Integrating Gender in Disaster Management in Small Island Developing States: A Guide

Transcription

1 Integrating Gender in Disaster Management in Small Island Developing States: A Guide

2 Acknowledgements Autors Ms. Lynette S. Josep Brown Ms. Dawn Tuiloma Sua Coordination Ms. Jacinda Fairolm Ms. Karen Bernard Editing Ms. Jacinda Fairolm Ms. Karen Bernard Design Mr. Edgar Cuesta Translation Mr. Angel Milán Support Ms. Sobna Decloitre Ms. Nancy Ferguson Mr. Ian King Poto Credits Cover image: Karen Bernard Page 5: Hermann Fritz Page 50: Ian King Maps United Nations Cartograpic Section Tis guide as been possible tanks to te support of te Spain UNDP Trust Fund Towards an integrated and inclusive development in Latin America and te Caribbean, UNDP s Special Unit for Sout-Sout Cooperation and Japan s Official Development Assistance. Te views expressed in tis publication are tose of te autor(s) and do not necessarily represent tose of te United Nations, including UNDP, or teir Member States Caribbean Risk Management Initiative UNDP Cuba, UNDP Barbados and OECS, and UNDP Pacific Centre

3 Integrating Gender in Disaster Management in Small Island Developing States: A Guide

4 List of Acronyms BPoA Barbados Plan of Action CBDRM Community based disaster risk management CCA Climate cange adaptation CDEMA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency CDERA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency CEDAW Convention on te Elimination of All Forms of Violence Against Women CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CRC Convention on te Rigts of te Cild DRM Disaster risk management DRR Disaster risk reduction ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and te Caribbean ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council EMI Environmental Management Institute FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency LDC Least developed country MDGs Millennium Development Goals MSI Mauritius Strategy for furter Implementation OSAGI Office of te Special Advisor on Gender Issues PICT Pacific Island Countries and Territories PPMC Programme and Project Management Cycle SIDS Small Island Developing States SPC Secretariat of te Pacific Community SPDRP Sout Pacific Disaster Reduction Programme SPREP Sout Pacific Regional Environment Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNIFEM United Nations Fund for Women (now UN Women) UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction WEDO Women s Environmental and Development Organization 2

5 Prologue Climate risk management is taking on a new urgency for policy makers, as well as tose on te front lines at community level. Te connections between climate cange and te increased incidence of urricanes, drougts, massive floods, similar destructive penomena and te ensuing uman and material losses are now becoming more apparent. Caribbean and Pacific countries are Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and so face te vulnerabilities associated wit teir small size. Residents of remote rural villages and outer islands are particularly treatened. Climate risk cannot be adequately mitigated or managed witout understanding and acting on te basis of ow tese risks play out on te ground among men and women. As women and men ave different socially prescribed roles and terefore to a large extent, engage in different types of activities, and occupy different spaces, te exposure to risk and its impact on women and men cannot be considered or treated in te same manner. If risk management policies and practices are to be effective, tere must be sensitivity to tese differences in exposure and impact. We must also acknowledge, in te searc for solutions, te various coping and adaptation strategies men and women undertake at te local level. For fragile countries and communities living in precarious situations, te way forward requires recognizing and mobilizing te talents and capacities of all, and moving beyond stereotypes. UN Secretary General Ban-Ki Moon recently noted tat women old up more tan alf te sky and represent muc of te world s unrealized potential tey are natural leaders. We need teir full engagement. In te field of disaster risk management and climate cange, as in oter development sectors, empowering and fully engaging women alongside men will be key to acieving progress. National disaster managers and regional coordinating bodies suc as te Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) and SOPAC Division of Secretariat of te Pacific Community (SPC) ave recently begun to address te gender aspects of climate risk management. However, muc work remains to be done in order to consistently incorporate a gender perspective into ongoing disaster preparedness and management in Caribbean and Pacific island communities. 3

6 UNDP is facilitating an inter-regional programme to foster sout-sout partnersip between CDEMA, SPC and oter regional partners to sare best practices and strategies around common climate risk management issues facing SIDS. A critical element of tis programme is te gender mainstreaming. Accordingly, tis guide as been prepared as a useful tool for disaster managers and practitioners working in small islands states. Te guide seeks to support existing international frameworks tat advocate gender equality. In te area of risk management and its relation to development,te defining international instrument is te Hyogo Framework of Action, approved as a result of te 2005 UN s International Conference on Disaster Reduction. Te Hyogo Framework olds te inclusion of a gender perspective and cultural diversity as cross-cutting principle and considers tese to be fundamental for successfully increasing local, national and regional capacities to anticipate and deal wit risks, and minimize teir impact. Objective 3 of te Millennium Development Goals a global consensus framework and statement of commitment calls on Governments and oter development actors to promote gender equality and women s empowerment. Tis guide is intended to be a practical tool for disaster managers and teir teams working to build resilience at te community level in small islands and ensure greater equality in te field of risk management. I ope tat it will enable you to do your jobs more effectively, giving you a gender lens so tat te diverse needs and interests of all teir community members can be brougt into sarper focus. Micele Gyles-McDonnoug UNDP Resident Representative Barbados /OECS 4

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8 Table of Contents Introduction 7 Gender 9 Small Island Developing States 12 Te Pacific 12 Te Caribbean 13 Climate Cange and Disasters: SIDS 14 Disaster Risk Reduction & Climate Cange Adaptation 16 Gender and Vulnerability: SIDS 16 Disaster Risk Management Cycle 19 Pre-Disaster Pase 20 Post- Disaster Pase 22 Program And Project Management Cycle In Disaster Risk Management 25 Gender and te PPMC 25 Identification 25 Preparation and Design 27 Appraisal and Funding 28 Implementation 28 Cecklists 31 Pre-Disaster: Disaster Risk Reduction, Mitigation And Preparedness 32 Disaster Risk Reduction / Mitigation 32 Preparedness 34 Emergency Response 36 Post-Disaster: Relief and Recovery 38 Relief 38 Recovery 40 General And Cross-Cutting Issues 43 Participation and Consultation 44 Formulating Gender-sensitive indicators for risk and vulnerability assessments 46 Information for Risk Assessment 46 Information for Vulnerability Analysis 47 Information for Community Baseline Information 47 Annex - Te Mauritius Declaration 51 Additional Print And Web Resources 52 Notes 53 6

9 Introduction Te Caribbean and te Pacific sare common caracteristics of island regions small land mass, limited economies of scale, small populations, remoteness and inaccessibility, and lack of economic diversification and represent a diversity of languages, cultures and istories. Bot regions are igly vulnerable to natural disasters; tis vulnerability is now greater due to an increase in extreme weater events suc as drougt, eavy rains, urricanes and sea level warming and rise due to climate cange and uman activity on te ecosystem. Integrating gender into disaster risk management in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is supported by te following considerations, as outlined in te Hyogo Framework for Action 1 : A gender perspective sould be integrated into all disaster risk management policies, plans and decision-making processes, including tose related to risk assessment, early warning, information management, and education and training; Disaster-prone developing countries, especially least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states, warrant particular attention in view of teir iger vulnerability and risk levels, wic often greatly exceed teir capacity to respond to and recover from disasters. Tis guide outlines te vulnerability of SIDS in te Pacific and te Caribbean and explains ow gender roles and responsibilities result in differential exposure and impact of disasters. Putting on a gender lens means analysing wat men and women do in teir daily lives, looking at ow tey interact and wat specific needs arise out of tis. By understanding gender te disaster manager will be able to: save lives by better targeting of beneficiaries ensure te effective and efficient distribution and use of resources in te planning and implementation of all pases of disaster risk reduction empower women and men to assess risks and undertake actions enable participation of bot men and women in every pase of te project and programme cycle in te area of disaster risk management. 7

10 Training worksops for disaster risk managers and practitioners on gender mainstreaming ave been eld by UNDP and oter agencies in te Caribbean and te Pacific. As a result, participants ave called for concrete tools to elp tem identify and integrate gender into teir decision-making and actions on te ground in every pase of disaster risk management. Tis guide is a response to tese calls. It is intended to provide national disaster management personnel working in te SIDS wit a tool to strengten teir practice; it is not intended to be exaustive and sould be considered as an aid to complement pre-existing knowledge. It provides an overview and sould allow you, te practitioner, to better focus your management of, and decision making around, disaster situations troug considering specific gender needs. 8

11 Gender It is useful to review some of te basic concepts related to gender. Te term gender does not replace te term sex, wic refers exclusively to te biological differences between men and women; sex is determined at birt and is universal. 2 GENDER Socially constructed Identifies differences in roles and relations between men and women Determines responsibilities, activities undertaken, access to and control over resources, and decision-making opportunities GENDER SMALL ISLAND Gender refers to te social attributes, opportunities and relations associated wit being male or female in any given cultural or social group. 3 Gender determines wat is expected, permitted and valued in a woman or a man in a determined context. 4 Gender relations are not fixed, but can and do cange over time. Gender does not mean women. However, in most societies te female gender is defined as aving less power and fewer opportunities, privileges and rigts tan te male gender. Given tis disadvantaged position in many countries, te promotion of gender equality implies an explicit attention to women s empowerment. Gender equality means tat eac gender as equal conditions for realizing teir uman rigts and potential, to engage in political, economic, social and cultural development, and benefit from te outcomes. Te Millennium Declaration states tat gender equality is bot a goal in itself (MDG-3) and a condition to combat poverty, unger and disease and acieve all oter goals. Equality between men and women is seen as a precondition for, and indicator of, sustainable development. 5 An approac tat takes gender into account recognizes tat men and women ave different priorities and needs and face different constraints, and tus different measures migt be needed for women and men. Applying additional supportive measures to level out te playing field is known as gender equity. 9 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

