7.3: Interface to the National Grid Supply Electricity Markets and Grid Services Chances and Challenges for Communities Version: July 2015 Thomas Erge, Thies Stillahn Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE

2 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 1. Motivation The ORIGIN project developed an energy management system enabling the forecasting and management of local flexibilities for generators, loads and storage systems in communities. The foremost operation targets are an increase of self-sufficiency, energy savings and maximization of local RES consumption. From the technical point of view grid connected communities could use the ORIGIN energy management system to offer flexible power generation and smart services to the electricity grid 2 The Magilla Nucleo with PV system at Damanhur (IT)

3 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 1. Motivation There is a trend in various European Countries to change legal and regulatory conditions in a way allowing smaller DG RES / flexibilities to enter markets for power and services. With increasing shares of (distributed) fluctuating Renewable Generation electricity grids and energy traders badly need flexible devices (generation, storage, controllable loads). Challenge and Chance: Contribute to national energy change by offering flexibility (and earn money)! 3

4 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 1. Motivation Participation in smart system services markets requires profound consideration of Technical Requirements Markets and Market Mechanisms Financial Aspects Legal Aspects. DG-RES 4

5 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 1. Motivation Note: The following presentation focuses on the electricity markets and services if not mentioned otherwise. Thermal and other energy services are less relevant in the given context. 5 Hydro Reservoir at Tamera (PT) Water pumping is a major flexibility at this demonstrator.

6 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 2. Markets and Services Trade markets and businesses The term trade markets and businesses classifies the selling and buying of energy mostly between a vendor and a customer. This includes the trade of warrants with no direct physical delivery. Electricity Spot Markets (Power Exchange, PX) are centralized and partly trans-national market places with high trade volumes and distinct price building mechanisms. Prices in bilateral trade mostly follow the PX price levels. Bilateral Trade Long-term trade via PX Spot-trade via PX Intraday trade via PX Balancing Energy 6

7 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 2. Markets and Services Ancillary Services Ancillary Services are technical actions or mechanisms supporting grid operation or being activated in contingency situations. They are partly traded via markets and partly contracted individually without transparent bidding process. They partly depend on trading results for power (previous slide). Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Reserve Other Reserves Reactive Power Control Reliability must run Black start capability Congestion management 7

8 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 2. Markets and Services Other Services There exist a number of other services generating benefits for the operator of decentralized flexibilities and being helpful for the overall energy supply system. A part of them does not involve contracting with a third party, since the service is indirectly honorized via lowered expenses. Self marketing under FIT scheme (FIT: feed-in-tariff) Self balancing Peak shaving local Peak shaving distribution grid Net metering 8

9 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 2. Markets and Services Only a selected number of markets and services can be classified as relevant for communities because of the small individual nominal powers, the generation profiles and the mechanism for energy management applied in Communities. More details about the market option prioritization philosophy can be found here: (Former IEE Research Project) 9

10 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 2. Markets and Services Type: Trade Bilateral Trade Long-term trade via PX Spot-trade via PX Intra-day trade via PX Balancing Energy Type: Other Services Self marketing under FIT scheme Self balancing Peak shaving local Peak shaving distribution grid Net metering 10 Type : Ancillary Services Primary Reserve Secondary Reserve Tertiary Reserve Other Reserves Reactive Power Control Reliability must run Black start capability Congestion management

11 2. Markets and Services The following introduction of most promising options will be given using examples from Germany and UK 11

12 3. Spot-trade via PX Electricity trading via spot markets became increasingly relevant during the last years in Europe. Some spot markets couple trading of different EU countries (under consideration of trans-national transport capacities). So the EPEX SPOT SE (located in Paris) is a basis for (primarily) trading electricity for Austria, France, Germany and Switzerland. Market regions for EPEX SPOT and APX Group power exchanges (Source: 12

13 3. Spot-trade via PX 13

14 3. Spot-trade via PX Facts: Electricity from small generation or storage units (with no lower power limit!) can be traded as part of a portfolio managed by aggregators In Germany direct marketing of RES energy receives financial support ( Marktprämienmodell ) Existing aggregators typically accept units in the 50kW+ power range. Examples: Grünstromwerk ( Green Energy Desk ( Next Kraftwerke ( Power ni ( Statkraft ( 14

