FLORISTIC STUDIES IN PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

Transcription

1 KFRI Research Report No. 246 ISSN FLORISTIC STUDIES IN PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY N Sasidharan KERALA FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE PEECHI, THRISSUR November 2002

2 ABSTRACT OF PROJECT PROPOSAL Code : KFRI/301/1998 Title : Floristic studies in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary Objectives :» To make an inventory of the plants in the study area.» To make floristic analysis, with emphasis on dominant plant groups, endemics, rare and threatened plants.» To find out areas with respect to species richness Date of commencement : September, 1998 Scheduled date of completion : August, 2001 Funding Agency : Kerala Forest Department (Wildlife Wing) Investigator : N Sasidharan Research Fellow : P Sujanapal

3 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT... i 1. INTRODUCTION... ii 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE... iii 3. STUDY AREA... iv 3.1. Topography... iv 3.2. Geological features... iv 3.3. Climate... v 4. ETHNIC GROUPS... v 5. VEGETATION... vi 5.1. West coast tropical evergreen forests... vi 5.2. West coast semi-evergreen forests... viii 5.3. Southern moist mixed deciduous forests... ix 5.4. Southern dry mixed deciduous forests... ix 6. METHODOLOGY... x 7. FORMAT AND PRESENTATION... xi 8. RESULTS... xii 8.1. Floristic analysis... xii 8.2. Endemism... xiii 8.3. Rare and threatened plants... xiv 9. DISCUSSION... xviii 10. RECOMMENDATIONS... xx 11. INDEX TO FAMILIES... xxi 12. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT REFERENCES

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Dr KSS Nair, former Director, Dr JK Sharma, Director and Dr R Gnanaharan, Research Co-ordinator, KFRI for their interest and support during the study. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Shri PK Surendranathan Asari, IFS, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests for the initiation of floristic studies in Protected Areas of Kerala, Shri. TM Manoharan, IFS; Shri VK Sinha, IFS and Shri V Gopinathan, IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests for their support during the study. The financial support and facilities extended by Kerala Forest Department (Wildlife) are gratefully acknowledged. I also place on record of my thanks to Shri Rajan Sehgal, IFS, former Wildlife Warden and Shri P Pugazhendi, IFS, Wildlife Warden, Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary for providing facilities and support during the field work. Thanks are also due to Shri K Gopalakrishnan; Shri M Prasad; Shri Ashok Kumar and Shri Thomas Nelson, Assistant Wildlife Wardens for providing various helps during the field work. The Joint Director, Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore, provided facilities and help for consulting the Madras Herbarium. Thanks are due to Dr Paul Wilkins, Kew Herbarium; Dr Dianxiang Zhang, South China Institute of Botany; Dr JF Veldkamp, Leiden Herbarium; Dr Henrick Ærunlund Pederson, University of Copenhagen; Dr Jayasree Bhattacharya, Kew Herbarium and Dr C Sathish Kumar, TBGRI for their help in the identification of some doubtful specimens. Editorial comments received from Dr KV Sankaran, Dr K Balasubramanyan, Dr C Renuka are gratefully acknowledged. The help rendered by Dr Jomy Augustine; Dr KP Rajesh; Shri KK Sajeev; Shri MM Roy, Shri VB Sajeev and Shri Subash Kuriakose for the preparation of report is gratefully acknowledged. I am thankful to Shri M Karthikeyan, for his service during the field work. Shri Kesavan; Shri Murukesan and Shri Chinnaraj, tribes in the Sanctuary, are acknowledged for their assistance in the field.

5 ABSTRACT Situated on the lap of Anamalai hills, in the revenue district of Palakkad, the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary occupies an area of 274 km 2. The sanctuary abodes all the major vegetation types of the Western Ghats. Teak is the major plantation species covering about 87 km 2. During the study, specimens with 2165 field numbers were collected from the diverse habitats of the sanctuary representing 1434 species belonging to 755 genera under 142 families, including two gymnosperms. Among the angiosperms, dicotyledons dominate with 1119 species under 587 genera and 120 families while monocotyledons with 313 species under 166 genera and 20 families. Fabaceae, represented by 116 species under 52 genera, is the largest family followed by Poaceae with 86 species under 58 genera. Thirty-four families and 62 genera are represented by a single species in each. The sanctuary is situated in the Anamalai-High Range centre of endemism. Three hundred and sixty species recorded from the sanctuary are endemic to Peninsular India of which 28 are exclusive to the Anamalai-High Range centre. One genus (Haplothismia Airy Shaw) and four species are so far known only from the sanctuary. Out of the 359 tree species, 25 per cent are endemic species. Among the 57 endemic genera of Peninsular India, 13 were recorded from the sanctuary. The sanctuary abodes 109 species belonging to various threatened categories of which 10 are considered as possibly extinct. Haplothismia exannulata Airy Shaw and Syzygium palghatense Gamble were collected for the first time after their type collections. Endangered species like Atuna travancorica (Bedd.) Kosterm., Piper barberi Gamble, Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivad. et al., Morinda reticulata Gamble, Smithia venkobarowii Gamble, considered restricted to southern Kerala, have now been recorded from the sanctuary. Two new species viz. Medinilla anamalaiana Sasidh. & Sujanapal and Pteroceras monsooniae Sasidh. & Sujanapal could be described from the sanctuary. Species such as Argyreia osyrensis (Roth) Choisy, Chlorophytum malabaricum Baker, Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Dalechampia scandens L. var. velutina (Wight) Muell.-Arg., Heliotropium bracteatum R. Br., Heterophragma roxburghii DC., Meyenia hawtayneana (Wall.) Nees, Monothecium aristatum (Wall. ex Nees) T. Anders. and Triumfetta rotundifolia Lam. are additions to the flora of Kerala. Though the sanctuary occupies only about 6 per cent of the total area of Palakkad district, the number of flowering plants collected during the study is more than the number of flowering plants recorded in the flora of Palakkad district. i

6 1. INTRODUCTION Man has surveyed remote galaxies and has stood on the surface of moon but has not so far come anywhere near to completing a taxonomic catalogue of the fewer than half a million species of higher plants that grow on our planet (Burmmit et al., 2001). Botanists were exploring the floristic regions of the world for several centuries and their efforts have succeeded only in preparing a more realistic taxonomic account of the plants of Europe. The gravity of the situation is so severe in the tropics due to variety of reasons, the foremost being habitat destruction at an alarming rate leading to loss of biodiversity, essential for the sustenance of life on earth. Thus, conservation of biodiversity has gained prime consideration all over the world since the earth summit at Rio de Janeiro in The first and foremost process in ascertaining the biodiversity is the taxonomic treatment of living organisms. This can be achieved only through the process involving extensive exploration, identification and documentation. Earlier works in this branch of science in the Indian subcontinent resulted in the preparation of national and provincial floras. Further studies on local and regional floras paid increased attention at ecological level in addition to taxonomic treatment, which proved to be more beneficial in the management practices. In spite of the accelerated floristic studies in Peninsular India during the last three decades, several parts of the dense forest areas in the Western Ghats are yet to be thoroughly explored. The Western Ghats is one of the megadiversity centres in India and is also a biodiversity hotspot. The forests of Kerala are along the Southern Western Ghats, which is a rich region with respect to species diversity and endemism in the Western Ghats. This region is under severe biotic pressure and conserving the biodiversity is a challenging task. The state of Kerala has a relatively higher percentage of protected areas. About 24 per cent of the forests have been brought under protected areas by establishing 12 Wildlife Sanctuaries and two National Parks. The floras of most of the protected areas have been studied recently (Manilal, 1988; Sasidharan & Sivarajan, 1996; Sasidharan, 1997, 1998 and 1999; Mohanan, 1995) or under investigation resulting in the discovery of several new as well as threatened species. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary is the third largest protected area in Kerala. Though, the flora of Palakkad district has been studied recently (Vajravelu, 1990), several endemic as well as threatened species reported earlier from this region could not be relocated. Silent Valley National Park and Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary are the protected areas in the Palakkad district. The flora of Silent Valley National Park has been studied by Manilal (1988). Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary is part of the Anamalai Hills, one of the centres of endemism in the Western Ghats. The study on the flora of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary was taken up with the financial support of the Wildlife Wing of Kerala Forest Department. The objectives of the study are i) to prepare an inventory of the plants in the study area, ii) to analyze the flora with emphasis on dominant plant groups, endemics, rare and threatened plants and iii) to find out areas with respect to species richness. ii

7 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Major contributions to the floristic studies in India were made by the Britishers. Among the Botanists who worked on the flora of Peninsular India, the contributions of Robert Wight are the most outstanding. His major publications are Illustrations of Indian Botany (1840) and Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis ( ). Wight together with Arnott published Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis (1834) in which several new taxa were described. The other notable contributions during the 19 th centuary were The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India (Beddome ), Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis (Beddome, ), Flora Indica (Roxburgh, 1820, 1824). Flora of British India was published by J.D Hooker during This seven volume publication dealt with the phanerogams of the erstwhile British India with phytogeographical information. Subsequently regional floras like Flora of the Presidency of Bombay (Cooke, ) and Flora of the Presidency of Madras (Gamble, ) were published and the latter work is adjudged as the best among the regional floras. The Forest Trees of Travancore by Bourdillon (1908) is the first comprehensive work on the tree flora of Travancore and it dealt with 582 indigenous trees. The other important works on the flora of Peninsular India are: Flowering Plants of Travancore (Rama Rao, 1914), Flora of Anamalai Hills Coimbatore District, Madras Presidency (Fischer, 1921) and Flora of South Indian Hill Stations (Fyson, 1932). Since then, the work on regional as well as local floras were undertaken with the view of preparing a complete and comprehensive flora of India and major work was done by the Botanical Survey of India. Flora of Tamil Nadu, India (Nair & Henry, 1983; Henry et. al, 1987 and 1989) and Flora of Karnataka (Sharma, 1984) were published as part of the aforementioned project. A few Universities and Research Institutions also conducted floristic studies in South India. The floras of most of the districts and Protected areas in Kerala have either been completed or in the process of completion. The notable publications on the flora of Kerala are: Flora of Calicut (Manilal & Sivarajan, 1982), Flora of Cannanore (Ramachandran & Nair, 1988), Flora of Silent Valley (Manilal, 1988), Flora of Palghat (Vajravelu, 1990), Flora of Kerala: Grasses (Sreekumar and Nair, 1991), Flora of Thiruvananthapuram District (Mohanan & Henry, 1994), Flora of Thenmala Division (Subramamiyan, 1995), Flora of Nilambur (Sivarajan & Philip Mathew, 1997) and Flowering Plants of Thrissur Forests (Sasidharan & Sivarajan, 1996). Floristic studies of the following places have been completed as Ph. D. programmes: Flora of Quilon District (C. N. Mohanan, 1984); Flora of Kottayam District (Antony, 1989) and Flora of Pathanamthitta District (Anil Kumar, 1993). The flora of protected areas such as Agasthyamala (N. Mohanan, 1995); Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary (Sasidharan, 1997); Periyar Tiger Reserve (Sasidharan, 1998), Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary (Sasidharan 1999) have been studied recently. Besides these general floristic studies revisionary studies of several genera and families were also carried out. The flora of Palakkad district has not been thoroughly explored in the past. Wight, Clerghorn, Beddome, Lawson, Barber, Fischer, Rangachariar, Jacob and Raju & Rathinavelu made sporadic collections from different parts of the district during the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries (Vajravelu 1990). During 1990 s two floras were iii

8 published on the angiosperms of Palakkad district. The Flora of Silent valley National park by Manilal (1988) dealt with 966 species of angiosperms. The Flora of Palghat (Vajravelu, 1990) dealt with 1355 species of flowering plants from the entire Palakkad district. From literature it is seen that the flora of Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary has not been studied in detail when compared to other parts of the district. Some exiguous information is available in the form of a few publications. Airy Shaw (1952) described the monotypic genus Haplothismia based on the collections of KC Jacob from the study area. Ramamurthy & Joseph (1964) discovered a new taxon from the rivers of Parambikulam. Sebastine & Ramamurthy (1966) published brief accounts on the flora of Parambikulam and Aliyar submergible area. 3. STUDY AREA Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary is part of the Anamalai Hills, one among the three centres of endemism in Kerala. The sanctuary lying between and E longitude and between and N latitude in the Palakkad revenue district of Kerala and has an area of 274 km 2. It is the third largest protected area in Kerala and is best known for its faunal diversity. The sanctuary is bordered by Vazhachal forest division in the south, Chalakkudy in the west, Nelliyampathi Ghats continuous to the Palghat gap on the north and Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary on the east. During 1960s, three reservoirs at Parambikulam, Thunakadavu and Peruvarippallam, occupying an area of 24 km 2 were commissioned. Major part of the water from these reservoirs drains into Tamil Nadu Topography The sanctuary is located immediate south of Palghat gap, exhibits undulating terrain interspersed with dry or moist valleys. The altitude ranges from 440 m at Chalakkudy river basin to 1438 m at Karimalagopuram. The conspicuous peaks are Kuchimudi (1180 m), Vengoli (1224 m), Pandaravarai (1190 m), Karimalagopuram (1438 m), Shekkal mudi (1210 m) and Peza (1200 m). Most of the streams originate from the forests of Nelliyampathi Ghats and drain to the Parambikulam river. During summer Thekkady, Tellickal, Bagapallam, Veeti and Pullickal rivers dry up. The perennial streams like Kuriarkutty and Thunacadavu join with Parambikulam river at Kuriarkutty and flow westwards. This river converges with Karappara river at Orukombankutty and finally drains into Chalakkudy river Geological features Generally the mountain ridges are devoid of tree cover. Considerable extent of rocky blanks are found at Karimalagopuram, Vengoli, Pezha, Pandaravarai and Kuchimudi. Boulders are conspicuous in the hills along the eastern boundary of the sanctuary. At low altitude places, the rock formations are covered by grass growth. The main geological formations in the area are hornblende-biotite gneisses, garnetiferous-biotitegneisses, charnockites that had been intruded by garnitic-ortho-gyneisses and plagioclase porphyry-dykes. Major constituents of the rocks are quartz, biotite, orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar. iv

9 Soil formation differs from valleys to hills and slopes. In hilly areas soil is chocolate coloured, sandy loam and rich in ferrugineous minerals formed by the disintegration of charnokite rock. The characteristic vayal formation is due to the clayey soil in the vayals, which prevents the percolation of water resulting in poor drainage Climate Physiographical features of the sanctuary strongly influence the climate. Mountain cliffs separate the moist windward valleys and hills from the eastern dry locality. Major part of the sanctuary is along the windward region and receives high rainfall. The area gets both the southwest and northeast monsoons, southwest being the most active. Life span of the herbaceous flora and phenology of arborescent species largely depend on the rainy season. Therefore, there are slight seasonal variations in the annual flowering and fruiting. The monthly distribution of rainfall during are given in Figure 1. Figure 1. Rainfall during Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Source: PAP, Parambikulam The atmospheric humidity is always high in the evergreen and mixed deciduous forests along the slopes, than in the teak plantation. February and April are the hottest months and the temperature fluctuates between 24 0 C and 35 0 C. The minimum temperature varies between 18 0 C and 23 0 C during November and December. In the hills the minimum temperature is still lower during night. 4. ETHNIC GROUPS The sanctuary is inhabited by four tribal groups. They are Malayar, Muthuvar, Kadar and Mala-malasar. Muthuvars are still residing in the interior areas of the sanctuary. Muthuvars consider themselves as a superior cast and do not mingle with v

10 other tribal groups. They are traditionally agriculturists. Most other tribes frequently go into the forests for collecting fuelwood, Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs), fishing, etc. They are also engaged in various forestry works carried out by the Forest Department. 5. VEGETATION The most outstanding feature of the Western Ghats is the formation of tropical rain forests along the windward sides facing the Arabian Sea. The sanctuary lies along the Sungam and Parambikulam valleys, and these valleys are well known for the valuable teak. Substantial teak bearing forests have been felled for extraction of teak in the past. Most of the clear felled forest areas were replanted with teak subsequently. For the construction of Parambikulam-Aliyar dams, pristine virgin forests were also cleared during 1960s. The plantation activities in the Nelliyampathi Hills also caused further erosion to the plant diversity of the region. In spite of the large scale conversion of forests into plantations, the existing natural forests hold an amazingly rich floristic diversity. Following Chandrasekharan (1962) and Champion & Seth (1968) the natural vegetation of the sanctuary can be broadly classified into the following types (Map 1). West coast tropical evergreen forests West coast semi-evergreen forests Southern moist mixed deciduous forests Southern dry mixed deciduous forests Apart from the above mentioned vegetation types, certain edaphic types such as Reed brakes, Cane brakes, Secondary evergreen forest, Moist bamboo brakes, Tropical thorn forests, Grasslands (Pseudo wet temperate grasslands) and Low altitude marshy grasslands (Vayals) are also present. Moist deciduous forest is the dominant type in Sungam and Parambikulam Ranges and is continuous with the forests of Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary. Evergreen forest is the major vegetation type in Orukomban Range. The sanctuary doesn t possess typical montane forest types such as shola and grasslands. However the evergreen forests and grasslands at Karimalagopuram, Pandaravarai and Kariamchola are at times referred to as shola forests and montane grasslands West coast tropical evergreen forests Evergreen forests support luxuriant growth of trees and woody climbers, and the canopy is closed. High humidity, shade and sheltered condition provide ideal habitat for epiphytic as well as terrestrial orchids, ferns, mosses and other herbaceous plants. Epiphytes and mosses tend to increase with altitude while woody climbers decrease. The trees usually follow a three-tier stratification. Selection felling has been carried out in the past in most of the evergreen forest areas. Virgin forests exist only in hilly areas because of the inaccessibility or difficult terrain. Evergreen forest in the southern side of the sanctuary is contiguous with the Vazhachal forest division. Evergreen forests are also found within the moist deciduous vi

11 forests in places such as Parambikulam, Vengoli, Karianchola and Pulikkal. In Kottayali evergreen forests occur along the banks of the Parambikulam river. The important tree associations noted at higher altitudes in Orukomban and Karimala Ranges are Mesua-Cullenia-Calophyllum, Palaquium-Calophyllum, Mesua- Cullenia and Palaquium-Mesua. But at lower altitudes Vateria-Calophyllum and Hopea- Diospyros associations are prevailing. Dysoxylum malabaricum is dominant at low altitude places in Orukomban. In Parambikulam, Vengoli and Karianchola Vateria- Calophyllum, Palaquium-Mesua and Hopea-Diospyros-Mesua associations are the dominant formations. These areas are with least discernible stratification and generally trees attain comparatively lesser height and girth. The general species composition is given below. Top storey The lofty trees of the top storey attain a height of 35 m or more. Common species in this storey are: Palaquium ellipticum, Calophyllum polyanthum, Mesua ferrea, Mesua thwaitesii, Cullenia exarillata, Dipterocarpus indicus, Artocarpus hirsuta, Mangifera indica, Vateria indica, Hopea parviflora, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Myristica malabarica, Syzygium gardneri, Persea macrantha, Paracroton pendulous, etc. Middle storey Common trees in the middle stratum are: Aglaia lawii, Diospyros spp., Elaeocarpus serratus, Garcinia gummi-gutta, G. spicata, Hydnocarpus pentandra, Knema attenuata, Otonephelium stipulaceum, Actinodaphne malabarica, Drypetes oblongifolia, Glochidion ellipticum, Litsea spp., Mallotus spp., Meliosma simplicifolia, Paracroton pendulous, etc. Lower storey This layer usually consists of small trees and shrubs. The general composition of this layer is Atalantia recemosa, Baccaurea courtallensis, Meiogyne ramarowii, Syzygium laetum, Orophea erythrocarpa, O. uniflora, Aporusa acuminata, Ardisia pauciflora, Dendrocnide sinuata, Gomphandra coriacea, Lepisanthes erecta, Laportea crenulata, Lasianthus acuminatus, Strobilanthes spp., etc. Climbers The common climbers are: Acacia sinuata, Artabotrys zeylanicus, Derris brevipes, Desmos lawii, Entada rheedei, Strychnos colubrina, Ventilago bombaiensis, etc. The gymnosperm Gnetum edule is of rare occurrence. Epiphytic and herbaceous ground flora The epiphytes mostly belong to sciophytic group, adapted to the cooler, darker and moist microclimate within the forest canopy. The common epiphytes are: Huperzia spp., Aeschynanthus perrottetii, Remusatia vivipara and orchids. The common parasites are: Helixanthera intermedia, Scurrula parasitica, etc. vii

12 The species diversity among ground vegetation is poor but it is the ideal habitat of some interesting saprophytes like, Burmannia championii, Epipogium roseum, Balanophora fungosa, etc. Terrestrial orchids and aroids are common along with Strobilanthes spp. Montane forests (Pseudo shola) Shola forests are unique montane vegetation occupying temperate habitats in tropical latitude and are regarded as relectual communities restricted to valleys and depressions especially along the folds of hills. In this sense the forests restricted to Karimala hills and Pandaravarai are not typical shola forests. However it shows important characteristics of shola plants like, stunted, short boled, highly branched trees, clothed with mosses and other epiphytes. Climbers are few. There is no stratification for trees and generally leaves are small. Common species are Cinnamomum sulphuratum, Euonymus indicus, Ligustrum perrottetii, Maesa indica, Symplocos cochinchinensis, etc. The common epiphytes are Lycopodium phlegmaria, Huperzia phyllantha, Bulbophyllum fischeri, Eria reticosa, Impatiens parasitica, Oberonia spp., Dendrobium spp., Peperomia tetraphylla, etc. Reed brakes Reed brakes are also known as wet bamboo brakes, which are considered as edaphic type of evergreen forests. Important reeds in the area are Ochlandra travancorica and Pseudoxytenanthera bourdillonii along the slopes at Pooppara, Karimala and Orukomban. Dense growth of Ochlandra scriptoria occurs in riverine areas. Trees associated are Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Mesua ferrea, Syzygium cumini, Aglaia barberi, Aglaia lawii, etc Cane brakes Canes are sparsely distributed in the sanctuary and occur in the evergreen forests at Kothala in the Karimala Range and Kuriarkutty in Orukomban Range. Profuse growth of Calamus thwaitesii is found in the adjacent teak plantations of the above area. Common rattans in the sanctuary are Calamus thwaitesii and C. pseudotenuis. C. vattayila and C. gamblei are sparsely distributed in Kuriarkutty area West coast semi-evergreen forests The semi evergreen forest is transitional stage between evergreen and moist deciduous forests and dominated with evergreen trees. This forest type is restricted to localities such as Vengoli, Karimala and Orukomban Ranges where felling of evergreen trees has been carried out in the past. Reeds, canes and bamboos are comparatively few. Common trees are Actinodaphne malabarica, Schleichera oleosa, Xanthophyllum arnottianum, Atuna travancorica, Tetrameles nudiflora, Bombax insigne, Litsea spp., Heritiera papilio, Cinnamomum malabatrum, Bischofia javanica, Lagerstroemia microcarpa, Garcinia gummi-gutta, Elaeocarpus serratus, Syzygium cumini, Ixora brachiata, Chukrasia tabularis, Hydnocarpus pentandra, etc. viii

13 5.3. Southern moist mixed deciduous forests Moist deciduous forests in the sanctuary exhibit marked differences with respect to species composition from the western side to the east. These forests are well known for valuable timber yielding species including teak. Substantial moist deciduous forests in Parambikulam and Sungam valley were clear felled. The Kannimara Teak in the moist deciduous forests of Parambikulam is regarded as one of the largest teak in the world. The important tree associations are Terminalia-Schleichera-Lagerstroemia, Bombax- Terminalia and Anogeissus-Tectona-Dalbergia. Pterocarpus-Tectona. Towards the eastern side the dominant trees are Anogeissus latifolia, Cleistanthus collinus, Shorea roxburghii, Madhuca indica, Holoptelea integrifolia, Semecarpus anacardium, Lannea coromandelica, Cassine glauca, etc. Thorny species like Zizyphus and Catunaregam are the dominant undergrowth here. Moist bamboo brakes Bambusa bambos is growing profusely at Vengoli, Seechali and Padippara along the banks of rivers and reservoirs. Associated trees are Terminalia elliptica, Tectona grandis, Albizia odoratissima, etc. Keerappadi, which ia dry locality in Sungam Range, gregarious flowering of Bambusa bambos occurred during Southern dry mixed deciduous forests Very small area around Kuchimudi and along the eastern slopes of Pandaravarai is covered by dry deciduous forests. Anogeissus latifolia is the dominant tree and other trees are Tectona grandis, Givotia molucanna, Pterocarpus marsupium, Cleistanthus collinus, Strychnos potatorum, Premna tomentosa, etc. Trees like Schrebera swietenioides, Heterophragma roxburghii are sparsely distributed along the rocky slopes. Southern tropical thorn forests A small extent of area at Keerappadi in Sungam Range, which is the continuation of Coimbatore plateau is composed of this forest type. Areas have some degree of Eucalyptus coppice growth. Prosopis juliflora is the common species. Capparis sepiaria, C. grandis and Catunaregam spinosa, Carissa spinarum, Tarenna asiatica are the other dominant species in the area. Grasslands The grasslands are confined to the hilltops at Karimalagopuram, Vengoli and Pandaravarai. Vegetation is dominated by grasses, herbs and sub-shrubs. The palm Phoenix loureirii is frequent. Common grasses are Arundinella leptochloa, Chrysopogon hackelii, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Sacciolepis indica, Themeda triandra, Zenkeria elegans, etc. The herbs are Aeginetia pedunculata, Andrographis neesiana, Arisaema tortuosum, Cajanus lineatus, Drosera peltata, Eriocaulon spp., Habenaria spp., Pogostemon rotundatus, Peucedanum anamallayense etc. Sub-shrubs like Hypericum mysorense, Lobelia nicotianifolia var. trichandra, Osbeckia spp., etc. are also frequent. ix