12 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL It is important to ave a clear understanding of wo does wat witin a society. A gender analysis elps identify difference between men and women in terms of activities, conditions, needs, and control over resources and access to development benefits and decision making. Tree elements need to be examined: Division of labour. Men commonly are involved in te productive spere wereas women often carry te reproductive tasks of caring for cildren, elderly and te sick, as well as running te ouseold. Differences in social stature, wages or access to decision making due to a gendered division of labour must be considered. Division of resources. Access to capital assets and control over resources impacts an individual or ouseold s ability to mitigate te effects of disaster. Needs. Practical and strategic needs differ greatly between men and women. Women, girls, boys and men belonging to different socio economic groups ave distinct vulnerabilities, wic sape te way tey experience disaster and ow tey recover from it. Wen disasters occur, te mortality rate for women may be iger because tey aren t warned, ave not been taugt to swim or ave beavioral restrictions tat limit teir mobility in face of risk, suc as leaving te ouse alone. 6 Wen planning for disaster, one must be able to examine te needs and constraints saped by gender. GENDERED DIVISION OF LABOUR IN SOME SIDS For livelioods, women are usually in carge of planting food crops, weeding, assisting in arvesting, carrying crops from te plantation, marketing food crops and caring for small livestock suc as pigs in Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea. Men engage in land preparation, selecting plantation site, controlling crop income and coosing wat to give away and to wom. Export crops are said to be men s crops. Fising, in particular traditional fising for ouseold consumption and deep-sea fising for local and international markets, is a male activity in Kiribati and Samoa. Fising activities for women are confined to sallow waters were tey forage for sellfis, sea worms or sea cucumber for bot family meals and road side vending. In Caribbean communities, women play traditional roles related to caring for cildren and te elderly, preparing ouseold meals, caring for domestic animals in rural communities and fetcing water. Altoug tere are few cultural restrictions on women obtaining employment outside of te ome, te imperative of domestic responsibilities often mean tat women ave a double workload. 10

13 1 ROOT CAUSES Adult women are more restricted tat men by tradition, religion and belief Adult women ave less: Personal coice Power to make decisions Access to money and resources Opportunity to influence planning and decision-making institutions Opportunity to influence tecnology Gender analysis means assessing te vulnerabilities and inequalities between men and women before, during and after a disaster event. It requires collection of sex disaggregated data for baseline and situational analysis. Analysis of tis data leads to te development of policies, programs and projects wic take account of gender in all pases of design and implementation and close existing gaps. Gender mainstreaming is acieved wen bot women and men s experience are integrated into te design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic and cultural speres, ensuring tat men and women benefit equally. 7 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN VULNERABILITY AND RECOVERY TO DISASTERS Disparities tat increase risks for women Higer levels of poverty Extensive responsibilities of caring for oters Domestic and/or sexual violence Traditional women s occupations Lack of access to land and resources Gender factors tat increase resiliency for women Social networks Caring abilities Extensive knowledge of communities Management of natural and environmental resources Hig levels of risk awareness 2 DYNAMIC PRESSURES Women are eld responsible for family welfare but lack a voice in relevant decision-making and planning activities Less social power means lack of: Strong national voice Equal voice in setting communityu priorities Involvement in disaster management planning Practical knowledge Appropriate skills Training 11 UNSAFE CONDITIONS Women s exclusion means low priority for ouseold and village preparedness, e.g. Vulnerability analysis Village emergency plan Houseold emergency plan Emergency food, water, fuel supplies and containers Reserve food supply First aid Building standards Evacuation plan Gender equality and te progression of vulnerability (source: SPDRP, 2002) 3 DISASTER Disparities tat increase risks for men Occupational segregation Internalized norms of masculinity Higer risk takers Roles in te family and ome Gender factors tat increase resiliency for men Professional and work contacts Tecnical abilities Limited cildcare responsibilities Access to resources HAZARDS Cyclone Eartquake Tsunami Flood Volcanic eruption Landslide Drougt GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

14 GENDER Small Island Developing States n ar LIA A Beijing Wuan Pert Te Pacific Te several tousand islands scattered in te Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and Australia are collectively known as Oceania and are subdivided into te culturally distinct sub regions of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Te entire Pacific island region as a total population of approximately 8 million people in a combined island land mass of 525,000 km² surrounded by a sea area Ancorage of more tan 14,000,000 km². Te countries are a mix of continental and volcanic UNITED STATES islands and low and raised coral atolls. Ber90% i ng Sof e ate land mass and OF 85% AMERICA of te region s population are found in Melanesian countries; less tan one million people Sea of Okotsk Sakalin reside in te remaining Pacific island countries and territories. Te resource poor, predominantly atoll countries Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Vladivostok Guam, Kiribati, Marsall Hokkaido Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Pitcairn, Tokelau, Tuvalu and Sapporo DEM. PEOPLE'S Wallis REP. and OF KOREA Futuna are some of te tiniest nations on eart, yet are scattered Honsu Seoul over vast stretces Tokyo JAPANof ocean. Kiribati s ocean territory covers an area equivalent to REP. OF Ciba N O R TH PACI F I C O CEAN Osaka te KOREA continental Sikoku United States. P'yongyang Inceon Kyusu Canberra Melbourne Kuril Is. Sydney Auckland Nort Island NEW ZEALAND Wellington Ha wa iian Islands Guangzou Sea Taiwan Hong Kong, Cina Nortern Hanoi entiane Mariana Pilippine Luzon Islands Sout Cina Sea Manila Saipan VIET NAM Sea PHILIPPINES Hagåtña Guam MARSHALL Mindanao Koror ISLANDS BRUNEI Palikir DARUSSALAM PALAU Bandar Seri Begawan Majuro Nortern Line Celebes FEDERATED STATES ALAYSIA Islands Sea OF MICRONESIA Tarawa Gilbert Is. K I R I B A T I SINGAPORE Sulawesi NAURU Yaren Poenix Is. I N D O N E S I A PAPUA Soutern Line SOLOMON Islands Jakarta NEW GUINEA ISLANDS TUVALU Surabaya or Dili Port Moresby Funafuti Tokelau Is. Java TIMOR- Arafura Sea Honiara LESTE American SAMOA Apia Samoa C oral Sea Pago Pago VANUATU Port-Vila FIJI Papeete Niue Suva Alofi New Avarua Caledonia Nuku'alofa Nouméa TONGA AUST RAL I A DIA SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS RUSSIAN FED E RAT I O N Macao, Cina Sangai East Cina Ryukyu Is. Tasmania Tasma n Sea A le utia n Is la nds S OUTH Tubuai Is. C ook I slands Frenc Polynesia Tuamotu Arcipelago Society Is. PACI F I C O CEAN Marquesas Is. Pitcairn Sout Island 0 ADDITIONAL 12 0

15 Te Caribbean Te Caribbean region, defined by te Caribbean Sea, 8 extends in a broad arc of over 4,000 km from te Baamas in te nort to Guyana and Suriname in te sout, and includes Belize. Te countries are widely variable in pysical and population size. Te most igly populated Caribbean countries are Cuba, (11.4 million), te Dominican Republic (9.6 million) and Haiti (9.0 million). Te least populated countries include Saint Kitts and Nevis (40,000), Dominica (72,000), and Montserrat (5,879). In terms of territory, 9 continental Guyana and Suriname are te largest in te region. Cuba is te largest island country in te region, wit a land mass of 110,860 km², followed by te Dominican Republic (48,730 km²) and Haiti (27,750 km²). Montserrat (102 km²) is te smallest island in te region. Haiti is by far te poorest country. Te small island developing states of te Caribbean include Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, te Baamas, Barbados, Britis Virgin Islands, Cuba, Dominica, te Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, AMERICA Saint Vincent and te Grenadines, te Neterlands Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, and te United States Virgin Islands GENDER SMALL ISLAND ulf of Mexico ala DOR n Salvador Is. BELIZE Belmopan COSTA RICA HONDURAS Tegucigalpa San José NICARAGUA Managua La Habana Cayman Is. Issues and Concerns: SIDS Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in te Caribbean and te Pacific sare a number of caracteristics wic make tem vulnerable to external treats. Tese include: Quito ECUADOR Guayaquil CUBA PANAMA Nassau Kingston Panamá JAMAICA Medellín BAHAMAS HAITI Caribbean Sea COLOMBIA Turks and Caicos Is. Port-au-Prince Aruba Santa Fé de Bogotá DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Santo Domingo Neterlands Antilles 13 ATLANTIC OCEAN Caracas VENEZUELA Puerto Rico SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS US Virgin Is. Britis Virgin Is. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Montserrat Guadeloupe DOMINICA Martinique SAINT LUCIA BARBADOS GRENADA SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Port of Spain TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO GUYANA Manaus Georgetown SURINAME Paramaribo Frenc Guiana Cayenne CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL Belém

16 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL Small populations Few natural resources Limited economies of scale Pysically/geograpically remote from oter countries Extreme susceptibility to natural disasters Undiversified economies Hig levels of outmigration of young adults Excessive dependence on international trade Vulnerability and sensitivity to global developments and socks Tis combination of caracteristics makes te treat of disaster a costly one for any SIDS country, in terms of loss of lives and infrastructure. Recognizing te vulnerability of SIDS and te need to build resilience for sustainable development, a number of small island representatives eld a meeting in 1994 resulting in te adoption of te Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA); te BPoA was reviewed at te ministerial level in 1999 and 2005 respectively. 11 Te result of te 2005 meeting is known as te Mauritius Declaration and te Mauritius Strategy for Furter Implementation of te Barbados Programme of Action for te Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (MSI+5). Climate Cange and Disasters: SIDS Altoug bot te Caribbean and te Pacific produce only a tiny fraction of global greenouse gas emissions, many of tese islands are barely above sea level and are extremely vulnerable to te effects of climate cange. Rising sea levels, iger tan normal temperatures, and cycles of drougts and floods represent significant callenges to sustainable development and disaster risk reduction in te Caribbean and te Pacific. Natural disasters, in bot regions, are increasing in frequency and intensity due to te effects of climate variability caused by global warming. Environmental degradation, suc as te destruction of mangroves and coral reefs, often exacerbates vulnerabilities and can be te factor tat transforms a climate extreme, suc as a eavy downpour, into a disaster. Predicted sea level rise will lead to a greater occurrence of coastal erosion, storm surges and damage to uman settlements. It as been estimated tat, in te 1990s alone, te cost of natural disasters in te Pacific region was about $US2.8 billion dollars, 12 mostly affecting te Melanesian countries. For example, Samoa as reported an average economic loss wort 46% of te annual GDP during disaster years between Cyclone Heta, wic devastated Niue in 2004, wit wave eigts of 13.7 metres. In a typical disaster year, more tan 40% of te population is affected in Tonga. Suc azards impose a uge burden on te small economies already struggling to meet teir basic needs and aspirations. 14

