Design and Implementation of a Smart LED Lighting System Using a Self Adaptive Weighted Data Fusion Algorithm

Transcription

1 Sensos 2013, 13, ; do: /s Atcle OPEN ACCESS sensos ISSN Desgn and Implementaton of a Smat LED Lghtng System Usng a Self Adaptve Weghted Data Fuson Algothm Wen-Tsa Sung * and Ja-Syun Ln Depatment of Electcal Engneeng, Natonal Chn-Y Unvesty of Technology, Tawan No.57, Sec. 2, Zhongshan Rd., Tapng Dst., Tachung 41170, Tawan; E-Mal: [email protected] * Autho to whom coespondence should be addessed; E-Mal: [email protected]; Tel.: (ext. 2150); Fax: Receved: 3 Novembe 2013; n evsed fom: 2 Decembe 2013 / Accepted: 3 Decembe 2013 / Publshed: 6 Decembe 2013 Abstact: Ths wok ams to develop a smat LED lghtng system, whch s emotely contolled by Andod apps va handheld devces, e.g., smatphones, tablets, and so foth. The status of enegy use s eflected by eadngs dsplayed on a handheld devce, and t s teated as a cteon n the lghtng mode desgn of a system. A multmete, a weless lght dmme, an IR leanng emote module, etc. ae connected to a seve by means of RS 232/485 and a human compute nteface on a touch sceen. The weless data communcaton s desgned to opeate n complance wth the ZgBee standad, and sgnal pocessng on sensed data s made though a self adaptve weghted data fuson algothm. A low vaaton n data fuson togethe wth a hgh stablty s expementally demonstated n ths wok. The weless lght dmme as well as the IR leanng emote module can be nstucted dectly by command gven on the human compute nteface, and the eadng on a multmete can be dsplayed theeon va the seve. Ths poposed smat LED lghtng system can be emotely contolled and self leanng mode can be enabled by a sngle handheld devce va WF tansmsson. Hence, ths poposal s valdated as an appoach to powe montong fo home applances, and s demonstated as a dgtal home netwok n consdeaton of enegy effcency. Keywods: ntellgent LED; lghtng system; self-adaptve weghted; data fuson; ZgBee; IR

2 Sensos 2013, Intoducton As an nceasngly popula ssue, the feld of dgtal home sevces appeals to plenty of hgh tech companes. The way humans go though the daly lves n today s Hollywood flms could be ealzed n the vey nea futue, one of whch s the dgtal home netwok amed at facltatng human s daly lves. Cuently, dgtal home netwok technology s beng developed wth focus on sx aspects, namely, cental contol systems, secuty montong, heath cae, esdence montong, nfomaton applances, and enegy savng. The feld of cental contol coves system contol, management authoty, etc. secuty montong coves envonment montong, buldng access contol, etc. health cae coves patent locaton tackng, bed management n hosptals, etc. esdence montong coves lghtng contol, etc. nfomaton applances cove home automaton contol, and enegy savng coves effcency mpovement, powe management, etc. Cuently, many companes have put a geat effot nto the development of cental contol and nfomaton applances, whle they do not pay as much attenton to the feld of health cae. Ths study s devoted to the applcatons of esdence montong and nfomaton applances. Thee exsts a wde dvesty of home electoncs wth ncompatble emote contols. The motvaton of ths wok s hence to develop a platfom, ethe on a smat phone o a tablet, fo nteopeablty among these ncompatble emote contols, such that the eal tme montong on home enegy use can be acheved, and the bghtness as well as the lghtng modes of a smat LED lghtng system can be swtched. Smat contol efes to a successon of contol stateges, nvolvng expeence leanng, logc opeaton, adaptvty, oganzaton, debug, and so on, and s wdely appled to hghly uncetan, nonlnea, o complcated systems, whch cannot be well contolled by conventonal appoaches. A clea dsadvantage of a conventonal lghtng system s that t lacks the flexblty fo any elocaton of lght souces, and t eques a geat effot to ewe the ente system once t gets bg, e.g., n a hgh-se offce buldng, etc. These days, the nstant enegy use n lghtng n such a hgh-se buldng must be montoed n eal tme fo enegy savng puposes. A smat lghtng system efes to an MCU-based system ntegatng automaton, electoncs, compute, netwok communcaton, and many moe fo enegy effcency mpovement. In a conventonal lghtng system, a lght souce can be meely swtched on/off manually, whle, nstead n a smat one, vaous peset lghtng modes ae peloaded nto the lghtng system, ethe wed o weless, to meet the use s specfc needs. Besdes, conventonally, a heavly loaded lghtng system necesstates a hgh-capacty swtch, and eques a lage volume of cables to dve a dstant load. In contast, a load s dectly poweed by an output dve, meanng that thee s no need to ncease the powe capacty of a swtch when the system s heavly loaded, and t meely eques a long sgnal lne to dve a dstant load. Futhemoe, a smat lghtng system can be made dmmable and contollable by tme means. As llustated n Fgue 1, a smat LED lghtng system compses a ectfe followed by a powe facto coecto and then by a DC/DC convete [1].

