Nutrition and bee health

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1 Nutrition and bee health Karl Crailsheim Partnerskap Alnarp, May 15th, Sweden Silk moth (Bombyx mori) Lime Hawkmoth (Mimas tiliae) Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) 2 1

2 What is special with honey bees? Generalist focusing on special products Cooperation with plants Collecting food they do not eat themselves Sharing food (active and passiv) Producing food (RJ, honey and beebread) cooperatively Preserving food Different stages need different food (P) 3 What is special with bees? P P P P: protein need 4 2

do not eat themselves Sharing food (active and passiv) Producing food (RJ, honey and

3 What is special with bees? P P P 5 What is special with bees? 1d Baby 7d Nurse 14d e.g. Foodstorer 25d Forager P/H/J P/H/(J) (P)/H/(J) H/J P P P P H: honey/nectar P: protein need P: pollen/beebread J: jelly 6 3

4 What is special with nurses? Proteolytic activity [nmol tyrosin/gut*min] Protein in the endoperitrophic space [µg] 160 Hypopharyngeal gland acini diameter [µm] age in days age in days age in days Moritz & Crailsheim What is special with nurses? 8 4

endoperitrophic space [µg] 160 Hypopharyngeal gland acini diameter [µm] 60 30

5 What is special with nurses? Hrassnigg & Crailsheim The protein of the bees 10 5

6 Protein need colony Pollens extremely differ in protein contents 11 Protein need colony Pollens extremely differ in protein contents 2,561 % (Roulston et al., 2000) Acer rubrum, red maple 39,4% Trifolium pratense, red clover 32,2% Trifolium hybridum, alsike clover 13,7% Helianthus annuus, sunflower 30,6% Zea mays, Maize 23,9% 12 6

, 2000) Acer rubrum, red maple 39,4% Trifolium pratense, red clover 32,2%

7 Protein need colony Pollens extremely differ in protein contents 2,561 % (Roulston et al., 2000) Few data on digestibility 13 Protein need colony Pollens extremely differ in protein contents 2,561 % (Roulston et al., 2000) Few data on digestibility Castanea sp. Trifolium sp. Crailsheim et al.,

, 2000) Few data on digestibility Castanea sp. Trifolium sp.

8 Protein need colony Pollens extremely differ in protein contents 2,561 % (Roulston et al., 2000) Few data on digestibility Different quality (essential amino acids) 15 Essential and nonessential amino acids Lys Iso His Arg Phe Tyr Trp Pro Hpr Apis stim Homo + + growth growth + + Glu Asp Thr Met Gly Ala Val Leu Ser Apis Homo stim = stimulating De Groot,

nonessential amino acids Lys Iso His Arg Phe Tyr Trp Pro Hpr Apis + + + + + + stim Homo + +

9 Pollen content: amino acids Ambrosia aptera Solidago speciosa Pinus halepensis Pinus echinata Cynodom dactylon Ala Arg + Asp Glu Gly His + Leu/Ile + Lys + Met Phe + Pro/Hpr Tyr Val + 16,0 19,1 T 0 5,7 18,4 4,8 0 T 0 5,9 T 2,6 4,8 1,5 3,2 0 0,9 3,1 T 0 0,7 2,5 T 2,9 8,9 10,2 13,5 T 5,2 3,9 6,7 11,9 T T 16,9 T 5,3 18,0 1,7 10,7 2,7 8,7 0 13,5 3,6 0,4 0,7 1,0 1,4 11,5 30,0 36,5 17,7 25,4 20,1 7,3 34,9 17,3 T 3,7 32,3 2,6 20,3 T= traces Bieberdorf et al Pollen content: amino acids BUT Two low quality pollen TOGETHER can be a well balanced food! 18 9

13,5 T 5,2 3,9 6,7 11,9 T T 16,9 T 5,3 18,0 1,7 10,7 2,7 8,7 0 13,5 3,6 0,4 0,7 1,0 1,4 11,5 30,0 36,5 17,7 25,4 20,1 7,3 34,9 17,3 T 3,7

10 Epidemiology of colony losses and forage? 19 Winter mortality (Austria) Winter loss rate [%] n=374, col. n=575, col. n=311, 7676 col. n=565, col. n=1537, col. 2007/ / / / /12 11,7%, n=202 10,7%, n=266 Brodschneider & Crailsheim

16217 col. n=575, 18141 col. n=311, 7676 col. n=565, 13179 col.