14 Low altitude marshy grasslands (Vayals) Presence of low altitude marshy grasslands is a unique feature of the sanctuary. Grasses and sedges are the important components. Vayals are the feeding ground for the herbivores during the dry season. The important vayals are at Anakkal, Thellickal, Kannimara, Seechali, and Pooppara. The common species are Axonopus compressus, Paspalum spp., Eragrostis spp., Lipocarpha chinensis, Fuirena umbellata, Fimbristylis spp., Cyperus spp., etc. A non-palatable species Rhynchospora corymbosa is getting established in some of the vayals. Herbaceous plants like, Justicia, Ludwigia, Hygrophila, Ageratum, etc. are also seen in the vayals. Trees like Butea monosperma, Careya arborea, Mitragyna parviflora, Haldina cordifolia, Terminalia paniculata, T. elliptica are getting established in most of the vayals. Teak plantations Teak is the major plantation species in the sanctuary occupying an area of 87 km 2. The oldest plantations were raised in 1916 and the youngest in Though regeneration of indigenous species is taking place in the plantations, the number of established seedlings and saplings is very few. However, in the plantations at Kothala and Kuriarkutty, regeneration of indigenous species is progressing well due to the proximity of the plantations to evergreen/semi-evergreen forests. In most of the plantations, the undergrowth is dominated by exotic weeds like Eupatorium and Lantana. 6. METHODOLOGY Intensive seasonal floristic collections were made from different habitats of the sanctuary during Field data including height, colour and nature of bark (inside and outside), colour of latex and other exudates, presence of buttress, odour and colour of vegetative and floral parts were recorded. Separate collections were made for dioecious plants. For parasites, details of the host plants were also recorded. Delicate materials were pressed immediately. In the absence of generative stage, live specimens were collected and grown in the garden of Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI). The collected specimens were preserved or pressed immediately. Flowers and fruits of interesting specimens were preserved in Kew mixture. The herbarium specimens were prepared as per the standard specification (Fosberg & Sachet, 1965; Bridson & Forman, 1991). Processed herbarium specimens are deposited in the Kerala Forest Research Institute Herbarium (KFRI). The specimens were critically studied with pertinent literatures and comparing with authentic specimens available in the Kerala Forest Research Institute Herbarium (KFRI) and Madras Herbarium (MH). Literature on phytogeography and endemism were referred to assess the distribution and endemism of each species. For confirming identity of doubtful specimens they were referred to concerned experts in India and abroad. x

15 7. FORMAT AND PRESENTATION The families are arranged following the classification by Bentham & Hooker ( ) with delimitation to certain families according to Hutchinson (1959, 1964, 1967 & 1973) and their current concept. Dichotomous parallel keys are provided for the identification of genera under family and species under genera. The keys were prepared with more emphasis on vegetative or morphological characters to facilitate easy identification. The genera and species are arranged in alphabetical sequence under respective families and genera. Illustrations and photographs are provided for rare and interesting species. The correct name of the species is followed by the author/s name and original publication. Basionym (if any) and relevant synonyms are also provided. Generic monographs/revisions are also cited. Exhaustive citation of the floras has been avoided due to paucity of space. The floras cited along with names are in abbreviated form. The description of the species is in the following sequence: habit, leaves, inflorescence, flower, calyx, corolla, stamens, ovary, fruit and seed. The flowering and fruiting periods are also given. Geographical distribution, status of the species in relation to conservation, occurrence in the study area and vegetation type(s) etc. are followed by name(s) of the collector(s) in abbreviated form with collection number(s) and locality(ies). Abbreviations used in the text are: FBI-Flora of British India (J. D. Hooker, ), FPM-Flora of the Presidency of Madras (Gamble, ), and FTSR-Flowering Plants of Thrissur Forests (Sasidharan, 1996), FPL-Flora of Palghat District (Vajravelu 1990). MSPI-Malvaceae of Southern Peninsular India (Sivarajan & Pradeep, 1996), FKG-Flora of Kerala grasses (Sreekumar & Nair, 1991), PMK-Palms of Kerala (Renuka,1990), JBI-Bladderworts of India, Flora of India: series 4 (Janarthanan & Henry, 1992), JBNHS-Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, JETB-Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, Distr.-distribution, Fl.-Flowering, Fr.-Fruiting, KFRI- Kerala Forest Research Institute Herbarium, PS-P. Sujanapal, NS-N. Sasidharan. xi

16 8. RESULTS 8.1. Floristic analysis The sanctuary is situated in the northern end of the Anamalai subunit of the Western Ghats, the most hotspot region with respect to species diversity and endemism. During the study 1432 species of angiosperms under 753 genera belonging to 140 families were collected, which form about 35 per cent of the estimated flora of Kerala. Dicotyledons are represented by 1119 species under 587 genera and 120 families, while monocotyledons by 313 species under 166 genera and 20 families. Fabaceae, with 116 species (52 genera), is the largest family followed by Poaceae (58 genera, 86 species); Euphorbiaceae (35 genera, 82 species); Orchidaceae (44 genera, 77 species); Rubiaceae (36 genera, 72 species); Acanthaceae (22 genera, 53 species); Asteraceae (31 genera, 39 species); Cyperaceae (11 genera, 35 species); Lamiaceae (14 genera, 30 species) and Zingiberaceae (9 genera, 26 species) [Figure 2]. Figure 2. Relative abundance of top 10 families in Parambikulam WLS Genera Species Genera and species Faba Poac Euph Orch Rubi Acan Aste Cype Lami Zing Families Among the 140 families, 31 dicot and three monocot families are represented by a single species each. As many as 62 genera are also represented by one species each. Ficus with 20 species is the largest genus followed by Impatiens with 18 species. Strobilanthes, Justicia and Crotalaria have 11 species in each. The family Poaceae has 58 genera, of which 36 are represented by a single species. Most of the grasses were recorded from Grasslands and Vayals, which are high-density feeding ground for the herbivores. Among the 1432 species, 653 are herbs including epiphytes, parasites and saprophytes. Trees are represented by 359 species, shrubs are 268 and climbers with 152 species. The endangered medicinal plant Coscinium fenestratum (Maramanjal), though frequent in Karimala and Orukomban Ranges, mature plants are extremely rare and no flowering could be observed during the study period. xii

17 Based on the number of specimens collected and exploration coefficient, maximum collections were recorded from the Sungam Range followed by Karimala Range, due to the diverse habitats in these two Ranges (Table 1). About 15 km 2 area of Sungam Range is occupied by dry deciduous forests and most the species recorded from this area do not occur elsewhere in the sanctuary. Because of the altitudinal variations and topographical peculiarity, the species combination in the Karimalagopuram (1438 m) and surrounding areas is unique. Though Karimala Range abodes diverse habitats, about 50 per cent of the area is occupied by teak plantation. Table 1. Range wise analysis and number of specimens collected Range Natural forest (km 2 ) Plantation (km 2 ) Total (km 2 ) Number of collections Sungam Parambikulam Orukomban Karimala Total Endemism The endemic species in the flora of a geographical region reveal the biogeography of the area, centre of speciation and adaptive evolution (Nayar, 1996 and 1997). The Western Ghats is considered as one among the 18 centres in the world where megadiversity exits. Among the 4,000 species of flowering plants in the Western Ghats 1,500 species are endemics. In the Western Ghats, Southern Western Ghats consisting Southern Karnataka, Kerala and part of Tamil Nadu is considered as the most species rich region with respect to endemism. Nayar (1997) recognised three hotspots of endemic centres in Kerala viz. Agasthyamala, Anamalai High Ranges and Silent valley-wayanad. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary comes under the Anamalai- High Range centre. Among the 60 endemic genera of peninsular India, 13 were collected from the sanctuary. Haplothismia, Utleria and Pseudoglochidion are confined to Anamalai hills. During the study both Haplothismia and Utleria were collected and the former is exclusive to the study area. Proteroceras earlier considered as a monotypic genus of Southern Western Ghats is now treated as congeneric with Pteroceras. A new species, Pteroceras monsooniae was collected from the sanctuary during the study period. Phlebophyllum, Nilgirianthus, Taeniandra and Xenacanthus, the splinter genera of Strobilanthes are now merged under it following the wider concept of the genus. Nayar (1997) estimated that there are 1272 Western Ghats endemic species in Kerala and 94 species are exclusive to the Anamalai High Ranges. During the study 28 species belonging to this centre have been collected from the sanctuary. Among the 1432 species 360 are South Indian endemics belonging to 223 genera. Orchidaceae has the highest number of 34 endemic species, followed by Rubiaceae with 26 species, Acanthaceae with 22 species, Lauraceae with 20 species and Euphorbiaceae with 19 species. xiii

18 The genus Impatiens has 12 endemic species Strobilanthes and Litsea have eight species in each, Syzygium, Osbeckia and Habenaria with six species in each. Species like Syzygium palghatense, Pteroceras monsooniae, Haplothismia exannulata, Strobilanthes dupenii are known only from the study area. Piper barberi and Pothos crassipedunculatus earlier considered restricted to Agasthyamala region are now recorded from the sanctuary. Heterophragma roxburghii considered endemic to northern region of Deccan plateau is also collected from the sanctuary Rare and threatened plants Among the 460 species of rare and threatened flowering plants recorded from Kerala (Nayar, 1997), 109 were collected during the study. The forests in the Karimala and Orukomban Ranges are contiguous with the evergreen forests of Chalakkudi and Vazhachal forest divisions and harbor 85 species of threatened plants. Forests along the eastern side, bordering Tamilnadu, from north Kuchimudi to south Shekkalmudi is very unique. The monotypic genus Haplothismia, considered as extinct, was recollected from the evergreen forests of Parambikulam Range. The distribution of this species is very much restricted and the existing population is under threat. Species such as Syzygium palghatense, Desmos viridiflorus, Acranthera anamallica, Kalanchoe olivacea, Casearia rubescens, Ceropegia omissa, Ophiorrhiza brunonis, Osbeckia aspera var. travancorica, Smithia venkobarowii, Taeniophyllum scaberulum collected during the study belong to the category possibly extinct. Syzygium palghatense is collected for the first time after its type collection. The rare and threatened species recorded in the four Ranges of the sanctuary are provided in Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5. Table 2. List of rare and threatened species in Karimala Range No. SPECIES FAMILY STATUS REFERENCE 1. Acranthera anamallica Bedd. RUBIACEAE Rare Nayar, Actinodaphne malabarica Balakr. LAURACEAE Rare Nayar, Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms MELIACEAE Near Threatened IUCN, Anaphyllum wightii Schott ARACEAE Threatened Nayar, Anisochilus argenteus Gamble LAMIACEAE Vulnerable Nayar & Sastry, Ardisia sonchifolia Mez MYRSINACEAE Endangered IUCN, Arisaema attenuatum Barnes & Fischer ARACEAE Threatened Nayar, Arisaema barnesii Fischer ARACEAE Threatened Nayar, Arisaema murrayi (Graham) Hook. ARACEAE Rare & Threatened Ahmedullah & Nayar, Belosynapsis vivipara (Dalz.) Fischer COMMELINACEAE Vulnerable Nayar & Sastry, Blepharistemma serratum (Dennst.) RHIZOPHORACEAE Vulnerable Nayar, 1997 Suresh 12. Bulbophyllum aureum (Hook. f.) Sm. ORCHIDACEAE Endangered Nayar, Ceropegia metziana Miq. ASCLEPIADACEAE Rare Nayar, 1997 xiv

19 No. SPECIES FAMILY STATUS REFERENCE 14. Crotalaria clarkei Gamble FABACEAE Rare & Threatened Ahmedullah & Nayar, Cyclea fissicalyx Dunn MENISPERMACEAE Rare & Threatened Nayar & Sastry, Derris benthamii (Thw.) Thw. FABACEAE Endangered Nayar, Desmos viridiflorus (Bedd.) Safford ANNONACEAE Endangered Nayar, Drypetes wightii (Hook. f.) Pax & Hoffm. EUPHORBIACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Eugenia indica (Wight) Chithra MYRTACEAE Endangered IUCN, Glycosmis macrocarpa Wight RUTACEAE Rare Nayar, Habenaria barnesii Summerh. ex ORCHIDACEAE Endangered Nayar & Sastry, 1987 Fischer 22. Impatiens acaulis Arn. BALSAMINACEAE Threatened Nayar, Impatiens herbicola Hook. f. BALSAMINACEAE Vulnerable Nayar, Impatiens viridiflora Wight BALSAMINACEAE Rare & Threatened Ahmedullah & Nayar, Impatiens viscosa Bedd. BALSAMINACEAE Rare Ahmedullah & Nayar, Impatiens wightiana Bedd. BALSAMINACEAE Endangered Nayar, Isachne setosa Fischer POACEAE Threatened Nayar, Isonandra stocksii Clarke SAPOTACEAE Endangered IUCN, Lasianthus strigillosus Hook.f. RUBIACEAE Vulnerable Nayar, Morinda reticulata Gamble RUBIACEAE Rare Nayar, Nostolachma crassifolia (Gamble) Deb & RUBIACEAE Endangered IUCN, 2000 Lahiri 32. Ophiorrhiza brunonis Wight & Arn. RUBIACEAE Possibly extinct Nayar & Sastry, Orophea thomsonii Bedd. ANNONACEAE Endangered IUCN, Orophea uniflora Hook. f. & Thoms. ANNONACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Pavetta laeta Bremek. RUBIACEAE Rare Nayar, Peucedanum anamallayense Clarke APIACEAE Endangered Nayar, Pothos armatus Fischer ARACEAE Threatened Nayar, Premna glaberrima Wight VERBENACEAE Rare Nayar, Psychotria anamalayana Bedd. RUBIACEAE Rare Nayar, Sageraea laurifolia (Graham) Blatt. ANNONACEAE Near Threatened IUCN, Sauropus saksenianus Manilal et al. EUPHORBIACEAE Vulnerable Nayar, Schizostachyum beddomei Fischer POACEAE Threatened Nayar, Semecarpus travancorica Bedd. ANACARDIACEAE Rare Nayar, Vepris bilocularis (Wight & Arn.) Engl. RUTACEAE Rare Ahmedullah & Nayar, Zehneria maysorensis (Wight & Arn.) Arn. CUCURBITACEAE Rare Ahmedullah & Nayar, var. umbellata (Chakrav.) Kumari 1987 xv

20 Table 3. List of rare and threatened species in Orukomban Range No. SPECIES FAMILY STATUS REFERENCE 1. Aglaia barberi Gamble MELIACEAE Rare & Threatened Ahmedullah & Nayar, Aglaia lawii (Wight) Saldanha MELIACEAE Rare Ahmedullah & Nayar, Aglaia perviridis Hiern MELIACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Allophylus concanicus Radlk. SAPINDACEAE Rare Nayar & Sastry, Anaphyllum wightii Schott ARACEAE Threatened Nayar, Arenga wightii Griff. ARECACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Atuna travancorica (Bedd.) Kosterm. CHRYSOBALANACEAE Endangered IUCN, Blachia reflexa Benth. EUPHORBIACEAE Rare & Threatened Ahmedullah & Nayar, Capparis rheedei DC. CAPPARACEAE Rare Nayar & Sastry, Cryptocarya beddomei Gamble LAURACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. DIPTEROCARPACEAE Endangered IUCN, Dysoxylum beddomei Hiern MELIACEAE Endangered IUCN, Epithema carnosum (G. Don) Benth. GESNERIACEAE Rare Nayar, 1997 var. hispida Clarke 14. Euonymus paniculatus Wight ex CELASTRACEAE Endangered IUCN, 2000 Lawson 15. Garcinia wightii T. Anders. CLUSIACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz ANACARDIACEAE Rare Ahmedullah & Nayar, Impatiens dasysperma Wight BALSAMINACEAE Rare & Threatened Ahmedullah & Nayar, Ixora monticola Gamble RUBIACEAE Vulnerable Nayar, Lasianthus rostratus Wight RUBIACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Litsea quinqueflora (Dennst.) Suresh LAURACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, 2000 (L. ligustrina (Nees) Hook.f.) 21. Mallotus atrovirens Muell.-Arg. EUPHORBIACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Memecylon lawsonii Gamble MELASTOMATACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Mycetia acuminata (Wight) O. Ktze. RUBIACEAE Rare Nayar, Oberonia brachyphylla Blatt. & ORCHIDACEAE Rare Nayar & Sastry, 1987 McCann 25. Ophiorrhiza brunonis Wight & Arn. RUBIACEAE Possibly extinct Nayar & Sastry, Orophea uniflora Hook. f. & Thoms. ANNONACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Pavetta calophylla Bremek. RUBIACEAE Rare Nayar, Piper barberi Gamble PIPERACEAE Rare & Threatened Ahmedullah & Nayar, Polypleurum filifolium (Ramam.& PODOSTEMACEAE Endangered Nayar, 1997 Joseph) Nagend. et al. 30. Premna glaberrima Wight VERBENACEAE Rare Nayar, Pseudoxytenanthera bourdillonii (Gamble) Naithani POACEAE Rare Ahmedullah & Nayar, Psychotria globicephala Bedd. RUBIACEAE Endangered IUCN, Psychotria johnsoni Hook.f. RUBIACEAE Vulnerable Nayar, 1997 xvi

21 No. SPECIES FAMILY STATUS REFERENCE 34. Psychotria keralensis Deb & Gangop. RUBIACEAE Rare Nayar, Smilax wightii A. DC. SMILACACEAE Rare Nayar, Smithia venkobarowii Gamble FABACEAE Possibly extinct Nayar, Solenocarpus indicus Wight & Arn. ANACARDIACEAE Rare Nayar, Syzygium occidentalis (Bourd.) MYRTACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, 2000 Gandhi 39. Tabernaemontana gamblei Subram. & APOCYNACEAE Conservation IUCN, 2000 Henry Dependent 40. Tarenna monosperma (Wight &Arn.) RUBIACEAE Endangered IUCN, 2000 Raju 41. Utleria salicifolia Bedd. ex Hook. f. ASCLEPIADACEAE Endangered Nayar, Willisia selaginoides (Bedd.) Warming PODOSTEMACEAE Rare Nayar, 1997 ex Willis Table 4. List of rare and threatened species in Parambikulam Range No. SPECIES FAMILY STATUS REFERENCE 1. Aralia malabarica Bedd. ARALIACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Blepharistemma serratum (Dennst.) RHIZOPHORACEAE Vulnerable Nayar, 1997 Suresh 3. Casearia rubescens Dalz. FLACOURTIACEAE Possibly extinct Nayar, Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. ex Gagn. VITACEAE Vulnerable Nayar, 1997 var. glabra Gamble 5. Ceropegia omissa Hubber ASCLEPIADACEAE Possibly extinct Nayar, Cleome burmannii Wight & Arn. CAPPARACEAE Indeterminate Nayar & Sastry, Cyanotis burmanniana Wight COMMELINACEAE Rare Nayar & Sastry, Glochidion hohenackeri (Muell.-Arg.) EUPHORBIACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, 2000 Bedd. var. johnstonei (Hook. f.) Chakrab. & Gangop. (G. johnstonei Hook.f.) 9. Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) Juss. EUPHORBIACEAE Endangered IUCN, 2000 var. tomentosum (Dalz.) Chakrab. & Gangop. (G. tomentosum Dalz.) 10. Glycosmis macrocarpa Wight RUTACEAE Rare Nayar, Haplothismia exannulata Airy Shaw BURMANNIACEAE Extinct Nayar, Osbeckia aspera (L.) Blume var. MELASTOMATACEAE Possibly extinct Nayar, 1997 travancorica (Bedd. ex Gamble) Hansen 13. Pterospermum reticulatum Wight & Arn. STERCULIACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Smilax wightii A. DC. SMILACACEAE Rare Nayar, Solenocarpus indicus Wight & Arn. ANACARDIACEAE Rare Nayar, Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex A. DC ssp. rosea (Bedd.) Nooteb. SYMPLOCACEAE Rare Gopalan & Henry, Typhonium bulbiferum Dalz. ARACEAE Threatened Nayar, 1997 xvii

22 Table 5. List of rare and threatened species in Sungam Range No. SPECIES FAMILY STATUS REFERENCE 1. Actinodaphne malabarica Balakr. LAURACEAE Rare Nayar, Aglaia barberi Gamble MELIACEAE Rare & Threatened Ahmedullah & Nayar, Aglaia lawii (Wight) Saldanha MELIACEAE Rare Ahmedullah & Nayar, Arisaema barnesii Fischer ARACEAE Threatened Nayar, Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex LAURACEAE Rare & Ahmedullah & Nayar, Hook. f. Threatened Casearia wynaadensis Bedd. FLACOURTIACEAE Vulnerable IUCN, Commelina wightii Rao COMMELINACEAE Threatened Nayar, Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume ORCHIDACEAE Rare Nayar & Sastry, Drypetes malabarica (Bedd.) Airy Shaw EUPHORBIACEAE Critically endangered Gopalan & Henry, Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) Juss. EUPHORBIACEAE Endangered IUCN, 2000 var. tomentosum (Dalz.) Chakrab. & Gangop. (G. tomentosum Dalz.) 11. Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz ANACARDIACEAE Rare Ahmedullah & Nayar, Kalanchoe olivacea Dalz. & Gibs. CRASSULACEAE Endangered Nayar, Nostolachma crassifolia (Gamble) Deb & RUBIACEAE Endangered IUCN, 2000 Lahiri 14. Oberonia brachyphylla Blatt. & McCann ORCHIDACEAE Rare Nayar & Sastry, Shorea roxburghii G. Don DIPTEROCARPACEAE Endangered IUCN, Solenocarpus indicus Wight & Arn. ANACARDIACEAE Rare Nayar, Syzygium chavaran (Bourd.) Gamble MYRTACEAE Endangered IUCN, Syzygium palghatense Gamble MYRTACEAE Critically IUCN, 2000 endangered 19. Taeniophyllum scaberulum Hook. f. ORCHIDACEAE Possibly extinct Nayar, DISCUSSION Owing to the geographical location, the sanctuary experiences the Deccan plateau climate along the eastern side and gradually changing to wet Malabar climate in the western side. The sanctuary abodes all the major vegetation types of the Western Ghats except Montane Sholas and Grasslands. However low altitude shola and grassland formations are found at Karimalagopuram. The Parambikulam valley is well known for its valuable teak. One of the world s largest teak Kannimara Teak is in the sanctuary. In the past, large scale clearing of the teak bearing moist deciduous forests has been carried out for extracting timber. These clear-felled forest areas were planted with teak, which occupies about 87 km 2 area of the sanctuary. Among the 1432 species of flowering plants recorded during the study, 109 belong to the threatened categories. The foremost task in the implementation of conservation xviii

23 measures is the demographic evaluation of the endangered species. The population of the critically endangered species like Haplothismia exannulata, Syzygium palghatense and Desmos viridiflorus is extremely low, the former two are so far known only from the sanctuary. Though profuse flowering in Syzygium palghatense was observed during the study period, fruit setting is rare; seedlings and saplings are practically absent. Only three mature trees could be seen. Haplothismia exannulata occurs at Vengoli and Parambikualm. The evergreen forest patch near the temple at Parambikualm where a few individuals of Haplothismia were observed, is under severe biotic pressure. The distribution of the new orchid Pteroceras monsooniae is restricted to less than 1 km 2 area, thus it is also critically endangered. The evergreen forests of Karimala and Orukomban Ranges abode most of the species belonging to the threatened categories as well as the endemics. The forests along the eastern side of the sanctuary boarding Tamil Nadu have several species characteristic of the Deccan-Carnatic region. The two new species viz. Medinilla anamalaiana and Pteroceras monsooniae reported during the study were collected from this region. An analysis with respect to the occurrence of endemic as well as threatened species shows that eastern side of the Sungam Range, evergreen forests in Parambikulam Range, Karimalagopuram (Karimala Range) and evergreen forests from Pezha to Nelliyampathi (Orukomban Range) are crucial for conservation of the endemic and threatened species (Map 2). The construction of dams had adversely affected the aquatic flora of the river system. Threatened aquatic plants like Willisia selaginoides and Polypleurum filifolium are now seen only in the west flowering undisturbed Karappara river. Natural riparian vegetation along the Parambikulam river has been cleared at several places and planted with teak. It will be appropriate to restore the natural vegetation of the river banks through enrichment planting with characteristic species. The diverse habitats and geographic location of the sanctuary made it one of the faunastically rich areas in Kerala. Studies on the habitat utilization of animals revealed that the moist deciduous forest interspersed with marshy vayals are the most preferred habitats (Balakrishnan and Easa, 1986; Easa, 1998). The vayals play an important role with regard to fodder for herbivores. Now most of vayals are inside the teak plantations and these dry up with the beginning of summer. Further, the species composition of vayals within the natural forests and those inside the plantations is different. More non-palatable species are getting established in the latter. Like other parts of Western Ghats, the sanctuary posseses wild relatives of economically important plants. According to Velayudhan et al. (1999) diversity of crop species is higher than that of Silent Valley. The sanctuary is relatively free from human disturbance, the major threat being the collection of Non-Wood Forest Products. However the forests around settlements are under biotic pressure. In areas like Kothala (Karimala Range) and Kuriarkutty (Orukomban Range) regeneration of indigenous evergreen species is progressing well in the teak plantations, due to the proximity of these plantations to semi-evergreen/evergreen forests (Sasidharan et al., 2002). xix

24 The present study has bought out the diversity of flowering plants, which is amazingly rich, despite large scale clearing of forests carried out in the past. It will be appropriate to study the Cryptogamic flora also to have a complete knowledge on the plant diversity of the sanctuary. 10. RECOMMENDATIONS Among the 109 species belonging to the rare and threatened categories, four species are exclusive to the sanctuary. The population of the monotypic genus Haplothismia is restricted to two localities viz. Vengoli and Parambikulam. The evergreen forest patch around the temple at Parambikulam where a few plants of Haplothismia were located needs protection from firewood collection and grazing. The population of Syzygium palghatense and Desmos viridiflorus is extremely low. Only three trees of Syzygium palghatense could be located at Pandaravarai. Fruit setting is very rare in spite of profuse flowering. Only four plants of Desmos viridiflorus could be located at Pooppara. No fruit setting was noticed. Reproductive biological studies of these species are needed for enhancing their population. In the teak plantations at Kothala (Karimala Range) and Kuriarkutty (Orukomban Range), the regeneration of indigenous species is progressing well. Preference may be given to these plantations for promoting the growth of indigenous species. The small patch of grassland at Karimalagopuram supports several herbaceous rare and threatened species. Therefore, the burning of grasslands for promoting fresh grass growth will adversely affect the survival of rare and endangered species in the grasslands. xx