3 Sensos 2013, Fgue 1. Flow chat of a smat LED lghtng system. AC Mans AC Rectfe PFC Stage DC/DC Stage LED Stng Contol Stages As a ule, thee ae two appoaches to enegy effcent lghtng, namely, the use of hgh effcency lght souces, and the development of smat lghtng technques. An llustaton of the latte s the themal nfaed sensng technque, by use of whch ndoo lghts can be swtched on/off automatcally when thee s somebody/nobody pesent. On top of that, a lghtng system can be made adaptve, such that the ndoo bghtness can be mantaned at a constant level takng nto account the contbuton of outdoo sunshne. As ndcated by statstcs, lghtng, a condtonng and the est account fo 33%, 50% and 17% of enegy consumpton, espectvely. Snce the late 1960s and ealy 1970s, developed countes stated to develop geen lghtng technologes fo ecologcal concens. A geat challenge to be faced s the electcal wng poblem when ty to buld an enegy effcent lghtng system n an old buldng. Is thee a way to get the job done, but not to ewe the whole house? The answe s affmatve. A soluton to ths poblem s the use of shot ange weless communcaton technques, namely, Bluetooth, IEEE WF and nfaed. Fo nstance, the esdence lghtng can be contolled by an IR emote contol. Thee ae multple emote contols n most esdences, and a unvesal emote contol s a must such that any of the home applances can be contolled by such sngle pece [2]. A wde vaety of sensos, ncludng IR, ultasonc, lght, llumnaton, voce, and Hall sensos, can be ntegated nto an MCU-based LED lghtng system. In ths manne, vaous types of detected sgnals can be pocessed n such a way that an LED lghtng system can be opeated n a smat way. Due to the vey weak sensed sgnals, the font end electoncs and sgnal pocessng s seen as equed and nvolves an ADC(s), an MUX, a PGA, a voltage efeence, an exctaton souce, embedded mco pocesso (MCU, ASIC), memoy (RAM, E2PROM), etc. Smat sgnal pocessng can be automatcally pefomed on the collected data by ethe an MCU o an ASIC nsde commecal poducts. As llustated n Fgue 2, a numbe of weless communcaton modules, ncludng ZgBee, WLAN, TCP/IP, WF, etc. can be ntegated nto a emote contol smat LED lghtng system. Fgue 2. Opeaton sequences of a smat LED lghtng system. Sensos Sgnal pocessng Intellgent pocessng Contol executon Infaed Ultasound Photosenstve Illumnaton Acoustc Hall ADC MUX PGA Exctatons Refeence Infaed Ultasound Photosenstve Illumnaton Acoustc Hall Electonc swtch Contol ccut Executon system LED Equpment Dve powe

4 Sensos 2013, Lteatue Revew As suveyed n [3], cuent dgtal home applcatons manly cove sx aspects,.e., cental contol systems, secuty montong, heath cae, esdence montong, nfomaton applances, enegy savng. A cental contol system can be appled to fdge montong, and emote contol lvng oom, the secuty montong technque s appled to gaage doo contol, ca ant-theft devces, gas leakage montong, showe tempeatue montong, buldng access contol, emegence call system, fe alam, vdeo suvellance systems, and many moe. Conventonally, the pefomance of a secuty montong system has a dect elatonshp wth the numbe of secuty cameas nstalled, and thee ae nevtably some blnd ponts when vdeotapng. A long tem vdeo montong bngs about a multtude of audo and mage data. As suggested n [4], a novel secuty montong system s opeated n such a way that a esdence owne can be waned by a text alet automatcally, and a moton actvated secuty camea(s) s opeated only when thee s somethng wong theen fo enegy savng puposes. Health cae technology s appled to smat beds, electc adjustable beds, smat tolets, smat sofas, smat fst ad kts, etc. esdence montong technology s appled to smat closets, smat lamps, electc cutan contol, automated tempeatue montong, etc. nfomaton applance contol s appled to smat ktchens, dgtal TVs, mage phones, etc. and enegy savng technology s appled to enegy savng mcowave ovens, electc ovens, enegy effcent wastewate teatment, enegy savng heates, themal bathtubs, etc. As ndcated n [5], facal featue extacton s pefomed befoe famly membes etun home, and the mages of undentfed vstos can be dsplayed on montos o smat phones fo secuty concens. Besdes, the egon of nteest wthn an mage can be skllfully specfed n an attempt to educe the ncdences of false alams. Ths technology can be futhe appled as an auxlay tool fo paents to keep an eye on nfants and chlden. As stated n [6,7], optcal fbe technology has been demonstated as a vey effectve appoach to the ntegaton of smat TVs and many othe sevces. Fo nstance, at a mnmum tansmsson ate of 100 Mbps fo home use, hgh speed netwok sevces, ncludng hgh defnton TV (HDTV), vdeo on demand (VOD), and the lke, can be ealzed. Any type of optcal fbe weless poducts s not avalable yet n maket due to a lack of tansmsson potocol stpulated. Othe than the hgh spendng, t eques a geat effot to mplement fbe to the home pojects. Cuently, thee have been a wde vaety of technologes, ncludng LED, CCD and CMOS senso technology, sola enegy technology, avalable fo dgtal home sevces. Thee ae a geat numbe of poblems watng to be solved when ntegatng a wde dvesty of dgtal home sevces. As suggested n [8,9], a geat challenge encounteed s the platfoms and nteopeablty among vaous technologes, such as Ethenet, phone lnes, powe lnes, IEEE 1394, USB2.0, Bluetooth, nfaed, a/b/g, and so foth. Anothe bg challenge s to povde the equed netwok flexblty such that any exta sensos o devces can be effotlessly ntoduced nto an exstng smat home sevce netwok. As ponted out n [9], anothe challenge s to fnd effectve ways to make new technologes accessble fo senos. In ths wok, the addton of exta IR emote contol home applances nto a dgtal home netwok meely eques moe IR output channels n the aspect of hadwae, whle addtonal contol ntefaces must be developed n the aspect of softwae nstead. As ndcated n [1], an MCU-based LED lghtng system s opeated n such a way that the am of cost eductons and an enegy savng plan can be mplemented. In an effot to extend LED lfetme, an LED lght souce s dmmed o even swtched off

