Aquifers and groundwater

Transcription

1 Axo igl.qxd:maqutació 1 11/04/14 16:50 Págia 80 Dpit igificat lgilativ dploymt i rt dad at all lvl (Europa, aal, rgioal ad local) ad a pific itraal cov (Ramar), th proc of altra of Srvic amt Rfr tat (itifid) th oytm i Spai ot toppd. Th rao for thi itua i tt th corva ad maitac of thir improv (tradial) Rgulatig oytm rvic dpd larly o th utaiabl u of Improv watr, which mut b viwd from th prptiv of itgratd Stabl maamt of watr rourc, icludig groudwatr, coidrig th lth of th tial oytm a a rtric o th u of watr at o-utaiabl lvl. Dli dli (rural) (urba) Aquifr ad groudwatr Pdro Zorrilla Approximatly 350 km2 of th ara of Spai ( 70% of th coutry) i officially coidrd to b aquifr. Followig th oytm approach, th aquifr could b claifid a aquatic oytm formd by a ological ubtrat, with watr occupyig th por ad fiur of th ubtrat ad orgaim big foud i th watr. Th aquifr provid may baic rvic upportig huma wllbig. Th mot-viibl rvic ar th proviioig of baic good rquird for lif, uch a good quality watr for variou u or food through th irriga of farmig ytm. Th lviibl rvic iclud th rgula of watr flow ad watr quality i rivr, tram ad wtlad; th rgula of flood ad climat c fft; ad th viromtal duca, rra, tourim, cultural idtity, ocial rlahip ad piritual joymt. Th coductd amt rvald tt approximatly 48% of th rvic valuatd (11 of 25) ar big dgradd or v how a clar tdy toward dgrada i th lat thr dad (Mazao ad Lamba, 2012). Th mot trogly afftd rvic ar tradial proviioig rvic (good quality watr for all u, atural fibr), followd by rgula cotrol (watr, climat, oil roio), rvic cotributig to mitigatig th fft of atural zard (flood, dry), ad cultural rvic (local ological kowld). O th othr d, approximatly 40% of groudwatr rvic (10 of 25) v how a tdy to improv, ld by cultural rvic dmadd by th urba popula (citific, rraal, viromtal duca), followd by proviioig rvic Lad u c (othrmal, miral watr, mdici ad activ igrdit), ad rgulatig rvic (a climat c, through CO2 tora). Th mai dirt drivr of c i rvic ar itiv xploita, diffu pollu ad c i lad u, followd by climat c ad c i bioochmical cycl. Itiv farmig dirt impact, maily o proviioig ad rgulatig rvic. Ay ac ivolvig groudwatr maamt hould tak ito accout th clo rlahip btw quatity ad quality. Dmotratd low quality or a rik of dtrioratig quality hould b tak a a limit for groudwatr withdrawal ad rr. Spaih law 1514/2009 rprt a igificat advac i prottig groudwatr quality agait pollu ad dtriora, but it do ot addr th importat rol playd by th biota of th aquifr i th quality of groudwatr ad th ba flow to rivr. I our opiio, to mak diio about th magitud of th groudwatr flow to b prrvd, it i ary to kow both th aquifr tructur ad fuc ad th valu of th rvic it provid. Coatal Climat c Pollu Jua Maul Barragá Muñoz Ivaiv ali pi C bioochmical cycl Ovrxploita Mdium-High (0,84 0,7) Mdium-Low (0,69 0,55) Figur A8: Ecoytm rvic amt for aquifr ad groudwatr, groupd by rvic catgori ad th dirt drivr of c afftig thm. 80 Sythi of ky fidig