25 12. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT RANUNCULACEAE 1. Terminal leaflet modified into tendril; filaments ligulate...naravelia 1. Terminal leaflet normal; filaments linear... Clematis CLEMATIS Linnaeus Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Rau, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Climbing herbs; young branches pubescent. Leaflets 3-7, 4-6 x cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base, nerves tomentose below. Panicles drooping, terminal and axillary, tomentose. Flowers white, 1 cm across; sepals 7 x 4 mm, oblong, obtuse, pubescent; stamens many, filaments 8 mm long, glabrous; carpels 10-15, pubescent. Achenes 3 x 1 mm, ovoid, hairy; style persistent, ca. 30 mm long. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Rockpoint NARAVELIA Adanson Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC., Syst. Nat. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Rau, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Atragene zeylanica L., Sp. Pl Climbing tomentose shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets 9-10 x 8-9 cm, broadly ovate, rounded at base, acute at apex, entire or serrate, 5-ribbed from base, terminal leaflets modified into a trifid tendril; petiole 5-10 cm long, petiolule 2 cm long. Inflorescence a terminal or axillary panicles, 5-15 cm across; pedicels to 2.5 cm long; sepals 4, 6 x 6 mm, ovate, pubescent outside; petals 10, ca. 7 mm long, clavate, green; stamens many, filaments flat, connective produced beyond the anthers; carpels 8, densely hairy. Achenes few, 7 x 1 mm, stalked, ellipsoid, with long feathery stigma, to 5 cm long. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. South East Asia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli DILLENIACEAE DILLENIA Linnaeus Dillenia pentagyna Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Majumdar, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Medium trees. Leaves alternate, x 8-25 cm, obovate, obtuse, serrulate; nerves pairs, regular, parallel; petiole 6 cm long, sheathing at base. Flowers fascicled on old branches, to 3 cm across; pedicel 4 cm long; sepals 5, 10 mm long, obovate, glabrous; petals yellow, x 7-12 mm, obovate, obtuse; stamens many, filaments unequal, to 9 mm long, yellow; carpels 6-10, united; ovules many. Fruits 1.5 cm across, fleshy, globose, yellow, subtended by persistent sepals; seeds many, 5 x 3 mm, angular. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Orukomban ANNONACEAE 1. Inner petals clawed, lozenge-shaped...orophea 1. Inner petals without claw, not lozenge-shaped

26 2. Carpels Sageraea 2. Carpels 10 or more Flowers on hooked peduncles; inner petals constricted at base... Artabotrys 3. Flowers not on hooked peduncles; inner petals without constriction at base Connective prolonged; widened above the anther Connective hardly prolonged, not widened above the anther Flowers subsessile; pedicels less than 3 mm long...meiogyne 5. Flowers pedicellate; pedicels over 1 cm long...polyalthia 6. Petals ovate-orbicular, connate at base...uvaria 6. Petals otherwise, free Woody climber; inner petals as long as the outer petals... Desmos 7. Erect shrubs or trees; inner petals much longer than the outer petals... Miliusa ARTABOTRYS R. Brown ex Ker-Gawler Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind & Hook. f., FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Woody climbers. Leaves to 18 x 7 cm, oblong, acute at both ends, nerves pairs; petiole striate. Flowers 1-few; pedicels 1-2 cm long, stout with 4 bracts at base; sepals 3, 8 x 6 mm, broadly ovate, pubescent; petals 6, similar, x 0.7 cm, oblong-lanceolate, concave at base inside, pubescent, yellow; stamens many, anthers oblong, concealed by flat and broad connectives; carpels few, tomentose, ovules paired in each cell. Fruitlets sessile, globose, mm across, obovoid obtusely ridged, densely packed, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam DESMOS Loureiro 1. Bracts broadly ovate; petals more than 1 cm broad...d. viridiflorus 1. Bracts narrowly ovate; petals to 5 mm broad... D. lawii Desmos lawii (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Safford, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Unona lawii Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind & Hook. f., FBI 1: ; FPM Large climbers, young shoots sericeus tomentose. Leaves to 12 x 4 cm, ovate-oblong, acute at apex, rounded at base with two glands, glaucous below, nerves 8 pairs, hairy below. Flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels 4 cm long, slender, bracteate; sepals 9 x 6 mm, obovate, pubescent; petals 6, biseriate, similar, 5 x 0.5 cm, linear-oblong, pubescent; stamens many, 1 mm long, connectives produced above concealing the anthers; ovaries many, densely hairy, stigma globose, red. Fruitlets 7 x 6 mm, globose-oblong, stipitate, beaked; seeds 1-3, globose; stipe 1 cm long, slender. Fl. & Fr. March-September Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kottayali Desmos viridiflorus (Bedd.) Safford, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Unona viridiflora Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM Young shoots rufous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded or cordate, 7-15 x 3 cm; petiole cm long. Flowers solitary, pedicels 2-4 cm long, slender; bracts cm across, ovate, cordate at base, attached a little below in middle on pedicel; sepals ovatelanceolate, 2 x 1.2 cm, dark green; outer petals 4.5 x 1.5 cm; inner petals narrower, silky pubescent, green. 2

27 Fl. March-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Note: This critically endangered species was not recorded from Palakkad district MEIOGYNE Miquel 1. Petals to 2 x 0.5 cm; leaves more than 6 cm long... M. ramarowii 1. Petals to 3 x 1 cm; leaves less than 5 cm long...m. pannosa Meiogyne pannosa (Dalz.) Sinclair, Sarawak Mus. J. 5: ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Unona pannosa Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew. Gard. Misc. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Small trees; branchlets hirsute. Leaves ovate, apex acuminate, base rounded, nerves 6 or 7 pairs, hirsute below; glabrous above; petioles 5 mm long. Flowers axillary, sessile, dull yellow; sepals 6 x 4 mm, ovate, acute, fulvous tomentose; outer petals spreading; inner erect, ovatelanceolate, fulvous tomentose; carpels densely hairy. Fruitlets 12 x 8 mm, obovoid, fulvous tomentose; seeds 2-few, globose. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; NS Pooppara Meiogyne ramarowii (Dunn) Gandhi in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FPL ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Unona ramarowii Dunn, Kew Bull. 1914: ; FPM Desmos ramarowii (Dunn) Das, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: Large shrubs to small trees; branchlets, hirtus. Leaves oblong, acuminate, hirsute below, nerves to 9 pairs, nervules parallel; petiole 8 mm long. Flowers dull white, sessile; sepals 12 x 6 mm, ovate, acute, hispid; petals lanceolate, saccate at base, densely hispid; ovaries densely villous. Fruitlets x 1 cm, oblong, shortly stalked, tomentose, depressed between seeds; seeds 1-3, globose. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam MILIUSA Leschenault ex A. P. de Candolle 1. Trees; carpels 4-6 ovuled... M. tomentosa 1. Shrubs; carpels 2-ovuled...M. indica Miliusa indica Lesch. ex A. DC., Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 5: 213, t. 3, 1832; FPM ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Miliusa montana Gard. ex Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind Miliusa indica var. montana (Gard. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.) Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook.f., FBI 1: Branchlets radiating, pubescent. Leaves to 9 x 4 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded to subcordate at base, pubescent; nerves 8-10 pairs. Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel 7 mm long, slender; sepals 2 x 1.5 mm, ovate, ciliate; outer petals 2.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, acute, glabrous; inner petals ovate, acute, saccate at base, dotted with red glands; torus hairy; anthers curved, filaments pubescent, glandular; ovaries curved, pubescent, 1-celled; ovules 2; style absent; stigma ovoid. Fl. April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; NS 5662 Karimalagopuram Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: Uvaria tomentosa Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Saccopetalum tomentosum (Roxb.) Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind & Hook. f., FBI 1: ; FPM

28 Medium trees; branchlets tomentose. Leaves to 14 x 6 cm, ovate, apex acute, base rounded, nerves 8-10 pairs; petiole 5 mm long, hispid. Flowers in axillary fascicles; pedicels 3-5 cm long; sepals 3, 5 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, hispid; outer petals 8 x 1.5 mm, linear-oblong, tomentose; inner petals ovate, acute, hispid; torus densely hispid; ovary curved, hispid, ovules 4-6; style absent; stigma oblong. Fruitlets 2.5 cm across, globose, glabrous; stipe 2-3 cm long. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli OROPHEA Blume 1. Outer 6 stamens sterile; carpels hirsute... O. erythrocarpa 1. All stamens perfect; carpels glabrous Petals 5-10 mm long; leaves glabrous... O. uniflora 2. Petals less than 3 mm long; midrib tomentose beneath...o. thomsonii Orophea erythrocarpa Bedd., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 20: & Madras J. Lit. Sci. 22: & Ic. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Kessler, Blumea 33: ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Small trees. Leaves to 10 x 4 cm, ovate, acute at both ends, scarcely pubescent, nerves 8 pairs, nervules parallel. Flowers 7 mm across, 3-7 together, in peduncled cymes; peduncles to 10 mm long, hispid; sepals broadly ovate, ciliate; outer petals orbicular, ciliate, inner petals rhomboid, curved inward, pubescent at tips, nectaries, free, oblong, horizontal; stamens 12, curved; connective produced into short point; ovaries 6, densely strigose. Fruitlets oblong, reddish, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali; NS Kariamchola Orophea thomsonii Bedd., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 20: & Madras J. Lit. Sci. 22: & Ic. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM Kessler, Blumea 33: ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Large shrubs or small trees; young shoots tomentose. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtusely acuminate, base acute, glabrous except on midrib beneath, to 6 x 3.5 cm; lateral nerves ca. 5 pairs; pedicels very short. Flowers creamy white, solitary or in 2-3 flowered cymes, peduncle very short. Outer petals strigose, inner pubescent inside, nectaries oblong, horizontal. Stamens Carpels 5 or 6. Fruitlets globose, 8 mm across, stalked. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Note: This species was described by Beddome (1861) based on the collection from Anamalai Hills. After the type collection it was recently reported from Thrissur. The present collection is a relocation from its type locality. Orophea uniflora Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind & Hook. f., FBI 1: ; FPM ; Kebler, Blumea 33: ; FPL ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Large shrubs to small trees; bark black. Leaves to 9 x 3 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, glabrous, pale below, nerves 7-10 pairs, faint; petiole to 4 mm long, tomentose. Flowers 8-10 mm across, in axillary fascicles; pedicels 3-5 mm long, tomentose; sepals 1.5 mm across, orbicular, ciliate; outer petals 5 mm across, orbicular, ciliate; inner petals 9 x 4 mm, rhomboid, glabrous; stamens 9-12, glabrous; ovaries 6, glabrous. Fruitlets 8 mm across, globose, glabrous; seed one. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at low altitudes; PS Kottayali; Pooppara; Orukomban; NS Pooppara 4

29 POLYALTHIA Blume 1. Young shoots and leaves tomentose below...p. cerasoides 1. Young shoots and leaves glabrous Leaves narrow lanceolate, margins undulate... P. longifolia 2. Leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic, margins not undulate Flowers solitary or in fascicles; fruitlets stalk cm...p. coffeoides 3. Flowers in cymes; fruitlets stalks cm long... P. fragrans Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FPM ; FPL ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: Uvaria cerasoides Roxb., Pl. Corom Guatteria cerasoides (Roxb.) Dunal, Monogr. Anonac ; FBI Small trees; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 6-13 x 3-4 cm, oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, thinly coriaceous, apex acuminate or acute; petioles to 3 mm. Flowers axillary, solitary, bracteolate; pedicels 2.5 cm, pubescent; sepals 6 x 3 mm, ovate, pubescent; petals similar, 8 x 4 mm, coriaceous, slightly inflexed, greenish-yellow; anthers flat topped; carpels stalked, pubescent. Fl. February-March Distr. India to South East Asia. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Polyalthia coffeoides (Thw. ex Hook. f. & Thoms.) Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Guatteria coffeoides Thw. ex Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind Tall trees, bark black; young parts glabrous. Leaves to 20 x 7 cm, ovate-oblong, acuminate, base acute, nerves 15 pairs, regular, nervules parallel; petiole 1 cm long, stout. Flowers few together; pedicels 3 cm long, stout; sepals 2 x 5 mm, suborbicular, glabrous; petals 5 x 1 cm, oblong, acuminate, hispid, greenish-yellow; stamens 1 mm long. Fruitlets 2.5 x 1.5 cm, obovoid, puberulus, smooth. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara Polyalthia fragrans (Dalz.) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Guatteria fragrans Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: Tall trees; bark grey; young parts pubescent. Leaves to 24 x 9 cm, elliptic, apex acute, base rounded, nerves 17 pairs. Pedicels stout, bracteate above the middle. Sepals 4 x 5 mm, orbicular, pubescent; petals 6, 5.5 x 0.5 cm, linear-oblong, with a broad, curved base, acuminate, greenish-yellow; ovaries hairy; stamens many, connective forms a truncate hood. Fruitlets 2.5 cm across, globose, long-stalked. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.) Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: Uvaria longifolia Sonner., Voy. Aux. Indes 2: 233. pl Large trees. Leaves to 20 x 5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded; petiole to 6 mm, margin undulate. Inflorescence axillary, racemose or umbellate; flowers many; pedicels to 4 cm; bracts ca. 1.5 x 0.3 cm in the middle of the pedicel, narrowly lanceolate, thinly puberulus, greenish-yellow; stamen 1 mm, carpels few, one ovuled; stigma sessile. Fruitlets to 2.5 x 1.5 cm, ovoid. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Native of Sri Lanka; introduced to many Tropical countries. Planted in gardens; PS Parambikulam 5

30 SAGERAEA Dalzell Sageraea laurifolia (Graham) Blatt., JBNHS 34: ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: Guatteria laurifolia Graham, Cat Sageraea laurina Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew. Gard. Misc. 3: S. dalzellii Bedd., Ic. t ; FTSR Bocagea dalzellii (Bedd.) Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook.f., FBI 1: , p. p. Medium trees, greyish brow, smooth. Leaves to 35 x 12 cm, oblong, acute at apex and base, coriaceous, shining above, glabrous, nerves pairs, irregular, faint; petioles 2 cm long. Flowers fascicled, together, axillary or on woody tubercles; pedicels to 2.5 cm long; sepals 3, 3 x 5 mm, orbicular, ciliate; outer petals yellow, 13 x 8 mm, orbicular, concave; inner petals similar but smaller than the outer, glabrous; stamens 12, anthers oblong, connectives produced, not concealing the anthers. Carpels 3-6, glabrous, ovules few; style absent; stigma globose. Fruitlets 3.5 cm across, globose, smooth.; seed one. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Kottayali UVARIA Linnaeus Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Debika, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Unona narum Dunal, Monogr. Anon , p. p. Scandent shrubs; branchlets sparsely hairy. Leaves x 3-5 cm, elliptic, lanceolate, apex acuminate, thin coriaceous, lower surface brownish. Flowers solitary, leaf opposed; pedicels to 1 cm, tomentose; sepals 8 x 5 mm, broadly ovate, tomentose, basally connate; petals fleshy, outer 2 x 1.5 cm; inner 2 x 1 cm, obovate, tomentose, apex in curved, golden-brown; anthers concealed by connectives; carpels numerous, 5 mm, oblong, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Kannimara MENISPERMACEAE 1. Leaves below greyish-white pubescent; stem deep yellow inside... Coscinium 1. Leaves surface glabrous or tomentose; stem otherwise Leaves with hairy domatia in nerves axils...anamirta 2. Leaves without domatia in the nerve axils Inflorescence from old wood...diploclisia 3. Inflorescence axillary or from leaf scars Male flowers in racemes... Tinospora 4. Male flowers in axillary panicles or in umbels Male flowers in umbels...stephania 5. Male flowers in panicles Female flowers 3-6 together in the axils of large orbicular bracts... Cissampelos 6. Female flowers otherwise Leaves peltate; stamens connate... Cyclea 7. Leaves not peltate; stamen free... Cocculus ANAMIRTA Colebrooke Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Pramanik, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Menispermum cocculus L., Sp. Pl Anamirta paniculata Colebr., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13:

31 Large climbers; stem smooth. Leaves alternate, to 25 x 19 cm, broadly ovate, acute at apex, truncate at base, 5-ribbed, coriaceous; petiole to 13 cm long. Flowers unisexual, many, in large drooping panicles on old branches; sepals 6 in 2 rows, ovate, 3 x 2 mm, yellow; petals absent; stamens 9, combined into a globose staminal column, anthers sessile; staminodes 9 in female flowers, obovate, scaly; carpels 3, free; style absent; stigma recurved. Fruit of 1-3 drupes, 1 cm across, obliquely ovoid, gibbous, black, smooth; seeds 1, black, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kuriarkutty CISSAMPELOS Linnaeus Cissampelos pareira L. var. hirsuta (Ham. ex DC.) Forman, Kew Bull. 22: ; FPL ; Gangop., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Cissampelos hirsuta Ham. ex DC., Syst. 1: Cissampelos convolvulacea Willd. var. hirsuta (Ham. ex DC.) Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar Cissampelos pareira L., Sp. Pl p.p.; FBI 1: ; FPM Slender climbers; stem pubescent. Leaves to 4 x 6 cm, broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate at apex, cuspidate, cordate at base, petiole 5 cm long. Male flowers in axillary cymes, sessile, 3 mm across; sepals 4, orbicular, hairy inside; petals 4, connate into a truncate cup, glabrous; stamens 4, connate in a peltate head. Female flowers in bracteate racemes, 3-8 together in the axial of each bract; bracts 1 x 1 cm, orbicular, pubescent; sepals 2; petals absent; ovary densely hairy; styles 3. Fruit a globose drupe, 3 mm across, glabrous; seeds 1, black. Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi COCCULUS A. P. de Candolle 1. Erect shrubs or small tree; peduncle glabrous... C. laurifolius 1. Climbing herb; peduncle densely pubescent... C. hirsutus Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels in Engl., Pflanzenr. ser : 1910; FPM ; Gangop., Fl. Ind. 1: Menispermum hirsutum L., Sp. Pl Cocculus villosus DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 1: Stranglers. Leaves to 7 x 4 cm, ovate, cordate, obtuse, hirsute; petiole to 1 cm; male flowers in axillary panicles; sepals 6, obovate, free; petals 6, obovate bifid, free, base auricled; stamens 6, free, included; female flowers in axillary fascicles or racemes; sepals 6, obovate, biseriate; petals 6, oblanceolate, hairy, carpels 3. Drupe to 8 mm, globose, purple. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Africa and Asia. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Note: Present collection is the new record for the flora of Kerala. Cocculus laurifolius DC., Syst. Nat. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Gangop., Fl. Ind. 1: Large shrubs to small trees with drooping branches. Leaves to 11 x 3.5 cm, oblanceolate, 3- ribbed, abruptly acuminate at apex, glabrous, shining above. Flowers unisexual, in axillary panicles; sepals 4, 1.2 x 1 mm, ovate, obtuse; petals 4, 2 x 1.5 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse, glabrous; stamens 6 in male flowers, free, anthers ovate, dehiscence horizontal; staminodes 12 in female flowers, 2-seriate, outer staminodes ovate, trilobed, with a small middle-lobe; inner smaller, cup-shaped; staminodes 6 in male flowers, broadly ovate, with incurved margins; ovaries 5-6, free, curved, 1-ovuled; stigma sessile, curved out. Drupes 5 mm across, globose, glabrous; seeds 1, ovoid, depressed at either ends, tubercled. Fl. & Fr. November Distr. Indo-Malesia and East Asia. Rare in evergreen forests; NS Pezha 7

32 COSCINIUM Colebrooke Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: ; FBI 1: ; Pramanik, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Menispermum fenestratum Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 219, t. 45, f Bark surface greyish; stem deep yellow inside; young shoots hoary. Leaves ovate, acuminate, base truncate, deltoid, glabrous above and hoary below, to 18 x 15 cm; basally 5-7 ribbed; petiole 8-12 cm long. Fl. & Fr. not observed Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara CYCLEA Arnott ex R. Wight 1. Leaves glabrous... C. fissicalyx 1. Leaves variously hairy Panicles sparsely hairy; leaves ciliate along the margin...c. arnottii 2. Panicle densely hairy; leave not as above...c. peltata Cyclea arnottii Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 18: ; FPM C. peltata sensu Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook. f., FBI 1: , non Hook.f. & Thoms. 1855; Gangop., Fl. Ind. 1: Leaves to 18 x 7.5 cm, ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex, widely cordate at base, pubescent below, pilose along the nerves above; petiole to 6.5 cm long, glabrous. Panicle 14 x 5 cm, drooping, branches adpressed hairy; flowers many-together, pedicels 1 mm long, sparsely hispid; sepals 1 mm long, obtuse, densely hairy; petals glabrous; ovary sparsely hairy. Drupe 5.5 x 4.5 mm, obovoid, glabrous, brown. Fl. & Fr: March-April Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Cyclea fissicalyx Dunn in Gamble, FPM & Kew Bull. 1916: ; Gangop., Fl. Ind. 1: Cyclea peltata Miers, Contr. Bot. 3: , non Hook. f. & Thoms Glabrous twiners; stem striate. Leaves to 10 x 5 cm, ovate, sharply long acuminate, truncate at base, 5-nerved, reticulate; petiole 2.5 cm long. Flowers 2 mm across, in large drooping panicles, glabrous, shortly pedicelled; peduncles slender; bracts foliar; calyx campanulate, glabrous. Fl. April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Cyclea peltata (Poir.) Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind & in Hook. f., FBI 1: , p.p; FPM ; Gangop., Fl. India 1: ; FTSR Menispermum peltatum Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 4: Cyclea burmannii Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. India Young branches pubescent. Leaves to 15 x 8 cm, ovate, acute-acuminate at apex, base round to smoothly cordate, pubescent below, glabrous above, palmately 11-nerved. Panicles axillary, to 20 x 7 cm, rachis pubescent. Flowers densely packed towards the branch tips, sessile, densely hairy; male flowers 1.5 mm across; sepals hairy outside; petals glabrous; stamens Female flowers smaller; sepal-1, hairy; petal-1, hairy; ovary-1, densely hairy. Drupe 4.5 x 4 mm, subglobose, white, pilose; seeds 4.5 x 4 mm, subglobose, tubercled along striated lines, black. Fl. & Fr. August-March Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara 8

33 DIPLOCLISIA Miers Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels in Engl., Pflanzenr. 46: ; FPM ; Pramanik, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Cocculus glaucescens Blume, Bijdr C. macrocarpus Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: Lianas; old stem with 4-6 concentric rings of secondary wood. Leaves 6 x 6 cm, broadly ovate to orbicular, obtuse at apex, truncate at base, glaucous below, membranous; nerves few from the base; petiole to 3 cm long. Flowers unisexual, in large drooping panicles on old branches, bright yellow; sepals 6 in two whorls, 3 mm long, obovate; petals 6, smaller than sepals concave with incurved margins, 2 mm long, obovate, emarginate; stamens 6 in male flowers, staminodes absent; carpels 3 in female flowers, free; style cylindric. Drupe compressed, curved, tubercled. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimala STEPHANIA Loureiro Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser.3, 13: ; FPM ; Gangop., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Menispermum japonicum Thunb., Fl. Japan Cissampelos hernandifolia Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Stephania hernandifolia (Willd.) Walp., Repert. 1: ; FBI 1: Cyclea hernandifolia (Willd.) Wight & Arn., Prodr [Figure 3]. Twining herbs. Leaves to 9 x 7 cm, truncate to cordate at base, acute at apex, palmately 9- nerved; petiole to 9 cm long. Umbel peduncled, axillary; peduncle 3-5 cm long, erect, slender; flowers many, 2 mm across, sessile; sepals 5, free, glabrous; petals 5, oblong, glabrous, greenishyellow. Drupe to 5 x 4 mm, curved, oblong to obovoid, shortly stalked, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and East Asia. Common in secondary forests; PS Pezha; Orukomban TINOSPORA Miers 1. Branchlets glabrous... T. cordifolia 1. Branchlets tomentose... T. sinensis Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thoms. in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Pramanik, Fl. Ind. 1: Menispermum cordifolium Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Cocculus cordifolius (Willd.) DC., Syst. 1: Climbing shrubs, sap watery, bark corky and grooved in older branches, glabrous. Leaves 5-9 x 5-10 cm, glabrous, 5-nerved at base, deeply cordate; petioles to 6 cm long. Racemes cauliflorus; male flowers-outer sepals smaller; petals shorter than the inner sepals; stamens 6, free, opposite to petals, female flowers-staminodes 6, carpels 3, stigma forked. Drupes 6 x 5 mm, sessile; seeds grooved vertically. Fl. & Fr. January-February Distr. India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Bangladesh. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Kothala Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr., Sunyatsenia 1: & in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Philad ; FPL ; Pramanik, Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR Campylus sinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch Tinospora malabarica (Lamk.) Hook. f. & Thoms. in Fl. India & in Hook. f., FBI 1: Menispermum malabaricum Lam., Encycl. 4: Small climbing shrubs; stem succulent. Leaves to 14 x 11 cm, broadly ovate, cordate at base, 5-7-nerved from base, scabrous above, densely white tomentose below. Flowers in racemes on old leafless branches, precocious, dioecious; raceme cm long. Flowers 3-5 together, pedicelled; sepals 6 in 2 whorls, outer smaller, inner 2 x 1.5 mm, obovate; petals 6, smaller; 9

34 Figure 3. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers. A.- flowering branch; B. - male flower 10

35 stamens 6, free, anthers orbicular. Female flowers: sepals and petals similar to male flowers; carpels 3; stigma bilobed; staminodes 6, clavate. Drupe 8 mm long, 1 or 2 together, ovoid, red, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. India Sri Lanka, China to Cambodia. Rare in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Sungam BRASSICACEAE 1. Diffuse herbs; leaves lyrate... Cardamine 1. Erect herbs; leaves entire...brassica BRASSICA Linnaeus Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. in Czern., Consp. Pl. Chark. 8. n ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Hajra et al., Fl. Ind. 2: Sinapis juncea L., Sp. Pl Small herbs. Leaves alternate, lyrate, to 15 x 7 cm, glabrous. Flowers many, 8 mm across, in terminal racemes; sepals 4, oblong, glabrous; petals 4, yellow; stamens 6, free; ovary stipitate, ovules 10-20, style short, stigma capitate. Fruit a subterete siliqua. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Central and East Asia and Europe, cultivated. Occasional in marshy areas and river beds; PS Vengoli CARDAMINE Linnaeus Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: ; FPM ; Debnath, Fl. Ind. 2: Cardamine subumbellata Hook. ex Hook. f. & Anders. in Hook.f., FBI 1: Cardamine borbonica Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: Diffuse branched herbs; stem sparsely hairy. Leaves to 5 cm long; leaflets orbicular, deeply crenate, sparsely hairy. Flowers white, in terminal racemes, 3 mm across, pedicels 6 mm long; sepals 4, oblong; stamens 4. Pods 2.5 x 0.15 cm, flat; seeds 1-seriate, 2 x 1 mm, oblong, smooth, brown. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in grasslands; PS Thenkudippara CAPPARACEAE 1. Annuals herbs; fruit a capsule...cleome 1. Shrubs or trees; fruit a berry Leaves simple; stipules spinescent...capparis 2. Leaves 3-foliolate; stipules absent...crataeva CAPPARIS Linnaeus 1. Trees; unarmed; young shoots greyish-white tomentose...c. grandis 1. Erect or scandent shrubs or small trees; armed; young shoots not greyish-white tomentose Flowers in terminal or axillary umbels... C. sepiaria 2. Inflorescence otherwise Flowers in supra-axillary rows...c. zeylanica 3. Flowers solitary or in axillary or terminal racemes Flower solitary, axillary; young shoot and leaves brown tomentose... C. rheedei 4. Flowers in apparent terminal corymbs; young shoots glabrous... C. moonii 11