11 Winter mortality 2011/ >10 Origin of the 1537 questionnaires gathered according to postal code. Brodschneider & Crailsheim Winter mortality 2011/12 Losses for single districts in % are shown using 10 shades of red. White = no data. 11

Brodschneider & Crailsheim 2013 21 Winter mortality 2011/12

12 Winter mortality & forage Important forage Risk factors Operations Overwintered colonies Lost colonies % Loss Honeydew ,04 Dandelion ,56 Wild flowers ,10 Willow ,04 Lime tree ,45 Rape ,56 Acacia ,78 Clover ,27 Sunflower ,03 Chestnut ,32 Maize ,18 Brodschneider & Crailsheim Winter mortality & forage Important forage Risk factors Operations Overwintered colonies Lost colonies % Loss Honeydew ,04 Dandelion ,56 Wild flowers ,10 Willow ,04 Lime tree ,45 Rape ,56 Acacia ,78 Clover ,27 Sunflower ,03 Chestnut ,32 Maize ,18 Brodschneider & Crailsheim

Maize 92 2742 1184 43,18 Brodschneider & Crailsheim 2013 23 Maize 92 2742 1184 43,18 Brodschneider & Crailsheim 2013 24 12

13 Winter mortality & forage Important forage Risk factors Operations Overwintered colonies Lost colonies % Loss Honeydew ,04 Dandelion ,56 Wild flowers ,10 Willow ,04 Lime tree ,45 Rape ,56 Acacia ,78 Clover ,27 Sunflower ,03 Chestnut ,32 Maize ,18 Plant protection products, deficiencies in amino acids of Pollen (e.g. Höcherl et al., 2012, Nicolson & Human, 2012) 25 Winter mortality & forage 1. Plant protection products? Acute, chronic exposition Bonmatin et al., 2003; 2005; Schmuck et al., 2001 Lethal, sublethal effects Gill et al., 2012, Henry et al., 2012, Aufauvre et al., Malnutrition? Inbalanced diet Essential nutrients Brodschneider & Crailsheim,

Maize 92 2742 1184 43,18 Plant protection products, deficiencies in amino acids of Pollen (e.g. Höcherl et al., 2012, Nicolson & Human, 2012) 25 Winter mortality & forage 1. Plant protection products? Acute, chronic exposition Bonmatin et al.

14 Risk Factor: Malnutrition Sunflower (2 Varietäten) Tryptophan Methionin Nicolson & Human, 2013 Corn (1 Varietät) Histidin low Höcherl et al., 2012 De Groot, 1953 Protein need colony Collection: ~ 1026 kg pollen / year (Wille et al.1985) Consumption: ~ 13,417,8 kg pollen / year (Crailsheim et al., 1992) Some reports: up to 60 kg 28 14

, 2012 De Groot, 1953 Protein need colony Collection: ~ 1026 kg pollen / year

15 Protein need colony Possibility of artificial supplementation Inside or outside the hive Liquid / patty / powder 29 Protein need colony Crailsheim et al., 2006 Eurbee 30 15

16 Protein need colony Possibility of artificial supplementation Optimum protein levels for brood rearing: 23 30% (Herbert et al., 1977) Chemically defined synthetic diet (Herbert & Shimanuki 1977; 1978) essential amino acids non essential amino acids vitamins cholesterol (phytosterols) ash 31 Protein need colony Possibilities of artificial supplementation: Pollen supplements High protein diets containing pollen Pollen substitutes High protein diets containing no pollen Yeast, soybean, peanut, whole wheat flour, corn flour, ground dry fish, algae, powdered skim milk, egg albumin

(phytosterols) ash 31 Protein need colony Possibilities of artificial supplementation: Pollen supplements High protein diets containing pollen

17 Protein need colony Selfmade pollen substitutes e.g. Alqarni, 2006 LT 50 : Bee bread: 27,6a Soy+milk+yeast: 25,2b Soy+milk+yeast, pollen grain: 25,6a Date pollen+soy: 27,7a Sugar control: 18,0c 33 Protein need colony Protein supplementation: Does it increase brood rearing? Yes: Mattila & Otis, 2006 (earlier start in season) No: Doull, 1980 (two studies) At least for 1 trial or product: DeGrandiHoffmann et al., 2008 Avni et al., summarized in: Brodschneider & Crailsheim,

Sugar control: 18,0c 33 Protein need colony Protein supplementation: Does it increase brood rearing?