2 Axo igl.qxd:maqutació 1 11/04/14 16:50 Págia 81 Coatal oytm ar coidrd amog th mot complx, ytm o th plat. Howvr, at prt, du, bach, marh, lagoo ad tuari ar amog th mot dgradd or dyamic, itrdpdt, productiv ad biodivr atural Mdium-High (0,84 0,7) Mdium-Low (0,69 0,55) v b th mai cau of th currt riou dtriora of th ara. For xampl, arly 60% of th ara of coatal wtlad al i p Ch a i b io oc h m cy ica cl l Ov r x pl oi ta Po llu I va iv huma activiti bad hr i th lat fifty yar. Th activiti Cl im at g th oytm xplai, to a lar xtt, th lar umbr of La d thratd oytm i Spai. Th myriad of rvic providd by u g Figur A9: Sythi of th amt of oytm rvic for Coatal oytm, groupd by rvic catgori ad th dirt drivr of c afftig thm. v b lot, whil oly 20% of du ytm ar i good codi, ad 70% of coatal lagoo v diappard or Spaih coatli. Ovrfihig i impactig much of th coatal b altrd. Furthrmor, much of th Spaih coat, pially it oytm rvic tt ar critical to huma wllbig (with a bach, i uffrig igificat roio problm. gratr itity o ilad ad i th Mditrraa i th North of Th amt proc rvald tt 62% (13 of 21) of th th Piula), pially du to xtractiv fihig. valuatd coatal oytm rvic ar big dgradd or ar Th currt modl of public admiitra, which i big ud uutaiably (Barraga t al., 2012). Th mot afftd fragmtd ad ucoordiatd, i ot th bt uitd to maa rvic ar rgulatig rvic (i.., watr, roio cotrol, atural th coatal viromt ad it oytm rvic. Govrac diturbac ad biological cotrol) ad tradial proviioig hould c it rol i mari coatal ara bad o th ytm (i.., fihig, hllfih coll). Howvr, thr ar om pricipl of Itgratd Coatal Ara. O of th mot igificat rvic tt v improvd i rt dad, uch a cultural of th pricipl i tt th coatal ytm hould b rvic dmadd by urba popl (rra, rarch ad itrprtd a a whol, tt i, a ographical ara tt i hom to duca) ad om proviioig rvic (aquacultur, itiv may oytm ad i fragil from th poit of viw of it agricultur). Th mai dirt drivr of c i clarly lad-u biophyical limit, but xtrmly valuabl for huma wllbig. c, which v altrd or traformd origial oytm or Furthrmor, th itrdpd i th fucig of th imply caud thm to diappar or lo thir tructur ad fuc diffrt ubtyp of coatal oytm mak a diffrt durig th lat dad du larly to xciv urbaiza of th cocp for w maamt tratgi uviabl. Mattr rlatd to th maamt of coatal oytm i Spai drv a mor promit plac o th political ada. Iular (Macaroia) Jua Maul Barragá Muñoz Srvic amt (itifid) Rfr tat improv (tradial) Rgulatig Th iular Macaroia oytm coit of a ocaic archiplago tt rprt 1% of th ara of th tat. Bau of Improv thir iola ad htroity, th ytm ar hotpot of Stabl Dli dli (rural) (urba) biodivrity with a high lvl of dmim (cotributig 27% of th aal dmim). Howvr, thir iola ad fragmta mak thm o of th mot vulrabl oytm, ad mall c v gratr impact o thir ability to rat rvic Ax 81

3 Axo igl.qxd:maqutació 1 11/04/14 16:50 Págia 82 t i th mor rilit cotital oytm. Thrfor, if oytm-bad maamt practic ar ot itroducd, thir popula will bom icraigly dpdt o xtral oytm to maitai baic rvic rquird for huma wllbig, a providig watr, food, biotic matrial, ad om rgulatig rvic a wll a th ability to mitigat th fft of climat c could b prmatly lot. Dpit th high ological valu of th ytm, durig th lat 50 yar, thir rat of dgrada icrad xpotially. Thir popula doubld, whil th umbr of tourit icrad 178-fold ad rgy coump by 10-fold, thu hiftig impact from th midlad to th coat. Th amt rvald tt 61% (11 of 18) of th valuatd oytm rvic v b dgradd (Nrilli, G. ad Frádz- Palacio, 2012). Th mot trogly afftd rvic ar rgulatig rvic (83%), which how a high lvl of dgrada, pially watr rgula, oil frtility ad roio cotrol ad th ability to addr thrat du to icraig atural diturbac. rvic (67%) v alo b dgradd, icludig th availabl pool ad baic utri proviioig rvic, which ar big upplid by maiv import from cotital oytm. Oly cultural rvic (33%) v how a icraig trd, arguably bau of thir dmad by urba ibitat ad for tourim