17 Solomon Island 23 Marc 2010 Tropical Cyclone, Ului; Evacuations and damage in several villages. No casualties reported. Fiji 15 Marc 2010 Tropical Cyclone Tomas Category 4; 5000 people evacuated Tonga 16 February 2010 Tropical Cyclone, Rene. Major damage to crops, vegetation and buildings Cook Islands Frenc Polynesia Solomon Islands 11/12 February 2010 Tropical Cyclone Pat. 80% of trees on te island are down. Significant damage to crops and oter vegetation. Aitutaki declared a disaster zone. State of emergency in Rarotonga. 5 February 2010 Tropical Cyclone, Oli. Hundreds of omes destroyed in Moorea and Taiti. One fift of te population witout power. 10 February 2010 Flood. Bridges destroyed. 50 ouses affected. 11 April 2010 Eartquake. 500 ouses damaged or destroyed. NDM Offices says undreds of people could be omeless. Many Caribbean countries suffer severe urricanes and risk of severe floods, eartquakes, landslides and fires caused by drougts. A study of four Caribbean SIDS, conducted by te UN Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC) Port of Spain office, sows te loss in terms of life and infrastructure tat were suffered in 2004 due to Hurracane Ivan, as an example. 14 Country Percent of Population affected Absolute number of deats Number of dwelling places damaged Percent of ousing stock damaged Cayman Islands 83% 2 13,535 83% Grenada 79% 28 28,000 89% Jamaica 14% ,000 14% Haiti 4% ,882 4% GENDER SMALL ISLAND In 2007, Hurricane Dean it Dominica, killing 2 persons, injuring 30 and damaging 1,500 ouses. 15 Cuba was lased by multiple major urricanes in 2008, wit Hurricanes Ike and Gustav wreaking a total of $15 billion in damage in less tan ten days. In 2009 te world witnessed te severity of te Haiti eartquake, in wic an estimated 230,000 people died, 300,000 injured and 1,000,000 were made omeless. Te economic cost of disasters depends not only on te intensity of events but also on te level of national and community planning for preparedness and response. Damage resulting from disasters extends beyond te event to cause cronic socks to national economies. 15 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

18 GENDER SMALL ISLAND Disaster Risk Reduction & Climate Cange Adaptation Te concept of climate risk management reflecting a more effective integration of climate adaptation wit compreensive disaster management programs continues to take sape as international, regional and national disaster management agencies recognize te need to implement measures to counter tese climate related disasters. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate cange adaptation (CCA) counter measures possess many similarities, generating momentum to merge te two. Tonga is a good example. Wit te assistance of te SOPAC Division of Secretariat of te Pacific Community (SPC) and SPREP, DRM and te Climate Cange National Action Plan ave been combined and a DRM/Climate Cange country team as been establised. Te Mauritius strategy clearly igligts te link between climate cange and natural and environmental disasters (see Annex Te Mauritius Declaration) Researc 16 sows tat te participation of women in decision making is low in climate policy and its implementation in instruments and measures. Climate protection measures often fail to take into account te needs of large numbers of poor, women, cildren and elderly members of society, in terms of infrastructure, energy supply, and oter facilities and amenities. Practitioners need to be especially vigilant in ensuring tat gender is taken into account in teir own implementation of disaster risk reduction strategies for te best outcomes possible. CHECKLISTS REASONS FOR INTEGRATING GENDER IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND MANAGEMENT Women and men in teir respective social roles are differently affected by te effects of climate cange and variability. Women and men in teir respective social roles are differently affected by climate protection instruments and measures; Women and men differ wit regard to teir respective perceptions of and reactions to climate cange and variability; Women s and men s contributions to climate cange and variability differ, especially in teir respective CO2 emissions. Source: UNDP (2009). Enancing Gender Visibility in Disaster Risk Management and Climate Cange in te Caribbean Gender and Vulnerability: SIDS ADDITIONAL Men and women in te Pacific and te Caribbean face callenges tat increase teir vulnerability to te impact of disasters. Tis includes poverty, food insecurity, unequal access to decision making and resources and dependent economies 16

19 issues wic are common in SIDS. Te treat of natural disasters is a constant in te lives of te people of tese regions. Female poverty is of specific concern in terms of disaster management. Te worldwide increase in women s poverty is caused by factors suc as lower wages, increased workload, insufficient social support systems, violence, meager opportunities for participation in decision making and limited access to education and productive resources. 17 Tis poverty exacerbates vulnerability in situations of crisis. Researc suggests tat te poorest are often te most severely affected by disasters as tey ave te least resources to buffer against te event. 18 In te assessment of Grenada following Hurricane Ivan, wen poverty data is crossed wit gender statistics, it is evident tat 52% of poor ouseolds, wit te largest families, were eaded by women. Poverty leaves women more vulnerable and dependent in times of disasters. Access to fewer resources is compounded by responsibilities as te primary caregivers to cildren, te disabled and te elderly, leaving poor women witout time and assistance to prepare adequately for disasters, attend to post disaster reconstruction or ensure successful recovery. Rural poverty also requires special consideration in te assessment of natural disasters in SIDS, since, in addition to potential loss of property, rural conditions following a disaster and ability to recover may treaten food security at a ouseold, community and national level. POVERTY AND VULNERABILITY IN HAITI Te overall incidence of poverty in Haiti is 77%. In rural areas, wic are ome to 60% of te population, 88% of people are below te poverty line and 67% are extremely poor or indigent. Rural people ave a per capita income tat is about 1/3 of te income urbanites. Te poorest groups of rural people in Haiti are: (i) women wo are eads of ouseolds; (ii) rural workers wo depend exclusively on wage labour; and (iii) landless people. Scarce ouseold and public resources and consequent environmental degradation ave resulted in a limited capacity for response on te part of ouseolds to recurrent natural crises. Source: IFAD (2009). Enabling te rural poor to overcome poverty in Haiti. ttp:// Accessed November Female and male livelioods are bot affected by natural disasters; farmers, agricultural workers or fiser folk are some of te worst affected. In bot regions, workers in te tourist industry can be negatively impacted by natural disasters, wic tend to interrupt te tourist economy and may result in damage to tourist facilities. Post disaster employment may be centred on re construction, favouring 17 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

20 GENDER SMALL ISLAND male employment. Wen 90% of te ouses were destroyed in Grenada due to Hurricane Ivan (2004), most domestic workers, te majority of wom were women, lost teir jobs. 19 Te gendered division of labour in a society is made more visible in a post disaster situation. In te Pacific, a study 20 on gender and disaster management conducted in four countries Samoa, Solomon Islands, Fiji Islands and Kiribati illustrates ow issues of gender inequity and development affect te vulnerability of communities to disaster. 21 In tese islands, women traditionally old te responsibility for te pysical well being of teir families and te management of ouseolds, yet women s lesser social power increases ouseold vulnerability to disaster. Increased participation in decision making and defining strategic needs would allow better protection of te community. For example, women are often responsible for water collection, so involving tem in setting priorities and making decisions about water supply in terms of location, design and maintenance of facilities would improve te efficiency of tis service and serve to mobilize women. Because tey old key social responsibilities, tis example igligts te importance of involving women in decision making, particularly in improving disaster preparedness at te ouseold and community level. CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL 18

21 Disaster Risk Management Cycle A disaster is a serious disruption of te functioning of a community or a society causing widespread uman, material, economic or environmental losses wic exceed te ability of te affected community or society to cope using its own resources. 22 Disaster risk management (DRM) is a process for reducing, mitigating or preventing te risk of disaster. It involves systematically incorporating a number of strategies in areas of administration and management, witin te community and in institutions and organizations, troug policies, programmes and projects to reduce te impact of natural azards and oter treats on people and te environment using structural and non structural metods. 23 Te main goal of disaster risk management is to reduce te risk of disaster by reducing vulnerability and building resilience witin communities, ouseolds and individuals. Risk is expressed by te formula, Risk = Hazard x (Vulnerability - Capacity). 24 Te risk of disaster occurs terefore, wen people are vulnerable and exposed to a range of azards suc as eartquakes, cyclones and urricanes, drougt, toxic spills or civil conflicts. Vulnerability is reduced by enancing or leveraging te varied capacities of men and women and building resilience. Vulnerability is caused by te sum of social, economic, environmental or pysical factors wic increase people s susceptibility to be adversely impacted by a disaster event. Tis increases te risk of loss of life and/or property. Te more clearly tose vulnerabilities are identified and understood, at all levels and witin all groups, te more successfully individuals and communities can be better prepared to witstand disaster events. Resilience is defined as te capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to azards to adapt, by resisting or canging in order to reac and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure. Tis is determined by te degree to wic te social system is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and to improve risk reduction measures. 25 In order to incorporate gender into disaster risk management, it is important to understand te four pases of DRM Cycle. Te pre disaster pase includes mitigation and preparedness; te post disaster pase includes response and recovery. Gender analysis related to te vulnerability and capacities of men and women in eac pase is necessary to ensure te best outcomes for men and women, boys and girls in te event of a disaster. 19 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

22 GENDER SMALL ISLAND REDUCTION: FIELDS FOR ACTION Risk awareness and assessment including azard analysis and vulnerability/capacity analysis Knowledge development including education, training, researc and information Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including organizational, policy, legislation and community action Application of measures including environmental management, land-use and urban planning, protection of critical facilities, application of science and tecnology, partnersip and networking, and financial instruments Early warning systems including forecasting, dissemination of warnings, preparedness measures and reaction capacities CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL Pre-Disaster Pase Te main objectives of risk reduction can be summarized: 1. Mitigation Mitigation is defined as a sustained action to reduce or eliminate risk to people and property from azards and teir effects. 2. Preparedness Preparedness can best be defined as a state of readiness to respond to a disaster, crisis or any oter type of emergency situation. 26 Examples of mitigation activities: Structural activities -- Retrofitting buildings to better witstand eartquakes -- Building dams to prevent floods -- Building retaining walls to protect against landslides -- Planting forests to buffer against storms -- Engaging in agricultural mitigation measures (i.e. crop diversification, planting of selter breaks, food storage programs) Non structural activities -- Development, review and implementation of legal frameworks tat protect te uman rigts of men, women and cildren -- Reviewing legal frameworks to ensure tat an enabling environment for structural mitigation requirements are adequately covered (ie. land use planning, building codes) -- Training and education to ensure tat mitigation programs will be supported and properly implemented -- Appropriate governance structures to ensure te full participation of men and women in decision making tat affects tem Implementing mitigation programs and activities requires te participation and support of a broad spectrum of players. Mitigation involves, among oter public 20