36 Capparis grandis L.f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: Capparis bisperma Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Small trees; branchlets densely tomentose. Leaves to 5 x 4 cm, ovate, slightly emarginate, tomentose on both sides; petioles 1 cm, densely tomentose. Corymbs terminal, lower with leaves, upper with small bracts, flowers 2 cm across, white; peduncles 3 cm, tomentose, pedicels 2.5 cm, buds tomentose. Berry 2.5 cm across, globose. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Capparis moonii Wight, Ill. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Scandent shrubs; stem glabrous, spines, conical, slightly recurved, base decurrent on either side of petiole. Leaves to 12 x 4 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, glabrous, shining above; petiole 1.5 cm long, slender. Flowers 8-10 cm across, solitary or 3-5 together, terminal or in axils of upper leaves, spreading; sepals 1.8 cm across, orbicular, puberulus; petals to 5 x 3 cm, obovate, white, cottony hairy; filaments 7.5 cm long, glabrous. Berry 6-8 cm across, globose, glabrous; gynandrophore 4-10 cm long, stout. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimthalappara; Pandaravarai Capparis rheedei DC., Prodr. 1: 'rheedii'; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Capparis heyneana Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM C. baducca sensu Jacobs, Blumea 12: , non L Large shrubs to small trees; young shoots and leaves reddish brown tomentose, becoming glabrous. Leaves ovate or elliptic, oblong, acuminate or acute, mucronate, base acute or truncate, to 14 x 6 cm; lateral nerves 3 or 4 pairs; petiole cm long. Flowers solitary, axillary. Petals pale blue changing to white, with yellow blotches at the base of upper pair. Stamens Berry ovoid, ca. 4 cm long. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Muthuvarachal Capparis sepiaria L., Syst. Nat. (ed.10) 2: ; FBI 1: ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: Capparis incanescens DC., Prodr. 1: Stragglers; branchlets thinly pubescent. Leaves 2-3 x cm, oblong, lanceolate, emarginate, pubescent; petioles ca. 0.5 cm, stipular spines in pairs, small recurved. Umbels corymbose, terminal and axillary; peduncles 1 cm; flowers 1 cm across, white; pedicels 1.5 cm; sepals ovate, margin ciliate. Fl. April-May Distr. Pantropical. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Capparis zeylanica L., Sp. Pl. (ed.2) ; FPM ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: C. horrida L.f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 1: Stragglers, branchlets adpressed tomentose. Leaves 5-9 x 4-6 cm, ovate, truncate, mucronate, entire, pubescent; petioles to 1 cm, densely pubescent, stipular spines small, in pairs, recurved. Flowers in supra axillary rows, 3-4 cm across, white, buds densely pubescent; pedicels 4 cm, pubescent; stamens numerous, long exserted, white, turns to brown, gynandrophore as long as or longer than filaments; ovary 2.5 mm, ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Vengoli 12

37 CLEOME Linnaeus 1. Leaves simple...c. monophylla 1. Leaves 3-9 foliolate Petiole with scattered spines on the lower side...c. spinosa 2. Petiole without spines Whole plant viscous; flowers yellow...c. viscosa 3. Plant not viscous; flowers bluish-purple...c. burmannii Cleome burmannii Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: Decumbent herbs. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate, leaflets 2-4 x cm, obovate, acute; petiole to cm. Flowers ca 7 mm across, solitary, axillary, pedicel cm; stamens 6; gynophore to 7 mm long, ovary ca 6 mm. Capsule linear. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. South India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Occasional in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli Cleome monophylla L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Erect herbs; densely glandular hairy. Leaves to 4.5 x 1.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex, rounded or cordate at base, pubescent; petiole 8 mm long. Raceme terminal; bracts ovatetriangular, cordate at base; pedicel 1 cm long. Flowers many; sepals 6 mm long, oblong, acuminate; petals 4 mm long, obovate; stamens 6, filaments glabrous. Capsule 8-11 cm long, pubescent; seeds 2 x 1.5 mm, strongly reniform, rugose along transverse ridges. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Tropical Asia. Common in wet rocky areas; NS Vengoli Cleome spinosa Jacq., Enum. Pl. Craib ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: ; Sivar. & Sunil, Rheedea 5: Herbs, branchlets glandular hairy. Leaves alternate, palmately 5-9 foliolate, petiole 6-10 cm, with scattered spines; leaflets 5-10 x 2-3 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, narrowed towards base, margin serrulate, pubescent, mid veins spiny beneath. Flowers solitary in upper axils and in apparent terminal bracteate racemes; bracts cm, foliaceous, crescent shaped, sepals 4, 5-8 mm, lanceolate, petals 4, x 1 cm, clawed, elliptic-obovate, pink; stamens 6, filaments equally or longer than petal; gynophore to 4 cm, pink, accrescent, ovary 8-10 mm, linear, stigma capitate. Capsule 4-7 cm, cylindric, seeds globose, reniform. Fl. & Fr. March-December Distr. Native of South America, cultivated in many parts of Asia. Rare along the riverine areas; PS Thenkudippara Cleome viscosa L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Polanisia icosandra Wight & Arn., Prodr Herbs. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; leaflets 2.5 x 1.5 cm, obovate, acute at apex and base, glandular hairy; petiole to 3 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels 1.5 cm long; sepals 4 mm long, oblong, glandular hairy; petals yellow, 7 mm long, obovate; stamens 12-18, filaments straight. Capsule 6-8 cm long terete; seeds 1.2 x 1.2 mm, striate-ridged along the margins. Fl. & Fr. May-December Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in moist habitats of rocky areas; PS Vengoli CRATEVA Linnaeus 1. Leaflets abruptly acuminate; berry smooth, red... C. adansonii ssp. odora 1. Leaflet caudate, acuminate; berry scurfy tomentose, yellow... C. magna 13

38 Crataeva adansonii DC. ssp. odora (Buch.-Ham.) Jacobs, Blumea 12: ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: C. odora Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: C. religiosa var. roxburghii (R. Br.) Hook.f. & Thoms. in Hook.f., FBI 1: C. roxburghii R. Br. in Benth. & Clapp., Narr. Trav. Disc. Afr. App C. religiosa sensu Dunn in Gamble, FPM , non Forst.f Small trees. Lateral leaflets 7-15 x cm, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous; petiole to 6 cm. Corymbs terminal, to 10 cm; pedicels 5 cm, sepals 5 mm, oblong; petals 1.5 cm, obovate, white, long clawed; stamens less than 30, filaments shorter than gynandrophore; ovary 3 mm, ovoid, many ovuled, stigma discoid. Berry 2.5 x 2 cm, globose. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. South Asia. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS 30341, NS Keerappadi Crataeva magna (Lour.) DC., Prodr. 1: ; FPL ; Sundara Raghavan, Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Capparis magna Lour., Fl. Cochinch Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: C. religiosa var. nurvala (Buch.-Ham.) Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook.f., FBI 1: C. religiosa sensu Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FPM , non G. Forst Small trees; bark white. Leaflets to 11 x 5 cm, ovate, acute at apex, acute or rounded at base, glabrous. Flowers in terminal corymbs; pedicel to 5 cm long; sepals 4, free, 3 mm long, oblong, adnate to the disc; petals long-clawed, limb 2 x 1.8 cm, orbicular, white, claw 1 cm long, slender; stamens many, filaments 3.3 cm long, free; gynophore 4.5 cm long, slender; ovary 1-2-celled; stigma sessile, capitate. Berry globular, cm across, rough. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common along the riverine areas; PS Pezha COCHLOSPERMACEAE COCHLOSPERMUM Humboldt, Bonpland et Kunth Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6 (Suppl.): ; FPL ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Bombax religiosum L., Sp. Pl Cochlospermum gossypium DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Small trees; bark greyish-brown. Leaves to 20 cm across, palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes elliptic, acute to acuminate, densely tomentose below; petiole to 18 cm long, densely hairy. Flowers in terminal cymes, subsessile, 3-7 together; calyx 5-partite, lobes 2.5 x 1.5 cm, obtuse, densely tomentose; petals yellow, 5, 5 x 3 cm, obovate; stamens many, free; filaments 2.2 cm long; ovary 1-celled, ovules many, 3-5-parietal; style-1, filiform. Capsule 8 x 5.5 cm, obovoid, 5-angled, many-ridged, 3-5-valved; seeds many, globose, with woolly hairs. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in rocky areas. PS Vengoli FLACOURTIACEAE 1. Trunk armed with branched or unbranched thorns Trunk unarmed Flowers unisexual; petals absent...flacourtia 2. Flowers bisexual; petals present... Scolopia 3. Fruits large more the 4 cm dia.; hard rinded...hydnocarpus 3. Fruits to 2 cm dia.; rind thin Flowers in racemes or panicles... Homalium 4. Flowers in axillary or extra axillary clusters... Casearia 14

39 CASEARIA N. J. Jacquin 1. Leaves hairy; margin crenate-serrate Leaves glabrous; margins entire or sub entire Leaves coriaceous; petiole reddish; capsule yellow... C. tomentosa 2. Leaves membranous; petiole greenish yellow; capsule orange...c. wynadensis 3. Leave thick coriaceous, blackish in drying; reticulation not prominent... C. ovata 3. Leaves membranous, yellowish on drying; reticulation prominent...c. rubescens Casearia ovata (Lam.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: ; FTSR Anavinga ovata Lam., Encycl. 1: Vareca zeylanica Gaertn., Fruct. 290, t Casearia esculenta Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 2: ,p.p; FPM ; FPL C. bourdillonii Mukherjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 19: (1967). C. zeylanica (Gaertn.) Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Small trees, young shoots glabrous. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acuminate, acumen twisted and folded, base acute or rounded, to 13 x 6 cm; lateral veins 6-8 pairs, reticulation faint, glabrous and shining; petiole ca. 0.5 cm long. Tepals glabrous. Capsule orange yellow, cm long. Fl. & Fr. April-August Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests, and fairly in plantations; PS Vengoli Casearia rubescens Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: ; FPM ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Medium trees, branchlets lenticellate. Leaves to 14 x 6 cm, oblong, rounded at base, acute or obtuse at apex, glabrous, nerves ca. 15 pairs, midrib; nerves and petiole reddish; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers 2-6 together, 5 mm across; pedicel 3.5 mm long, tomentose; sepals 2 x 1.5 mm, ovate obtuse, tomentose outside, ciliate; stamens 10, filaments 1 mm long, sparsely hairy; staminodes 0.6 x 1 mm, triangular, sparsely hairy at base; ovary 2 x 2 mm, globular, ovules 9; stigma hardly wider than style. Capsule 15 x 8 mm, ellipsoidal, smooth, narrowly 3-furrowed, not prominently ridged, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. April-May. Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Vengoli Casearia tomentosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Casearia elliptica Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: , nom. superfl. Young shoots tomentose. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, margins serrate, pubescent below, to 12 x 3.5 cm; lateral nerves 7 or 8 pairs, reticulation faint; petiole 1 cm long, pubescent. Tepals and pedicels tomentose. Capsule greenish-yellow, oblong, ribbed, to 2 x 1.2 cm. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara Casearia wynadensis Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: Small trees. Leaves x cm, acuminate, base acute, serrate, rufous below, glabrous above; petiole to cm. Flowers 6-8, fascicled on axils of older leaves; peduncle ca 4 mm, pubescent; calyx 5-lobed, 3 mm, ovate, glabrous within; stamens 8, staminodes hairy, ca 2 mm; ovary oblong; style to 3 mm, hairy; stigma 4-lobed. Fl. & Fr. November-April Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in moist deciduous forests and fairly in plantations; PS Thellikkal 15

40 FLACOURTIA Commerson ex L' Heritier de Brutelle 1. Shoot apex thorny; leaves to 2 cm across, fascicled at apex...f. indica 1. Shoot apex not thorny; leaves more than 3 cm across, distinctly alternate Drupe few, purple; racemes lax... F. ramontchi 2. Drupe clustered bright red; racemes dense...f. montana Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amb ; FPL ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: Gmelina indica Burm. f., Fl. Ind t.39, f Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM Small weak shrubs, sparsely spiny. Leaves alternate, clustered at the apex of branchlets, 5 x 2.5 cm, obovate, margins crenulate at the apex; petiole less than 5 mm. Flowers axillary, greenish; sepals 4, imbricate, 1.5 x 1.5 mm, broadly ovate, ciliate; petals absent; disc lobed; stamens more than 20, filaments up to 3 mm; anthers versatile. Fl. July-September Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Rare in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala; NS Vengoli Flacourtia montana Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay ; Fl. Ind. 1: ; FPM ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Small trees, trunk armed with unbranched thorns. Leaves alternate, to 15 x 6 cm, elliptic, acuminate at either ends, crenate-serrate, nerves 4-6 pairs, erose, reticulate. Flowers unisexual, dioecious, densely packed in axillary congested cymes; sepals 4 or 5, 1.5 mm long, ovate, pubescent; stamens in male flowers many; pistillode absent; ovary in female flowers 1-celled; ovules few, parietal; styles 5; stigma bifid at apex. Fruit 1.5 cm across, berry, bright red; seeds few, reddish. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at low altitudes; PS Kariamchola; Kariyilathodu Flacourtia ramontchi L Herit., Strip. Nov. 3: 59. tt. 30 & 30 B. 1786; Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook. f., FBI 1: ; FPM F. sapida Roxb., Pl. Cor. t ; Wight & Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind Small armed trees, branchlets terete, pubescent, bark whitish. Leaves to 6 x 4.5 cm, ovateelliptic, chartaceous, 3-nerved from slightly above the base, crenate; petioles 1.5 cm, pubescent. Flowers yellow, 4 mm across; stamens many, disc extra-staminal, glandular, pistillode absent. Fl. February-May Distr. Paleotropics. Rare in evergreen forests at low altitudes; PS Vengoli HOMALIUM N. J. Jacquin Homalium zeylanicum (Gard.) Benth., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Blackwellia zeylanica Gard., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 7: Homalium tetrandra Wight, Ic. t Medium trees; branchlets puberulus. Leaves to 14 x 7 cm, broadly elliptic abruptly acuminate, crenate, membranous; nerves 8 pairs; petiole to 2 cm long. Racemes cm long, solitary or 2-3 together, axillary, drooping, slender. Flowers clustered, pedicellate, 5 mm across; sepals 4, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent; petals 4, oblanceolate, pubescent; stamens 4, antipetalous; staminodes globular; ovary 1-celled; ovules few; style 4. Capsule globose, 2-4- valved; seeds few. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola 16

41 HYDNOCARPUS Gaertner 1. Berry leathery tomentose; leaf margins entire...h. alpina 1. Berry glabrous; leaf margins serrate or crenate...h. pentandra Hydnocarpus alpina Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 1: ; FPL ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Medium trees; bark black; branchlets puberulus. Leaves to 15 x 6 cm, ovate, acute at apex, acute or round at base, nerves 7-10 pairs; young sprouts reddish. Flowers 15 mm across in axillary peduncled cymes; pedicel cm long, deflexed, pubescent; sepals 8 mm long, oblong, pubescent; petals 1 cm long narrow, glabrous; scale linear, as long as petal, sparsely hairy; filaments glabrous; ovary in female flowers globular, tomentose, stigma 5, free, radiating, recurved. Berry 7 cm across, densely tomentose, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests at high altitudes; PS Kothala Hydnocarpus pentandra (Bunch.-Ham.) Oken, Allg. Naturf. 3: ; FPL ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Chilmoria pentandra Bunch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London Hydnocarpus laurifolia (Dennst.) Sleum., Bot. Jahrb. 69: H. wightiana Blume, Rumph. 4: ; FBI 1: ; FPM H. alpina sensu Gamble, FPM Medium trees; bark white; branchlets puberulus. Leaves to 17 x 8 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, acute or obtuse at base, nerves 8 pairs, prominent. Flowers to 1 cm across, in peduncled axillary cymes; sepals broadly ovate, pubescent; petals broadly ovate, greenish yellow, obtuse, ciliate; scale half as long as petals, densely hairy; filaments hairy; ovary in female flowers globose tomentose; stigma 3-5 sessile; staminodes 5. Berry 5-7 cm across, globose, rind thick, rough with uneven surface. Fl. & Fr. February-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common along the riverine areas and semi-evergreen forests; PS Thellikkal; Orukomban SCOLOPIA Schreber Scolopia crenata (Wight & Arn.) Clos, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser 4, 8: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Phoberos crenatus Wight & Arn., Prodr Small to medium trees; branchlets with transverse lenticels. Leaves 5-9 x cm, obovate, crenulate, abruptly acuminate, nerves erose, 4-7 pairs. Racemes upper axillary, 5-7 cm long; rachis ferrugineous tomentose. Flowers pedicellate; pedicel 6 mm long, puberulus; sepals 6, 3 x 2 mm, obovate; petals 6, smaller, orbicular, white; stamens numerous, free; anthers 1 mm long, oblong, connective produced into a reddish hood. Ovary 1-celled, few ovuled; style 4 mm long, thick; stigma 3-fid. Capsule 10 x 8 mm, globose, with persistent style; seeds few. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam PITTOSPORACEAE PITTOSPORUM Banks ex Solander Pittosporum neelgherrense Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: , "nilghirensis"; FPM ; Nayar & Giri, Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR

42 Shrubs to 1.5 m high. Leaves to 12 x 3 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, acute at base, nerves indistinct; petiole 2 cm long, hirtus. Racemes 2-5-together, terminal, 2-3 cm long, stout; pedicel 5 mm long, glabrous. Capsule globose, rugulose, brown; seeds 7-10, shining. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests at high altitudes; PS Karimala POLYGALACEAE POLYGALA Linnaeus 1. Flowers yellow; bracts persistent Flowers blue or violet; bracts cauducous Appendage forked; keel distinctly stalked...p. rosmarinifolia 2. Appendage of the keel fimbriate; keel sessile...p. arvensis 3. Caruncle with 3 winged membranous appendages...p. sibirica 3. Caruncle with 3 linear appendages...p. telephioides Polygala arvensis Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: ; Banerjee, Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Polygala chinensis Bennet in Hook.f., FBI 1: ,p.p, non L. 1758; FPM Erect or procumbent herbs. Leaves very variable. 1-5 x cm, glabrous or densely pubescent. Flowers yellow, solitary or in lateral, to 2 cm long racemes. Keel petal crested with shortly forked or notched appendages. Style curved, hooked at apex. Capsule ciliate along the margins; seeds black, elliptic-obovate, pilose. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Rare in grasslands; PS 19928, NS Karimala Polygala rosmarinifolia Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Banerjee, Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Erect herbs, glabrous. Leaves to 2.5 x 0.3 cm, linear-oblong, acute, scabrous. Racemes 1.5 cm long, axillary, 3-5-flowered. Flowers yellow; pedicels 2 mm long, outer sepals 1.5 x 1 mm, ovate, obtuse, ciliate, inner sepals 5 x 2 mm, curved, ciliate; wing petals 2.5 x 2 mm, oblong; dorsal petal 2 x 3 mm; erect, stalked, forked. Capsule 4.5 x 3 mm, pubescent; seeds 3 x 1 mm, oblong, pubescent, black. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in wet rocky areas; PS Karimala; 19845, 19854, Vengoli Polygala sibirica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Banerjee, Fl. Ind. 2: Polygala sibirica L. var. heyneana (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Bennet in Hook.f., FBI 1: P. heyneana Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr Diffuse herbs, glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 7 mm, oblong, acute at apex, glabrous. Racemes 5-10 mm long, axillary. Flowers densely packed, blue; outer sepals broadly ovate, unequal; inner sepals 3 x 1.5 mm, elliptic, acuminate, glabrous; wing petals 3 mm long, obovate, dorsal petal 4 mm long; crest fimbriate, branched. Capsule 2 x 2 mm, orbicular, glabrous, seeds 1.5 x 1 mm, hairy, caruncle-lobes equal. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. South East Asia and China, extending to Europe. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Polygala telephioides Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: ; FBI 1: ; Banerjee, Fl. Ind. 2: P. brachystachya DC., Prodr. 1: , non Blume P. chinensis sensu Adema, Blumea 14: , non L

43 Diffuse herbs. Leaves to 1.25 x 0.5 cm, elliptic or lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, base cuneate, petiole ca. 6 mm. Flowers ca. 3 mm across in axillary or leaf opposed racemes, blue, outer sepals ca 1.5 mm long, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, inner sepals ca. 2 mm long, elliptic, glabrescent, wing petals 1.5 mm, obovate, keel petals ca 3 mm; filaments variously connate middle two free; ovary ca. 1 mm, ciliate, style curved at the middle, apex broad, stigma knob like. Capsule ca 2.5 x 2 mm, suborbicular, covered with wing sepals; seeds 2, villous, caruncle 3- lobed. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram XANTHOPHYLLACEAE XANTHOPHYLLUM Roxburgh Xanthophyllum arnottianum Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: 50. t ; FTSR X. flavescens sensu Bennet in Hook.f., FBI 1: , non Roxb. 1814; FPM ; FPL ; Banerjee & Balakr., Fl. Ind. 2: Small trees; bark smooth; branchlets puberulus. Leaves alternate, simple, to 15 x 7 cm, ovate, lanceolate, acuminate at apex, glabrous, drying to yellow; nerves 5-7 pairs; petiole 0.5 cm long. Flowers in terminal or axillary panicled racemes; sepals 5, subequal, to 3 x 2 mm, ovate, acute; petals yellow, unequal, lower one boat-shaped, pubescent; others ovate, to 10 x 4 mm; stamens 8, filaments free, adhered to the base of petals in pairs; ovary 1-celled; ovules 4-16, style curved; disc 5-lobed. Drupe, 2 cm across, globose, rugose, 1-seeded. Fl. & Fr. December-June Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam CARYOPHYLLACEAE 1. Prostrate glabrous herbs; leaves orbicular...drymaria 1. Erect tomentose herbs; leaves linear...polycarpaea DRYMARIA Willdenow ex J. A. Schultes Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Nat. (ed.16) 5: 1819; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Majundar, Fl. Ind. 2: Holosteum cordatum L., Sp. Pl Prostrate glabrous herbs; stem slender. Leaves opposite, 1 cm across, orbicular, cordate at base, obtuse, nerved from the base. Flowers 5 mm across, in cymes axillary or terminal; sepals 5, 3 mm long, lanceolate, spreading; petals 2 mm long, 2-5-fid, chartaceous, white; stamens 5, free, anthers small. Ovary 1-celled, ovules few, basal; style 3-fid. Capsule 4 x 1 mm, 3-valved; seeds orbicular, minutely muricate. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year. Distr. Paleotropics. Occasional in marshy areas; PS Thunakkadavu POLYCARPAEA Lamarck Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Majundar, Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Achyranthes corymbosa L., Sp. Pl Much branched herbs, branchlets villous. Leaves whorled or decussate, 1 x 0.2 cm, linear, acute, stipule scarious, fimbriate. Cymes corymbose, terminal; flowers white; bracts and bracteoles 2 mm, scarious; sepals 2.5 mm, scarious, lanceolate, acute; petals 0.8 mm, suborbicular; stamens 5, filaments 0.5 mm. Capsule 1 mm, oblong. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Asia. Rare in rocky areas; PS Vengoli PORTULACACEAE 19

44 PORTULACA Linnaeus 1. Leaves obovate or spathulate; node glabrous... P. oleracea var. oleracea 1. Leaves terete; node with setose hairs... P. pilosa ssp. pilosa var. tuberosa Portulaca oleracea L., Sp. Pl , var. oleracea; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Rao, Fl. Ind. 3:4.1993; FTSR Erect or prostrate herbs. Leaves to 2 x 1 cm, obovate, obtuse, puberulus, alternate or pseudowhorled. Flowers terminal and axillary, solitary or 2-3 together; sepals 5 x 5 mm, ovate, acute, glabrous; petals 6 x6 mm, obovate, obtuse, white or yellow; stamens 12, filaments hairy at base. Capsule 7 x7 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds many, reniform, tubercled, black. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Rare in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam Portulaca pilosa L. ssp. pilosa var. tuberosa (Roxb.) Sivar., JBNHS 78: ; FTSR P. tuberosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Rao, Fl. Ind. 3: P. suffruticosa Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr P. pilosa L. ssp. pilosa, Geesink, Blumea 17: Spreading prostrate herbs; stem densely long-hairy at nodes. Leaves to 12 x 2 mm, linear, subterete, acute, scabrous, densely arranged. Flowers terminal, 3-5 together; sepals 6 x 4 mm, acute, glabrous, membranous; petals 8 x 8 mm, obovate, red; stamens many, anthers yellow. Capsule 8 x 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds many, black, shining. Fl. & Fr. January-February Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi HYPERICACEAE HYPERICUM Linnaeus 1. Stout shrubs; flowers more than 5 cm across...h. mysurense 1. Slender herbs; flowers less than 1 cm across Leaves and sepals gland dotted...h. wightianum 2. Leaves and sepals otherwise...h. japonicum Hypericum japonicum Thumb. ex Murr. in L., Syst. Veg ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Biswas, Fl. Ind. 3: Herbs to 20 cm high. Leaves to 10 x 3 mm, lanceolate, auricled at base, 3-ribbed, glabrous. Flowers in terminal cymes or solitary, axillary; pedicels 5 mm long; sepals 3 x 1 mm, oblong, obtuse, many-ribbed; petals yellow, 4 x 1.5 mm, oblong; stamens many, free; ovary 1-celled, ellipsoid, styles 3, 1 mm long. Capsule 3 x 2 mm, 3-valved, smooth; seeds many, 0.5 x 0.3 mm, oblong 7-ribbed. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia and New Zealand and East Asia. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram Hypericum mysurense Heyne ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Biswas, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Norisca mysurensis (Heyne ex Wight & Arn.) Wight, Ic. t Shrubs. Leaves to 2.5 x 0.7 cm, lanceolate, acute at both ends, closely placed, sessile. Flowers 5-6 cm across, in terminal cymes, 2-3 together; sepals 1 cm long, lanceolate; petals 2.5 x 1 cm, obovate, obtuse, glabrous; stamens arranged in 5 bundles; filaments 1 cm long; ovary 5-celled; styles 5, 10 mm long. Capsule 15 mm long, 5-valved, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Tropical Asia. Common in grasslands; NS Karimala 20