5 Sensos 2013, once the sensed opeatng tempeatue goes beyond a theshold, and s lt n a dak place. Futhemoe, a geate numbe of steet lghts can be lt automatcally n ush hou taffc due to safety concen, and adaptve bghtness s enabled accodng to the numbe of people ndoo. A smat LED lghtng system s poposed based on [1] towad the enegy consumpton educton taget. If the LED heat has no way to ext the LED would be contnuously enveloped n hgh tempeatues. Afte a peod of tme the heat wll cause the LED to become unstable wth a decease n bghtness. Untl now most LED lghts wee used wth coolng alumnum housng mateal. Thee ae thee types of alumnum heat snks, de-cast alumnum, extuded alumnum and fn-style alumnum. They have dffeent degees of coolng capacty, of couse, the cost s dffeent and so the LED lamp s pced dffeently. Theefoe, when you choose LED lghts you should ty to undestand ts themal mateal, as even wth a low voltage LED chp heat wll be eleased. LED heat adatng s not good n that t educes the LED lghts lfe-tme to only 8,000 15,000 h o less. Ths s the most mpotant facto causng nceased costs. 3. Desgn of an LED Lghtng System All the constants must be taken nto account, e.g., the opeatng condtons, lmtatons on electcal and optcal components, cost, LED dve cuent, and expected system lfetme, when an LED lghtng system s desgned so as to meet the use s specfc needs, e.g., tempeatue atngs, expected bghtness. Thee s no way that an LED lamp can be made 100% effcent due to the nevtable powe loss n the dve of the lamp. Fo ths sake, the powe loss must be taken nto account n the desgn phase of an LED lghtng system. Typcally, an LED dve s measued to have an effcency angng fom 80% to 90%, whle an LED dve wth a hgh effcency ove 90% s a hgh pce one. As llustated n Fgue 3, the dve s effcency s found as a functon of load. It s noted that a load above 50% s ecommended fo optmzed effcency, namely mnmzed cost. Fo ndoo use, an effcency of 87% s hghly ecommended, whle a lowe one s ecommended fo outdoo use o fo an extended lfetme. Fgue 3. A plot of the LED dve effcency vesus load.

6 Sensos 2013, The powe loss leads to a dop n the lamp effcency, and the numbe of LED lamps s detemned so as to meet the total lumnous flux equement, expessed as: B S = BM /( G R) (1) whee B s and B M epesent the actual lumnous flux and the taget value, espectvely, G and R the optcal and the themal effcences, espectvely. LED opeatng cuent plays a ctcal ole n the lghtng effcency and the lfetme theeof. A se n the opeatng cuent bngs about an enhanced output powe and eques a smalle numbe of LEDs, but the pce pad s a degaded effcency, a lage szed LED dve and a shote lfe cycle, snce thee s a hgh tempeatue dop acoss LED heat channels. The mnmum, athe than typcal, lumnous flux equement, as specfed n an LED applcaton note, must be met n the detemnaton of the numbe of LED lamps. Accodngly, the numbe of LEDs, S LED, s gven as: S B / B LED whee B S denotes the actual lumnous flux, and B D the mnmum flux emanatng fom each LED. Snce each LED s an ndependent lght souce, an LED lamp povdes a much longe lfe cycle than a conventonal lght souce, and can be ntegated wth novel lght souces nto an exstng lghtng system. Although LED s an enegy effcent lght souce, a lage amount of heat consumpton s geneated n an LED lghtng system when a geat numbe of hgh powe LEDs opeate concuently. The effcency of an LED s found to decease wth the opeatng cuent, namely, the opeatng tempeatue. In an effot to opeate an LED at a hgh effcency, the opeatng tempeatue must be kept low fo sue. A sgnfcant heat dsspaton mpovement has been made usng a heat snk to whch a hgh powe LED s mounted. In contast, the outwad tansfe heat geneated by an LED lamp cannot be made as effcent as n the pecedng case, due to the themally non conductve mateal used n a lamp case. In ths context, a steep tempeatue se bngs about a degaded pefomance and a shotened lfetme. Thee s a geat challenge when dealng wth a theoetcal themal analyss on an LED lamp due to the themal convecton wth complcated bounday condtons and the themal conducton acoss multple ntefaces. As a matte of fact, thee s no need to analyze the heat dstbuton n a non-equlbum state, snce meely an equlbum state s the ssue of nteest. It s an extemely dffcult task to evaluate the heat dstbuton n the nteo of a lamp case acoss multple ntefaces, and what eally mattes n pactcal applcaton s whethe the tempeatue falls below the atng. A soluton to ths poblem s the use of themal esstance theoy, an advantage ove steamlne themal analyss n ths case. Thee s a huge dffeence between the opeatons of an LED, an ncandescent lamp and a fluoescent lamp. Both an ncandescent lamp and a fluoescent lamp ae devces poweed by AC 220 V, albet a fluoescent lamp eques a ectfe ccut and a swtch. Yet, an LED lamp s ndeed a DC opeated devce, meanng that AC 220 V must be ectfed nto DC n advance. A low effcent LED dve wll degade the total effcency of the lamp, accodng to whch a way must be found to elevate the dve s effcency. In most cases, thee ae two ways to tune LED ntensty, one of whch s acheved by the change of DC dvng cuent, and the othe s made by pulse wdth modulaton (PWM). The lght ntensty vaes lnealy wth the dvng cuent, untl a theshold s eached. Lght effcency degadaton s seen togethe wth a lage amount of heat at hgh dvng cuents. The lght S D (2)