15 3. Spot-trade via PX Germany/Austria: Selected requirements / options for Traders and Aggregators: Daily auctions at 12 pm, 7 days a week Besides individual hourly bids standardised Block Bids of EPEX spot market allow electricity trading for certain time periods (Source: July 2015) 15

16 3. Spot-trade via PX Germany/Austria: New option since December 2014: call auction for 15-minute contracts in Germany better market chances for fluctuating generation! 16 (Source: July 2015)

17 3. Spot-trade via PX Requirements for Aggregator (German example): Technical 0,1 MWh least bid size per hour 0.1 MWh increment connection to EEX trading system (simplest way: WebAccess via internet) 1/4h power metering (standard) Legal for a trading license at EEX trader must be allocated to an existing/ establish a new balancing area in one of the TSO's regulating areas contract with BRP (securities etc. needed) 50,000 equity capital accreditation as clearing/ nonclearing member by ECC (securities required) reliability and professional qualification of trader and CEO 17

18 3. Spot-trade via PX The income for electricity sales at the PX is currently rather small seen from the perspective of investment- and operation costs of smaller size DG-RES. Price development of the EPEX price index Phelix during 12 months up to 16 July 2015 (black: price baseload, red: price peakload); Source: 18

19 3. Spot-trade via PX Great Britain: APX power spot exchange, Nord Pool Spot AS N2EX The APX UK Power Auction is a Day- Ahead auction, where trading takes place on one day for the delivery of electricity the next day. Nord Pool Spot runs the leading power market in Europe, offering both dayahead and intraday markets to its customers. Note: this presentation does not cover the full international engagement of the large international spot market companies! 19 Shareholder strcuture of EPEX SPOT since May 2015, Source:

20 3. Spot-trade via PX Great Britain: APX power spot exchange, Nord Pool Spot AS N2EX On November 22, 2011, APX- ENDEX launched new power hourly continuous products. In addition, APX-ENDEX reduced the minimum clip size for the Power UK Continuous market from 1.0 MW to 0.1 MW. The same trade lot size has been defined by N2EX. The smaller clip size lowers the barrier to entry by allowing members to trade smaller positions. 20 Source: July 2015

21 3. Spot-trade via PX Selling electricity from (smaller) DG to spot markets is possible if being integrated into a larger pool, but costs for market access, monitoring equipment and handling might be critical. For a number of EU countries service providers exist offering standardized solutions. Intra-day market trading might be of special importance because of higher forecasting quality for fluctuating RES. 15-minute intraday contracts are most suitable for DG RES trading! Next slide 21 EPEXSPOT intraday volumes (Source:

22 3. Spot-trade via PX Electricity traded for a delivery on the same or on the following day on single hours, 15-minute periods or on block of hours. Each hour, 15- minute periods or block of hours can be traded until 45 minutes before delivery begins. Starting at 3pm on the current day, all hours of the following day can be traded. Minimum volume increment: 0.1 MW Continuous trading 7 days a week and 24 hours a day 22

23 4. Regulating Power Markets Regulating and contingency power reserves are needed to compensate unexpected/unpredictable deviations between contractual energy generation and consumption. Reasons for such deviations are limited accuracy of forecasts, technical defects and others. In most EU countries regulating power is being procured via liberalized markets or at least standardized auctions. Because of being a financially lucrative option for DG RES, regulating power markets will be described more in detail on the following slides. 23 Types of regulating power in Germany (Source:

24 4. Regulating Power Markets Spot Market & OTC Market Transmission operators bear final responsibility for overall scheduling of physical energy flows 24 Source:

25 4. Regulating Power Markets Spot Market & OTC Market Regulating Power Market To fulfil their obligation TSO conclude contracts with providers of balancing power. Conditionsare differing in different EU countries. 25

26 4. Regulating Power Markets Example for the different power market products with activation times (Denmark): Source: Peter Sorknæsa, Anders N. Andersen, et al.; «Market Integration of Wind Power in Electricity System Balancing «, submitted to the Energy Strategy Reviews in October