45 Hypericum wightianum Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM ; Biswas, Fl. Ind. 3: H. napaulense sensu Dyer in Hook.f., FBI 1: , non Choisy Diffuse herbs. Leaves to 12 x 6 mm, obovate, obtuse, petiolate, membranous. Flowers terminal and axillary; sepals 4 x 2 mm, ovate, acute, margin ciliate with gland-tipped hairs; petals yellow, 6 x 3 mm, obovate, obtuse. Capsule 4 x 3 mm; seeds many, epidermal cells transversally oblong in vertical rows. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. South and South East Asia and China. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala CLUSIACEAE 1. Flowers in racemes or panicles Flowers solitary or inflorescence otherwise Lateral nerves inconspicuous, lamina with numerous areoles; styles 2... Poeciloneuron 2. Lateral nerves distinct, close and parallel, lamina without areoles; style 1... Calophyllum 3. Flowers below 2 cm across; exudate yellow; lateral nerves distinct...garcinia 3. Flowers over 5 cm across; exudates otherwise; lateral nerves indistinct...mesua CALOPHYLLUM Linnaeus 1. Inflorescence brownish tomentose, leaves elliptic-lanceolate... C. polyanthum 1. Inflorescence glabrous; leaves elliptic oblong...c. calaba Calophyllum calaba L., Sp. Pl ; FTSR C. apetalum Willd., Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin Mag. 5: C. decipiens Wight, Ic. t ; FPM C. wightianum Wall. ex Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser : ; FBI 1: ; FPM C. spurium Choisy in DC., Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: C. calaboides G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: Small trees; bark deeply fissured, reddish brown inside; branchlets quadrangular. Leaves to 9 x 4 cm, obovate, acute, emarginate at tip, attenuate at base. Flowers in axillary panicles, pedicelled; sepals white, 8 x 5 mm, obovate, obtuse; filaments 6 mm long, slender. Drupe 8 x 4 mm, obovoid, obtuse, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in along riverbanks; PS Orukomban Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy, Descr. Guttif. Ind ; Singh, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR C. elatum Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FPM C. tomentosum sensu Hook.f., FBI 1: , non Wight Tall trees, to 35 m high; trunk straight, round; bark white, reddish brown inside. Leaves to 10 x 5 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, petiole 2 cm long. Flowers 1.2 cm across, in axillary racemes; peduncle puberulus; pedicel 1.5 cm long; sepals 3 mm across, orbicular; petals 5 mm across, orbicular, white; stamens polyadelphous. Drupe 10 x 6 mm, ellipsoid, smooth. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in evergreen forests at high altitudes; PS Pezha GARCINIA Linnaeus 1. Leaves linear lanceolate; less than 3 cm wide...g. wightii 1. Leaves otherwise; leave more than 4 cm wide Leaves oblong, obtuse; male flowers many... G. spicata 2. Leave broadly elliptic acute at either ends; male flowers few

46 3. Berry globose, 5-8 grooved; bright yellow... G. gummi-gutta 3. Berry ellipsoid, 2-3 cm, smooth; yellow with pink shades...g. morella Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs., Brittonia 20: ; FPL ; Singh, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Cambogia gummi-gutta L., Gen. Pl. (ed.5) Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desv. in Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Mangostana cambogia Gaertn., Fruct. 2: Garcinia cambogia var. conicarpa (Wight) Anders. in Hook.f., FBI 1: G. conicarpa Wight, Ic. t Trees; bark black, yellow inside; twigs glabrous. Leaves x 5-8 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, nerves pairs, oblique. Flowers terminal, umbellate; sepals 7 x 6 mm, obtuse, thick; petals larger, 9 x 7 mm, ovate, obtuse; stamens in male flowers connate into a central column. Female flowers solitary; ovary 6-12-celled, furrowed; staminodes many, in a ring around the ovary. Berry 4-8 cm across, glabrous, grooved, beaked. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desv. in Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Singh, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Mangostana morella Gaertn., Fruct. 2: Garcinia pictoria Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Garcinia gutta Wight, Ic. t , excl. syn. Medium trees; branchlets quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves to 12 x 10 cm, broadly ovate, acute at both ends, nerves pairs. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-4 together, sessile; sepals 4, 3 x 3 mm, orbicular, thick glabrous; petals 5.5 x 4 mm, orbicular; stamens in male flowers 10-12, combined into a central column; anthers transverse; ovary in female flowers 4-celled; stigma radiating; staminodes 10-12, basely united. Berry 2 x 1.5 cm, smooth, light pink. Fl. & Fr. April-July Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; Kanthalppara Garcinia spicata (Wight & Arn.) Hook. f., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: ; FPM ; FPL ; Singh, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Xanthochymus spicatus Wight & Arn., Prodr Garcinia ovalifolius (Roxb.) Hook.f., FBI 1: , incl. vars. except macrantha, non Oliver G. spicata (Wight & Arn.) Hook.f. var. glomerata Vesque in DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: Xanthochymus ovalifolius Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Trees; branchlets quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves x 4-6 cm, oblong, obtuse at apex, acute at base; intramarginal vein indistinct, very close to margin; petiole 1 cm long. Male flowers in dense axillary spikes; sepals 3 x 4 mm, orbicular; petals 8 x 8 mm, concave; stamens adelphous in 5 phalanges around a pistillode; pistillode clavate, smooth. Female flowers few, larger than male flowers; ovary globose, terete, 4-celled; stigma 3 or 4, globose, sessile. Capsule 4 cm across, smooth. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; Muthuvarachal Garcinia wightii Anders. in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPM ; Singh, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Large shrubs or small trees; bark black; branchlets 4-angled. Leaves to 12 x 3 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous; nerves pairs. Flowers axillary, solitary or paired, sessile; sepals and petals similar, 3 x 3 mm, orbicular, yellow; staminodes connate into a ring or tube; ovary 4- celled, terete; stigma shortly stalked, peltate. Berry 2 cm across, smooth, light pink, not ribbed; fruiting calyx larger. Fl. & Fr. September-November 22

47 Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare along riverbanks; PS Thenkudippara; Orukomban MESUA Linnaeus 1. Leaves oblong, over 15 cm long...m. thwaitesii 1. Leaves elliptic, up to 10 cm long...m. ferrea Mesua ferrea L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Singh, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR M. roxburghii Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: M. nagana Gard., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. Soc. 8: M. nagassarium Kosterm., Ceylon J. Sci. 12, 1: , non Burm. f. Tall trees; bark grey. Leaves elliptic, acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; nerves many, closely placed; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels 5 mm long, slender; sepals 6 mm across, orbicular, obtuse, puberulus; petals white, 2 x 1.5 cm, obovate, obtuse; stamens polyadelphous. Capsule 2 cm across, ellipsoid, acute, glabrous, seeds plano-convex. Fl. & Fr. May & October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; NS Karimalagopuram Mesua thwaitesii Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4, 15: ; FBI 1: ; Singh, Fl. Ind. 3: M. ferrea L. var. thwaitesii (Planch. & Triana) Vesque in DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: Large trees; bark light green. Leaves oblong, acuminate at apex, acute at base, glaucous beneath; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers in terminal cymes, sessile; sepals 1.5 cm across, orbicular, glabrous; petals 3-4 x 2-3 cm, obovate; stamens polyadelphous. Capsule 5 cm across, depressed globose, acute, greenish yellow; seeds 2 or 3, 3 x 2 cm plano-convex or trigonous, brown. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara POECILONEURON Beddome Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 8: 267, t & in Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Singh, Fl. India 3: ; FTSR Tall trees, branchlets terete. Leaves to 19 x 6.5 cm, oblong, abruptly acuminate, acute at base, nerves many, close, parallel, nervules minutely reticulate into polygonal units; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers in terminal panicles, many, bisexual; pedicels 5-7 mm long; sepals 5, 2 mm long, ovate, acute, glabrous; petals 5, 6 mm long, obovate, white, glabrous; stamens 14, free, anthers linear; ovary 2-celled, glabrous; ovule 2 in each cell; style 2. Fruit a 1-seeded capsule. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional along the riverine areas in evergreen forests; NS 5805 Kariamchola THEACEAE CAMELLIA Linnaeus Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Ktze., Unsdie Erde ; FPL ; Chauhan & Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Thea sinensis L., Sp. Pl Camellia thea Link., Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 2: ; FPM C. theifera Griff., Ic. Pl. Asiat. 4: t ; FBI 1: Shrubs. Leaves to 10 x 4 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, serrate; petiole to 5 mm. Flowers axillary, solitary to 3 cm across, white; pedicel to 1.5 cm; bracts 2 or 3, small; sepals 5, 5 mm 23

48 across, orbicular; petals 5, 2 x 1.5 cm, obovate, connate with outer whorled of stamen; stamen numerous, biseriate; ovary 3-celled, villous; style 3. Capsule 2 cm across, woody, subglobose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Cultivated in Subtropical and warm temperate zones of south-east Asia. Rare in evergreen forests near tea plantation; PS Pooppara DIPTEROCARPACEAE 1. Stipules encircling the stem; smaller wings of the fruit ovate with undulate margin... Dipterocarpus 1. Stipules not encircling the stem; smaller wings long sometime absent without undulate margin Leaves with domatia in the nerve axils... Hopea 2. Leaves without domatia in the nerve axils Calyx accrescent and enclosing the fruit; fruit winged... Shorea 3. Calyx not accrescent, not enclosing the fruit; fruit not winged...vateria DIPTEROCARPUS Gaertner f. Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FPM ; FPL ; Janardh., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR D. turbinatus sensu Dyer in Hook.f., FBI 1: p.p. Trees; bark smooth, grey inside. Leaves to 15 x 8 cm, ovate, acute; lateral nerves 15 pairs; stipule 2 x 1 cm, ovate, glabrous. Flowers pedicellate; pedicels 3 cm long; larger sepals 0.8 x 0.3 cm, oblong, to 12 x 2.5 cm in fruit, oblong, obtuse, cordate at base, reticulate; petals cm long, brown; anthers 5 mm long. Nut cm long, ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pezha HOPEA Roxburgh Hopea parviflora Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Janardh., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Very large trees; bark splitting into tessellated rectangular flakes. Leaves to 8 x 5 cm, ovate, obtuse, rounded to truncate at base; nerves to 8 pairs; petiole 1 cm long. Panicle 15 cm across, terminal and upper axillary; branchlets 1-sided. Flowers pedicelled; sepals 3 mm long, hairy outside; petals 6 mm long, oblong, glabrous, fimbriate at apex; anthers orbicular, appendage 1 mm long. Nut 8x 5 mm, terete, glabrous; wings 6 x 1.8 cm, oblong, 8-10-nerved, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Muthalakkuzhi SHOREA Roxburgh ex Gaertner f. Shorea roxburghii G.Don, Gen. Syst. 1: ; Janardh., Fl. Ind. 3: S. talura Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Vatica laccifera Wight & Arn., Prodr Shorea laccifera (Wight & Arn.) Heyne ex Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t Medium trees. Leaves 8-18 x 4-9 cm, elliptic, oblong, apex obtuse or emarginate, base slight cordate or truncate, glossy above, coriaceous, nerves pairs, parallel; petiole to 1.5 cm. Panicles axillary and terminal, to 25 cm, glabrous; pedicels to 1 cm, jointed; outer sepals 5 mm, oblong, inner 2, 4 mm, ovate; petals 20 mm, ovate, villous; stamens 15; ovary 2 mm, globose, style 5 mm, stigma 3 fid, Fruit 1 cm, enclosed in accrescent calyx, lobes oblong, 3 longer, 7 x 1 cm; inner 2 smaller, 4 x 1 cm. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi 24

49 VATERIA Linnaeus Vateria indica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Janardh., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR V. malabarica Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: Tall trees with resinous exudation; bark smooth, grey; branchlets puberulus. Leaves x cm, oblong, rounded or cordate at base, acuminate at apex, nerves pairs, parallel, prominent below, nervules parallel, close; petiole cm long. Panicles terminal, to 30 cm across, densely puberulus. Flowers 3 cm across, pedicellate; sepals 5, free, 1 cm long, lanceolate, covered with stellate hairs; petals white, 1.5 x 0.7 cm, obovate, spreading, shortly united at base; stamens many, free, connective produced into a filiform appendage, filaments hairy; ovary densely hairy, 3-celled, 2-3 ovules in each cell; style filiform. Drupe 3 x 1.5 cm, oblong, obtuse, coarsely puberulus brown. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Parambikulam ANCISTROCLADACEAE ANCISTROCLADUS Wallich Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Silpi Das, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Climbing shrubs with hooked branches; twigs glabrous. Leaves crowded at the apex of branchlets, to 20 x 6 cm, oblanceolate, attenuate at base, sessile. Flowers 1 cm across, in terminal lax panicles; sepals 5, unequal, connate into a tube and adnate to the ovary, lobes 3 mm long; petals 5, subequal, to 6 mm long, oblong, obtuse, slightly connate at base, greenish yellow; stamens 10, filaments connate at base, anthers orbicular; ovary 1-celled; ovules solitary; style 3, free. Fruit a nut covered by large wing like sepals; wings unequal, to 5 x 2 cm, obovate, obtuse, reticulate, glabrous Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimthalappara MALVACEAE 1. Calyx spathaceous, split on one side...abelmoschus 1. Calyx 5 lobed, not split on one side Fruit schizocarpic Fruit capsular Fruits covered with glochidiate spines...urena 3. Fruits not covered with glochidiate spines Style twice as many as carpels...pavonia 4. Style as many as carpels Cocci one seeded...sida 5. Cocci 2-many seeded Mericarps laterally winged, spineless... Herissantia 6. Mericarps wingless; spined...abutilon 7. Capsule winged... Fioria 7. Capsule not winged Style 1,unbranched... Thespesia 8. Style 5-many branched...hibiscus 25

50 ABELMOSCHUS Medikus Abelmoschus moschatus Medik., Malv ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI Hibiscus abelmoschus L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM Subshrubs, 1.5 m tall; stem densely retrorsely hairy. Leaves x cm, deeply 3-7- lobed, cordate, lobes acuminate, crenate, hairy; petiole cm long; stipule 8 mm long, ovate. Flowers axillary, solitary, pedicel 7 cm long; involucral bracts 15 x 2 mm, free, hispid; calyx 30 mm long, minutely stellate hairy; corolla 9 cm across, yellow with purple centre. Capsule 7-8 cm long, hairy. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. South Asia to Pacific Islands. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli ABUTILON P. Miller 1. Carpels 5; flower axillary single, forming terminal racemes... A. persicum 1. Carpels 20-25; flowers axillary single not forming racemes...a. hirtum Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. (ed. 1) ; FPM ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI ; FTSR Sida hirta Lam., Encycl. 1: Sida graveolens Roxb. ex Hornem., Hort. Suppl Abutilon graveolens (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Wight & Arn. var. hirtum (Lam.) Mast. in Hook.f., FBI 1: Erect subshrubs, m tall; densely pubescent, mingled with some erect gland tipped hairs. Leaves 6.7 x 5-6 cm, ovate to orbicular, deeply cordate at base, acuminate, margin coarsely crenate, tomentose below, stipules 0.5 cm, lanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicel 2 cm; sepals 1 x 0.5 cm, ovate, acuminate; petals 1.5 x 1.5 cm, ovate, yellow with purplish centre, spreading; staminal column 8 mm; ovary to 5 mm, celled. Capsule 1.5 x 2 cm, densely tomentose. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Semiarid tropics of the world; introduced in Tropical America. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Abutilon persicum (Burm.f.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 19: ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI ; FTSR Sida persica Burm.f., Fl. Ind Sida polyandra Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Abutilon polyandrum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Wight, Cat , non G. Don 1831; FBI 1: ; FPM Pubescent herbs or subshrubs. Lower leaves ovate-cordate, acute to acuminate, to 15 cm long: upper ovate to lanceolate, crenate-dentate, velutinous below and glabrescent above, basally 5-9 nerved; petioles 2-10 cm long. Flowers cm across. Calyx lobes ovatelanceolate, tomentose on both sides. Petals yellow, obovate. Upper part of staminal column stellately hairy. Mericarps 5, puberulus. Fl. & Fr. November-April Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests PS Kariamchola; NS Vengoli FIORIA Mattei Fioria vitifolia (L.) Mattei, Bot. R. Orto. Bot. Palermo 2: ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI Hibiscus vitifolius L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: H. obtusifolius Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: H. vitifolius L. var. genuina f. indica Hochr., Ann. Cosn. Jard. Bot. Geneve 4: Subshrubs, tomentose. Leaves x 2-9 cm, shallowly 3-5-lobed, basally 7-nerved, lobes triangular, apex acute, stellate pubescent; petiole 2-12 cm, stipules 2 mm, subulate. Flowers axillary, solitary, epicalyx slender, linear, 10 mm; calyx lobes 10 x 5 mm, lanceolate, pubescent; petals x 4-5 cm, yellow, base purplish inside; staminal column 2 cm, ovary 5-celled, style branches 5. Capsule 5 celled, winged; seeds glabrous. 26

51 Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Paleotropics. Rare in semi-evergreen forests; PS Muthuvarachal HERISSANTIA Medikus Herissantia crispa (L.) Briz., J. Arn. Arb ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI Sida crispa L., Sp. Pl Abutilon crispum (L.) Medicus, Malv ; FBI 1: ; FPM Prostrate herbs, with spreading hairs. Leaves 5 x 3.5 cm, ovate-cordate, acuminate, base deeply cordate, crenate; petiole to 3 cm, stipule 0.5 cm, linear. Flowers axillary, solitary, yellow; pedicels jointed above half. Schizocarp 1.5 x 1.5 cm, globose, drooping, mericarps 10, obtuse, sparsely hairy. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Tropical Asia and Australia. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady; Pandaravarai HIBISCUS Linnaeus 1. Flowers without epicalyx...h. lobatus 1. Flowers with epicalyx Stem and sepals armed Stem and sepals unarmed Stipule ovate-orbicular; subsagitate... H. surattensis 3. Stipule small lanceolate or absent...h. hispidissimus 4. Flowers white...h. micranthus 4. Flowers yellow with purple center... H. canescens Hibiscus canescens Heyne ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; MSPI H. calyphyllus sensu Rakshit & Kundu, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: , non Cav H. purpureus sensu Paul & Nayar in Nayar et al. (eds.) Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: Shrubs; branchlets tomentose. Leaves x 6-12 cm, broadly ovate, broadly crenate, apex minutely apiculate, upper surface sparsely hairy, tomentose below, basally 7-nerved; petiole to 12 cm, hairy, stipules linear, cauducous, cm. Flowers axillary, solitary; bracteoles 5, 2.5 cm, lanceolate, pubescent; sepals 1.5 cm; petals 6.5 x 3.5 cm, obovate, yellow, base inside purple; staminal tube shorter than corolla. Capsule 3 x 4 cm, villous. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. South Asia and Africa. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: ; MSPI ; FTSR Hibiscus aculeatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: Hibiscus furcatus Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Scandent shrubs; stem reddish; prickles, retrorse. Leaves 6-10 x 5-8 cm, 3-5 lobed, lobes acuminate, serrate, prickled along the ribs; petiole 5-8 cm long. Flowers axillary; pedicels 5 cm long, prickled; involucral bracts 10-12, bifurcate, hairy; calyx 23 mm long, 10-costate, 5-lobed at apex, lobes acuminate, bristled; corolla 8 cm across, yellow with brown centre. Capsule 4 x 2 cm, ovate, acute, hirsute. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Paleotropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu; Karimala Hibiscus lobatus (Murr.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 3: ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI ; FTSR Solandra lobata Murr., Comm. Soc. Reg. Sc. Gott. 27

52 6: 20. t Hibiscus solandra L' Herit., Strip. Nov. 1: 103. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM Annual herbs, to 1.5 m high; stem pubescent with simple hairs. Leaves 8-9 x 7-8 cm, upper smaller, entire or 3-lobed, lobes lanceolate, serrate, pubescent; petiole to 7 cm long; upper leaves linear-oblong. Flowers solitary, axillary, become racemose; pedicels 2-4 cm long; involucral bracts smaller; calyx to 1 cm long, lobes deep, glabrous; petals white, 10 x 8 mm, obovate, obtuse, glabrous. Capsule 12 mm long, ovoid, acute, hispid; seeds 2 mm diam., trigonous, hispid. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Paleotropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli; NS Kannimara Hibiscus micranthus L.f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI Subshrubs; branchlets stellate, pubescent. Leaves x 3-6 cm, broadly ovate, apex acute, shallowly 3-lobed, 5-nerved, dentate; petiole to 4 cm, pubescent, stipules linear, 8 mm. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels to 3 cm, jointed below the flower, curved, bracteoles 6, 2 mm; calyx lobes 3 mm, ovate; petals 1 x 0.5 cm, oblong, white; staminal column 6 mm; anthers yellow, ovary 5 celled, styles branches 5, 2 mm. Capsule 5 mm, subglobose; seeds 3-4 in each cell, clothed with long silky hairs. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. South Asia. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Hibiscus surattensis L., SP. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI ; FTSR Scandent subshrubs; stem greenish, retrorsely prickled. Leaves 5-10 x 8-14 cm, 3-5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes elliptic, acuminate, serrate, pubescent; petiole 5 cm long, slender; stipules x 3-5 mm, lanceolate. Flowers axillary; pedicels to 7 cm long, prickled; involucral bracts x 2-3 mm, bifurcate, pubescent, lobes unequal, ciliate; calyx to 10 mm long, 10-costate, 5- lobed; corolla 6 cm across, yellow with brown centre. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Karimala PAVONIA Cavanilles Pavonia odorata Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI Hibiscus odoratus (Willd.) Roxb. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr Sub-shrubs, viscid tomentose. Leaves to 5 x 5 cm, orbicular, 3-5-angled, cordate at base, 3-7- nerved from base, densely hairy beneath; petiole 1-3 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, longpedicelled; involucral bracts 10-12, 7-8 mm long, linear, ciliate; calyx 5-lobed, 2 mm long, ovate; corolla to 25 mm across, yellow; staminal tube short, oblique, anthers with long filaments; ovary 5-celled, ovule 1 in each cell, style 10-fid above; stigma capitate. Mericarps 5, 3 x 2 mm, trigonous, smooth. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Paleotropics. Common in rocky areas; PS Thekkady SIDA Linnaeus 1. Prostate or trailing herbs Erect herbs or shrubs Calyx lobes longer than the tube; pedicles jointed near at apex...s. beddomei 2. Calyx lobes equal to the tube; pedicels jointed at the middle... S. cordata 3. Stipules dissimilar, one linear-lanceolate, others subulate...s. acuta 3. Stipules similar, filiform

53 4. Leaves ovate, obovate or orbicular...s. mysorensis 4. Leaves elliptic or rhomboid Mericarps mucronate at apex... S. alnifolia 5. Mericarps awned or beaked at apex...s. rhombifolia Sida acuta Burm. f., Fl. Ind , ssp. acuta: Borssum, Blumea 14: ; FPM ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI ; FTSR S. lanceolata Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: S. carpinifolia sensu Mast. in Hook.f., FBI 1: p.p. non L.f Subshrubs. Leaves to 8 x 4 cm, lanceolate, serrate, rounded at base, glabrate; petiole 5 mm long; stipule 1 x 0.5 cm, lanceolate. Flowers solitary or paired, axillary, on short lateral branchlets; pedicels 5 mm long; calyx 5-6 mm across, lobes subulate, ciliate; corolla 10 mm across, petals obovate. Mericarps 3 x 2 mm, trigonous, reticulate. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu Sida alnifolia L., Sp. Pl. 2, Sida retusa L., Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) ; MSPI ; FTSR S. rhombifolia var. retusa (L.) Mast. in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ;. S. rhombifolia ssp. alnifolia Ugborogho, Bol. Soc. Bot. Brot. 54: Woody erect herbs; branches bluish, minutely stellate-hairy. Leaves to 4 x 3 cm, obovate, obtuse or acute, emarginate, crenate on the upper half, densely tomentose below; petiole 5 mm long, stipules filiform. Flowers 12 mm across, yellow, axillary or in terminal racemes; pedicels 6 mm long; calyx 8 mm across, lobes acute. Mericarps trigonous, with a pair of short mucro at apex; seeds black. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thellikkal; NS Kariamchola Sida beddomei Jacob, JBNHS 47: ; MSPI ; FTSR S. cordata sensu Paul & Nayar, Fl. Ind. Fasc. 19: ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: , non (Burm.f.) Borss., Slender prostrate herbs, rooting at nodes, stem, petioles and pedicels sparsely hairy. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, base cordate, crenate-serrate along the margin, sparsely tomentose on both sides, to 5 x 4 cm; basally 5-7 nerved; petioles to 4.5 cm long. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedicels to 4 cm long. Calyx lobes longer than the tube. Mericarps awnless. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Padippara Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss., Blumea 14: ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI Melochia cordata Burm. f., Fl. Ind Sida veronicaefolia Lam., Encycl. 1: ; FPM S. humilis Cav. var. veronicaefolia (Lam.) Mast. in Hook.f., FBI 1: Prostrate herbs; branches slender, pilose. Leaves to 7 x 6 cm, orbicular, abruptly acuminate, cordate at base, serrate, pubescent; petiole 1.5 cm long, slender, stipule 3 mm long, deflexed. Flowers 10 mm across, solitary, axillary; pedicels 3-4 cm long; calyx 5 mm long, widely campanulate, lobes ovate, acute; petals 6 x 4 mm, obovate, ciliate at base. Mericarps 3 x 2 mm, smooth. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Pantropical. Rare in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thellikkal 29