23 GENDER ISSUES IN THE PRE-DISASTER PHASE Gender norms foster more risk taking among men and risk avoidance among women, wit implications for preparedness and safety in disasters. Women tend to seek out information regarding disasters and pay greater attention to warnings. Men and women s roles dictate ow tey use resources tat impact on te environment, ow environmental impacts affect teir livelioods differently, and wat teir risks migt be during a natural azard. o In te Pacific, women and men face different environmental impacts depending on were tey fis. Coastal erosion will impact upon women s livelioods since tey tend to fis in near-sore areas, wile environmental impacts, suc as rising sea temperatures, will reduce fis stocks and result in more male unemployment because men engage primarily in deep seas fising. o In te Caribbean, carrying water exposes women and men to ealt problems. Women s greater use of water for ouseold cores and domestic use, togeter wit teir vulnerabilities exposes tem to serious ealt risks. Some women suffered miscarriages because tey carry water trougout te nine monts of teir pregnancy. Women are often found in muc smaller numbers in formal and informal decision-making bodies and consultations on disaster risk management and climate cange adaptation. Tey are terefore less likely to receive critical information for emergency preparedness and less likely to participate in decision making and policy development in tese fields. In some communities in te Pacific, te formal risk management sector, suc as te disaster management and meteorological services are still dominated by men. On te oter and, NGOs tat contribute to risk reduction troug environmental management, ealt and social services, and community-based management ave 80% female leadersip. In some communities in te Caribbean, more women tend to participate and are represented in neigbourood campaigns and grassroots mitigation strategies. and private sector participants, land use planners, construction and building officials, business owners, insurance companies, community leaders and politicians in addition to emergency managers. 27 Examples of preparedness activities: Public awareness raising troug education and knowledge dissemination to improve te population s participation in preparedness programmes Researc to assess vulnerabilities and to identify and assess te magnitude of risks 21 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

24 GENDER SMALL ISLAND Hazard mapping Provision of baseline information around benc mark indicators tat represent te situation of people, including teir demograpic, social and economic profiles Establisment of early warning systems Practice of emergency drills Stockpiling food and materials Training emergency response teams to andle first aid treatment selter management and warning systems. Development of a community based approac to disaster risk reduction Gender considerations Men and women exibit certain beaviours based on gender norms, socialization, and gender roles and responsibilities; tese beaviours may ave positive or negative impacts at various stages of te DRM cycle. Men and women may also be affected and treated differently in society, wit implications for costs and benefits to individuals and to te communities at eac pase of te cycle. Te situations would differ based on te cultural practices of communities, and te exposure of men and women to training and education. A good disaster manager, will pay attention to te differential vulnerabilities and capacities of men and women in te disaster management context in order to acieve te best possible outcomes. CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL Post- Disaster Pase In tis pase, te focus is on: Emergency response Te provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet te life preservation and basic subsistence needs of tose people affected. It can be of an immediate, sort term, or protracted duration 2. Recovery Decisions and actions taken after a disaster wit a view to restoring or improving te pre disaster living conditions of te stricken community, wile encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk Examples of emergency response activities: Wit te onset of te azard, tis pase of te cycle focuses on relief activities and coping strategies. All emer gency teams at te national and community levels are mobilized to provide immediate assistance for te preservation of life, maintenance of ealt and te provision of psycological support to tose tat are traumatized by te disaster. Tis includes: Provision of food, medicine and oter limited aid Building temporary selters, setting up of camps, or temporary repair to existing dwellings 22

25 GENDER ISSUES IN THE POST-DISASTER PHASE During te emergency and recovery stages, women extend teir reproductive role from te family to te community wit non-remunerative duties suc as providing safe spaces for abused women, cild care and peer support. Tey ost displaced women and families, meet broader community needs as volunteers, use women s organizations to fundraise and advocate for te needs of vulnerable people to elp move teir communities forward. It is important not to view women as victims, tey also ave capacities tat can be called upon in response and recovery pases. In quantifying te loss in a ouseold, tere must exist te understanding tat te ouse is not only a place for living, but also a productive area for women, and plays a key role in teir social and economic relations in te community. Damage assessments are often blind to gender considerations; financial proposals and recovery programmes/projects tend not to address gender, a fact wic contributes to te poorest sectors staying poor on a permanent basis. Tis absence inders gender equality, wic directly affects te women causing a negative impact on teir recovery capacity, wile indirectly affecting te entire community since te women assume te majority of te basic social activities implemented by te government in te aftermat of a crisis. Traditional gender relations can be reinforced by disasters, and existing inequalities exacerbated, leaving women even more vulnerable to subsequent crisis. Tere are also moments of opportunity for women to callenge prevailing gender norms, e.g. using relief funds to leave an abusive relationsip, developing new job skills and gaining self-confidence and leadersip skills troug collective action to meet women s needs and interests. Men and women are affected by loss of employment, ousing, crops and assets in te aftermat. Due to te gendered division of labour, women were least likely to obtain immediate means of securing a liveliood, wereas men are usually able to engage in new opportunities for construction work. GENDER SMALL ISLAND Addressing special reproductive and ealt needs of women Addressing security and safety concerns to prevent violence and sexual abuse of vulnerable persons Setting up searc and rescue teams Caring for cildren, te sick and te elderly, some of wom may be separated from teir own families Te primary focus in te response pase is on meeting te basic needs of te people until more permanent and sustainable solutions can be found. 23 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

26 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS Examples of recovery activities: In te recovery pase, attention is focused on restoring living conditions and livelioods. Managing recovery requires building national capacities, restoring coping mecanisms, empowering communities and determining root causes and vulnerabilities wic make communities disaster prone. 29 Te recovery pase, like te mitigation and preparedness pases, provides excellent opportunities for introducing mecanisms to advance gender equality troug gender analysis and gender mainstreaming. Among te activities included in tis pase are: Mainstream disaster risk reduction in te recovery/development process strengten national systems for disaster risk reduction; review existing policy, or develop new policy as necessary; ensure tat appropriate information about disaster risk is available; develop specific projects to build capacities in te government and civil society; set up new governance structures or improve existing structures for greater accountability. Promote participatory approaces and decentralised planning and programming for recovery ensure tat men and women are involved in te assessment, planning and programming stages of recovery. Te role of women in communities and ouseolds sould be taken into consideration in planning and programming. Enance safety standards and integrate risk reduction in reconstruction and development conduct damage assessments; repair and reabilitate damaged social and primary infrastructure utilizing improved building codes and safety standards, including roads, bridges, ealt facilities, markets, water supply infrastructure, etc. Improve te living conditions of te affected communities and sectors address employment and liveliood concerns, including sort-term gender sensitive alternative income generating opportunities; repair and rebuild ouses paying attention to improved safety standards; resettle families in safer locations; address ousing and land tenure issues; address environmental and water resource issues; address psyco-social issues including post disaster stress. Build local and national capacities for increased resilience, risk management and sustainable development strengten local level capacities for planning, conducting risk mapping, developing early warning systems troug training and simulation exercises. Te disaster practitioner can develop plans and programmes to more accurately meet te needs of te targeted beneficiaries by applying a gender lens. ADDITIONAL 24

27 Program And Project Management Cycle In Disaster Risk Management EVALUATION MONITORING IMPLEMENTATION IMPLEMENTATION Te Program and Project Management Cycle (PPMC) is a logical sequence of actions to acieve te goal and objectives of any planned programme or project, including tose related to disaster management. 30 Tere are many variations in te cycle; some of te stages may also be joined togeter or separated, especially in te planning stage. 31 Wen gender is integrated into te PPMC, it allows disaster managers to identify and integrate important gender considerations at every stage of planning for a programme or project. A gender sensitive PPMC allows for careful planning and te targeted use of limited sources to advance gender equality and acieve te best outcomes for men and women. PLANNING IDENTIFICATION PREPARATION AND DESIGN APPRAISAL AND FUNDING GENDER SMALL ISLAND Gender and te PPMC Project or progamme planning involves identification, preparation and design, appraisal and funding. Find ere definitions of eac stage of te cycle and examples of ow gender considerations can be included in DRM project planning. Identification: At tis stage of te cycle problems and teir context, as well as te needs and interests of possible stakeolders, are assessed and identified. Ideas for projects are suggested, examined and sortlisted. Te outcome is a decision as to wic problem(s) will be addressed and ow stakeolders will be affected, wit te aim of developing a program or project to address tis problem. 25 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

28 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL Te identification stage of PPMC sould be a igly participatory exercise involving bot men and women, as well as primary and secondary stakeolders. Tere is a lot of scope for conflict between stakeolders in tis activity and great skill must be exercised in its facilitation. In a pre disaster scenario, te involvement of bot men and women will allow for a more compreensive identification of vulnerabilities and program interventions tat address prevention and mitigation. In a post disaster setting, ig participation of bot men and women will set a more balanced trajectory for dealing wit te priorities and needs arising out of te disaster. Researc is an important step in problem identification. Baseline information collected from primary or secondary sources, disaggregated by sex and oter key variables sould provide insigt into te problem, an understanding of te stakeolders involved, and te context in wic tey operate. Various tools suc as problem analysis, situational analysis, and stakeolder analysis can be used to analyze tis data. Participatory risk assessments, vulnerability and capacity assessment and damage assessments are key metodological approaces tat generate information necessary for DRM project design. A gender analysis sould be integrated into all of tese tools so tat te information generated includes te nuanced difference between men and women in terms of vulnerability, capacity, risk perception, impact and recovery. Identification Stage PRE-DISASTER TOOLS 1. Situational analysis/ Problem analysis 2. Participatory risk assessments 3. Vulnerability and capacity assessment 4. Stakeolder analysis GENDER IN PRACTICE: ANALYSIS QUESTIONS 26 Identification Stage POST-DISASTER TOOLS 1. Situational analysis/ Problem analysis 2. Participatory risk assessments 3. Damage and loss assessments 4. Vulnerability and capacity assessments 5. Stakeolder analysis Wat are te social/formal structures witin te community? Wic men and wic women old te power in tis community? Wo makes up te vulnerable population in te community? Wat are teir demograpic caracteristics? Wo owns and controls resources? Wo as access to tese resources? Wat is te division of labour between men and women? Wat are te different levels of participation and leadersip enjoyed by men and women in te community? Wo makes te decisions? Wat are te cultural constraints and enabling environments tat prevent or allow participation by men and women in decisionmaking and leadersip positions? Wo gains and wo loses from processes of development? Wat are te different skills, capacities, aspirations and responsibilities of men and women? Wat is te level of violence in te community, including domestic and sexual violence? How is tis being addressed?