27 4. Regulating Power Markets GERMANY: Primary Reserve Technical Minimum power: +/- 1 MW (Pool + and possible) Pooling only within balancing area, allocation of single units to pool can be changed at the beginning of each 1/4h, arbitrary number of single units in pool Collateralization possible Activation: automatic within 30 s, Activated service available for min. 15 minutes, stand-by-availability: 100% Other Weekly tendering of one product Payment: Power price Prequalified market participants in 2015: 16 Market Volume 2013: 85 Mio. Total power of tender (July 2015): 783 MW. 27

28 4. Regulating Power Markets UK: Frequency Response Dynamic Frequency Response: automatic change in active power output in response to a frequency change. The service is needed to maintain the frequency within statutory (49.5Hz Hz) and operational limits (49.8Hz Hz). Non Dynamic Frequency Response: discrete service triggered at a defined frequency deviation 28

29 4. Regulating Power Markets UK: Frequency Response Mandatory Frequency Response consists of primary response, secondary response and high frequency response. No market, mandatory service for all generators connected to transmission system! Firm Frequency Response (FFR) is open to BMU and non-bmu providers, existing Mandatory Frequency Response providers and new providers alike Technical Positive, negative or both as product Minimum 10 MW response energy Automatic control and logging Aggregation possible Other Competitive tender process Monthly tender, tendering for multimonths allowed Pre-qualification required Various fees (availability, initiation, nomination, revision, response) Check for updates at 29

30 4. Regulating Power Markets UK: Frequency Response Frequency control by demand management: The electricity demand is automatically interrupted when the system frequency transgresses the low frequency relay setting on site. Technical Activation within 2 seconds of instruction Delivery for minimum 30 minutes Deliver minimum 3 MW Aggregation is possible, if loads are at the same site Provide output signal into NG monitoring equipment Other Bilateral negotiations with providers Weekly availability has to be declared Availability Fee Check for updates at 30

31 4. Regulating Power Markets UK: Fast Reserve Fast Reserve is used, in addition to other energy balancing services, to control frequency changes that might arise from sudden, and sometimes unpredictable, changes in generation or demand. Source: www2.nationalgrid.com Fast Reserve provides the rapid and reliable delivery of active power through an increased output from generation or a reduction in consumption from demand sources, following receipt of an electronic dispatch instruction from National Grid. 31

32 4. Regulating Power Markets UK: Fast Reserve Fast Reserve is used, in addition to other energy balancing services, to control frequency changes that might arise from sudden, and sometimes unpredictable, changes in generation or demand. Technical Other must start within 2 min at a delivery rate in excess of 25MW/minute, sustainable for a minimum of 15 min Minimum 50MW Optimal holding requirement: 300MW (May 2015) procured via a monthly process and requires prequalification to establish a Framework Agreement prior to tendering Following a number of approaches from potential providers, National Grid is considering introducing an aggregated Fast Reserve service from non-bm providers (Dec 2013). Availability fee + utilization fee + holding fee (option) 32

33 4. Regulating Power Markets GERMANY: Secondary Reserve Technical Minimum power: + or - 5 MW Pooling allowed, allocation of single units to pool can be changed at the beginning of each 1/4h, arbitrary number of single units in pool Collateralization possible Activation: via communication interface to system operator, transition to full power within 5 min required, Activated service available for min. 4 hours stand-by-availability: 95% Other Weekly tendering of 2x2 products (positive or negative, base or peak load) Payment: Power price and Energy Price (if activated) Prequalified market participants in 2015: 30 Market Volume 2013: 353 Mio. Total power of tender (July 2015): 2103 MW (neg) und 2076 MW (pos). 33

34 4. Regulating Power Markets UK: Secondary Reserve Mandatory Frequency Response Secondary Response: provision of additional active power (or decrease in active power demand) within 30 seconds after an event and can be sustained for a further 30 minutes Technical Other Minimum power: + or - 5 MW Activation within 30 seconds after event 3-5% governor droop characteristic To be sustained for a further 30 minutes Generators are required to have the capability for mandatory frequency response Weekly tendering of 2x2 products (positive or negative, base or peak) Holding payment and response energy payment Check for updates at 34