18 Protein need colony Protein supplementation: total protein need: ~ 40 mg per larva protein content of diets ~ 20% > per gram diet consumed, a colony gains protein to rear ~ 5 larvae from egg to sealed stage. Utilization of pollen ~ 80%: ~ 4 larvae 35 Summarized in Brodschneider & Crailsheim, 2010 Protein need colony Protein supplementation: Pollen supplements > Pollen substitutes Phagostimulants in pollen Moisture (Doull et al., 1980) Lipids (Herbert et al., 1980) Ash (Herbert et al., 1978) Mode of application: 36 18

Utilization of pollen ~ 80%: ~ 4 larvae 35 Summarized in Brodschneider & Crailsheim, 2010 Protein need colony Protein

19 Protein need colony Protein supplementation: Consumption Protein diet consumed (g / 24 h) N=36 A B B C FeedBee Pollen FeedBee Pollen Single f eeding Double f eeding quantity consumed [g] / 24 h FeedBee Pollen number of feeding bees Partitioning increases consumption! 37 Brodschneider & Crailsheim, 2010 Protein need individuals Larval protein nutrition: Mostly comprised of synthesized jelly Workers: only <10% directly from pollen (Simpson, 1955; Babendreier et al., 2004) Protein intake Protein content (J) Worker: mg 1013 % Drone: mg 1014 % Summarized in Hrassnigg & Crailsheim, 2005 Queens are fed 1,5 g of Jelly (>500mg)! (Lindauer 1952, c.f. Ruttner, 1980) 38 19

37 Brodschneider & Crailsheim, 2010 Protein need individuals Larval protein nutrition: Mostly comprised of synthesized jelly Workers: only <10% directly from pollen (Simpson, 1955;

20 Protein need individuals Larval protein nutrition: Longevity (Eischen et al., 1982) Dry weight (Eischen et al., 1982) Ovary development (Hoover et al., 2006) Hypopharyngeal glands (Dustmann & v.d. Ohe, 1988) Body size (Brodschneider & Crailsheim, 2010) Adult flight performance e.g. Maximum flight speed 39 Larval nutrition Problems! 40 20

21 Protein need individuals Semidefined synthetic larval diet: Royal jelly Glucose Fructose Yeast Rembold & Lackner, 1981 Vandenberg & Shimanuki, 1987 Aupinel et al., 2005 Crailsheim et al., Protein need individuals Semidefined synthetic larval diet: Brodschneider et al., 2009 and unpublished *** p<0,001, MannWhitneyTest. A B 42 21

22 43 Protein need individuals Adult protein nutrition: Dry weight (Haydak, 1937; De Groot, 1950) Longevity (Maurizio, 1954; Schmidt et al., 1987) Thorax development (Herold, 1965; Hersch et al. 1978) Ovary development (Maurizio, 1954; Hoover et al., 2006) Fat body (Maurizio, 1954) Hypopharyngeal glands (Crailsheim & Stolberg 1989) Immunocompetence (Szymas & Jedruszuk, 2003; Alaux et al., 2010; Sagili in prep.) Viral load (DeGrandiHoffmann et al., 2010) Immune and lifespan genes (Alaux et al., 2011) 44 22

23 Protein need individuals Adult protein nutrition: n= 6 Pollen consumption [mg / bee / 24h] caged honey bees unpublished data (Graz Laboratory) Age [days] 45 Protein need individuals Adult protein nutrition / incorporation: 46 c.f. Hrassnigg & Crailsheim

24 Protein need individuals Adult protein diets other than pollen can be: Equal or better than pollen: Longevity & HPG development (Alqarni, 2006) Hemolymph protein levels (De Jong et al., 2009) Protein amounts & size of HPG acini (DeGrandi Hoffmann et al., 2010) Worse than pollen: Haemocyte number and activity (Szymas & Jedruszuk, 2003) 47 Conclusion Electromagnetic fields / mobile phones? Toxin Organism Climatic changes Deficiencies e.g. Protein Toxin Organism Stress 48 24

25 Nutrition and Immunology Alaux et al. 2011: Pesticidesusceptibility reduction by pollen Mao et al. 2013: Gene upregulation by honey (detoxification and immunity) Conclusion 50 Brodschneider & Crailsheim,

26 There will be a NUTRITION SYMPOSIUM Kiev,

INTERMEDIATE BEEKEEPING WEEK 1 CAROL COTTRILL

INTERMEDIATE BEEKEEPING WEEK 1 CAROL COTTRILL BEE BIOLOGY WHY IT MATTERS There is a spectrum there are different ways to try to do things. I once thought you could do it all by a cookbook, and now I think