29 Preparation and Design: In tis stage of te project cycle te initial ideas are developed in more detail. A logical framework approac is commonly used to structure project design from start to finis: activities, inputs, expected outputs, timelines, indicators for measuring results and a verification source. External conditions necessary for acieving eac objective are also identified. Monitoring and evaluation activities, suc as researcing baseline information or developing benc mark indicators, are also planned for during te design of te project. Te following table outlines elements to take into account wen developing a specific project or programme and possible questions or examples to keep in mind: Elements in design and preparation Te cost of implementing te project Metods of procuring material for te implementation of te project Te best metod of delivering an output based on cost, sustainability, equitability and stability. Tis is normally done wen communities identify options witin a mitigation action plan. Costs and benefits to te stakeolders Metodologies for furter researc Participatory mecanisms to ensure full participation of primary stakeolders Benc mark indicators for monitoring and evaluation External callenges to te project/program implementation 27 Questions and examples to consider. Are procurement procedures transparent and is tere gender balance and gender equity in te procurement procedures? Sould te training of community members in early warning systems be done by experts from outside of te community, or sould it be facilitated troug a partnersip of external specialists and trained community members? Will te success of te project be excessively dependent on te non-remunerative activities of women? Have focus group discussions wit men and women wo ave a store of traditional knowledge about climate cange been eld? Has researc been conducted to examine gaps identified in te baseline study? How to include groups suc as cildren and yout? Cildren, yout and scools can play an important part in te implementation of early warning systems and te dissemination of information. Wat will tese be and ow will te information be collected? Is tere ig levels of crime in te area, community seasonal activities or festivals tat may prevent full participation of community members in meetings tat are necessary for project implementation? A work plan is prepared, management structures agreed upon and te need for any specialists identified. Gender analysis sould be integrated into project and operational design in order to attain equitable outcomes. GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

30 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS Appraisal and Funding: GENDER IN PRACTICE: PROJECT DESIGN Actively promote women s dignity and empowerment Callenge attitudes tat discriminate against women; tis sould be done in a manner tat strengtens te enabling environment for gender equality Support women to carry out teir responsibilities in teir traditional areas of autority Encourage women and men to take on non-traditional gender roles freeing up women to take on more strategic roles and allowing men to sare te labour in te reproductive or domestic spere Support women s rigt to ownersip and control of strategic assets suc as ousing and land, as well as te rigt to sustainable livelioods troug income generating and remunerative opportunities Protect women and cildren from te likeliood of increased violence following disasters Secure male support for programme activities tat upold women s rigts and empowerment Be aware of te vulnerabilities of different groups suc as widows, female eads of ouseolds, cildren, and women and men wit disabilities Establis mecanisms tat enable bot female and male beneficiaries to give feedback on all programmes Promote activities tat are safe and appropriate, wic include te participation of cildren in community-based disaster risk reduction activities Appraisal gives stakeolders an opportunity to review te project design in detail and resolve any outstanding questions. Te financial feasibility and potential social, economic and environmental impacts of te project, as well as tecnical soundness, gender sensitivity and sustainability sould be scrutinized. Furter consultation may take place wit stakeolders. Te primary stakeolders te men and women in communities sould be made aware of te activities tat constitute te project/programme and be given an opportunity to provide feedback. Donor agencies also provide expertise at tis stage of te process. Once te project is appraised, it is ready for approval and funding is made available or sougt. Implementation: ADDITIONAL Important components of implementing project plans and activities include: Strict monitoring to ensure timeliness in te roll out of activities. (e.g. if training activities for te disaster preparedness begins before public awareness and communication is implemented, no one may turn up for training) 28

31 Effective and efficient management of te budget. Budget overruns can result in important components not being completed and a resultant possible increase in te vulnerability of te intended beneficiaries. Public awareness and effective communication to encourage maximum participation and cooperation of all stakeolders. Messages sould be disseminated witin te agreed time frame and using appropriate media. Messages tat only use formal media directed at office employees may not reac fisermen and farmers, or women engaged in domestic cores. Monitoring to ensure gender balanced participation in activities and tat gender equality is acieved wit every output. Monitoring is a continuous process over te lifetime of te project. GENDER IN PRACTICE: IMPLEMENTATION Are gender concerns being addressed as planned in te project design, during te implementation of activities? Are tere any emerging or unanticipated gender concerns? Does te project implementation team ave access to gender expertise as needed? Is tere gender balance in te participation of primary stakeolders during project activities? GENDER SMALL ISLAND Monitoring and Evaluation: Monitoring ensures tat te intended objectives are being acieved, or activities are being modified as needed to acieve intended goals. Monitoring activities include assessing weter te timelines are realistic, te target beneficiaries are utilizing te outputs as planned and/or if te budgetary allocations are adequate. Identifying gender sensitive indicators to assess progress and collecting sexdisaggregated data are also a part of monitoring. A project designed to raise community awareness and improve disaster preparedness can monitor to see if training scedules fit te flow of community work life; if not, te project will fall sort of its objectives. Similarly, if te budget allocated for mitigation works is inadequate, or te people are ready to work on a project but no equipment is available for te work to start, te project will also fall sort of its objectives. Evaluation may be conducted in te middle as well as te end of te project; te purpose of evaluation is to measure impact in te medium and long term, to ascertain weter te project or programme design was appropriate and to provide feedback on ow to move forward. Monitoring and evaluation are complementary activities. A good evaluation depends on information collected during te monitoring process, and te monitoring framework for subsequent pases of te project can benefit from evaluation feedback. 29 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

32 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS Evaluation also serves to: Assess te accuracy of te project in meeting te needs of te intended beneficiaries Determine weter tere were unintended beneficiaries of te project and unintended outcomes Identify good practices based on te implementation of te programme or project Identify lessons learnt based on implementation of te programme and project. GENDER IN PRACTICE: MONITORING AND EVALUATION Were gender-sensitive indicators identified at te start of te project, troug a participatory researc process? Did te project address practical sort-term needs as well as longer term strategic needs of bot men and women? Did women feel tat te project made a positive difference to teir lives? Did te project activities accurately and realistically target men and women? Are te project benefits sustainable? Did te project increase te workload and responsibilities of women? Men? Were tere any external factors related to gender tat positively or negatively affected te project? Did te project contribute an enabling environment for gender equality tat would benefit boys and girls? ADDITIONAL 30

33 Cecklists Cecklists are tools used to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. Tey assume pre existing knowledge and are seen as an aid to improve effectiveness. Tese cecklists are by no means exaustive, but sould serve to remind practitioners of key questions to ask in order to take gender into account in te DRM cycle. Te cecklists are arranged as follows: Pre-Disaster Disaster risk reduction (mitigation) Preparedness Response Post Disaster Relief Recovery Cross-Cutting Issues Participation and consultation Examples of gender Indicators tat may be useful Tere is no standard framework for te integration of gender analysis into disaster risk management. Metods vary wit organizational programmatic frameworks, te particular field of specialization and te focus of te autor. Notwitstanding te diversity, all cecklists reinforce understanding tat women and men are affected differently due to distinct gender roles and responsibilities. GENDER SMALL ISLAND 31 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

34 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS PRE-DISASTER: REDUCTION, MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS Pre Disaster: Disaster Risk Reduction, Mitigation And Preparedness Hig levels of exposure and vulnerability increase te risk of disaster. Women and men face variant levels of risk because of teir gender differences; tey ave particular vulnerabilities and coping strategies due to distinct roles and responsibilities. Indicated ere are broad areas for gender analysis, wic can elp to improve programme and project outcomes and increase gender equality in te pre disaster pase. Disaster Risk Reduction / Mitigation Institutional Basis for Implementation Are te priorities of women s organizations represented in coordination mecanisms for DRR? Is analysis and planning for DRR capacity development prioritized equitably for men and women? Is budget allocation for DRR implementation in all sectors and levels prioritized for action tat benefits women? Are women involved in participatory community planning processes for DRR? Is tere gender balance in responsibility and management of available resources? Identify and Monitor Risks and Enance Early Warning Are bot women and men involved equally in te development of risk and azard maps and in te identification of data and indicators for te assessment of gender specific aspects of risk and vulnerability? Does researc, analysis and reporting assess emerging issues tat migt impact women s risk levels? Is te participation of women encouraged in early warning systems? Are early warning systems appropriate for, and accessible to, bot women and men? Tis means tat communication alerts, media and tecnology need to be tailored to te preferences and beavior patterns of women and men. ADDITIONAL Building a Culture of Safety Does capacity and knowledge building promote a culture of safety among women and men? 32