7 Sensos 2013, ntensty s tuned accodng to the Talbot-Plateau law n a PWM scheme. Commecal LEDs ae avalable wth ecommended dve ccuts meetng EMI and othe safety equements, leadng to a shot desgn phase. Yet, thee exsts a poblem that the dves ecommended ae measued as a ule to demonstate an effcency of appoxmately 80%, and dve s pefomance vaaton, affectng the lfe cycle togethe wth the opeatng tempeatue of an LED, appeas among those povded by LED manufactues [10,11]. 4. System Fame As a seve, XP-8000 takes chage of data access, and gets connected to a Touch Pad, a multmete, an IR leanng emote module, a weless lghtng contolle, and many moe though an RS-232 o an RS-485 nteface such that a dgt home s constucted. As llustated n Fgue 4, an IR leanng emote module s wed to the seve, an XP-8000, though an RS-232 nteface, whle the voltage/cuent eadngs on a multmete s tansmtted to the seve by means of an RS-485 nteface. A lght module s nstucted va a weless contolle connected to and by the seve though the RS-232 nteface, and the seve s opeated accodng to the command ssued by a Touch Pad though WF connecton. Fgue 4. Devces contolled by the seve n a smat lghtng system. In the system seve, a patcula block of memoy, efeed to as the Shaed Memoy heeafte, s eseved fo the cuent status stoage of vaous electcal devces. Fo nstance, nstuctons ae ssued ndectly fom a moble devce, e.g., a smat phone o a tablet, usng WF technque by way of the Shaed Memoy. In contast, devces ae nstucted dectly by a human compute nteface on a touch sceen, subsequent to whch the status nfomaton stoed n the Shaed Memoy s updated. Accodngly, the eadngs dsplayed on a multmete can be pesented on a smat phone, a tablet o a human compute nteface on a touch sceen by means of the Shaed Memoy.

8 Sensos 2013, XP-8000 Contolle as a Seve As a seve n ths poposal, XP-8000 s a new geneaton of pogammable automaton contolle. Equpped wth AMD Geode LX MHz pocesso, t s loaded wth Mcosoft Wndows Embedded Standad 2009 as ts opeatng system, featung USB ntefaces, Ethenet, RS-232/RS-485 channels and a VGA pot. XP-800 sees s desgned to povde 3 7 expanson slots, nto whch hgh pefomance paallel/seal I/O modules can be plugged, as llustated n Fgue 5. Fgue 5. Photo of an XP-8000 contolle as a seve. The XP-8000 s desgned to take the eadngs on a multmete usng elogge, and ssue command to an IR o a lght contol module usng C pogams Touch Pad Touch Pad as Human Compute Inteface The touch pad s employed as a human compute nteface on a touch sceen fo lghtng mode selecton, lght tunng, and the consume electoncs contol, and sgnal eadng fom a multmete, as llustated n Fgue 6. Fgue 6. Back and font panels of a Touch Pad PM-213x PM-213x Dgtal Multmete Wth a wde measuement ange, PM-213X sees s wdely appled to measuement and montong of egula sngle and tee phase powe systems. As llustated n Fgue 7, t featues a clamp-on cuent tansfome (CT), long tem montong, standad communcaton nteface, small sze, easy