ad rraal activiti. Th mai ad mot vidt Srvic amt Lad u c Rfr tat improv Improv Stabl Dli dli Climat c (tradial) Pollu (rural) Ivaiv ali pi C bioochmical cycl (itifid) Ovrxploita Rgulatig (urba) Mdium-High (0,84 0,7) Mdium-Low (0,69 0,55) Figur A10: Sythi of th amt of oytm rvic for iular oytm, groupd by rvic catgori ad th dirt drivr of c afftig thm. dirt drivr b c i lad u, iflud by a growig popula ad th maiv urbaiza proc du to th adop of ma-tourim dvlopmt pattr. Fially, th ovrxploita of aquifr (with mor t 50% big ovr-xploitd ad othr riouly thratd) ad itroduc of ali ivaiv pi, thrby altrig baic ological proc, ar udrmiig th ra of tratgic rvic rquird for th wllbig of th ilad ibitat. Thi thratd trd do ot appar to b udrgoig rvral or rduc. Durig th lat vral dad, variou ac v b lauchd at all admiitrativ lvl. Howvr, thi ot toppd th dgrada of oytm, which cotiud to icra durig th am priod. Thu, it i ary to plac th vulrability of ilad oytm i th ctr of th diio-makig proc ad to ga all takholdr i th adop of a utaiabl dvlopmt modl for th ilad, icludig both thir currt ad futur ibitat. Mari CIRCE Although mari oytm rprt 71% of th trritory udr Spaih juridic ad a ourc of valuabl rvic, our kowld of th ytm i icomplt ad iufficit. Thr i irtia rgardig coidra of th a a a dl ourc of rvic ad a ulimitd wat ump. Thrfor, th u of 80% of th rvic ad icrad, ad th capacity of mari oytm to prform fuc tt provid rvic to th huma popula, thu, b altrd, pottially afftig th am rvic. I particular, mor t lf of Spaih fihig groud ar fihd byod th af biological limit of utaiability. Th catch of th tat fihig flt drad igificatly, o th ordr of 35% btw 1985 ad Th mot trogly afftd pi ar of high commrcial valu ad th pi aociatd with thm tt ar caught accidtally. Th amt proc rvald tt 40% (11 of 27) of th rvic valuatd ar big dgradd or ar big ud uutaiably (Royo t al., 2012). Th mot trogly afftd rvic ar tradial proviioig rvic ad rgulatig rvic (climat 82 Sythi of ky fidig

4 Axo igl.qxd:maqutació 1 11/04/14 16:50 Págia 83 Th arid oytm of Spai covr 2.6% of th trritory of th tat, (itifid) Srvic amt two-third of which ar o th Piula, whil o-third i i th Rfr tat Caary Ilad. Th bt-prrvd ara of thi typ of oytm coit of thrmo-mditrraa crub ad uccult pi improv Improv (tradial) Rgulatig cotribu of arid oytm to huma wllbig li i thir capacity to provid rgulatig rvic, which rquir good Stabl Dli adaptd to drought ad atmophric humidity. Th mai (rural) (urba) dli codi. Th rvic iclud watr rgula, roio/dimta cotrol, ad a importat rol i th orgaic carbo cycl. I addi to maitaiig a high biodivrity idx, Mdium-High (0,84 0,7) Mdium-Low (0,69 0,55) al i p Ch a i b io oc h m cy ica cl l Ov r x pl oi ta Po llu I va iv La d u ch a Cl im at g Figur A11: Sythi of th amt of oytm rvic for mari oytm, groupd by rvic catgori ad th dirt drivr of c afftig thm. giv th uiqu ad rarity of may pi, th oytm of th arid zo provid furthr importat cultural rvic. Du to th itriic cractritic of th oytm, thy ca idicat th rlahip btw ological ad ological proc bttr t othr oytm. Th amt proc rvald tt 48% (10 of 21) of rvic v dtrioratd i th lat 50 yar. All proviioig ad rgulatig rvic ar big gativly afftd (Puigdfábrga, 2012). Agricultural ad livtock produc ar i a clar dli. rgula ad watr quality). rvic aociatd with rural Arid zo agricultur alway b margial compard to othr popl (local ological kowld ad of blogig) v ara with mor favorabl climat. Durig th lat quartr of a alo word igificatly. Th