35 Do activities and events related to risk target women as key cange agents? Are communication means appropriate for women? Are cildren, bot boys and girls, appropriately targeted wit risk knowledge troug formal and informal cannels? Do women ave equal access to DRR training and educational opportunities? Reduce Underlying Risk Factors Are critical safety facilities and infrastructure (e.g. evacuation selters and emergency ousing, water, sanitation, and ealt systems) resilient to azards and accessible to bot women and men? Do women ave adequate privacy and security in te use of social facilities and amenities? Is te importance of support to women and vulnerable groups underscored in te development of sustainable ecosystems and natural resource management, including te planning of landuse to reduce risk? Do te development of sustainable ecosystem and natural resource management plans underscore risk reduction and te importance of support to women and vulnerable groups? Does te development of financial risk saring mecanisms prioritize te involvement of women, and are tey accessible and appropriate to te needs of women at risk of disaster? Are tere awareness programs for women, men and cildren about te rigt to live free from violence at ome and in te public domain? PRE-DISASTER: REDUCTION, MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS GENDER SMALL ISLAND Strengten Preparedness to Respond Effectively Do disaster preparedness and response plans take into account gender differentiated vulnerabilities and capacities? Are tey disseminated to bot women and men in languages tat tey can understand? Are actions to reduce te risks faced by women and vulnerable groups prioritized in disaster preparedness and response plans? Is te importance of women as key cange agents promoted and are women fully involved in community disaster management committees and disaster response drills? 33 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

36 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL PRE-DISASTER: REDUCTION, MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS Climate Risk Management Policy Preparedness Is gender recognized in climate cange discussions and researc? Do women participate in all decisions related to climate cange at all levels? Is tere gender mainstreaming in all institutions dealing wit climate cange? Is sex disaggregated data collected and publised at every level werever tis is possible? Are measureable gender related targets establised and are practical tools tat elp integrate gender equality in climate protection created and applied? Have gender sensitive indicators at national and local levels been developed, to be used in national communications and climate risk management projects? Have outreac, capacity building, education and training been designed to take women into consideration? Do tey enance women s access to and participation in disaster risk reduction and climate cange adaptation strategies and developmental activities? Do adaptation and mitigation strategies support basic uman security and te rigt to sustainable development? Policies and Plans Are women s organizations integrated into te political and policy making process and encouraged to use teir capacities and expertise to influence decisions in emergency management? Are women and men s traditional knowledge about te environment and climate cange utilized in preparedness strategies? Does an integrated national disaster management plan exist? Does it ave clearly defined and appropriate roles and responsibilities for: Varying levels of government (local and national?) Community and tribal/village leaders? Civil society Relevant responding agencies 34

37 Are tese roles and responsibilities well understood bot by relevant organizations as well as by local communities? Are tey adequately resourced? Are te committees establised for disaster planning gender balanced? Risk Mapping and Assessments Are men and women s perceptions of risk considered separately? Is te traditional knowledge of women as well as men taken into consideration wen assessing available resources and capacities for reducing vulnerability? Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Do risk assessment training programmes and oter capacity building activities contain mecanisms to ensure te participation of bot men and women? Are women s organizations included wen an assessment of te capacities of organizations and institutions is conducted? Are women s capacities considered wen assessing resources for risk assessment and te reduction of vulnerabilities? Early Warning Systems Is appropriate media used to ensure all sections of te population are reaced, especially women and cildren? Are te warning mecanisms sensitive to women s location, needs and abilities? PRE-DISASTER: REDUCTION, MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS GENDER SMALL ISLAND Awareness & Public Education Have women been included and appropriately targeted by educational campaigns designed to prepare populations for disasters? Have women s talents as informal educators been considered? Are women s eavy domestic workloads considered wen designing training and simulation exercises? Are cildren s capacities taken into consideration wen assessing resources for awareness building? 35 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

38 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL PRE-DISASTER: REDUCTION, MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS Training Have traditional and non traditional training programs been developed to increase women s skills and opportunities in disaster management at all levels? Tis may include leadersip training, searc and rescue, first aid, data collection, azard and vulnerability analysis. Is tere gender balance in te participation of men and women in capacity building programmes and projects? Are gender specialists and women s organizations included as training partners for capacity building? Climate Risk Management Vulnerability Assessment Is government providing climate information related to te livelioods of men and women? Is tis information equally accessible to men and women? Wic societal groups and economic sectors are most vulnerable to climate cange? Is climate cange integrated into relevant sectoral policies, including gender equality policies? Do persons responsible for climate cange policies and programmes understand te link between gender and vulnerability? Is tis awareness being translated into policy and programme implementation? Are women and gender experts involved in planning for adaptation? Emergency Response Mobilization Do women s groups organize women in emergency response activities and general education witin ouseolds, workplaces, and te community? Is maximum input from women s organizations and teir members encouraged? Are women s organizations included in detecting and addressing women s special emergency related concerns? Are professional and volunteer women provided wit orientation and involved in all aspects of response and relief? 36

39 Evacuation Security Wat evacuation arrangements ave been made to cater to te special needs of cildren, women, te aged and sick? Are evacuation routes cleared and easily accessible to vulnerable groups? Wat are te specific treats or risks facing women and cildren in te current environment? Are women or cildren being targeted for certain violations? Wat policies and programs are in place to prevent and respond to violence, abuse and exploitation against women and cildren? Are effective reporting systems in place? Information and Communications Are women trained in te use and identification of formal and informal communication systems to expedite dissemination of information in a disaster situation? Tracing Family Reunion Is tere support for te reunification of separated ouseolds? PRE-DISASTER: REDUCTION, MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS GENDER SMALL ISLAND 37 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

40 GENDER SMALL ISLAND POST-DISASTER: RELIEF AND RECOVERY Post Disaster: Relief and Recovery In te immediate post disaster scenario, emergency relief sould be sensitive to te needs and priorities of various groups of men, women and cildren. Awareness of te capacities of men and women in tis period are important, as well as teir coping strategies. During te medium to longer term recovery period furter researc into te social composition of te affected communities will need to be conducted, to focus on new vulnerabilities as well as any canges in gender roles and relationsips. Wit te provision of assistance, programmes and projects will be identified for reconstruction and future mitigation. Te cecklists are intended to serve as reminders of gender issues in te area of emergency relief and recovery, including security concerns. Gender considerations for researc are also referred to, including damage and loss assessment in te recovery period. CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL Relief Ensuring basic needs are met Is tere collaboration and coordination wit emergency management and development agencies to address te concerns of women? Are professional and volunteer women oriented and involved in all aspects of relief? Wat are te prevailing attitudes, religious and cultural norms and practices tat affect women s ability to contribute to and benefit from assistance? Damage and Needs Assessment Are women involved in collecting and using information for immediate damage/needs assessment? Is data being collected, disaggregated and analyzed by sex, age and socioeconomic status? Wat is te age, sex, etnic and religious breakdown of tose wo died? Wat is te age, sex, etnic and religious breakdown of tose wo were injured or afflicted wit illness? Wat are te immediate callenges of men and women for returning to activities for sustainable livelioods? Wat do bot men and women need to be able to return to teir liveliood or find an alternative? 38

41 Water and Sanitation Food Is potable water accessible to all members of te community? Is te system of water distribution fair and accessible to vulnerable groups? Are men and women involved in ygiene promotional activities? Have feminine ygiene needs been addressed? Are tere separate and secure latrines and bating spaces for women and girls in order to avoid arassment and sexual treats? Are women s and girls needs being taken into consideration in te camp/selter environment to ensure teir privacy and dignity? Is te food distribution system women friendly? Have problems like long queues, lack of female staff or unsuitable distribution ours been addressed to ensure women s access to food? Separate ration cards issued to women can strengten women s control over food. Are food insecure ouseolds or tose wit special needs been given special consideration suc as supplemental feeding programs, specific diet plans and/or additional rations? Healt Care Education Are ealt services accessible to all men, women, cildren and yout, and te disabled? Tis entails tat te community ave knowledge about ealt services available at te basic ealt unit /ospital/medical camp. Wat measures are in place to ensure tat cildren get back into classrooms as quickly as possible to promote a quicker return to routine and normalcy? Tis also elps to protect young people from activities tat may put tem at risk and also it reduces cild caring burden on te moter for part of te day. 39 POST-DISASTER: RELIEF AND RECOVERY GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

42 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS POST-DISASTER: RELIEF AND RECOVERY Selter Are existing capacities (sewing, weaving, carving etc.) not affected by te disaster being utilized? Tis can lead to a sense of control and self sufficiency. Local resources can also be identified to run skills training if needed. Have selters for vulnerable groups suc as unaccompanied cildren or female eaded ouseolds been given special consideration suc as location and proximity to facilities and distribution points, security from te treat of violence, special assistance in selter construction or setting up of location of tents? Has te design and layout of te selters or campsites been planned in collaboration wit community members wit input from vulnerable groups? Does it promote a sense of community so tat community based protection can be reinforced? Distribution of oter supplies Is te relief supplies distribution system women friendly? Have problems like long queues, lack of female staff or unsuitable distribution ours been addressed to ensure access of women? Are tere separate queues and scedules for men and women at distribution points? Tis would reduce women s vulnerability to arassment at distribution points and often results in teir inability to access tis resource effectively. Psycosocial care Are psycosocial support initiatives available to te community? Tese can include cild and women friendly spaces, support groups and oter coping strategies for dealing wit grief, canged life circumstances, violence, parenting skills and understanding and elping cildren deal wit loss and trauma. Do women ave a say in te kind of support being offered and are tey involved in te management and maintenance of safe spaces? Have specific risks for violence in te context of te affected communities been identified? Recovery ADDITIONAL Employment and Livelioods Are women involved in te restoration of food and cas crop production? 40

43 Can a cas for care program be instituted to value te importance of women s role in care giving cildren, te infirmed and elderly? Do cas for work or oter liveliood programmes target female eaded ouseolds or tose women wo need to supplement family income because of canged life circumstances e.g. disability/deat of earning members of te ouseold? Are tese scemes fair e.g. equal wages? Do economic resources (i.e. seeds, tools, relief commodities) and vocational and skills training reac women as well as men? Do te liveliood kits build on local knowledge, capacities, resources of women and men? Do income generation projects develop non traditional skills in women? (ie. construction) Are vulnerable groups protected from exploitation in te labour market, suc as sexual arassment in te workplace or lower salaries for women? Are boys and girls protected from exploitation as cild labourers? Return to/of ousing and property Cildcare Are women involved in te design of improved ousing construction? Is te co ownersip of ouses by usband and wife in te reconstruction work considered? It may not be always possible, but it migt be an effective way to promote gender equality. Are cildcare and social support services available for women wo need to return to work or for tose women wo participate in liveliood or oter training programmes? POST-DISASTER: RELIEF AND RECOVERY GENDER SMALL ISLAND Compensation Are all groups represented in recovery operations to ensure non discriminatory allocation of benefits? Have compensation scemes been torougly reviewed, to avoid any potential discriminatory effects? Best practice sows tat benefits sould be allocated on te basis of support for survivors, rater tan compensation for te deceased, and to elp compensate for impoverisment due te disaster. 41 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

