Fiber Optics: Engineering from Global to Nanometer Dimensions

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1 Fiber Optics: Engineering from Global to Nanometer Dimensions Prof. Craig Armiento Fall

2 Optical Fiber Communications What is it? Transmission of information using light over an optical fiber Why use it? Extremely high data rate and wide bandwidth Low attenuation (loss of signal strength) Longer distance without repeaters Immunity to electrical interference Small size and weight Longer life expectancy than copper or coaxial cable Bandwidth can be increased by adding wavelengths Fall

3 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Communication Services µm Fall

4 What is an Optical Fiber? Made from silica glass Light is contained in an inner core which is only 9 µm in diameter Very low loss of signal strength (0.3 db per kilometer - which is 7%/km) Despite being made of glass, fiber is strong and bendable! Fall

5 Basic Optical Link Design Electrical-to-Optical Conversion Optical-to-Electrical Conversion Fall

6 Using Wavelengths to Increase Capacity Engineers can increase the information capacity between two locations by using extra wavelengths All of the wavelengths are added to a single fiber This is called Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Eliminates the need for multiple fibers Each wavelength is generated by a different source and carries it s own data The wavelengths don t interfere with each other when in the same fiber Fall

7 Information Capacities in Optical Fiber Each wavelength can carry a signal operating at 10 gigabits/sec (10 10 bits/sec) A fiber can transport up to 64 different wavelengths Each wavelength can carry 10 Gb/s Unlike electrical signals, optical signals inside the same fiber at different wavelengths don t interfere with each other Each fiber can have an aggregate data rate of 640 Gb/s This is 640,000,000,000 bits per second! This rate translates to: 10 million simultaneous telephone calls (64 kb/s each) Download the contents of the Library of Congress takes: 84 years using a 56 kp/s modem 0.22 seconds using the aggregate fiber rate These rates can go much higher! Researchers have developed operation of 40 Gb/s per wavelength A fiber cable can contain as much as a hundred fibers Researchers are working towards hundreds of wavelengths Fall

8 Cable Size Comparison: Copper vs. Fiber This is a standard copper cable used for telephone service. This carries about 300 phone calls One of these fibers can carry up to 10 million telephone calls Fall

9 Fiber Optics Engineering Disciplines Network Design Optical power levels, routing and switching Communications Theory Multiplexing multiple data streams Optical Physics Fiber design, optical component design Material Science Fiber manufacturing, new materials for sources, detectors Semiconductor Physics Designing lasers, photodetectors Electronics High speed IC design for transmitter and receiver Fall

10 Optical Fiber is Everywhere! Fall

11 Optical Network Design Engineering on a Global Scale Designing fiber optic networks that carry information over thousand of miles How to get the photons to travel that far How to keep the bits of information intact Protocols to use analog or digital? Designing fiber networks for different applications Telecommunications and data Cable TV Local Area networks e.g., campus network Fall

12 Managing Global Networks Network Operations Center Fall

13 Attenuation vs. Wavelength Optical fiber systems use sources and detectors that work in the near infrared wavelengths because fiber has the lowest losses Fiber has losses as low as 0.2 db/km. Coaxial cable has losses as high as 60 db/km Fall

14 Manufacturing Fiber: Draw Tower Fall

15 Fiber Cables Multi-purpose Cable Submarine Cable Telephone Pole Mounted Cable Fall

16 Optical Sources Lasers are used as optical sources Sufficient power for long distances Pure optical spectrum - single wavelength Can be modulated at high data rates (gigabits per second) Designed to emit at infrared wavelengths from µm where fiber has the lowest loss Made from semiconductor materials and are designed to couple light into the fiber core Semiconductor lasers are very different from more conventional lasers such as CO 2 and HeNe lasers Fall

17 Diode Lasers are Small! Laser Fall

18 Component Manufacturing for Fiber Optics Semiconductor devices such as ICs and lasers are produced in clean rooms Semiconductor devices such as lasers are often made with very thin layers (<1 µm) using sophisticated equipment such as this Molecular Bean Epitaxy (MBE) system Fall

19 Materials Engineering Thin layers of semiconductor materials are grown on an atomic level using MBE Example of layers grown with a spacing of 1.2 nm (10-9 m) Fall

20 Packaging a Laser Laser packaging requires submicron accuracy to align a micron size emitting spot to the core of a fiber. These parts must be soldered in place and keep their alignment for 20 years Fall

21 Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) There is a new class of components micro-sized moving components for different applications MEMS are fabricated in silicon using processes used in IC manufacturing MEMS are used in many applications Air bags, biological analysis, fiber optics, etc MEMS have been used to create tiny mirrors that can be used to switch and deflect light Fall

22 Optical Switch Fall

23 Optical Switching Route optical communication signals without conversion to the electronic domain using microscopic mirrors based on MEMS technology Fall

24 MEMS: Miniature Motors Fall

25 MEMS Mirror Array for Projectors Digital Light Processing (DLP) Texas Instruments Fall

26 Engineering on a Global to Nano Scale Global Optical Networks A network engineer designs optical networks that transmit high speed data over thousands of kilometers across continents and oceans The physical scale is 10 6 meters Communication Equipment Design An equipment engineer must integrate high speed electronic ICs and optical components into subsystems that are used in telecom centers The physical scale in on the order of a meter Fiber and Laser Packaging A packaging engineer must design alignment accuracy on a scale of a micron between the fiber core and laser emission spot The physical scale is 10-6 meters Optical Component Design A component engineer can design quantum well lasers with device dimensions of 1 nanometer (2 atoms thick!) The physical scale is 10-9 meters That s a range of 10 15! Fall

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