improvmt of om cultural ctury, thi cractritic b word by EU polici, rvic i cloly likd to th dvlopmt of urba ociti. Th which v caud th abadomt of margial lad tt may mot importat drivr of c rlatd to th dgrada of v adjoid arid oytm, uch a watlad ad patur. mari oytm rvic ar ovrxploita ad th try of Ulik othr oytm, th cultural rvic likd to th uiqu xtral iput ito th ytm, to which ivaiv pi ad th cractr of arid oytm ar big icraigly valud by global fft of climat c mut b addd. popl. Nvrthl, thr i a dra i th athtic Maamt rpo rlatd to th corva of mari joymt of uch plac outid of prottd ara. Th impact oytm ad thir ability to provid rvic tt ar ary o ladcap ratd by idutrial agricultur (grhou for huma wllbig itgrat may factor (ot oly oomic ladcap) ad by th ytmatic abadomt of farmlad apt) to icorporat a authtic approach to achiv rult i a cotrat i mot of th arid ara tudid rgardig thi utaiability. I tur, it i tial to provid ocity with clar ad apt of dgrada agait th gradur of om of thir accurat ma about th valu, tatu ad problm of th tradial cultural ladcap wh thy ar i full opra. oytm ad rat a participatory proc ivolvig all tor ivolvd i maamt diio, whr th viw of th idividual who ar mot cloly likd to tradial practic ad diplay a lowr ological impact (.g., fihrm) ar promit. Arid zo Srvic amt (itifid) Rfr tat improv (tradial) Rgulatig Improv Stabl Dli Rubé Baro dli (rural) (urba) Ax 83

5 Axo igl.qxd:maqutació 1 11/04/14 16:50 Págia 84 Lad u c Climat c Pollu Ivaiv ali pi C bioochmical cycl Ovrxploita Th maamt polici aimd at maitaiig th itgrity of arid zo ad thir ability to provid rvic ar vry limitd. Such polici ar maily rtrictd to timulatig cultural ifratructur rvic ad hort-ra program tt k jutifica through th maamt of lar projt tt uually d i th mr occupa of pac for oomic purpo. Mor itgratd plaig of maamt maur tt alo coidr th public i lackig. W dttd a poitiv trd i th of movig away from moo-dicipliary rarch aimd at iu rlvat to ocial impact, uch a drtifica. Mdium-High (0,84 0,7) Mdium-Low (0,69 0,55) Figur A12: Sythi of th amt of oytm rvic for arid oytm, groupd by rvic catgori ad th dirt drivr of c afftig thm. gralad ad hrub lad", rprtig 17.6% of th ara, drad by 2.9% du to lad abadomt. Th amt proc rvald tt 64% (16 of 25) of th xamid rvic ar howig a dliig trd or big ud i a uutaiabl way (Gomz Sal, 2012). Ovrall, Spaih agrooytm ar maitaiig thir proviioig rvic but with a igificat lo of agrobiodivrity ad with icraig xtral iput big rquird, uch a d, pticid ad frtilizr ad rgy. Although th ability to produc food i aurd, rural dvlopmt tratgi ar ot takig advata of th ormou pottial of th vat ara availabl for orgaic produc ad a a attractiv op for cultural rvic. Howvr, thr b a icraig trd amog om proviioig ad cultural rvic du to a icraig dmad for quality product ad viromt amog urba popula. Lad-u c du to lad abadomt ad itifica, ladig to th dli of th rural popula, v d a importat impact o th dyamic of th agricultural ytm. Howvr, th mot importat dirt drivr of c ar ovrxploita ad cotamia through itiv lad-u ytm. Agrooytm Srvic amt Rfr tat (itifid) improv (tradial) Rgulatig Improv Joé Gozálz Novoa Stabl Dli dli (rural) (urba) Thi i th mot importat typ of oytm i trm of ara amog th oytm of Spai, covrig mor t 60% of th coutry, although figur vary accordig to th data xamid, pially for gralad ad ilvopatoral ytm. Th mai ular rvic provid by agrooytm ar proviioig rvic rlatd to food produc ad livtock, but th oytm alo