44 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL POST-DISASTER: RELIEF AND RECOVERY Selter Are programmes in place to build capacity for camp/selter management? Are women and men equally represented in management teams? Do women and men participate equally in decision making at te camp or local level in te recovery period? Are cildren s needs being taken into consideration in te camp/selter environment? Documentation Have vulnerable groups been identified? Are vulnerable groups being registered in a minimally bureaucratic manner wit te free issuing of documents? Loans and Credit Are women and women s organizations included in loans and credit scemes? Do credit programmes target women eaded ouseolds or tose women wo need to supplement family income because of canged life circumstances suc as disability or deat of earning members of te ouseold? Access to Utilities and Transport Are women involved in decision making, prioritization and implementation for te re establisment of community services? Psycosocial Care Are programs implemented to care for post disaster psycological needs of affected communities? Do psycosocial services also address men and provide tem wit acceptable outlets for increased frustration and tension, canges in gender roles, and perceptions of masculinity in te aftermat of a disaster? Special groups of men wo find temselves as primary care givers after te deat of a spouse can also be identified. Sports, education sessions, involvement in relief services and vocational skills training can be elpful in tis regard. 42

45 General And Cross Cutting Issues Tese cecklists underscore te importance of a participatory approac to redress gender inequality, as well as te need for gender sensitive indicators and sex disaggregated data to measure and understand te differential impacts of events, programmes and projects on men and women, boys and girls. WOMEN S PARTICIPATION IN CBDRM PROGRAMMES To gain a complete and picture of a community, all members of te community must be represented, including and especially women. Community Engagement Identify existing mecanisms to engage communities: In some countries certain protocols are to be followed wen engaging communities. Identify community mecanisms to engage women s participation. Involving local women s organizations will also assist in mobilizing women. Conduct initial consultation wit most influential male and female community leaders on proposed programme. Tis may include te village mayor, curc pastor, te ead of village, a women s committee, or pastor s wife, and is important to: Explain and gain support for te programme Gain approval to proceed Reac a consensus on wen te programme will be conducted and wo will participate Te quality of participation by women ougt to be discussed and agreed upon at te initial consultation, taking into consideration te following: Programme is conducted wen women are available, consider season, time of day, ie. arvesting season not suitable. Catering of worksop meals sould not involve female participants. Women take a lead role in working groups. Allocate group roles were women are also included as group leaders, scribes or presenters. Worksop facilitators sould encourage women to sare experiences and ideas during plenary and group work sessions. Facilitating team includes tose wit a gender-sensitized training background. 43 GENERAL AND CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

46 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL GENERAL AND CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES Participation and Consultation Participatory Approaces Have all stakeolders been involved in te process of identifying options for managing and reducing vulnerability? Wat support mecanisms ave been put in place for te involvement of bot men and women? Have men, women and cildren been involved in te development of azard and risk maps? How will all members of te community be made aware of systems, plans and activities tat are put in place for risk reduction and disaster preparedness? Wat mecanisms ave been put in place to capture te attention of men, women and cildren in teir places of activity witin te community? To wat extent ave te preferences of men and women, based on teir gender socialization and cultural contexts, been taken into account to encourage teir participation in decision making around disaster risk reduction activities? Wat mecanisms exist to ensure tat girls and boys participate in disaster reduction activities? Wat measures ave been put in place to ensure equity of benefits as a result of te implementation of disaster reduction programmes and projects? Wat opportunities ave been identified to cange structural inequities faced by women, troug programme and project activities? Information Gatering Wat barriers prevent women and girls from meaningful participation and involvement in decision making? Is a participatory approac being used? Reconstruction Policies Are women and women s organizations involved in decision making? 44

47 Location and Accessibility Wat would elp increase women s access to resources? Security and Complaint Mecanisms Is tere a system wereby pysical or sexual violence can be reported? Does tat mecanism protect te privacy of te complainant? Is it known to most women and cildren? Is tere a system to old offenders accountable? In cases of serious violence suc as pysical assault or rape, it would be important tat camp management, protection and ealt services are in communication. Is tere an establisment of transparent mecanisms to investigate complaints? Is tere an awareness and effort to prevent abduction and trafficking? Tis entails tat te community especially women and cildren ave a clear awareness and understanding of ow to report abuse. It is important tat teir anonymity and safety be ensured. Are tere programs and policies responding to and preventing interpersonal and community violence? GENERAL AND CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES GENDER SMALL ISLAND 45 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

48 GENDER SMALL ISLAND FORMULATING GENDER-SENSITIVE INDICATORS Formulating Gender sensitive indicators for risk and vulnerability assessments Te appropriate formulation of gender sensitive indicators is linked to substantive knowledge of social issues relevant to disaster risk management and climate cange. Community members are most familiar wit te social issues tat affect tem. Tis is one of te reasons wy a participatory approac to obtaining data is vital. Wen undertaking risk or vulnerability assessments, some areas of data are essential for targeted project/programme design and implementation. Here are template questions for risk assessment and vulnerability analysis wit specific examples to illustrate te need for gender analysis. Information for Risk Assessment CHECKLISTS QUESTION Wat is te nature of te risk to men, women and cildren? Loss of life Injury Separation from family Loss of livelioods Illness Violence Loss of omes Psyco-social trauma Contraction of disease Separation from and loss of family Loss of ousing EXAMPLES (i) Men, women and cildren face loss of life, injury and separation from teir families for reasons aving to do wit teir gender roles and responsibilities. (ii) Men s jobs may put tem in dangerous environments wen a natural azard strikes, ie. fisermen out at sea wit no early-warning systems. (iii) Women face increased morbidity due to increases in te burden of care based on teir gender roles. (iv) Women also face deat and injury if teir mobility is reduced in a disaster situation due to teir role as care givers. (v) Fisermen, farmers, sopkeepers and artisans wo are self-employed face loss of equipment and tools associated wit teir livelioods. (vi) Women and men face job losses due to destruction of teir places of employment, especially in te tourist industry. (vii) Poor female eads of ouseolds, disabled men and women, and cildren in poverty stricken ouseolds face greater risks due to te inadequacy of resources and poor ousing conditions. (viii) Young girls in some societies may also ave fewer survival skills to face a disaster because of cultural norms wic keep tem inside of te ome. (ix) Women and cildren may also be at risk of violence, including sexual violence during a disaster. ADDITIONAL 46

49 Information for Vulnerability Analysis QUESTION Wat is te nature of men, women and cildren s vulnerabilities? Poverty Crime Violence - interpersonal or community Malnutrition Low levels of education Exclusion based on gender/ Marginalization Disability Hig teenage fertility rates Unemployment Poor ousing conditions EXAMPLES (i) A ig proportion of men and women in te community are unemployed. (ii) Hig levels of crime in te community and a ig proportion of young men wo are in prison; (iii) Low levels of education among young men leading to ig crime rates and low levels of community solidarity and coesion; (iv) A ig proportion of young men wit disabilities due to conflict; (v) Hig proportion of poor female-eaded ouseolds wit poor ousing conditions; (vi) Hig levels of fertility levels in general and teenage fertility in particular, leading to ig ouseold dependency ratios; (vii) Elderly men and women wit reduced mobility; (viii) Gender norms in a community or society wic exclude women from decision-making and leadersip roles; (ix) Gendered division of labour tat exclude women from iger paying jobs (x) Many outer island communities ave low numbers of men due to outmigration flows to seek paid employment. FORMULATING GENDER-SENSITIVE INDICATORS GENDER SMALL ISLAND To build a profile of a community and understand te social caracteristics of its members, examples of some core indicators necessary for undertaking tis task are provided ere. Information for Community Baseline Information AREAS FOR ANALYSIS Demograpic profile of te community Houseold caracteristics of te community SUGGESTED RESEARCH QUESTIONS Wat is te sex, age, etnic, and religious distribution of te community? Wat is te fertility rate? Wat is te adolescent fertility rate? Wat are some of te cultural norms and practices of etnic groups witin te community wit regard to gender roles and relations? Wat is te ratio of men and women living in tis community? Wat is te composition of ouseolds? How many ouseolds are eaded by males/females? Wat is te size of ouseolds? 47 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

50 GENDER SMALL ISLAND CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL FORMULATING GENDER-SENSITIVE INDICATORS AREAS FOR ANALYSIS SUGGESTED RESEARCH QUESTIONS Labour force information Wat percentage of men and women are employed? Unemployed? Wat sectors do men work in? Women? Wat is te occupational stratification of men and women? Wat percentage of women is in te Agriculture sector? Business owners? Wat percentage of women are landowners? Wat is te employment status of ouseold by sex? Socio-economic status and economic issues Wat proportion of ouseolds are below te poverty line? Wat is te poverty status of eads of ouseolds by sex? Level of education Wat percentage of te male and female population are educated? To wat level? Healt caracteristics Wat is te mortality rate and causes by sex? Wic illnesses predominate among men and women in tis community? Wat are te infant and cild mortality rates? Wat is te maternal mortality rate? Wat is te incidence and prevalence of HIV and AIDS by sex? Wat facilities and resources exist for people living wit HIV and AIDS? Wat facilities and resources exist for reproductive ealt care? Wat access and facilities exist for victims of domestic and sexual abuse? Wat access and facilities exist for persons wit pysical and mental disabilities? Violence Wo is vulnerable to violence, wy and were? Wat functioning, trusted and accessible support systems and protective factors are available? Wat are te specific risks for violence witin te context of te community? Crime information Wat are te crime rates in te community by types of crimes? Wo are te main perpetrators of crime? Wo are te main victims? Media, Information and Communication tecnology Wat are te main means of communication witin te community? Mobile pones, telepones, television, newspapers, radio? Wat access do women ave to information? Wat access do men ave to information? Wat access do cildren and adolescents ave to information? Housing caracteristics Wat are te main ousing construction type and materials used? Wat building codes exist? Are tey enforced? How is water accessed in te community? Wat forms of sanitation and garbage disposal exist in te community? 48