54 Sida mysorensis Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI ; FTSR S. hirta Wall., Cat. n. 1855, 1828, non Lam S. glutinosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: , non Cav. 1785; FPM S. urticifolia Wight & Arn., Prodr , non St. Hill S. wightiana D. Dietr., Syn. Pl. 4: Erect herbs. Leaves to 7 x 5 cm, ovate, acute, crenate, membranous, tomentose; petiole 4-6 cm long. Flowers 12 mm across, solitary, axillary or in short racemes; pedicels 5-8 mm long, slender; calyx 5 mm long, ribbed, lobes shorter than tube, acute; petals yellow. Mericarps 5, 2.5 x 1 mm, trigonous, smooth. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. South and South-East Asia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Peruvaripallam Sida rhombifolia L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: , in part; FPM S. rhombifolia ssp. rhombifolia: Borss., Blumea 14: S. rhombifolia ssp. rhombifolia var. rhombifolia: Paul & Nayar, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: S. alba Cav., Diss. I. 22. t. f , non L Subshrubs or herbs with erect stem. Leaves 2-8 x 1-5 cm, ovate - oblong, rhomboid or lanceolate, minutely stellately hairy; petioles to 1.5 cm long. Flowers cm across; pedicels longer than the petioles. Mericarps usually muticous or with 2 awns. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu THESPESIA Solander ex Correa Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalz. & Gibs., Bombay Fl ; FBI 1: ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI ; FTSR Hibiscus lampas Cav., Diss. 3: 156. t ; FPM Shrubs, to 1.5 m tall; stem glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 14 cm; 3-5-lobed or entire, ovate, cordate or truncate at base, lobes acute, densely stellate pubescent beneath; petioles 3-8 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary or in terminal racemes,, pedicels 2-6 cm long jointed above the middle; involucellar bracts 4-7, subulate, deciduous; calyx cupular, 12 mm across, stellate hairy; corolla 6-8 cm across, rose-yellow. Capsule 25 x 20 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, 5-valved; seeds many, 5 x 3 mm, trigonous, glabrous, brown. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. South to South-east Asia, Tropical East Africa. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam URENA Linnaeus 1. Leaves entire or shallowly lobed...u. lobata ssp. lobata 1. Leaves deeply lobed...u. lobata ssp. sinuata Urena lobata L. ssp. sinuata (L.) Borss., Blumea 14: ; FBI 1: ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR U. sinuata L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; MSPI Shrubs. Leaves to 8 x 8 cm, palmately 5-lobed; lobes again lobed, narrow, obtuse at apex, serrulate, minutely stellate-hairy; petiole 6 mm long. Flowers shortly pedicelled; involucral bracts 3 mm long, spathulate; calyx 6 mm long, divided below the middle, lobes ovate, acute spreading; corolla mm across. Schizocarp 10 mm across. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu 30

55 Urena lobata L., Sp. Pl , ssp. lobata; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Paul, Fl. Ind. 3: ; MSPI ; FTSR U. lobata ssp. lobata Borss., Blumea 14: Shrubs; stem greenish densely stellate pubescent. Leaves 3-8 x 3-9 cm, ovate, 3-5 angular or lobed, densely stellate hairy below; petiole cm long. Flowers shortly pedicelled; bracts spathulate; calyx glabrous; corolla 25 mm across, petals obovate, stellate-tomentose. Schizocarp 12 mm across, black. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Pantropical; Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Karimala BOMBACACEAE 1. Leaves simple; fruits spiny...cullenia 1. Leaves digitate; fruits smooth... Bombax BOMBAX Linnaeus 1. Leaflets petiolate, to 3 cm long; petals bright red... B. ceiba 1. Leaflets sessile, petal creamy yellow or pale red... B. insigne Bombax ceiba L., Sp. Pl ; FPL ; Nayar & Biswas, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR B. malabaricum DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM S. malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot Large trees. Leaflets 18 x 5 cm, elliptic, caudate-acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; nerves pairs; petiolule 2-3 cm long; petiole to 20 cm long. Flowers solitary or 2-5 together; sepals 3 x 3 cm, campanulate, densely villous within, lobes obtuse; petals reddish, 10 x 3.5 cm, oblong, obtuse, stellate-hairy outside; filaments 5.5 cm long, minutely hairy. Capsule 12 x 3 cm, terete, downy tomentose. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Tropical Asia and New Guinea. Common in moist deciduous forests and rocky areas; PS Orukomban Bombax insigne Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Nayar & Biswas, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Salmalia insignis (Wall.) Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot Medium to large trees, trunk and branches densely prickly; bark greyish-brown, reddish inside. Leaflets oblong or obovate, caudate-acuminate; leaflets subsessile; petioles to 25 cm long. Flowers appear before the leaves. Calyx 2-lobed, densely silky within. Petals oblong, acute, tomentose, creamy yellow to pale red, to 15 x 2.5 cm. Capsule 5-angled, tomentose, to 18 x 4.5 cm. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. India and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam CULLENIA R. Wight Cullenia exarillata Robyns, Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 40: ; FPL ; Nayar & Biswas, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Cullenia excelsa Wight, Ic. t. 1701, ; FBI 1: ; FPM C. rosayroana Kosterm., Comm. For. Res. Inst. Indonesia 51: 4, f.2e & & in Reinwardtia 4: ,p.p. Large trees; buttress prominent; older branches furnished with large tubercles; young branchlets and underside of leaves densely covered with peltate scales. Leaves alternate, 16 x 6 cm, oblong, acute, nerves not visible, shining above, brownish below. Flowers densely clustered 31

56 on tubercles on old branches; pedicels 3 cm long, jointed; bracteoles tubular, 1.5 cm long, 4-5- toothed at apex; petals absent; staminal tube 3 cm long, 5-lobed at apex with many stamens; ovary 5-celled, echinate, ovules 2 in each cell; style woolly, elongate. Capsule globose, cm across, dehiscent, densely echinate, globose, 5-valved. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at high altitudes; PS Karimala STERCULIACEAE 1. Herbs Shrubs or trees Leaves glabrous or sub glabrous; ovary 5-celled...Melochia 2. Leaves white-woolly; ovary 1-celled... Waltheria 3. Follicles spirally twisted... Helicteres 3. Follicles not spirally twisted Fruit indehiscent, 1 seeded...heritiera 4. Fruit dehiscent, 2-many seeded Peduncle covered with orange-red indumentum; follicles membranous... Firmiana 5. Peduncle without orange-red indumentum; follicles coriaceous or woody Seeds winged Seeds wingless Flowers unisexual...pterygota 7. Flowers bisexual Staminal tube adnate to the gynophore; petals white...pterospermum 8. Staminal tube not adnate to the gynophore; petal yellow...eriolaena 9. Flowers in axillary cymes; flowers bisexual... Leptonychia 9. Flowers in panicles or racemes; flowers unisexual...sterculia ERIOLAENA A. P. de Candolle Eriolaena quinquelocularis (Wight & Arn.) Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: Microchlaena quinquelocularis Wight & Arn., Prodr Large shrubs or small trees; branchlets tomentose. Leaves to 9 x 9 cm, broadly ovate, widely cordate at base, acuminate at apex, 5-nerved from base, densely pubescent below. Flowers in terminal or axillary peduncled cymes; bracteoles laciniate; calyx 2.5 cm long, stellate-tomentose outside, simple-tomentose within, lobes deflexed; petals yellow, 25 x 7 mm, oblanceolate, tomentose below; staminal column 15 mm long, stamens numerous, anthers oblong; ovary 5- celled, stellate-hairy; ovules many; style-1, 5-fid at apex. Capsule 20 x 15 mm, ellipsoid; seeds many, winged. Fl. & Fr. July-December. Distr. Endemic to India. Rare in rocky grasslands; PS Pandaravarai FIRMIANA Marsili Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R. Br. in Bennet & Brown, Pl. Jav. Rar ; FPM ; FPL ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Sterculia colorata Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 1: S. rubicunda Wall. ex Mast., Hook. f., FBI 1: Medium trees. Leaves to 16 x 25 cm, 3-lobed, cordate at base, 7-ribbed, lobes acuminate; petiole to 20 cm long. Flowers unisexual, in terminal panicled racemes; calyx 2 cm long, tubular, reddish, tomentose outside; gynophore 25 mm long; stamens 16, filaments connate into 32

57 a cup around the pistillode; carpels 5, free, flattened; style short, curved. Follicle 5-6 cm long, compressed; seeds 2-5, compressed. Fl. & Fr. February-April. Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Kottayali HELICTERES Linnaeus Helicteres isora L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Large shrubs. Leaves to 15 cm, orbicular, cordate at base, obtuse at apex, serrate, 3-nerved from base, scabrous. Flowers axillary, fascicled or solitary; calyx 15 mm long, tubular, 5- toothed, yellowish; petals to 3.5 cm long, unequal, reddish; gynophore 4 cm long, curved; stamens 5, filaments short, united at base; ovary 5-celled; ovules many; style 5. Fruit a spirally twisted follicle, 5 cm long; seeds many, tubercled. Fl. & Fr. Almost throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli HERITIERA W. Aiton Heritiera papilio Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR H. acuminata Wall. ex Kurz, J. Bot. 12: 65, t.141. f Medium trees. Leaves alternate, to 9 x 4 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded or cordate at base, entire, 3-nerved from base, densely white scaly below. Flowers unisexual, in axillary panicles; peduncle tomentose; calyx 4 mm long, widely campanulate, 5-lobed, lobes acute; stamens 5; anthers 5, sessile on tip of staminal column; carpels 5-6, free, ovules 1-2 in each; styles recurved; stigmas globose. Fruit of 5 distinct winged 1-seeded samaras, 5-6 cm long. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. India and Bangladesh. Common in evergreen forests; PS Thelliyalimattukkal LEPTONYCHIA Turczaninow Leptonychia caudata (Wall. ex G. Don) Burrett, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin. 9: ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Grewia caudata Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: Leptonychia moacurroides Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPM Small slender trees. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, caudate-acuminate, base rounded, subcoriaceous, 7-12 x 3-5 cm; lateral nerves 5-7, archingly jointed along the margin, intercostae reticulate, domatia present in axils of nerves; petioles to 1 cm long. Sepals 3 mm long, tomentose. Petals 5 mm long, white, oblong, linear. Inner staminodes subulate and outer ovate. Ovary depressed globose, 3-4 celled, cells few ovuled. Capsule depressed globose, 3-lobed, tomentose, 2.5 x 2 cm. Fl. & Fr. June-September Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS 30197, NS Kothala MELOCHIA Linnaeus Melochia corchorifolia L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Slender subglabrous herbs. Leaves to 4 x 2 cm, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, serrate, scabrid. Flowers 2-6 together, in terminal sessile cymes; sepals 3 mm long, campanulate, lobes subulate, petals pink, 6 mm long, obovate, glabrous; stamens 5, united at base; ovary 5-celled, 2-ovules in each, densely hairy; styles 5, free. Capsule 5-valved, depressed globose, 5 mm across; seeds 1 or 2, angular. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Rare in vayals and wet rocky areas; PS 30473, NS Vengoli 33

58 PTEROSPERMUM Schreber 1. Leaf base equal, dentate towards the apex...p. reticulatum 1. Leaf base unequal, entire... P. rubiginosum Pterospermum reticulatum Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Medium tree. Leaves to 15 x 10 cm, obovate; 3-7-toothed at apex; cordate at base, whitetomentose below; nerves 6 pairs, prominent. Flowers in terminal or axillary fascicles; bracts laciniate; sepals 4.5 x 0.5 cm, oblong, densely stellate-tomentose; petals 4 x 1.5 cm, obovate, densely stellate-hairy within; stamens 15, staminodes 5. Capsule 7 x 3 cm, oblong, acute, stalked, densely rugose, tomentose; seeds solitary, winged. Fl. & Fr. December-March. Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Velayudhankai Pterospermum rubiginosum Heyne ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Large trees. Leaves to 10 x 3 cm, ovate-lanceolate, oblique at base, acuminate at apex, densely tomentose below; nerves 5 pairs. Flowers axillary, 2-3 together; pedicels 1.5 cm long; sepals 4 cm long, linear oblong, densely tomentose; petals 3 cm long, linear-oblong, white; stamens 10, filaments 3 cm long, united at base into a tube; ovary tomentose; style 4-5 cm long. Capsule 4 x 2 cm, angular. Fl. & Fr. January-March. Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kothala PTERYGOTA Schott & Endlicher Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. in Bennet & Br., Pl. Jav. Rar ; FPM ; FPL ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Sterculia alata Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 1: Very large trees; trunk round, straight; bark smooth; branches glabrous. Leaves x cm, broadly ovate, entire, 7-ribbed, glabrous; rounded or cordate at base. Flowers in axillary panicles; unisexual; calyx 5-partite, lobes 1 cm long, curved out, tomentose outside; stamens 20, 5-adelphous; carpels 5, free, sessile, ovules many in each; staminodes in female flowers 5. Follicle 13 x 8 cm, obovoid, oblique, 2-valved; seeds 6 x 3 cm, oblong, winged. Fl. & Fr. March-December Distr. South Asia and Myanmar. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Kothala STERCULIA Linnaeus 1. Leaves entire...s. guttata 1. Leaves palmately lobed Calyx pubescent within, lobes 3 mm long... S. urens 2. Calyx glabrous within, lobes more than 5 mm long... S. villosa Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Large trees; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 22 x 13 cm, obovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded at base, stellate-tomentose below, nerves 10 pairs. Panicles to 20 cm across, terminal. Flowers pedicelled; calyx 15 mm across, campanulate, lobes acuminate, densely hairy; stamens 10, column hairy at apex. Capsule 5 x 3 cm, curved-obovoid, tomentose, reddish; seeds few, 8 x 6 mm, ovoid, smooth, shining. 34

59 Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in rocky areas in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Orukomban; PS 19821, NS Karimala Sterculia urens Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Medium trees; bark yellowish-white, smooth. Leaves 5-30 cm across, orbicular, deeply cordate at base, lobes ovate, acuminate, penninerved, pubescent below; petiole to 18 cm long. Flowers greenish yellow, in terminal and upper axillary panicles; calyx 13 mm diam., lobes oblong, curved outside; staminal column 8 mm long, curved. Follicles 4-5 cm long, oblong, sessile, bristly; seeds few, 6 x 4 mm, black. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in rocky areas; PS Vengoli Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Medium trees; bark pale brown, fibrous. Leaves to 25 cm across, cordate at base; lobes caudate-acuminate at apex, penninerved, downy pubescent below; petioles cm long. Panicles to 20 cm across, terminal, densely hairy. Flowers 2 cm across, greenish brown; pedicels 5 mm long; calyx 8 mm long, lobes oblong, tomentose outside, stamens 10, anthers along the rim of staminal column.; column hairy at apex; staminodes 10 in female flowers. Follicles 2-7, to 5 cm long, oblong, tomentose; seeds black, smooth. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. South Asia. Rare in rocky areas; PS Pezha WALTHERIA Linnaeus Waltheria indica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Malick, Fl. Ind. 3: W. americana L., Sp. Pl Herbs, to 70 cm high, densely tomentose. Leaves to 5 x 3 cm, ovate, obtuse, crenate; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers 3-10-together, in axillary or terminal heads, sessile; calyx 4 mm long, tubular, lobes subulate; petals yellow, 4 mm long, obovate, stamens 5, monadelphous; ovary 1- celled, 2-ovuled, pubescent; style lateral. Capsule 2-valved; 1-seeded, hairy at apex. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in rocky areas; PS Vengoli TILIACEAE 1. Shrubs or small trees; fruit a drupe...grewia 1. Herbs or sub-shrubs; fruit a capsule Capsule prickly or bristly...triumfetta 2. Capsule unarmed...corchorus CORCHORUS Linnaeus Corchorus aestuans L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) ; FPL ; FTSR C. acutangulus Lam., Encycl. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Herbs. Leaves to 3.5 x 2 cm, ovate, acute at apex, base slightly cordate, membranous, minutely and closely crenate, sparsely strigose above and below, 3-4 nerved, basal teeth prolonged into long hairs. Cymes axillary, 1-3 flowered; flowers yellow, 7 mm across, 5- merous; bracts and bracteoles 3 mm, linear; stamens many. Capsule 2.5 cm long, oblong, 3 toothed at apex, glabrous; seeds many, 1.5 mm, disc shaped. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Pantropical. Common in deciduous forests; PS Thekkady 35

60 GREWIA Linnaeus 1. Drupe glabrous, 1-4 lobed...g. glabra 1. Drupe variously hairy, 2 or 4 lobed Leaves glabrous on both sides Leaves variously hairy on both sides or below Leaves with hairy domatia in the nerve axils... G. obtusa 3. Leaves without hairy domatia in the nerve axils Peduncle shorter than the petiole; leaves 5 nerved at base... G. tiliifolia 4. Peduncle longer than the petiole; leaves 3 nerved at base... G. orientalis 5. Leaves 5-nerved at base, rarely 4 nerved Leaves 3-nerved at base Bracts spathulate; peduncle longer than the petiole... G. orbiculata 6. Bracts linear or lanceolate; peduncle much shorter than the petiole...g. villosa 7. Leaves orbicular or rhomboid; stipules shorter than the petiole...g. abutilifolia 7. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate; stipules longer than the petiole Style pilose; ovules more than G. flavescens 8. Style glabrous; ovules less than 8... G. hirsuta Grewia abutilifolia Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat 4: ; FBI 1: ; FPL ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR G. aspera Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FPM G. macrophylla Naray. & Rao, J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 29: , non G.Don Shrubs, branches densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves 15 x 10 cm, orbicular, 3-5-toothed at apex, serrate, stellate-tomentose below; petiole 1.5 cm long. Peduncle 3-5 mm long, 3-5 together; sepals 11 x 2 mm, oblong, stellate-pubescent outside; petals white, 3.5 x 1 mm, oblong, gland 1.5 x 1 mm, pubescent; gynandrophore glabrous. Drupe 13 x 10 mm, obscurely 4-lobed. Fl. & Fr. May-September Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Pandaravarai Grewia flavescens A..Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 4: ; FPM ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: G. carpinifolia sensu Mast. in Hook.f., FBI 1: , non Juss G. commutata DC., Prodr. 1: Vincentia flavescens (Juss.) Burrett, Notizbl. Bot. Gard., Berlin-Dahlem 9: Shrubs; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 9 x 4 cm, elliptic, stellately pubescent above, tomentose below, margins finely serrate, apex acute, base obtuse, truncate, transverse nerves parallel, somewhat broader above the middle, then abruptly acute; petiole to 0.5 cm; stipules to 1 cm, linear, pubescent. Flowers axillary, peduncles many in the axils, as long as the petiole; bracts ovate, puberulus; sepals 1.3 cm, oblong, acute; petals 1 cm, with a gland at the base; stamens many, to 10 mm; torus to 2 mm; ovary 2 mm, hirsute, style 1.5 cm. Fl.& Fr. November-March Distr. India and Tropical Africa. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Grewia glabra Blume, Bijdr ; FPL ; FTSR G. serrulata DC., Prodr. 1: ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: G. disperma sensu Dunn in Gamble, FPM non Rottl. ex Spreng G. laevigata sensu Mast. in Hook.f., FBI 1: , non Vahl Erect shrubs, branchlets slender, glabrous. Leaves to 13 x 4 cm, elliptic, sharply acuminate, serrate, petiole 6 mm long. Peduncle 2.5 cm long, slender, glabrous; pedicel 2 cm long, sparsely stellate hairy; sepals 19 x 4 mm, oblong, tomentose outside; petals 3.5 x 3 mm, ovate, white; gynandrophore densely hairy; stigma fimbriate. Drupelets 5 x 5 mm, globose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia and Tropical Africa. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Pooppara; Vengoli 36

61 Grewia hirsuta Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: G. roxburghii G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: , excl. syn. G. tomentosa Naray. & Rao, J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 29: , non Juss Shrubs, branches densely pilose. Leaves 5-7 x 2-3 cm, ovate, acute, rounded at base, serrate, hirsute-pubescent; petiole 3 mm long. Peduncle 10 mm long, hirsute; pedicels 10 mm long, slender; sepals 7 x 3 mm, oblong, 3-ribbed; petals 3 x 1 mm, oblong, obtuse, gland 1 x 1 mm, orbicular, hairy; filaments 1.5 mm long, anthers below the level of ovary; ovary densely hairy; style 2 mm long; stigma globose. Drupe 10 x 10 mm, obscurely 4-lobed, pilose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS 30073, NS Kuchimudi Grewia obtusa Wall. ex Dunn in Gamble, FPM ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: G. bracteata auct. non Heyne ex Roth. 1821; FBI 1: p.p. Shrubs, branchlets dark, lenticellate, young ones brown tomentose. Leaves 13 x 5 cm, ovateelliptic, apex and base obtuse, secondary nerves arched, glabrous, with hairy domatia in the nerve axils, margins finely serrate; petiole to 1.5 cm; stipules lanceolate, tomentose. Cymes leaf opposed, many flowered; buds oblong, golden tomentose; peduncles to 1 cm; bracts 7 mm, linear; sepals 2 x 0.5 cm, oblong, curved when mature; petals 0.5 cm, white; torus 3 mm; filaments unequal, to 1.5 cm, white; ovary 4 mm, hirsute, style 1.2 cm; stigma capitate, laciniate. Fl. April-July Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in secondary forests; PS Karimala Grewia orbiculata Rotl., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 4: ; FBI 1: ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: G. rotundifolia Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 4: ; FPM Shrubs; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 5 cm across, orbicular, base cordate, margins minutely serrate, basally, 5-nerved, glabrous above, thinly pubescent below; petiole to 1 cm, stipules to 1 cm, lanceolate, pubescent. Cymes many in the axils, peduncles to 1.5 cm; pedicels 8 mm; sepals 8 x 2 mm, oblong, pubescent; petals 4 x 2 mm, gland surrounded by hairs; torus elonged to 2 mm; filaments to 1.5 mm; ovary hirsute, style 5 mm, stigma capitate. Fl. February-April Distr. Endemic to India. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pandaravarai Grewia orientalis L., Sp. Pl. (ed.2) ; FPM ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: G. columnaris J.E. Smith, Rees, Cyclop. 17: ; FBI 1: Shrubs, branchlets tomentose. Leaves to 6 x 3.5 cm, ovate or obovate, acuminate, base truncate or subcordate, margins crenulate; tomentose above, glabrous beneath. Cymes axillary or leaf opposed; sepals 5, to 3 mm, lanceolate, pubescent; petals 5, to 7 mm, emarginate; ovary elongate, strigose. Fruit slightly 4-lobed, lobes to 8 mm, subglobose shortly bristly. Distr. Indo-Malesia and Tropical Africa. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Grewia tiliifolia Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: ; FBI 1: , "tiliaefolia"; FPM ; FPL ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Grewia tiliifolia Vahl var. argentea Burrett, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: Large trees; bark greyish-brown, rough; branchlets stellate-tomentose. Leaves to 18 x 12 cm, broadly ovate, acute at apex, crenate-serrate, hoary tomentose below; petiole 2 cm long. Peduncle axillary, 7 mm long; sepals 7 mm long, hairy at base inside; petals yellow, 3 x 1 mm, densely tomentose outside; filaments 3 mm long; stigma 2-3-lobed, recurved. Drupelets 1-4, to 5 mm diam., globose, reddish Fl. & Fr. April-June Distr. Tropical Africa, India to Indo-China. Very common in moist deciduous forests; PS Orukomban 37

62 Grewia villosa Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 4: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: G. orbiculata G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: , non Rotl G. corylifolia A. Rich. in Guillemin et al., Fl. Seneg. Tent. 95. t Large shrubs, branchlets villous. Leaves 8 x 9.5 cm, orbicular, serrate, transverse, nervules concentric, villosus, membranous, base cordate, apex rounded, pubescent; petiole to 2.5 cm. Cymes axillary, 1-3, peduncles to 1 cm, stout, stipules 8 mm, ovate, pubescent, pedicels to 1 cm. Fruit 1.5 cm across, light red, entire or somewhat 4-lobed, rind fibrous. Fr. & Fr. November-December Distr. Paleotropics. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi TRIUMFETTA Linnaeus 1. All leaves lobed...t. rhomboidea 1. Leaves not lobed, lower leaves sometimes lobed Leaves scabrid above, orbicular or rhomboid...t. rotundifolia 2. Leaves stellate-tomentose above, lanceolate...t. pilosa Triumfetta pilosa Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR T. oblongata Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: T. guazumaefolia Bojer, Rapp. Annuel Trav. Soc. Hist. Nat. Ile Maurice 12: T. cana Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 1: Shrubs, to 2 m high; branches stellate-hairy. Leaves to 16 x 10 cm, ovate, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, serrate, densely stellate-hairy below, 5-nerved from base. Flowers together; pedicel 3 mm long; sepals 10 x 1 mm, hairy outside; petals yellow, 7 x 2 mm, oblanceolate, hairy at base; stamens 10, filaments 7 mm long. Capsule densely glochidiatebristled. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Tropical Africa, Central and East Asia. Rare in rocky grasslands; PS Pandaravarai Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq., Enum. Pl. Carib ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Bartramia indica L., Sp. Pl , non Triumfetta indica Lam Triumfetta bartramia L., Syst. Nat. (ed.10): , nom. illeg. Triumfetta angulata Lam., Encycl. 3: Shrubs or herbs. Leaves to 7 x 7 cm, ovate to rhomboid, 3-lobed, cordate or rounded at base, acuminate at apex, densely stellate-tomentose below, 3-5-ribbed from base; petiole to 3 cm long. Flowers 3-15 together; pedicels 5 mm long; sepals 7 x 1 mm, sparsely stellate-hairy; petals 6 x 2 mm, oblanceolate, with two tufts of hairs at base. Capsule with stiff bristles Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu Triumfetta rotundifolia Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Daniel & Chandr., Fl. Ind. 3: ;. Shrubs, branchlets stellate tomentose. Leaves to 3 x 2 cm, orbicular-rhomboid, obtuse, base cuneate, serrate; petiole to 2 cm. Racemes interrupted; sepals 5, ca 3 mm, oblong, stellate tomentose; petals 5, 4 mm, obovate, ciliate; ovary spherical, prickled. Capsule 5 mm across, ovoid, woolly. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Pandaravarai Note: Present collection is an addition to the flora of Kerala 38