rat may othr tial rgulatig ad cultural rvic. Although ovr th pat 50 yar th oytm rvic v udrgo coidrabl c, th tructur of agricultural ara rmaid fairly tabl. Th lart cla i "arabl lad ad prmat crop", which accout for 31.6% of th total ara. Othr ubcla bad mor o th maamt of biodivrity (tradial ladcap ad orcrd, ad polycultur) till accout for oly approximatly 7% of th total ara. Fially, th cla "atural Lad u c Climat c Pollu Ivaiv ali pi C bioochmical cycl Ovrxploita Mdium-High (0,84 0,7) Mdium-Low (0,69 0,55) Figur A13: Sythi of th amt of oytm rvic for agroooytm, groupd by rvic catgori ad th dirt drivr of c afftig thm. To trgth th rili of agrooytm, it i tial to maitai om baic proc, uch a th forma of fucal oil with orgaic activity, th rol of hrbivor i th rmoval of xc ful, ad th adquat lvl of biodivrity. 84 Sythi of ky fidig

6 Axo igl.qxd:maqutació 1 11/04/14 16:50 Págia 85 Fially, thr i icraig itrt i topic rlatd to (itifid) Srvic amt dvlopmt at local cal, icludig orgaic farmig ad Rfr tat agroology, ompaig th variou ocial, ological, cultural ad oomic factor ivolvd. improv Urba (tradial) Rgulatig Improv Stabl (rural) Dli trritory of th coutry. Icrad coump of matrial ad rgy ovr th rquird d b th mai rao for th Mdium-Low (0,69 0,55) al i p Ch a i b io oc h m cy ica cl l Ov r x pl oi ta approximatly 36 millio popl ar ttld withi 2% of th Mdium-High (0,84 0,7) I va iv muicipaliti with mor t 10 ibitat, uch tt Po llu ytm rflt th fact tt 80% of th popula liv i Cl im at Spaih popula, ad th icra i th ibitat of uch u g Urba ytm rmai th prfrrd modl of ttlmt for th (urba) La d Maria García Llort dli Figur A14: Sythi of th amt of oytm rvic for urba ara, groupd by rvic catgori ad th dirt drivr of c afftig thm. icraig dmad for oytm rvic, i both aal ad Thr ar umrou iitiativ to rbilitat urba ara by itraal trritori. Addially, th itral ability of urba icorporatig th coidra ad thi admiitrativ oytm to provid rvic to popl drad, framwork to crat tool to improv th quality of urba lif (.g., coicidig with th icra i xtral dmad. ac pla addrig climat c, mobility pla, urba I rt yar, oytm rvic i urba ara v utaiability tratgi ad local pla). Howvr, it i ary to how clar trd, uch a th dli of proviioig icorporat urba ology ad to coidr urba ara a rvic, rultig i gratr dpd o xtral oytm ito w plaig mthod for citi. Th maamt oytm (Barrio, 2012). Th lack of rgulatig rvic i modl w adopt for urba oytm will dirtly iflu ot oly itlf rultd i a iability of th ytm to aborb th wllbig of it ibitat but alo may othr oytm th itua ad a clar improvmt of cultural rvic driv by th dmad for rvic, thrby compromiig thir dmadd by it ibitat. Durig th lat dad, th ability to provid thm. Thrfor, th maamt of urbaiza growth of urba oytm (icraig by approximatly 50% both itrally ad, pially, littorally will cotitut th mai i trm of urfac ara) altrd may atural ara ar obtacl or opportuity for achivig utaiabl maamt citi, pially i coatal oytm, ad ratd grat tratgi to itgrat th atural capital of Spai a a whol. prur o th rmaidr of oytm to ur th upply of matrial, watr ad rgy. I addi, urba oytm ar mor vulrabl to dirt drivr of c, uch a flood (ovr 7,000 millio Euro v b paid from iurac polici i th lat 40 yar), t wav piod (rultig i approximatly 70 dath i Europ i 2003), watr upply horta (which wr pially importat i th 1990 ad abudat i coatal ara), air pollu piod ad ivaiv pi, may of which ar du to climat c ad will likly wor ovr th comig dad. Boît Marux Ax 85