35 4. Regulating Power Markets GERMANY: Tertiary Reserve Technical Minimum power: + or - 5 MW Pooling allowed, allocation of single units to pool can be changed at the beginning of each 1/4h, arbitrary number of single units in pool Collateralization possible Activation: via communication interface to system operator, transition to full power within 15 min required, Activated service available for complete time slot offered stand-by-availability: 100% Other Daily tendering of 2x6 products (positive or negative, 6 time slots) Payment: Power price and Energy Price (if activated) Prequalified market participants in 2015: 42 Market Volume 2013: 156 Mio. Total power of tender (July 2015): 1782 MW (neg) und 1513 MW (pos). 35

36 4. Regulating Power Markets UK: Short Term Operating Reserve STOR Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR) is a service for the provision of additional active power from generation and/or demand reduction. Technical Other Minimum: 3 MW generation or demand reduction Pooling possible Full power within 240 minutes or less Provide full MW for at least 2 hours Total volume of tenders: >1800MW, typically MW (2014) STOR is procured via competitive tender with three tender rounds per year. All the interested parties have to fulfil the pre-qualification by signing onto the Framework Agreement before participating in tender. Availability Payments and utilization payments 36

37 4. Regulating Power Markets UK: BM Start Up The BM Start-up Service gives National Grid on-the-day access to additional generation BMUs that would not otherwise have run, and which could not be made available in Balancing Mechanism timescales due to their technical characteristics and associated lead-times. The service contains two elements, BMU Start-Up and Hot Standby. Technical Other BM Start Up: synchronize within 89 minutes from instruction, be capable of terminating start up process Hot Standby: Be able to maintain the unit in a state of readiness, for an agreed period of time, in order to synchronize to the system within Balancing Mechanism timescales procured through generic contract terms Payments per hour 37

38 4. Regulating Power Markets GERMANY: Switchable Loads Technical Minimum power: 50 MW, maximum power per single load: 200 MW Automatic activation (frequency controlled) for immediately switchable loads Activation via remote control by system operator within 15 min for fast switchable loads Pooling allowed (max. 5 loads per HV connection) Availability: 100% Special measuring equipment required Hot line of operator required Other Different products depending on activation frequency and duration Total power of tender (2015): MW (immediately switchable) and MW (fast switchable) loads 38

39 4. Regulating Power Markets Study of Fraunhofer ISE: average incomes from participation on German balancing markets depending on the balancing product (considering both availability and activation incomes). 39

40 4. Regulating Power Markets Conclusions of the study of Fraunhofer ISE: Annual incomes from providing balancing services might go up to more than 200 Euro/kW. So the provision of balancing services might become an economically relevant option. Primary reserve requires the option of up and down regulation of power => requires RES generators to run below maximum power output. Secondary reserve allows choice of either up or down regulation => good option for RES generators without storage 40

41 5. Other Services Peak Shaving Peak shaving in electricity supply means the lowering of the maximum value of some electrical parameter (power, current) for a certain time interval. Dependent from the context this peak value might be an average value depending from a certain time interval or a virtual peak determined by some calculation algorithm. Benefits from peak shaving result from the avoidance of peak supply requirements or the lowering of infrastructure workload. 41 Source: NGK Insulators

42 5. Other Services Peak Shaving Chances to save / earn money by peak shaving: Local Peak Shaving relevant for all electricity customers with a capacity charge in the electricity bill (almost all commercial and industrial customers). also service for third parties possible (e.g. areal grids ). high relevance, if local loads are predictable and flexibilities exist Peak Shaving under the grid load perspective two options: avoid overload of (local) grid infrastructure or lower total maximum grid load ( avoided grid use, see next slide). The first option is no standardized product and needs to be negotiated between (local) grid operator and service provider (not so common). 42

43 5. Other Services Peak Shaving Avoided Grid Use Grid use charges in Germany include a maximum power (= MW) component for each handover point between different grid segments. Maximum power is determined as 15 min average of the actual maximum power flow during one year (difficult to predict!) Distributed generators lowering this maximum peak load of a grid segment (by running at the right time) are mostly eligible of receiving avoided grid use payments (except feed-in tariff systems). Payments are typically ct( ) per kwh depending on a number of parameters. Calculation schemes are rather complicated (simplified for smaller units). 43