63 ELAEOCARPACEAE ELAEOCARPUS Linnaeus 1. Leaves densely brown tomentose on nerves below; leaves more than 15 cm long... E. tuberculatus 1. Leaves glabrous or glabrescent below; leave to 15 cm long Trees without aerial roots; sepals glabrous... E. glandulosus 2. Trees with reddish aerial roots on buttresses; sepals pubescent Fruit oblong-ellipsoid...e. serratus var. serratus 3. Fruit globose-ovoid...e. serratus var. weibelii Elaeocarpus glandulosus Wall. ex Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 32: ; Murti, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR E. tectorius sensu Ramam. in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist , non (Lour.) Poiret Large trees with broad buttresses. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate with emarginate tip, base rounded, 6-8 nerved, punctuate, domatia glandular. Racemes to 8 cm long; pedicel 3 mm long, glabrous; sepals 7 mm long, minutely pubescent outside, glandular inside; petals white, 7 mm long, fimbriate, glandular; stamens many, anthers 1.5 mm long, puberulus; ovary densely hairy. Drupe 2.5 x 2 cm oblong. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Kariyilathodu Elaeocarpus serratus L., Sp. Pl , var. serratus; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Murti, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR ; Zmarzty, Kew Bull. 56: E. oblongus Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 202. t E. cuneatus Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. t Large trees; twigs glabrous. Leaves to 9 x 4 cm, obovate, acute, narrowed to the base, serrate, 3-4-nerved; domatia glandular; petiole 1.5 cm long, glabrous. Raceme to 8 cm long; glabrous; pedicel 5 mm long, slender. Flowers greenish white; sepals 7 mm long,, densely glandulose; petals 7 mm long, glabrous; anthers 2.2 mm long, puberulus, bristles 3 or 4; ovary densely tomentose, 3-celled. Drupe 2.5 cm across, ovoid to oblong; pyrene tubercled. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala Elaeocarpus serratus L., Sp. Pl , var. weibelii Zmarzty, Kew Bull. 56: Medium trees, branchlets pubescent. Leaves to 14 x 7 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute, base acuminate, margin serrate, nerves with domatia; petiole cm. Racemes axillary or on leaf scars; pedicel 5-8 cm; sepals ca 6 x 2 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, hairy; petals 7-8 x 3 mm, obovate, apically divided; stamens inserted in a ring; ovary ca 2 x 1.5 mm, ovate, hairy, style ca 4 mm. Fruit to 1.7 x 1.5 cm, ellipsoid, stone to 1.3 x 1.2 cm, ellipsoid, shallowly rugose. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala, NS Karimala Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Murti, Fl. Ind. 3: ; FTSR Monocera tuberculata (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., Prodr Large trees, prominently buttressed; bark white; branchlets stout. Leaves to 22 x 15 cm, obovate, obtuse, entire, nerved, glabrous above; petiole 1.5 cm long, stout. Raceme to 12 cm long, ferrugineous tomentose; pedicel 2 cm long deflexed. Flowers facing downwards; sepals 15 x 3 mm, lanceolate; petals white, 18 mm long,, fimbriate, fulvous tomentose, anthers 5 mm long, thinly tomentose, bristle 3 mm long; ovary densely hairy; style 10 mm long, tomentose. Drupe 3 x 2.5 cm, ferrugineous tomentose. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Shekkalmudi 39

64 ERYTHROXYLACEAE ERYTHROXYLUM P. Browne Erythroxylum lanceolatum (Wight) Walp., Rep. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Chatterjee & Sharma, Fl. Ind. 3: Sethia lanceolata Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: S. erythroxyloides Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: Small to medium trees, bark reddish brown. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, base acute or obtuse, glabrous, to 8 x 3 cm, lateral nervous slender, faint. Flowers axillary, solitary or paired. Petals white with an erect ligule at the base. Staminal filaments united at the base to form a tube. Drupe oblong, to 1.5 x 0.4 cm; seed one. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara; NS Pezha MALPIGHIACEAE HIPTAGE J. Gaertner Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Sirvas., Fl. Ind. 4: Banisteria benghalensis L., Sp. Pl Hiptage madablota Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 169,t ; FPM Gaertnera racemosa Roxb., Pl. Corom. t & Fl. Ind. 2: Woody climbers. Leaves opposite, to 16 x 7 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, nerves 7 pairs, intercostae reticulate, green when dried; petiole 1 cm long, hirtus. Racemes 5-10 cm long; pedicels cm long, hispid; bracts lanceolate. Flowers white, calyx lobes ovate, obtuse, hispid, with a large red gland on one lobe outside; petals 5, 13 x 10 mm, obovate, obtuse, fimbriate; stamens 10, free; ovary densely hairy; style 1, 12 mm long. Wings of fruit 5 x 1.5 cm, elliptic to obovate; seeds 6 mm across, compressed. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam ZYGOPHYLLACEAE TRIBULUS Linnaeus Tribulus terrestris L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Singh & Singh, Fl. Ind. 4: T. lanuginosus L., Sp. Pl Prostrate silky herbs. Leaves opposite, imparipinnate; leaflets opposite, 4-5 pairs, 1.5 x 0.7 cm, oblong; petiole to 7 mm, petiolule 1 mm, stipules 2-3 in cluster, persistent. Flowers axillary, 1 or 2, golden yellow, 2 cm across; pedicels to 3 cm,; sepals 5, 5 mm, linear; petals 5, 7 x 4 mm; stamens 10, filaments dilated at base, disc 10-lobed; ovary 5-lobed, hirsute with bulbous hairs; stigmas 5. Fruit 1 cm across, globose, 5-angled, cocci 5, woody, each with a pair of divaricate spines. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi OXALIDACEAE 1. Leaves pinnate, crowded on the top of the stem... Biophytum 1. Leaves digitate, trifoliolate, equidistant...oxalis 40

65 BIOPHYTUM A. P. de Candolle 1. Peduncle to 8 cm long; terminal leaflet large; sepals smaller than petals...b. reinwardtii 1. Peduncle more than10 cm long; middle leaflet large; sepals as long as petals...b. sensitivum Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotzsch., Peters Reise Mossamb. Bot. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Manna, Fl. Ind. 4: Oxalis reinwardtii Zucc., Abh. Malth.-Phys. Cl. Koenigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 1: Unbranched herbs; stem to 20 cm tall. Leaves 5-12 cm long, collected at apex into a caudex; leaflets pairs, oblong, slightly oblique, base truncate, glabrous. Peduncle to 15 cm long, glandular-hispid. Flowers to 8 per umbel; pedicels slender, glandular; sepals 4 x 1 mm, ovatelanceolate, acute, brown; petals yellow, 7 x 2 mm, oblanceolate, with a red line in the middle. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in moist deciduous forests and moist areas; PS Parambikulam; Thellikkal Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Manna, Fl. Ind. 4: Oxalis sensitiva L., Sp. Pl Stem simple, to 15 to 40 cm long. Leaves 7-10 cm long, rachis hirsute, leaflets pairs, sparsely strigose hairy above, glaucous beneath, basal small, ovate, terminal obovate. Flowers yellow, in cm long slender hirsute umbels; peduncles congested; bracts 1.8 x 0.5 mm, ovate, acute, villous; bracteoles 2 x 0.2 mm, linear, villous; sepals to 5 x 1 cm, linear, lanceolate, strigose. Seeds 1 x 0.3 mm, ovoid, tubercled. Fl. & Fr. April-August Distr. Widely distributed in Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and moist areas; PS Thellikkal OXALIS Linnaeus Oxalis corniculata L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Manna, Fl. Ind. 4: Oxalis corniculata L. var. hispida Blatt., JBNHS 34: Diffuse perennial herbs, branches slender, procumbent, rooting at lower nodes, pubescent. Leaflets sessile, obcordate, emarginate, base cuneate, pilose, to 1.5 x 1.6 cm; petiole 2-4 cm long, slender. Flowers yellow, 6 mm across, 2-many-together, in peduncled umbels; peduncles 3-7 cm long; pedicels 2 cm long, slender; sepals lanceolate, obtuse at apex; petals 7 mm long, oblong. Capsule oblong, acuminate, to 1.5 cm long; seeds 5-10 per cell, flattened to ovoid, transversely ridged. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Cosmopolitan. Common in moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Peruvaripallam BALSAMINACEAE IMPATIENS Linnaeus 1. Leaves radical; flowers in scape Leaves cauline; flowers in leafy stem Scape to 35 cm long; wing 3-lobed...I. scapiflora 2. Scape to 25 cm long wing 2-lobed...I. acaulis 3. Epiphytic herbs; lip with saccate spur Terrestrial herbs; lip without saccate spur Flowers completely green...i. viridiflora 4. Flower parts variously coloured... I. parasitica 41

66 5. Leaves opposite Leaves alternate Stem and pedicel viscid glandular...i. viscosa 6. Stem and petiole otherwise Flowers in subumbellate inflorescence on upper axils; dorsal auricle of the wings filiform... I. goughii 7. Flowers axillary not forming subumbellate inflorescence; dorsal auricle of wings not filiform Spur of the lip to 5 mm long Spur of the lip more than 10 mm long Leaves narrow; floral parts pubescent... I. herbicola 9. Leaves broad; floral parts glabrous Stipule subulate; upper leaves petiolate...i. inconspicua 10. Stipule setaceous or absent; leaves subsessile... I. oppositifolia 11. Leaves with two sessile or slaked glands on the petiole...i. minor 11. Leaves eglandular; subsessile... I. chinensis 12. Shrubs Herbs Flower axillary, solitary or in fascicles; flowers white... I. hensloviana 13. Flower in elongate peduncled axillary racemes; flowers pink Leaves hairy on both surface; spur longer than petals...i. maculata 14. Leaves glabrous or glabrescent; spur short hooked...i. wightiana 15. Capsule tomentose... I. balsamina 15. Capsule glabrous Seeds glabrous; leaves crenate, setose...i. pulcherrima 16. Seeds variously hairy; leaves crenate not setose Wings bilobed with equal lobes; standard with a keel on dorsal side... I. flaccida 17. Wings bilobed, lobes sub-equal; standard without a keel on dorsal side... I. dasysperma Impatiens acaulis Arn., Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Pandura. & Nair, JETB 20: ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Stemless herbs. Leaves to 9 x 9 cm, orbicular, obtuse, cordate at base, glabrous, margins distantly crenate or entire; nerves 4 pairs. Scape 20 cm long, many-flowered. Flowers white, 2-3 cm across, confined to the apex of the scape; bracts 4 mm long, ovate; pedicels 2.5 cm long, solitary; lip 8 mm long, broadly ovate, concave, acute; spur 3.5 cm long, slender, glabrous; lateral sepals 3 x 2 mm, ovate, acute, green; standard pink, 8 x 8 mm, orbicular, emarginate, not cuspidate; wings equally lobed, lobes 25 mm long, oblong, obtuse. Capsule 6-10 mm long, ellipsoid, acute, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. September-November Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Karimalagopuram Impatiens balsamina L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: I. dahlii Warb. in K. Schum. & Lauterb, Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Sudsee Stem cm high, glabrous. Leaves to 8 x 0.8 cm, narrowly lanceolate, acute at either ends, serrate; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels 8-10 mm long; lip 8 x 4 mm, saccate, cuspidate, densely hairy; spur 10 mm long, curved, densely hairy; sepals minute; standard 6.5 x 8 mm, orbicular, emarginate and cuspidate, hairy, cusp 4-5 mm long; wings 14 x 8 mm, 2-lobed, basal lobe 5 x 4 mm, rounded; terminal lobe notched at apex. Capsule ellipsoid, acute, tomentose; seeds few, rugulose, brown. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Indo-Malesia; introduced into may countries. Common in moist localities of semievergreen and moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli 42

67 Impatiens chinensis L., Sp. Pl. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: I. fasciculata Lam., Dict. 1: Unbranched herbs, stem to 40 cm high, reddish. Leaves to 10 x 1 cm, linear-oblong, cordate at base, distantly crenate, glabrous. Flowers binate, axillary; lip 8 mm long, acuminate and curved back at apex; spur 15 mm long, slender; standard 4 x 6 mm, orbicular, emarginate; terminal lobe of wing 14 mm long, ovate, obtuse, pink; basal lobe 4 mm long; dorsal auricle 4.5 mm long, slender. Capsule 10 mm long, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. India and China. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Orukomban Impatiens dasysperma Wight, Madras J. Lit. Sci. ser. 1. 5: 7, t ; FBI ; FPM ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Erect herbs, 30 cm high. Leaves to 11 x 3.5 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, acute at base, crenate, hairy below; petiole 4 cm long. Flowers 20 mm across, solitary or binate, axillary; pedicels 3 cm long; lip 7 x 4 mm, acuminate, glabrous; spur 17 mm long, narrow, minutely hairy; sepals small, ovate, acute, hairy; standard 9 x 6 mm, obovate, emarginate at apex, sharply cuspidate, keeled, keel ciliate; wings 9 x 10 mm, equally 2-lobed, lobes obovate, obcordate. Capsule 12 x 6 mm, glabrous; seeds 1.5 mm ovoid, minutely hirtus. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Orukomban Impatiens flaccida Arn., Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Erect herbs; stem cm high, glabrous. Leaves 5-7 x cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, crenate, eglandular, glabrous; nerves 10 pairs; petiole 2-3 cm long. Flowers solitary or paired, axillary; pedicels to 5 cm long; lip 6 x 3.5 cm, acute; spur cm long, slender, glabrous; sepal 2 x 1 mm, ovate, acute; standard 8-10 mm long, broadly oblong, emarginate at apex, keeled; lobes of wings equal, 13 mm long, obtuse, pink, dorsal auricle short, obtuse. Capsule 12 x 5 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds minutely hairy. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in moist areas; PS Thellikkal Impatiens goughii Wight, Ill. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: I. anamallayensis Bedd., Ic. t I. microtheca Hook.f. in Hook.'s Ic. Pl. 30: t Herbs, stem cm high, reddish, glabrous. Leaves opposite, 2-5 x 2-3 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, serrate, with stalked glands towards base, glabrous; petiole 1-3 cm long, glabrous. Peduncles 4-6 cm long, glabrous. Flowers in racemes; lip boat-shaped, acute, cuspidate; spur 8-10 mm long, cylindric, curved, acute; sepals ovate, acute; standard 3-4 x 3 mm, orbicular; wings 10 mm long, 3-lobed, lobes shallow, equal; dorsal auricle slender, produced into the spur. Capsule 6 x 4 mm, ellipsoid, acute, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. June-November Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in moist rocky areas; PS Thellikkal Impatiens hensloviana Arn., Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: I. albida Wight, Madras J. 5: & Ic. t Shrubs, young stem ribbed. Leaves alternate, clustered towards the apex, to 15 x 6 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, pubescent above and below; petiole to 10 cm long, pubescent. Flowers 4 cm across, solitary or paired, axillary; pedicels to 10 cm long, hairy; lip 12 mm long, funnel-shaped; spur 4.5 cm long; tomentose; sepals 8 x 4 mm, elliptic, acuminate; standard 14 43

68 mm long, broadly ovate, keeled; wings 20 mm long, 2-lobed; lobes subequal, obovate, white with red lines, glabrous. Capsule cm, ellipsoid, acute; seeds many, 3 x 2 mm, ovate, acute, brown, rugose. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in moist rocky areas; PS Karimala Impatiens herbicola Hook. f., Kew Bull. 1911: ; FPM ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Glabrous herbs. Leaves to 4.5 x 0.5 cm, linear-oblong. Flowers paired, axillary; pedicels 1.5 cm long, pubescent on one side along a line. Lip 5 x 2 mm, boat-shaped, cuspidate, hairy; spur inconspicuous; sepals 4.5 mm long, linear, pubescent; standard 3 x 3.5 mm, obovate; keel ciliate, produced into a short cusp; wings 5 x 2 mm, 2-lobed; basal lobe shorter, dorsal auricle minute. Capsule 7-10 mm long, glabrous; seeds many, glabrous, dark-brown. Fl. & Fr. September-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala Impatiens inconspicua Benth. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: I. inconspicua Benth. ex Wight & Arn. var. filiformis (Wight & Arn.) Hook.f., FBI 1: I. pusilla var. nematostachys Hook.f., Kew Bull. 1910: I. pusilla Heyne ex Hook. f. & Thoms., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4: ; FPM Branched herbs. Leaves 4-5 x 1.5 cm, elliptic to linear-oblong, cordate at base; petiole to 1 cm long; upper leaves narrower with smaller petioles. Pedicel binate, 2 cm long. Lip 4 x 2.5 mm, saccate near the base, spurless; sepals 4 x 0.5 mm, linear; standard 4 x 4 mm, obtusely acute at apex; keel ciliate; wings 6.5 x 3 mm, 2-lobed, lobes unequal, lower lobe smaller, glabrous, yellowish-blue. Capsule 12 x 4 mm, glabrous; seeds few, 2 x 1.5 mm, globose, black, shining. Fl. & Fr. July-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in moist areas; PS Thellikkal Impatiens maculata Wight, Madras J. ser.1. 5: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Herbs; stem blotched with brown spots, ribbed. Leaves scattered, x 3-6 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, crenate-serrate, pubescent; petiole to 7 cm long;. Racemes to 17 cm long, axillary; pedicels to 3 cm long. Flowers 3 cm across, solitary at nodes; lip 10 mm long, cuspidate; spur 15 mm long, tubular; sepals 6 x 3.5 mm, ovate; standard 5 x 6 mm, orbicular; wings mm long; lower lobe very small, rose coloured; upper lobe x mm, obovate, obtuse. Capsule 8 x 6 mm, bulged to one side, glabrous; seeds many, ovoid, smooth, brown. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in wet areas evergreen forests; PS 19780, NS Pooppara Impatiens minor (DC.) Bennet, Indian J. For. 2: ; FTSR ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Balsamina minor DC., Prodr. 1: Impatiens kleinii Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM Slender erect herbs; stem cm high, glabrous. Leaves opposite, 3-8 x cm, ellipticoblong, sub-entire, acute at either ends; base with stalked glands. Flowers paired, axillary; pedicel 15 mm long, deflexed in fruit; lip 4 x 1.5 mm, acute; spur 10 mm long, straight, slender; sepals 4 mm long, ovate; standard 5 x 4 mm, concave, acute; wings 8 x 3 mm, unlobed, obovate, stalked, white to pink. Capsule 13 x 2 mm, linear, glabrous; seeds few, 1.5 mm long, biconvex, dark-brown. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala 44

69 Impatiens oppositifolia L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Slender glabrous, erect or decumbent herbs. Leaves subsessile, linear-oblong, acute, base rounded, margin serrulate or subentire, to 6 x 0.7 cm. Flowers pink-purple, cm across; pedicels slender, 1.5 cm long, in fruits to 2.5 cm long. Lateral sepals lanceolate, 2.5 mm long; lower sepal boat-shaped, spur 1-2 mm long. Standard petal cucullate, cuspidate; wings broadly obovate. Capsule fusiform, 1 cm long. Fl. & Fr. July-October Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thellikkal Impatiens parasitica Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. ser.2. 20: 66. t.7. f & Ic. t ; FPM ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: I. jerdoniae Wight var. parasitica (Bedd.) Hook.f., FBI 1: Epiphytic herbs; stem succulent, unevenly thickened, reddish. Leaves to 5 x 2.5 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, serrate, collected towards the apex, glabrous; petiole to 1.5 cm long. Cymes 2-4-flowered, axillary; peduncle 2 cm long, glabrous. Flowers 2 cm long; pedicels to 1.5 cm long; lip greenish at mouth, rest scarlet; spur 13 x 7 mm, reddish, striate, broad, obtuse; sepals 3 mm long, linear, green, acute; standard 12 x 14 mm, green with yellow margins, with a strong midrib; wings 7 x 7 mm, 2-lobed, lower lobe larger, flat, enter into the spur of the lip, red. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Impatiens pulcherrima Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Herbs or subshrubs; cm high. Leaves alternate, to 10 x 3 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, acute at base, serrate, glabrous; petiole 3 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary or paired; pedicels 3.5 cm long, slender; lip 10 x 5 mm, boat-shaped, acuminate, keeled; spur mm long, slender, curved; sepals minute; standard 8 x 10 mm, notched at apex, cuspidate from back, keeled, glabrous; wings 16 mm long, 2-lobed; lobes subequal, oblong, obtuse, light-pink. Capsule 10 x 3 mm, glabrous; seeds few, 1.5 x 1 mm, obovoid, rugose. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Kariamchola Impatiens scapiflora Heyne ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: I. rivalis Wight, Ic. t Stemless herbs. Leaves to 13 x 8 cm, ovate, obtuse, cordate at base, glabrous; petiole cm long. Scape to 35 cm long. Flowers 4 cm across, confined towards the apex; bracts 5-8 mm long, ovate, acute; pedicels 4-5 cm long; lip ovate, obtuse, spur 4-5 cm long, glabrous; sepals 4 x 3 mm, ovate, acute; standard concave at base, obtuse at apex; lobes of wings subequal, oblong, obtuse. Capsule 1.2 cm long, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds glandular-hairy. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in moist rocky areas; PS Orukomban Impatiens viridiflora Wight, Madras J. Lit. Sci. Ser. 1, 5: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Stem succulent, cylindrical, reddish or greenish coloured. Leaves 3-5 x 2-3 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, glabrous, usually collected towards the tip of the stem; petiole 1-2 cm long. Cymes 1-4 flowered, axillary or terminal; pedicels drooping. Flowers scarlet-green; lip 1 cm 45

70 broad at mouth, produced into the spur, scarlet or pink, glabrous; sepals 8 x 2 mm, ovate, green and pink; standard broad, reddish; wings 12 mm long, 2-lobed; lobes orbicular, obtuse, red,. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; NS 5649 Karimala Hills Impatiens viscosa Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. Ser. 1, 10: 66. t.7. f ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: I. ballardii Bedd., Ic. 44, t ; FBI 1: Erect annuals, cm high. Leaves opposite, to 7 x 4 cm, acute at either ends, crenate, glabrous; petioles cm long, eglandular. Peduncles 8-10 cm long, axillary. Flowers restricted to the terminal portion; pedicels 2 cm long, slender; lip 7 x 4 mm, ovate, acuminate; spur 15 mm long, ensiform, acute; sepals ovate, acute; standard 4 x 4 mm, rounded at apex; wings 15 x 8 mm, 2-lobed; lower lobe very small; dorsal auricle filiform, 10 mm long, produced into the spur. Capsule 10 x 4mm, glabrous; seeds many, 1 x 0.5 mm, densely hairy, dark-brown. Fl. & Fr. September-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala Impatiens wightiana Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. Ser : & Ic. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Vivek. et al., Fl. Ind. 4: Erect glabrous herbs. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded or obtuse, margins serrate or crenate; petiole to 7 cm long with a few stipitate glands below the lamina. Racemes cm long; flowers 2 cm long, white with pink shade. Sepals small. Standard orbicular, apiculate. Lip funnel shaped, spur short, incurved. Fl. & Fr. June-September Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in moist shades of evergreen forests; PS Pooppara RUTACEAE 1. Rachis and petiole winged... Naringi 1. Rachis and petiole wingless Leaves simple Leaves compound Climbing shrubs with recurved axillary thorns... Paramignya 3. Erect shrubs or trees, with or without strait axillary thorns Petiole to 2.5 cm long; flowers in long peduncled corymbs... Acronychia 4. Petiole to 1 cm long; flowers in short racemes, panicles or fascicles... Atalantia 5. Climbers, armed with axially or extra-axillary prickles Erect shrubs or trees, unarmed rarely truncate with long prickles Leaflets entire; stamen more than 8... Luvunga 6. Leaflets serrate; stamen to 6... Toddalia 7. Leaves opposite... Melicope 7. Leaves alternate Stamens equal to the number of sepals...zanthoxylum 8. Stamens twice to the number of sepals Leaflets digitate; flowers unisexual... Vepris 9. Leaflets pinnate; flowers bisexual Anthers glandular; style persistent... Glycosmis 10. Anthers eglandular; style deciduous Leaflets glabrous; alternating stamens longer... Murraya 11. Leaflets pubescent below; stamens all equal... Clausena 46

71 ACRONYCHIA J. R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bot. Suppl ; FPL ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Jambolifera pedunculata L., Sp. Pl Acronychia laurifolia Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenz ; FBI 1: ; FPM A. barberi Gamble, Kew Bull. 1915: & FPM Small trees. Leaves 9-15 x 3-6 cm, obovate to oblong, obtusely acute at apex, acute at base. Panicle 5-8 cm across, axillary; peduncle to 6 cm long. Flowers bisexual, many, pedicelled; sepals 4, 1.5 mm long, ovate, obtuse; petals 4, 6 x 2 mm, oblong, densely hairy within; stamens 8, 2-seriate; filaments unequal, densely reflexed-hairy; anthers oblong; ovary 4-celled, tomentose; style 1, 3 mm long. Drupe 10 mm across, globose, obtusely 3-angled. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS 19134, Kariamchola; NS Orukomban ATALANTIA Correa 1. Inflorescence corymbose; calyx cupular...a. monophylla 1. Inflorescence racemose or fascicled; calyx not cupular Fruit ellipsoid; filaments free...a. wightii 2. Fruit globose; filaments united at least in lower half... A. racemosa var. bourdillonii Atalantia monophylla (L.) DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Limonia monophylla L., Mant. Pl. 2: Malnaregam malabarica Raf., Sylv. Tellur Atalantia floribunda Wight, Ic. t Small trees, spines straight, axillary, 1.5 cm. Leaves to 6 x 3 cm long, elliptic, lanceolate, apex emarginate. Corymbs axillary, to 1.5 cm, pedicels 1 cm long, pubescent; flowers white; calyx 4-lobed; petals 4, 9 x 4 mm; ovary 4-celled. Berry 3 cm across, globose. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala Atalantia racemosa Wight var. bourdillonii Nairayanan Nair & Nayar, Indian J. For. 13: ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Small evergreen trees. Leaves elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, obtusely acuminate, shortly emarginate, base broadly cuneate, glabrous, 8-12 x 3-5 cm; lateral nerves pairs; petiole 0.5 to 1 cm long. Flowers shortly pedicelled, in axillary racemes. Calyx 4-lobed, ciliate along the margins. Petals 4, oblong. Stamens 8, staminal tube glabrous. Ovary glandular punctate; style short. Berry subglobose,2 cm across. Fl. & Fr. April-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Muthuvarachal; Puliyala; NS Kottayali Atalantia wightii Tanaka, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 75: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: A. ceylanica (Arn.) Oliver, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 5. Suppl. 2: , p.p. excl. basionym, quoad tantum specim. Nilgiri; Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPM Shrubs to 2 m high; branchlets minutely hispid. Leaves 8-11 x 3-5 cm, ovate, acute, tip rounded or emarginate, acute at base; nerves pairs, prominent below, glabrous. Raceme to 1 cm long, pedicels 5 mm long, hispid. Flowers 12 mm across; sepals 2 mm long, ovate, acute, ciliate, petals white, 9 x 2 mm, oblong, obtuse; stamens 8, filaments 4 mm long, inner ones smaller; style 5 mm long. Fl. January-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara; NS Kottayali 47