9 Sensos 2013, nstallaton, low cost and hgh flexblty. Wth a measuement ange of 60 A (Φ10), extensble nto 100 A (Φ16) o even 200 A (Φ24), t has been wdely appled nto the montong of buldng powe systems and plant facltes. Fgue 7. Photos of (a) a multmete and (b) a clamp-on cuent tansfome. (a) (b) 4.4. IR-210 Unvesal Infaed Leanng Remote Module An IR leanng emote module s made up of an IR Code tansmtte and an IR Receve decode contol and ccuty nvolves an oscllaton tansmtte, a eceve and a codec, as llustated n Fgue 8. Once the emote contol encode s enabled, a selected seal encoded sgnal s fstly emtted by an IR tansmtte, then eflected by a taget, eceved by an IR eceve, and decoded. Povded thee s a consstency between the decoded and encoded messages, a lght souce s swtched on/off by a dve. As a unvesal IR leanng emote module, IR-210 s equpped wth up to 176 IR emote commands and 6 ndependent output channels fo smultaneous opeatons at 6 IR cae fequences between and 56 KHz. RS-232/485 ae Modbus RTU ntefaces, povdng 256 IDs fo system extenson. IR-210 s a module patculaly desgned fo the applcaton to IR emote contol home and offce automaton, e.g., A/V entetanment, vdeo confeence, lghtng contol, and many moe. Fgue 8. An nfaed leanng emote module.

10 Sensos 2013, Lghtng Contol Module Ths poposal s a ZgBee complnat lghtng system. In complance wth IEEE , ZgBee s a shot ange, low powe, communcaton potocol wth a low tansmsson ate stpulated by the ZgBee allance. Wth the Maste/Slave featues, t povdes bdectonal data tansmsson. Thee ae thee fequency bands authozed fo ZgBee use,.e., 2.4 GHz ISM, 915 MHz and 869 MHz bands. It povdes a low tansmsson ate between 10 and 250 Kbps, a naow band but a low cost tansmsson potocol. Moeove, ZgBee allance stpulates a communcaton potocol fo weless lghtng contol, and the featues theeof ae befly stated as follows. (A) The opeatons of lght swtches, lght dmmes and lght sensos ae stpulated fo poduct compatblty. As llustated n Fgues 9 and 10, the majo advantage of a ZgBee netwok s the netwok flexblty theeof, that s, a lght swtch, a dmme, a emote contol, o a lght senso can be employed as ethe a coodnato o a oute. (B) By use of a ZgBee netwok coodnato, any contolles o lghtng facltes can be added nto o emoved fom a netwok, a flexblty of a ZgBee-based lghtng contol netwok. (C) The ZgBee technque s expected to domnate the futue tend of shot ange weless system development, and applcatons theeof can be extended wth ease nto smat offce o esdence automaton. Fgue 9. The sgnal lnk between a weless contolle and espectve emote lght dmmes.

11 Sensos 2013, Fgue 10. Ccut and photo of an electonc ballast. As pctued n Fgue 11, a lghtng contol module s compsed of a emote lght dmme followed by an electc ballast and then by a set of enegy savng lght bulbs o LEDs. In ths context, weless emote contol lght souces ae povded to meet the use s specfc needs, ncludng specfed lght bghtness o lght mode contol, by a system seve va a emote lght dmme. A scene s lt by the emote contol lght souces placed behnd cutans. Fgue 11. Photos of lght souces, emote lght dmmes, electonc ballast and scene lght feld demonstaton. The SDI (Sgnal Dgtal Inteface) fo the electonc dmmng ballast contol sgnal s Mancheste Encoded. As a non-pola sgnal, t s applcable to data tansmsson and synchonzaton. The bghtness,

12 Sensos 2013, n the ange of 1% to the specfed level patculaly fo lt scenes n vaous modes, vaes exponentally n exactly the same way as human eyes espond to lght. Anothe pont wothy of menton s that electc ballast can be dectly swtched off by a DSI fo enegy savng puposes [2]. Hgh pefomance LED dve ICs ae desgned to speed up the development of smat LED-based lghtng systems. In ths context, non-blnkng lght dmmes and even a emote contol lghtng system can be mplemented so as to meet the colo qualty equement and ase the pces of poducts. The nnovatve development of LED manufactung, colo and packagng technques s seen as pomsng n today s maket. A majo advantage of LEDs ove othe types of lght souces s the temendous cost savng and a long lfetme. LEDs ae demonstated as a evolutonay lghtng devce n maket featung low powe consumpton as well as a long tem opeaton. Ths novel type of lght souce can be ntegated nto a long dstance netwok o employed n hgh valued customzed lamps. As a key component of the next geneaton of lght souces, a well desgned LED dve, togethe wth optc accessoes and heat snk, povdes the optmzed pefomance fo an LED. 5. Development Envonment In ths wok, the followng fou peces of applcaton softwae ae nvolved n the development of the contol ntefaces and system pogams Touch Pad Development Tool As llustated n Fgue 12, HMIWoks s employed as the development tool to desgn ethe the ladde dagam o the C pogams n Touch Pad. Fgue 12. Demonstaton of HMIWoks development tool.

13 Sensos 2013, IR-210 Utlty IR-210 Utlty s a Mcosoft NET Famewok 4 Clent Pofle based tool fo the paamete settng of an IR-210 module and the emote IR leanng module. As llustated n Fgue 13, IR-210 s connected to the tool va an RS-232/ RS-485 nteface. As pesented n Fgue 14, thee ae up to sx steps to follow when confgung IR-210, that s, n step 1, ente the name(s) of a contolled devce(s) and the command(s); n step 2, clck on the Lean On button, and then the LN ndcato s lt to sgnfy that the leanng mode s enabled; n step 3, the leanng tems ae selected by pontng a emote contol at the IR Input button; n step 4, the IR output channel s selected; n step 5, pontng the IR tansmtte n the fst channel at the contolled devce, clck on the Run Command button fo gvng IR commands; n step 6, clck on the Save ths Cmd button so as to save the leanng data. All the devces, as llustated n Fgue 8, can be contolled n exactly the same way. Fgue 13. Touch Pad contol nteface.