51 AREAS FOR ANALYSIS SUGGESTED RESEARCH QUESTIONS Land caracteristics Wat is te land tenure system in te community? How are land resources used? How many ouseolds reside on customary, freeold, leased, government, curc or employers land? Community Assets & Resources Wat infrastructure or assets are tere in te community? Wic of tese are community assets and resources? How are tey managed? Wo as access to tese resources? Disaster istory Wat were te recent disasters? How frequent are disasters striking? How did tey impact on te different social groups or on te community as a wole? Wat are te significant canges to te community following eac of tese recent disasters? Coastal erosion or flood-prone areas may affect future land-use planning arrangements. Are tere existing azard maps? FORMULATING GENDER-SENSITIVE INDICATORS GENDER SMALL ISLAND 49 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

52

53 Annex - Te Mauritius Declaration Te Mauritius Declaration reaffirms te continued relevance of te BPOA, as well as te validity of a number of oter international agreements wic all contain frameworks for reducing te vulnerability of SIDS and building resilience troug sustainable development. Tese include: Te Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21 Te Joannesburg Plan of Implementation; and Te Millennium Development Goals Witin te Mauritius Declaration are statements wit special, direct and immediate importance to te goal of gender equality. Tese include te following: Recognition of te need for good governance (statement 11) Recognition tat particular attention sould be given to building resilience in SIDS, including troug tecnology development, capacity building and uman resource development (statement 12) Recognition tat women and yout, as well as te civil society are playing a key role in promoting sustainable development activities in small island development states, and encourage tem in teir efforts (statement 15) Reaffirmation of SIDS commitment to creating a world fit for cildren (statement 16) Recognition of te increasing incidence of ealt issues, particularly HIV and AIDS wic impact disproportionally on women and yout (statement 17). Te Mauritius Strategy represents an update, and reinforcement of key concerns and strategies originating from te BPoA, as well as an identification of new and emerging concerns. Eac of tese 20 sections represent an opportunity to integrate gender analysis into te implementation of te strategies identified: GENDER SMALL ISLAND 1. Climate cange and sea-level rise 2. Natural and environmental disasters 3. Management of wastes 4. Coastal and marine resources 5. Freswater resources 6. Land resources 7. Energy resources 8. Tourism resources 9. Biodiversity resources 10. Transport and communication 11. Science and tecnology 12. Graduation from least developed country status 13. Trade: globalization and trade liberalization 14. Sustainable capacity development and education for sustainable development 15. Sustainable production and consumption 16. National and regional enabling environments 17. Healt 18. Knowledge management and information for decision-making 19. Culture 20. Implementation 51 CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL

54 GENDER Additional Print And Web Resources SMALL ISLAND Canadian Red Cross (2012). Predictable, Preventable. Best Practices for Addressing Interpersonal and Self-Directed Violence During and After Disasters. Dearden, Pillip (2001). Programme and Project Cycle Management (PPCM): Lessons from DFID and oter organisations. ttp:// Gender and Disaster Network. ttp://gdnonline.org Gender and Disaster Network, (2008). Te Gender and Disaster Sourcebook: Planning and Practice Tools. ttp://gdnonline.org/sourcebook/capt/ind.pp?id=2 Hyogo Framework for Action. Available at ttp:// CHECKLISTS ADDITIONAL IASC (2008). Women, Girls, Boys & Men. Different Needs Equal Opportunities. IASC Gender Handbook for Humanitarian Action. ttp:// pageloader.aspx?page=content-products-products&sel=3 Max Loc Centre (2009). Te Built Environment Professions in Disaster Risk Reduction and Response: A guide for umanitarian agencies. ttp:// net/files/10390_10390beprofessionsguide20091.pdf Prevention web. Serving te information needs of te disaster reduction community. ttp:// ProVention Consortium. Working in partnersip to build safer communities and to reduce disaster risk. ttp:// Socio-economic and Gender Analysis (SEAGA) Resources. ttp:// seaga/downloads/en/projecten.pdf UNECLAC Port of Spain. (2008). Social Dimensions of Climate Cange. ttp://www. eclac.org/portofspain/noticias/discursos/8/32858/socialdimensionsofclimatecange.pdf UNISDR (2009). ISDR: Terminology Basic Terms for Disaster Risk Reduction. ttp:// UNISDR, UNDP and ICUN. (2009). Making Disaster Risk Reduction Gender Sensitive. ttp:// pdf UNISDR (2007). Gender Perspective: Working togeter for Disaster Risk Reduction: Good Practices and Lessons Learned. ttp:// 52

55 Notes 1. United Nations. A/CONF.206/6 World Conference on Disaster Reduction. Kobe, Hyogo, Japan January pg. 10 ttp:// Final-report-conference.pdf 2. UNDP-BCPR, (2001). Gender Approaces in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations. ttp:// womens-empowerment/gender-approaces-in-conflict-and-post-conflict-situations-/gendermanualfinalbcpr.pdf 3. Oter important criteria for socio-cultural analysis includes class, race, poverty level, etnic group and age. Reference: UN Office of te Special Adviser on Gender Issues. ttp:// 4. UNDP (2009). Resource Guide on Gender and Climate Cange 5. UNDP Gender Equality Strategy Women s Environmental and Development Organization, - WEDO(2008). Canging te Climate: Wy women s perspectives matter 7. ECOSOC (A/52/3, 18 Sept 1997) 8. LC/CAR/L.258. ECLAC/POS. (May 2010) Caribbean Regional Report for te five-year review of te Mauritius Strategy for te furter implementation of te Barbados Programme of Action for te Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (MSI+5) pg Accessed November LC/CAR/L.258. ECLAC/POS. (May 2010) Caribbean Regional Report for te five-year review of te Mauritius Strategy for te furter implementation of te Barbados Programme of Action for te Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (MSI+5) pg United Nations General Assembly, (1994). Barbados Programme of Action A/ CONF.167/9, Annex II. ttp:// 12. World Bank, (2006). Not If But Wen: Adapting to Natural Hazards in te Pacific Islands Region 13. Ibid. 14. Presentation by Asa Kambon, (April 2008). Social Dimensions of Climate Cange. ttp:// DimensionsOfClimateCange.pdf 15. USAID (2007). ttp:// urr_2007/ 53

56 16. Streamlining Climate Cange and Gender: Gender Equality. Accessed November ttp:// 17. UNDP (2009). Resource Guide on Gender and Climate Cange. pg ECLAC PoS, UNIFEM and UNDP (2005). Grenada: A Gender Impact Assessment of Hurricane Ivan, making te invisible visible pg. vi 19. ECLAC PoS, UNIFEM and UNDP, (2005). Grenada: A Gender Impact Assessment of Hurricane Ivan, making te invisible visible 20. Sout Pacific Disaster Reduction Programme (SPDRP), (2002). Gender, ouseolds, community and disaster management: case studies from te Pacific Islands 21. Anderson & Woodrow(1989). Rising from te Ases: Development Strategies in Times of Disaster. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pg UNISDR (2009). ISDR: Terminology Basic Terms for Disaster Risk Reduction. Accessed Dec ttp:// ome.tm 23. Ibid 24. Ibid 25. Ibid 26. Emergency Management Institute, (2004). Emergency and Risk Management Case Studies Textbook. pg. 11 Accessed Nov ttp://training.fema.gov/emiweb/ edu/emoutline.asp 27. Emergency Management Institute, (2004). Emergency and Risk Management Case Studies Textbook. pgs 11 & 12. Accessed Nov ttp://training.fema.gov/ EMIWeb/edu/emoutline.asp 28. UNISDR (2009). ISDR: Terminology Basic Terms for Disaster Risk Reduction. Accessed Dec ttp:// ome.tm 29. UNDP, Bureau for Crisis Prevention & Recovery Disaster Reduction Unit, (2005). Post-Disaster Recovery Guidelines. Accesed December ttp:// org/cpr/disred/documents/publications/regions/america/recovery_guidelines_ eng.pdf 30. Dearden, Pilip, (2001). Programme and Project Cycle Management (PPCM): Lessons from DFID and oter organisations. Centre for International Development and Training (CIDT), University of Wolverampton. 31. European Commission, (1999). Project Cycle Management Training Handbook. Prepared by ITAD Ltd., Sussex, UK. pg. 6. Accessed November ttp://www. caricom.org/jsp/community_organs/sustainable_development/ec_pcm_training_handbook.pdf 54

57 UNDP partners wit people at all levels of society to elp build nations tat can witstand crisis, and drive and sustain te kind of growt tat improves te quality of life for everyone. On te ground in 177 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insigt to elp empower lives and build resilient nations. Te Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI) project is a know ledge network designed to promote best practices and build capacity in te region in te fields of risk management and climate cange adaptation. CRMI aims to provide a platform for saring te experiences and lessons learned between different sectors, languages and cultural groups across te Caribbean in order to facilitate improved disaster risk reduction. CRMI acknowledges te support of various donors suc as: te Italian Ministry of te Environment, Land and Sea; Norway s Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Spain UNDP Trust Fund; te UNDP s Gender Tematic Trust Fund (GTTF); and UNDP core funding from te Regional Bureau for Latin America and te Caribbean (RBLAC) and te Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR).

58 Caribbean Risk Management Initiative UNDP Cuba Calle 18 No. 110 entre 1 a y 3 a, Miramar La Habana, Cuba [email protected] Tel: +(537) UNDP Barbados and te OECS Marine Gardens, Hastings Crist Curc Bridgetown, Barbados [email protected] Tel: +(246) UNDP Pacific Centre 7t Floor, Kadavu House 414 Victoria Parade Suva, Fiji Islands [email protected] Tel: +(679)