44 5. Other Services Peak Shaving Avoided Grid Use Conclusion: In Germany (and perhaps other countries in future) all DG might receive financial revenues from avoided grid use. It might be an option to predict the times of maximum grid load and to schedule maximum generation (or feed-back from batteries) during those predicted times. Because of the automatic determination and billing of the pay-backs this mechanism is most easy (no market, no trade, no contract, ). Energy management systems might provide this function en passant. 44

45 5. Other Services Self-Balancing Self consumption Consume local generation at local spot Self sufficiency Cover local load by local generation Self balancing Compensate (unpredicted) fluctuations in generation or load by local measures (avoiding balancing power) Primary responsibility for balancing has the Balancing Responsible Party (BRP). Each generator and each load belong to one BRP. 45

46 5. Other Services Self-Balancing Compensation of unbalances by (local) balancing responsible parties Basic idea: If a BRP runs a balancing area and recognizes deviations from reported generation and consumption forecasts he could heal unbalances by using (distributed) flexibilities. There will be relevant financial benefits from this in countries where unexpected unbalances receive serious penalty (in some countries the incentives are low). Pay penalty Estimated schedule for electricity delivery Unexpected deviation BRP or Compensate by local flexibilities 46

47 5. Other Services Self-Balancing German approach for payments of unbalances TSO calls pos. control power to a certain price AWP+ TSO supplies neg. control power and earns the price AWP- Total balance of control area > 0 (power-deficit) Total balance of control area < 0 (power-surplus) surplus feed-in deficit feed-in surplus feed-in deficit feed-in BRP gets AWP+, because his deviation supports the control-areabalance BRP pays AWP+, because his deviation causes the power-deficit BRP gets AWP-, because his deviation is being sold by the TSO BRP pays only AWP-, because his deviation supports the control-areabalance The average weighted price (AWP) of the used control-power is calculated every 15 minutes and utilized as price for the accounting of shortages or offsets. 47

48 5. Other Services Peak Shaving Avoided Grid Use Conclusion: In Germany (and perhaps other countries in future) all DG might receive financial revenues from avoided grid use. It might be an option to predict the times of maximum grid load and to schedule maximum generation (or feed-back from batteries) during those predicted times. Because of the automatic determination and billing of the pay-backs or savings this mechanism is most easy (no market, no trade, often no additional contract, ). Energy management systems might provide this function en passant. 48

49 Special Country Aspects 6. International aspects Even though there is an convergence process regarding products and trading concepts in Europe, there are still differences from country to country different market options in different countries / synchronization areas In most countries involvement of smaller distributed units is (still) not foreseen in the rules and regulations. The following table show an overview about products in different countries / synchronization areas 49

50 Special Country Aspects International aspects Source: REserviceS project, D2.2, November 2002 (IEE/11/814/SI ) 50

51 Special Country Aspects 6. International aspects Note: Information about current details for the products in different countries can be found here: publications/150127_wgas_survey_2014.pdf (January 2015) 51 Source: entsoe, September 2012

52 Special Country Aspects 6. International aspects Source: entsoe, September

53 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Portugal Power Exchanges: Portugal: Iberian Electricity Market (MIBL), two market operators: OMEL for spot transactions and OMIP for forward transactions 53

54 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Portugal Mandatory services: voltage regulation, frequency regulation, maintenance of stability Additional services: synchronous and static compensation, regulation reserve, secondary regulation, quick interruptibility, black start and remote start, Currently, only secondary regulation and regulation reserve are remunerated under the competitive market. Remaining services may be subject to bilateral trading. Regulation reserve is split into minimum reserve of tertiary regulation and additional reserve 54

55 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Portugal Secondary regulation: Technical Other Start of actions: 30 seconds Completion of actions: within 15 minutes latest Should be able to maintain island mode value of the service is composed of two parts: the secondary regulation, valued according the top marginal price of the secondary regulation, which goes up or down every hour; and the secondary regulation energy, valued according to the price of the last offer to sell for mobilized regulation reserve energy each hour. Market begins after day-ahead market closes. 55