14 Sensos 2013, Fgue 14. The man wndow fo IR-210 utlty elogge elogge s a data collecton tool to pogam the human compute ntefaces fo Wndows CE. NET 5.0 based PACs (WnPAC, VewPAC) and Wndows CE.NET 6.0 based PACs (XP-8000 sees), such that I/O montong and contol systems can be constucted n a smple and hghly effcent manne. Logc contol featue s povded though the Shaed Memoy, accodng to whch ethe ISaGRAF o VS.Net o woks togethe wth elogge fo the softwae development fo logc contolles. Illustated n Fgue 15 s the way that I/O modules and othe egste data ae contolled though the Shaed Memoy. Fgue 15. elogge contollable devces va Shaed Memoy.

15 Sensos 2013, App Invento Developed by MIT Meda Lab fo educaton puposes, App Invento s a Scatch-based vsual pogammng language. In ths study, t s employed to develop the ntefaces fo smat phones and tablets. Andod, as opposed to Os, s an open development envonment, such that uses can develop specfc pogams to meet the own needs. Besdes, App Invento s a web nteface development envonment such that pogammng s made n a vsual athe than a conventonal way, when developng Andod apps, and then can be uploaded to a smat phone dectly. Futhemoe, onlne pogam test can be conducted by App Invento ght afte the codng. 6. Neual Netwok-Based Self Adaptve Weghted Data Fuson Appoach As llustated n Fgue 16, a so-called self adaptve weghted fuson algothm efes to an algothm whee espectve weghts of sensed data ae detemned n an adaptve manne such that data fuson s optmzed [12 15]. Fgue 16. A data fuson model fo a self adaptve weghted algothm. Suppose that gven an obsevaton aea, thee ae dstnct sensed data, e.g., LED 1, LED 2, LED 3, etc. As tabulated n Table 1, P j, 1,2,3..., j 1,2,3... c, epesent the data sensed about the object j by senso, c the numbe of the objects that s an unkown, and the vaances of data sensed by each node ae epesented as 1, 2,.. : 1 P j 1 W P j W 1,0 W 1 ( s the ultmate goal of the j-th obsevaton) P j (3) The functon f 2 2 ( W1... W ) W 1 s mnmzed as follows: f 0 W, 1,2,... W 1 1 (4)

16 Sensos 2013, the soluton s found as: 1 W, 1, k 1 k (5) f and ( ) The solutons W W W ae the weghts n ths mnmzaton poblem: W 1,... 1 fmn 1 2 and: 1 (6) P j 1 1 p j (7) Table 1. Sensed data nomenclatue. The fst senso P 11 P 12 The second senso P 21 P 22 The R-th senso P 1 P 2 It s evealed fom Equaton (7) that the ultmate goal of the obsevatons P j shows dependence only on the data sensed by each senso fo a gven squaed eo. Anothe pont wothy of menton s that weghted valuaton and valuatons n batches can be expessed n exactly the same fom, wth the only dffeence that, n the fome case, the weghtngs ae assgned to each senso, whle, n the latte, the mean of data s teated as the update, followng whch the athmetc mean s defned as: and the squaed eo s: 2. 1 P 1 P, j 1,2... c j Accodng to Equaton (6), the squaed eo n a neual netwok based data fuson algothm s gven as 1, and accodng to the Schwatz nequalty t s found that: 2 1 (8) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) (9) Thus, t s evdent that a low vaaton n data fuson,.e., a hgh stablty, s seen n ths wok.

17 Sensos 2013, Smulaton Expement and Dscusson 7.1. An Illustaton of a Multmete Demonstated n Fgue 17 s an llustaton of eadng pesentaton of a CT on a smat phone, ncludng the voltage, cuent, aveage, eactve and appaent powe. The eadngs can be dsplayed as well on a Touch Pad and on the sceen of an XP-8000 contolle. Fgue 17. An example of multmete eadngs pesent on a smat phone dsplay Lghtng Mode Demonstaton Peset lghtng modes can be easly enabled n a smat lghtng system by means of tmes and sensos. A clea dsadvantage s that any scene change necesstates a change n the lghtng mode. As a ule, peset lghtng mode contol s manly appled to lobbes, exhbton halls, confeence centes, and so foth fo vaous puposes. It can be opeated manually o by a cental contol unt. In the fome, a low cost lghtng system can be meely swtched on/off manually o s smply contolled by a lght dmme, whle n the latte; a complcated lghtng system must be made centally contolled such as fo lage scale pefomance, ethe ndoo o outdoo. Yet, a centally contolled lghtng system s employed fo busness use n hotels. Ove ecent yeas, home automaton, ncludng electc cutan, lghtng, A/V systems, emegency call system contol, etc. s acheved by a combnaton of a cental contol unt and a manual contolle. In shot, a smat lghtng system nvolves multple types of contolles and contol stateges to meet a wde dvesty of needs [2]. Illustated n Fgue 18 s a demonstaton of a lghtng contol nteface. Each of the peset modes s demonstated followng the use s command. Exhbted n Fgue 19 s a ba gaph of the aveage powe consumpton vesus the lghtng mode. As such, hgh powe consumpton s eflected by a hgh bghtness.

18 Sensos 2013, Fgue 18. Lghtng mode demonstaton. Fgue 19. A ba dagam of the aveage powe consumpton vesus the lghtng mode LED Lght Tunng The bghtness of a dmmable lght tube s ated on a scale of 0 to 99. Demonstated n Fgue 20 ae pesentatons of espectve lghtng modes, and n Fgue 21 s a compason esult of the aveage powe consumpton vesus bghtness, and a hgh consstence s seen among the cases of a TV wall, a ktchen and a lvng oom, due to the use of the same model lght tubes.

19 Sensos 2013, Fgue 20. Lghtng mode demonstaton. Fgue 21. A ba dagam of the aveage powe consumpton vesus the bghtness Colo Tunable LED The lght of an LED, a colo tunable and enegy savng lght souce, s able to cove the ente vsble lght spectum. Unlke conventonal lght souces, t does not eque any colo flte to flte out unwanted chomatc components. Besdes, an LED povdes a fast esponse to nput sgnals and outputs full colo pomptly. The chomatc and othe chaactestcs of an LED ae well mantaned dung the bghtness tunng pocess, supeoty ove othe lght souces, such as neon lght, etc. The colo of lght can be decomposed nto RGB components, each of whch s quantfed by as many as 255 levels. Fo nstance, an dentcal value n RGB components leads to gay colo, 255 leads to whte, and 0 leads to black. All the lghts can be decomposed nto thee monochomatc components, each of whch cannot be made as a mxtue of the othes. Thee s moe than one way to choose thee basc colos. Stpulated by CIE n 1931, the wavelengths of ed (R), geen (G) and blue (B) ae specfed at 700, and nm, espectvely. In such RGB system, equal enegy whte lght s a mxtue of RGB accodng to the followng flux ato: FR : F : F = 1:4.5907: (10) G B

20 Sensos 2013, In ths context, a mxtue of 1 lm ed, lm and 0601 lm blue lght leads to lm whte lght. As a ule, RGB ae efeed to as the amount of colo. The flux at a cetan wavelength F s epesented as: F R( R) G( G) B( B) (11) The colo of lght can be altenatvely detemned by the chomatcty coodnates, the elatve values of RGB, namely., g, b, defned espectvely as: Tabulated n Table 2 ae the RGB colo specfcatons of a typcal hgh powe LED. Colo Items Domnant Wavelength/nm Table 2. Specfcatons of a hgh powe RGB LED. Fowad Cuent/mA R R G B G g R G B B b R G B Fowad voltage/v Flux/lm Choma x Choma y R G B Exhbted n Fgue 22 s a RGB PWM LED dve, whle nstead n Fgue 23 s a mco contolle based PWM dve [2]. Fgue 22. RGB LED PWM dve modules [2]. (12) DC/DC convete (MC34063) Red PWM Red Dve Geen PWM Geen Dve Blue PWM Blue Dve

21 Sensos 2013, Fgue 23. RGB contol module fo an LED [2]. Powe and Rectfe Convete Key Detecton KBI AW60 PWM Red,Geen,Blue PWM Red LED Connect to PC RS-232 Gound SCI ADC Geen LED I/O Contol Unvesal Input,Output Blue LED In a complete closed loop colo contol system, colo compensaton must be made to yeld the ntended chomatc lght. The consstency n lght output can be well mantaned by ethe lnea o PWM constant cuent LED dves. The choce s made consdeng multple quanttes of nteest, e.g., the effcency, nput voltage ange, the numbe of LEDs, etc. Thee ae plenty of ways to contol all the dves output cuent. To begn wth, a efeence voltage can be geneated by ethe a DAC o a dgtal potentalmete n such a way that the output cuent swng can be made up to the ated output cuent. Besdes, PWM sgnals ae povded by MCU as a way to modulate the dve s output cuent. A PWM contolle must be opeated at hgh swtchng fequency to avod any flashng lght. The above expement ndcates a hgh powe consstency among each of the RGB components fo dentcal bghtness. As llustated n Fgue 24, a hgh consstency s seen as well fo vaous combnatons of RGB components, namely R + G, G + B, G + B and R + G + B. Fgue 24. A ba dagam of the aveage powe consumpton n RGB components vesus the bghtness.