56 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Portugal Regulation reserve: Technical Other Minimum reserve of tertiary regulation: based on simple failure causing planned consumption to increase 2%. Additional regulation reserve: more than 2% deviation. Activation time: 15 min Service provision: at least for two consecutive hours Aggregation in balancing system possible (same agent and network area) Between 6:00 pm and 9:00 pm, market agents submit upward or downward regulation reserve offers for all enabled balancing systems and for each schedule period for the following day. 56

57 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Portugal Other aspects: Voltage Support: The DSO network has capacitor banks installed on HV/MV substations for grid loss compensation and voltage control. It has been recently imposed that most of the Distributed Generation on the DSO network must have the possibility of injecting reactive power (source: REserviceS project D2.2) (conclusion: no market) Loads: Load participation is not possible! 57

58 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Italy Power Exchanges: Gestore del Mercato Elettrico S.p.A. (GME) Italy In the MGP, hourly energy blocks are traded for the next day The Intra-Day Market (MI) allows Market Participants to modify the schedules defined in the MGP 58

59 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Italy Ancillary Market: The TSO (TERNA) is responsible for balancing and acquires the balancing energy on the Ancillary Services Market (MSD) that is managed by GME (Gestore Mercati Energetici) as Market Operator. The MSD consists of a scheduling stage (ex-ante MSD) and of the Balancing Market (MB). 59

60 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Italy 60

61 Special Country Aspects Situation in Italy 61

62 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Italy Notes about reserve procurement in Italy: Reserve procurement considers grid constraints No capacity payment is considered in MSD bids/offers, energy transactions paid as bid ( /MWh), fixed payment for thermal UP startup. 62

63 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects Situation in UK Summary of British system for the provision of ancillary services Source: Project REserviceS; Deliverable D

64 6. International Aspects - Situation in UK Other balancing services (no special relevance for ORIGIN) 64 Source:

65 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Situation in UK Large service provider in UK: Flexitricity ( 65

66 Special Country Aspects 6. International Aspects - Situation in Denmark Energy trading on spot market and Tertiary Control market are very common especially for CHP units in the medium power scale - even today more attractive than flat feed-in tariffs! High flexibility because of two market places for physical trade: Elspot and Elbas (intraday trade available) Outstanding reserves market where availability auctions (hourly reserves) are separated from the final (intra-day) auction for delivery of reserve energy Energinet.dk forwards the Danish regulating power bids to NOIS (Nordic Operation Information System), which is a common Nordic list including bids from Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Finnish players. 66

67 Electricity Markets and Grid Services 6. International Aspects - Situation in Poland 67 The structure of the hierarchical electricity market split into wholesale central market and local distribution network markets

68 Conclusion about Electricity Markets and Grid Services 7. Conclusion Spot market participation, provision of balancing services (especially secondary/tertiary control) and peak shaving (including self balancing) are promising options to earn (additional) money from DG units. If pooling is allowed, small distributed units can participate. For the ORIGIN countries, Germany and UK seem to be the most advanced ones for contributions from smaller units since they offer several standardized products for grid services via open markets. Financial gains must outweigh extra costs for operation management, metering and service provision. This must be simulated case by case and might lead to a no-go situation for very small units. The ORIGIN system would perfectly be able to exploit such additional market functions while providing energy management, monitoring and communication functions. 68

69 Conclusion about Electricity Markets and Grid Services 7. Conclusion Structured Markets exist for: Energy (all countries, spot trade, intra-day OTC, ) Primary Reserve / Frequency Response (Germany, UK) Fast reserve /Secondary Reserve (Germany, Italy, Portugal, UK) Tertiary Reserve / Short Term Operating Reserve (Germany, Italy, UK) Regulation Reserve / Replacement Reserve (Italy, Portugal) Switchable Loads (Germany) 69

70 Disclaimer: This document is a working report as result of the ORIGIN research project compiling mainly information of third parties. The authors can not assume liability for the correctness or completes of any of the information given. Contact: Thomas Erge thomas.erge@ise.fraunhofer.de 70