22 Sensos 2013, Analyss on LED Tempeatue and Lumnance In an attempt to each a themal equlbum state, ths expement s conducted an hou afte the system s poweed on fo the nvestgaton nto heat effect on the LED colo. As llustated n Fgue 25, thee s a moe apd elatvely lumnance descent n R than n G and B colo components, as the opeatng tempeatue ses. Fo ths sake, the RGB components must be compensated so as to egulate the LED colo. In ths wok, ths s done by the mnmzaton of the squaed eo though a self adaptve weghted data fuson algothm. An altenatve way to deal wth the poblem s to put an effot dectly nto the ssue of LED coolng, a key aea of ou futue eseach poject. LEDs eceve global attenton due to ts colo tenablty, but a dsadvantage ganed s the tme dft chaactestc, leadng to a need to develop an MCU based LED dve nvolvng lght sensos to egulate the LED colo and elevate the effcency accodngly. Fgue 25. A plot of elatve lumnance vesus LED tempeatue Pefomance Compason In Fgue 26, as the estmated tme appoaches 10 9 s, the acceptance ate tends to match towad the end of an obsevaton peod among the measuement, efeenced fom a pece of ou po wok [16], and two theoetcal appoaches,.e., an optmzaton-based data fuson appoach and a standad paallel data fuson appoach. In tems of tanng eos, the optmzaton-based appoach s found expementally to be supeo to the othes. A supeo pefomance s seen n a self adaptve weghted appoach than n a mean value appoach, unless an dentcal squaed eo s shaed by all the sensos. Yet, t s a msson mpossble n pactcal applcatons due to the fact that extenal dstubance s a tme vayng uncetan functon. The squaed eo n each senso s assessed by multple sensed data souces, but eal tme evaluaton cannot be pefomed just as encounteed n a ecusve estmaton of sngle senso. Fo ths sake, a batch pocess stategy s employed fo a gven squaed eo to pefom data fuson accodng to Equaton (7). In ths wok, the self adaptve weghted appoach s found to be the best n tems of data fuson pefomance, whle the mean value appoach s the wost nstead. Although ths poposed algothm s valdated as a way to sgnfcantly elevate both the effcency and

23 Sensos 2013, pecson, the computatonal complexty wll be ased due to a lage numbe of sensos. Hence, thee s a tade-off between the pecson and effcency n pactcal applcatons [17]. Fgue 26. A compason esult of the elatve acceptance ate vesus the estmated tme between theoetcal appoaches and expement. Fgue 27 llustates the esults fom the computatonal complexty devatons fo the vaous data fuson. Fom Fgue 27 t s evdent that the ovehead ncued by the multate data fuson s neglgble compaed to the oveall savngs n the tme doman case. The self-adaptve weghted appoach shows the expected 21% educton ove the geneal data fuson. It s also vey evdent that ths study has excellent computatonal complexty effcency between the geneal data fuson and standad multate data fuson mplementaton measuement [18,19]. Fgue 27. Gaphcal compason of computatonal complexty fo the vaous data fuson methods.

24 Sensos 2013, Conclusons and Futue Wok Remote contol fo home applances can be opeated by a handheld devce, such as a smat phone, a tablet, etc. The pefomance supeoty of an LED lghtng system ove ts conventonal countepats s demonstated n the poposal n many aspects. Futhe cost savngs ae ealzed by the poposed colo-changng and fully dmmable smat LED lghtng contolle elatve to a conventonal one. Ths wok s valdated as a vey effectve appoach to the pefomance mpovement of an LED lghtng system unde vaous ccumstances such as at exhbtons, alam ndcatos n plants fo safety concen, and many moe. Ths smat LED lghtng system pevents lght flashng poblem fo the sake of vson health. The bghtness can be pecsely contolled to meet the use s need at a specfc place and tme. Besdes, t seves as a voltage egulato as well to pevent LED damage fom the voltage ove and undeshoot, that s, the lfetme of an LED lght souce s hence extended. A pogam stats technque s adopted n a smat lght dmme such that a specfed level of bghtness s eached ove tme fo an extended lfetme of an LED. Lkewse, a pogam close technque s employed as well. It s found that a 10% dop n bghtness can double the lfespan of an LED lght souce, whle a 50% dop can extended the lfespan by up to 20-fold. Peset lghtng modes ae stoed n the memoy of a mco contolle unt fo easy mantenance as well as eplacement. A numbe of automated sevces ae expected to be povded to meet specfc needs and fo enegy savng puposes. In shot, a temendous amount of advancng pogess has been made n the feld of smat lghtng technques, as the consequence of netwok and automatc contol technque mpovement. Acknowledgments Ths eseach was suppoted by the Natonal Scence Councl of Tawan unde gant NSC E and NSC E CC3. The authos would lke to thank Natonal Chn-Y Unvesty of Technology, Tawan fo fnancally suppotng ths eseach. Conflcts of Inteest The authos declae no conflct of nteest. Refeences 1. Tan, Y.K.; Huynh, T.P.; Wang, Z.Z. Smat pesonal senso netwok contol fo enegy savng n DC gd poweed LED lghtng system. IEEE Tans. Smat Gd 2013, 4, Pak, Y.J.; Lee, M.H. Cost Effectve Smat Remote Contolle Based on Invsble IR-LED Usng Image Pocessng. In Poceedngs of the 2013 IEEE Intenatonal Confeence on Consume Electoncs (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA, Januay 2013; pp Hwang, Z.; Uhm, Y.; Km, Y.; Km, G.; Pak, S. Development of LED smat swtch wth lght-weght mddlewae fo locaton-awae sevces n smat home. IEEE Tans. Consum. Electon. 2010, 56,

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