72 CLAUSENA N. L. Burman 1. Flowers in axillary compound racemes, tetramerous... C. anisata 1. Flowers in terminal corymbs or panicles, pentamerous Young shoots puberulus; flowers in corymbs... C. indica 2. Young shoots glabrous; flowers in thyrsoid panicles...c. austroindica Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Amyris anisata Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: C. willdenowii Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM C. willdenowii Wight & Arn. var. pubescens (Wight & Arn.) Hook. f., FBI 1: C. dentata (Willd.) Roem. var. dulcis (Bedd.) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 28: C. dentata (Willd.) Roem. var. pubescens (Wt.& Arn.) Tanaka, J. Bot. 68: ; FTSR Shrubs to small trees; bark brown; twigs puberulus. Leaves to 25 cm long; leaflets 7-9 pairs, sub-opposite, to 6 x 3 cm; ovate, acute, nerves 9 pairs, pubescent below. Panicles to 10 cm long, axillary. Flowers pedicelled; 8-10 mm across; sepals 4, 1 mm long, oblong, obtuse; petals 5 mm long, obovate, concave; stamens 8, filaments unequal, glabrous. Berry 8 mm across, globose, glandular; seeds few, seated in yellow pulp. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Africa. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Clausena austroindica Stone & Nair, Nordic J. Bot. 14: ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Shrubs. Leaf cm long, 7 or 8 foliolate; leaflets to 15 x 6 cm, elliptic, acute at apex, attenuate at base; petiolule 5 mm long. Panicle 20 x 5 cm, terminal. Flowers shortly pedicelled, 4 mm across; sepals 4 or 5, very small, ovate, acute; petals yellow, 3 x 2 mm, concave, glabrous; filaments shorter than anthers, thickened at base; ovary depressed, globose; style constricted at base. Berry to 10 x 7 mm, ovoid; seeds 1, ovoid, rugulose. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliver, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 5: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Piptostylis indica Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 33. t Small trees. Leaves to 23 x 10 cm, foliolate; leaflets alternate, 7 x 4 cm, ovate, oblique at base, acute or obtuse at apex; lateral nerves 5 pairs; petiolule 3 mm long. Panicle to 10 cm across, terminal or subterminal, branches puberulus. Flowers sessile, 3 mm across; sepals ovate, acute, ciliate; petals greenish white, 2.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, glabrous; stamens 10, filaments glabrous, Berry 8 mm across, globose, dark blue; seeds 1-4, biconvex, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS 19219, 19562, Kariamchola; Kuchimudi; Pezha GLYCOSMIS Correa 1. Flowers in short axillary cymes; ovary seated on minutes fleshy disk... G. cyanocarpa var. cymosa 1. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles; ovary seated on a distinct gynophore Sepals glabrous; berry more than 1.5 cm across...g. macrocarpa 2. Sepals ciliate; berry to 1 cm across Ovary puberulus; peduncles and branches ferrugenously pubescent... G. pentaphylla 3. Ovary glabrous; peduncles and branches rusty pubescent... G. mauritiana 48

73 Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng. var. cymosa Kurz, J. Bot. 14: ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Cookia cyanocarpa Blume, Bijdr. 3: Glycosmis cymosa (Kurz) Narayana Swamy, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14: Small slender trees, branchlets glabrous. Leaves mostly 3-5 foliolate; leaflets lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, entire, glabrous, to 12 x 3 cm; lateral nerves ca. 10 pairs, slender; petiolule ca. 3 mm long. Flowers creamy white, buds globose. Calyx lobes short, ciliolate along margins. Petals 5, glandular. Stamens 10. Ovary ovoid or oblong, glabrous, 4-5 celled. Berry pink-red, ca. 1 cm long. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. India and Myanmar. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban; NS Karimala Glycosmis macrocarpa Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: G. pentaphylla Hook. f. var. macrocarpa (Wight) Hook.f., FBI 1: Shrubs, to 2 m high; leaflets 3-7, to 22 x 7 cm, elliptic, obtusely acuminate at apex, acute at base, pale beneath, nerves 8 pairs; petiolule 5 mm long. Panicle 4 x 3 cm, terminal, congested; peduncle to 3 cm long. Flowers 4 mm across, densely packed; sepals triangular, acute, spreading; petals 2 x 1 mm, ovate, obtuse; stamens 10, filaments equal to anthers in length; ovary 3-celled. Berry globose, greenish-red. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; Pooppara Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka, Bot. Not. 1928: ; FPL ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Limonia mauritiana Lam., Encycl. 3: L. pentaphylla Roxb., Pl. Corom. t , non Retz Glycosmis pentaphylla sensu Narayana., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14: , excel syn. Shrubs to 1.5 m high; stem reddish, glabrous or puberulus. Leaves 5-foliolate, leaflets to 18 x 7 cm, obovate, obtuse at apex, acute at base, nerves pairs, reticulate beneath. Panicle to 10 x 5 cm, ferrugineous tomentose. Flowers 4 mm across, sessile; sepals triangular, ciliate, petals white, 3 x 2 mm, obovate, obtuse, glandular; stamens 10; filaments shorter than anthers. Berry pale pink, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS 19127, NS Kariamchola Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC., Prodr. 1: , quoad basionym; FBI 1: , p.p; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Limonia pentaphylla Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: L. arborea Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Glycosmis arborea (Roxb.) DC., Prodr. 1: G. cochinchinensis Gamble, FPM p.p, non (Lour.) Pierre ex Engl Shrubs to small trees. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 3-7, elliptic or oblong, acute, acuminate or obtuse, finely serrate or entire, glabrous, 7-15 x cm; lateral nerves 5-7, faint. Flowers creamy white. Peduncle brown tomentose. Calyx lobes minute, ciliolate along the margins. Stamens 10, filaments tapering towards apex. Berry globose, white, turning to dull pink. Fl. & Fr. September-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Kannimara LUVUNGA Buchanan-Hamilton ex Wight & Arnott Luvunga eleutherandra Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: L. sarmentosa (Blume) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 39: Triphasia sarmentosa Blume, Bijdr. 1:

74 Large woody climbing shrubs, thorns axillary, 2 cm long, recurved. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflet to 12 x 4 cm, oblong, acute or obtuse at apex, acute at base, shining above; nerves obscure; petiole 6 cm long; petiolule 8 mm long, thick. Cymes axillary, 3 cm across, sessile or shortly pedunculate. Flowers 1 cm across, shortly pedicelled; calyx cupular, shallowly 4-lobes; petals 4, 8 x 3 mm, oblong; stamens 8, filaments 4 mm long; anthers cleft at base, oblong; ovary 4-celled; ovules paired in each cell; style stout; stigma terminal, capitate. Fruit a berry, 2.5 x 2 cm, globose-oblong, smooth; seeds 1-4-oblong, covered with mucilaginous pulp. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pezha MELICOPE J. R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Hartley, Sandakania 4: ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Fagara lunu-ankenda Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 334, t. 68. f Euodia lunuankenda (Gaertn.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR E. roxburghiana (Cham.) Benth., Fl. Hongk ; FBI 1: E. lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Merr. var. tirunelvelica Henry & Chandrab., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 15: Medium size trees; bark brown, smooth; branchlets minutely pubescent. Leaves opposite, 3- foliolate; leaflets to 18 x 8 cm, elliptic, abruptly acuminate at apex, acute at base; nerves pairs, parallel; petiole 10 cm long. Panicle 15 x 5 cm, axillary, densely pubescent. Flowers unisexual, polygamous, 3 mm across; sepals 4, 1 mm long, ovate, acute, tomentose; petals 4, 2 mm long, ovate; stamens 4, free; ovary deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; stigma 4- lobed. Fruits 4, 1-seeded cocci, 3 mm diam.; seeds globose, rugose. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara MURRAYA J.G.Koenig ex Linnaeus Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack., Malay. Misc. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Chalcas paniculata L., Mant. Pl. 1: Murraya exotica L., Mant. Pl. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Shrubs; branchlets white, glabrous. Leaves pinnately 3-5 foliolate, leaflets 3-8 x 2-4 cm, ovate, obtusely acuminate, crenulate, terminal the largest. Flowers 3-7 together in axillary cymes; sepals 5,1 mm long, ovate, acute; petals white, 17 x 6 mm, oblanceolate, clawed, imbricate; stamens 10, 2-seriate, filaments 8 mm long, inner smaller; anthers ovate; ovary 2- celled; oblong, glabrous; style slender; stigma capitate. Berry 15 x 7 mm, oblong, reddish; seeds planoconvex, densely white-woolly. Fl. & Fr. May-October Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala; Kottayali NARINGI Adanson Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicols. in Sald. & Nicols., Fl Hassan Dist ; FPL ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Limonia crenulata Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FPM Hesperethusa crenulata (Roxb.) Roem., Syn. Monogr. 1: Limonia acidissima sensu Hook. f., FBI 1: , non L Large shrubs or small trees, armed with axillary erect spines; branchlets angled, white. Leaves 3-7-foliolate; leaflets opposite, to 5 x 2 cm, elliptic-obovate, obtuse or obtusely acute, crenate; rachis winged. Flowers 6-8 mm across, 3-6 together in axillary cymes; pedicel 10 mm long; sepals 4, free or united at base; petals 4, 4 x 2 mm, oblong, white; stamens 8, filaments equal; anthers sagitate at base; ovary globose, 4-celled; style stout; stigma capitate. Berry 8 mm across, globose; seeds 1-3, ovoid, dull yellow, smooth. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Very common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli 50

75 PARAMIGNYA Wight Paramignya monophylla Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: 108, t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Climbing shrubs, branches with recurved axillary thorns. Leaflet ovate-oblong or elliptic, obtuse or acute, mucronate, base rounded, coriaceous, glabrous, 5-10 x 25-5 cm; lateral nerves and reticulation not prominent. Flowers 1-3, axillary; calyx cupular, 5-lobed, pubescent; petals white, narrowly oblong, imbricate; stamens 10; ovary densely pubescent; style puberulent. Fl. March Distr. South Asia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban TODDALIA A. L. Jussieu Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: ; FPM ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Paullinia asiatica L., Sp. Pl Toddalia aculeata (Smith) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: ; FBI 1: Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. var. floribunda (Wall.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal pt.2, Nat. Hist. 44: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. var. obtusifolia Gamble, FPM Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. var. gracilis Gamble, FPM Erect or climbing shrubs, usually armed with prickles. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets to 9 x 4 cm, elliptic-obovate, obtuse or obtusely acute, entire or crenulate, nerves many, closely packed. Panicles axillary or terminal. Flowers pedicelled, unisexual; sepals 4 or 5, united below; petals 4 or 5, oblong, yellow; stamens in male flowers 5, filaments equal, spreading; anthers oblong, obtuse; ovary 4 or 5-celled, ovoid, glabrous, ovule 2 in each cell; style absent, stigma capitate, sessile. Berry 7 x10 mm, depressed-globose; seeds 1-4, ovoid, in fleshy pulp. Fl. & Fr. December-August Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Vengoli; Pooppara; NS Karimala VEPRIS Commerson ex A. Jussieu Vepris bilocularis (Wight & Arn.) Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3: & (ed.2) 19a: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Toddalia bilocularis Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: Dipetalum bioculare (Wight & Arn.) Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: Medium trees, bark white corky; branchlets glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets to 19 x 7 cm, obovate-oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, entire; nerves many, closely parallel, joining into an intramarginal vein; petiole to 7 cm long. Panicles 6 x 5 cm, terminal. Flowers 4 mm across, polygamous; pedicels 3 mm long; sepals 3, ovate, free; petals 3, orbicular; stamens 3, equal, filaments broad at base; anthers ovate, sagitate at base; ovary 2-celled and conical in male flowers, 4-celled and globose in female flowers. Fruit a berry, 15 x 12 mm, 2-4 celled; seeds planoconvex. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali ZANTHOXYLUM Linnaeus 1. Leaves digitate; branchlets unarmed or with small retrorse prickles... Z. ovalifolium 1. Leaves pinnate; trunk with woody prickles... Z. rhetsa Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Erect shrubs; stem brownish, smooth; leaflets digitate, to 12 x 4.5 cm, elliptic-obovate, abruptly acuminate, glabrous, nerves pairs with an irregular intramarginal vein; petioles 51

76 5-10 cm long. Panicle 3 x 2 cm, axillary, puberulus. Flowers few; male flowers 2-3 mm long; sepals 4, triangular; petals 2-3 mm long, white; stamens 4; female flowers 3-4 mm long; staminodes 4, filiform; pedicels 5 mm long. Capsule 6 mm across, globose, dark brown, seed 1, globose, shining. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Karimala Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Nair & Nayar, Fl. Ind. 4: Fagara rhetsa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Zanthoxylum limonella (Dennst.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceyl. 6: Fagara budrunga Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Zanthoxylum budrunga (Roxb.) DC., Prodr. 1: ; FBI ; FPM Medium deciduous trees, armed with stout prickles. Leaves imparipinnate, clustered at the apex of branchlets, cm long; leaflets 13-21, opposite, elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong, caudate acuminate, base oblique, entire, glabrous, to 12 x 5 cm; lateral nerves pairs, slender. Flowers pedicelled, 2-3 mm across, greenish-yellow, in terminal cymose panicles. Fruit tubercled; seeds globose, smooth, 3 mm across. Fl. & Fr. December-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Pooppara SIMAROUBACEAE AILANTHUS Desfontaines Ailanthus excelsa Roxb., Pl. Corom. 1: 24, t ; FBI 1: ; Basak, Fl. Ind. 4: Pongelion wightii Tieghem, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 1: Medium trees. Leaves pari or imparipinnate, to 1 m long; leaflets alternate to subopposite, 8-14 pairs, 15 x 8 cm, ovate, lanceolate, acute, base unequal, truncate, widely dentate along the lower half, densely tomentose on the lower side, thinly on the upper side; petiole to 3 cm. Panicles subterminal; flowers polygamous, pedicels 0.8 cm; sepals 5, 1 mm, ovate, pubescent; petals 5; stamens 10, inserted at the base of 10-lobed disc, filaments 1 mm; anthers oblong, 2 mm. Fl. December-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi BURSERACEAE 1. Branchlets velvety tomentose; stamens connate into a tube...canarium 1. Branchlets glabrous; stamen free Leaflets ovate or oblong, apex caudate; flowers 4-merous... Commiphora 2. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, apex acuminate; flowers 5-merous...Garuga CANARIUM Linnaeus Canarium strictum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Chithra & Henry, Fl. Ind. 4: C. sikkimense King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 62: 187, t.11, C. resiniferum Brace ex King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 62: Large trees, bark white, peeling, exuding a resin; branchlets dark-fulvous-tomentose. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, cm long; leaflets 9-11 pairs, 16 x 7 cm, ovate, acuminate, serrulate, nerves parallel. Flowers in large terminal panicles, 3-6 together; calyx cupular, 5-52

77 lobed, densely tomentose; petals 3, white, 1 cm long, oblong, stamens 6, filaments connate at base; ovary 2 or 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; styles 1, stout; stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe, 3.5 x 1.5 cm, ellipsoid, dark blue, 1-3-celled; seeds 1-3. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. India and Myanmar. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha COMMIPHORA N. J. Jacquin Commiphora caudata (Wight & Arn.) Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: ; FPM ; Chithra & Henry, Fl. Ind. 4: Protium caudatum Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: P. caudatum Wight & Arn. var. roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Bennet in Hook. f., FBI 1: P. roxburghiana Wight & Arn., Prodr Armed trees, bark green, peeling off in thin scales. Leaves 3-7-foliate, rachis 6-15 cm; leaflets opposite, 6 x 4.5 cm, ovate, oblong or elliptic; petiole to 6 cm. Flowers polygamous, bisexual flowers-sepals 4, ovate; petals 4, 4 mm, cream, reflexed; stamens 8, 1 and 2 mm; ovary ovoid, stigma 2-lobed. Drupe 1.5 x 1 cm, globose. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi GARUGA Roxburgh Garuga floribunda Decne., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3: , var. gamblei (W. Smith) Kalkam, Blumea 7: ; Chithra & Henry, Fl. Ind. 4: G. gamblei King ex W. Smith, Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 4: ; FPM Medium trees, bark white with dark spots. Leaves apically clustered, to 30 cm; leaflets subopposite, 7 x cm, oblong-lanceolate, base cuneate, oblique, serrate. Panicle axillary, to 25 cm; flowers polygamous, bisexual flowers-calyx campanulate, lobes 5, 1.5 mm, ovate, tomentose; petals 4 x 2 mm, oblong, acute, yellow turns to white, disc 10-lobed, crenate; stamens 10, filaments 1.5 and 2 mm; anthers versatile; ovary pubescent, 5-celled, ovules 2 per cell, style, 2.5 mm, pubescent, stigma 5-lobed. Drupe 1.5 x 1 cm, globose, 4-lobed. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. India, Bangladesh and West China. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi MELIACEAE 1. Petiole winged... Naregamia 1. Petiole not winged Seeds winged; cells many ovuled Seeds not winged; cells one or two ovuled Young shoots glabrous; filaments free...toona 3. Young shoots tomentose; filaments united... Chukrasia 4. Perennial herbs or subshrubs... Munronia 4. Trees or woody shrubs Leaflets entire Leaflets toothed Leaves with domatia in the nerve axils... Reinwardtiodendron 6. Leaves without domatia in the nerve axils Peduncle to 25 cm long; staminal tube with bilobed appendages...trichilia 7. Peduncle to 10 cm long; staminal tube without bilobed appendages Young parts covered with stellate hairs or fimbriate scale; disc obscure... Aglaia 8. Young parts otherwise; disc prominent Panicles longer than the leaves, drooping; petals 3...Aphanamixis 9. Panicles shorter than the leaves, erect; petals

78 10. Leaves trifoliolate...walsura 10. Leaves 5-many, foliolate... Dysoxylum 11. Leaves simple... Turraea 11. Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate Leaves bipinnate...melia 12. Leaves simple pinnate Branchlets tomentose; ovary 5-celled...Cipadessa 13. Branchlets glabrous; ovary 3-celled...Azadirachta AGLAIA Loureiro 1. Leaves simple...a. simplicifolia 1. Leaves 3-many foliolate Leaf rachis and nerves below densely brown tomentose...a. tomentosa 2. Leaf rachis and nerves glabrous or scaly Panicle to 40 cm long...a. perviridis 3. Panicle to 15 cm long Base of the leaflets unequal and oblique...a. lawii 4. Base of the leaflets equal and not oblique Young shoot reddish brown tomentose; seeds with white mucilaginous aril...a. barberi 5. Young shoot not brownish tomentose; seeds exarillate...a. elaeagnoidea Aglaia barberi Gamble, Kew Bull. 1915: & FPM ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Small to medium trees; bark reddish brown, smooth. Leaves to 20 cm long, 7-foliolate; leaflets to 10 x 3 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, nerves to 15 pairs; petiolule 3 mm long. Panicles to 15 x 6 cm, axillary, densely scaly. Flowers 1.5 mm across, globose; calyx rim ciliate; petals 4, 1 x 1 mm, orbicular; staminal tube i mm long; anthers 5, ovate. Berry 2.5 cm across, globose, brownish puberulus. Fl. & Fr. January-July Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; Pezha Aglaia elaeagnoidea (Juss.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 1: ; Pannell, Kew Bull. (Add. ser. XVI) ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Nemedra elaeagnoidea Juss., Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19: 259, t Aglaia roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Ludg.-Bat. 4: ; FPM A. wallichii Hiern in Hook.f., FBI 1: A. roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq. var. beddomei Gamble, FPM A. roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq. var. courtallensis Gamble, FPM A. elaeagnoides (Juss.) Benth. var. beddomei (Gamble) Nair, JBNHS 78: ; FPL ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Medium trees, bark red; branchlets covered with brownish scales. Leaves imparipinnate, cm; leaflets 5 pairs, opposite, 8-12 x cm, elliptic-obovate, apex acuminate, base crenate, scaly on both surface, densely so below. Panicles axillary, to 11 cm; flowers polygamo-dioecious, yellow; calyx campanulate, scaly; petals 5, 2 x 1 mm; staminal tube 1.5 mm, entire at apex; anthers included. Fl. February-May Distr. Indo-Malesia to Pacific Islands. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Aglaia lawii (Wight) Sald. in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FPL ; Pannell, Kew Bull. (Add. ser. XVI) ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Nimmonia lawii Wight, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 7: Nemedra nimmonii Dalz. & Gibs., Bombay Fl Amoora lawii (Wight) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM 54

79 Amoora canarana (Turcz.) Hiern in Hook. f., FBI 1: Aglaia jainii Viswan. & Ramach., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24: (1983). Trees; branchlets and younger parts covered with light brown fimbriate scales. Leaves 6-8 foliolate; leaflets to 15 x 7 cm, elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate at apex, oblique at base, densely scaly; nerves 7-9 pairs, nervules indistinct; petiole 1 cm long. Panicle to 10 x 8 cm, axillary. Flowers 5 mm across; calyx 3 mm across, cupular, lobes obscure; petals 4 x 4 mm, orbicular, concave, glabrous, not spreading; staminal tube 3 mm long, globose; anthers 10. Berry 2 x 1.5 cm, obovoid, obtuse, smooth, brown. Fl. & Fr. February-July Distr. Indo-Malesia to Pacific Islands. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; Orukomban Aglaia perviridis Hiern in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; Pannell, Kew Bull. (Add. ser. XVI) ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: A. maiae Bourd., JBNHS 12: 350. t ; FPM ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: A. canarensis Gamble, FPM Trees, branchlets covered with reddish scales. Leaves to 45 cm long, 9-11-foliolate; leaflets to 17 x 6 cm, ovate-oblong, acute at apex, scales on midrib only; nerves to 17 pairs, irregular; petiolule 8 mm long. Panicles 40 x 20 cm, axillary, sparsely scaly. Flowers 2.5 mm across, 5- merous; calyx lobes obtuse, ciliate; petals 2 mm long, obovate; staminal tube 1.5 mm long; anthers 5. Berry 2 x 1.5 cm, ovoid, brownish-red. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms, Pflanzenf. (ed. 2) : ; Pannell, Kew Bull. (Add. ser. XVI) ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Beddomea simplicifolia Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM B. simplicifolia var. parviflora Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t B. simplicifolia var. racemosa Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t Small trees or large shrubs; branchlets stellate hairy. Leaves to 13 x 5 cm, elliptic, shortly acuminate, nerves pairs, nervules parallel; petiole 2 cm long, jointed above the middle. Panicle 5 cm across, very hairy. Flowers 6 mm across, 5-6-merous; calyx-lobes obtuse, densely hairy; petals 3 x 3 mm orbicular, dull white, glabrous; anthers 5; ovary stellate hairy. Drupe 3 x 2 cm; obovoid, acute at apex, dark brown, stellate hairy many ridged. Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. Indo-Malaysia. Fairly common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS 30226, NS Karimala Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn., Nat. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. 27: ; Pannell, Kew Bull. (Add. ser. XVI) ; FTSR A. minutiflora Bedd., Ic. t ; FPM ; FPL A. minutiflora Bedd. var. travancorica Hiern in Hook.f., FBI 1: A. cordata Hiern in Hook.f., FBI 1: Aglaia exstipulata sensu Balak. in JBNHS 67: , non (Griff.) Theobald 1883; FTM 61; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Small to medium trees, bark brown; young shoots densely brown-tomentose. Leaves to 50 cm long; leaflets pairs, to 20 x 6 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded, densely brown-tomentose below; lateral nerves to 20 pairs, parallel; petiolule 5 mm long; rachis angled. Panicle 40 x 20 cm, densely stellate-hairy; pedicels 2 mm long. Flowers 1.5 mm diam.; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals 4, orbicular, glabrous; staminal tube 1 mm long. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pooppara APHANAMIXIS Blume 55

80 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker, Indian For. 57: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Aglaia polystachya Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Amoora rohituka (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. in Wight, Cat & Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM Amoora beddomei Kosterm., Acta Bot. Neerl. 31: Shrubs or small trees. Leaves cm long, 7-17-foliolate; leaflets x 3-7 cm, opposite, ovate-oblong, acute, glabrous; nerves to 13 pairs; petiolule 5 mm long. Panicle to 70 cm long, drooping, many-flowered; pedicels 6 mm long. Flowers 8 mm across; sepals 5, orbicular, thick; petals 3, orbicular; staminal tube 4 mm long, globose; anthers 8, oblong, sessile; ovary 3-celled, conical; ovules 2 in each cell; style absent, stigma capitate, 3-ridged. Capsule cm across, 3- lobed, shortly stalked, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. July-February Distr. India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara; Pandaravarai AZADIRACHTA A. Jussieu Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Mem. Mus. Par. 19: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Melia azadirachta L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: Melia indica Brandis, Forest Fl. N. W. India Medium trees. Leaves imparipinnate, cm; leaflets 7 pairs, subopposite or opposite, 5-8 x cm, acuminate, base oblique, serrate, glabrous; petiolule to 2 cm. Panicle axillary, to 17 cm, pedicels 0.5 cm; flowers bisexual; calyx lobes 5, ovate, ciliate; petals 5 x 1.5 mm, oblong, narrowed at base, pubescent; staminal tube 10-lobed, to 4 mm, glabrous; anthers slightly exserted; ovary 3-celled, ovules 2 per cell, stigma 3-lobed. Drupe 1.5 x 0.5 cm, oblong. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. Indo-Malesia. Grown as an avenue plant; PS Parambikulam CHUKRASIA A. Jussieu Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss., Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19: 251. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: C. velutina Roem., Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 1: Tall trees; branchlets glabrous or velvety hairy. Leaves to 30 cm long, imparipinnate; leaflets alternate, to 13 x 6 cm, ovate, acute, sharply unequal at base, glabrous or hairy; petiolule 1 cm long. Panicle to 20 cm across, terminal; bracts lanceolate. Flowers bisexual, yellowish-white, calyx campanulate, 6 mm across, 3 mm long, hairy or glabrous; petals 5-6, 10 mm long, oblong; staminal tube cylindrical, anthers 10; ovary densely hairy, 3-5-celled; ovules many in each cell, style stout, stigma clavate. Fruit a capsule, 5 x 4 cm, 4-5-valved, glabrous; seeds many, winged. Fl. & Fr. February-December Distr. Indo-China. Common in evergreen forests; PS 19409, Kariamchola CIPADESSA Blume Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Melia baccifera Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Ekebergia indica Roxb. ex Hoffsgg. Verz. Pfl.-Kult. (Suppl. 2) 9, & Fl. Ind. 2: Cipadessa fruticosa Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 1: Shrubs. Leaves to 30 cm long, 7-9-foliolate; leaflets to 10 x 5 cm, elliptic, acute, serrate, hispid along the nerves below. Flowers 5 mm across, in long peduncled axillary cymes; calyx cupular, 5-lobed; petals 3.5 x 1 mm, oblong, pale yellow; stamens 10, filaments adnate below; anthers oblong; ovary truncate, 5-celled, glabrous, 5-celled; ovules 2 in each cell style one short; stigma clavate. Drupe 5 mm across, reddish, glabrous; seeds 1 or 2, angled. Fl. & Fr. Almost throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli DYSOXYLUM Blume 56

81 1. Leaflets alternate; ovary 2 celled... D. beddomei 1. Leaflets opposite or sub-opposite; ovary 3-5 celled...d. malabaricum Dysoxylum beddomei Hiern in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Small trees; branchlets minutely hispid. Leaves to 25 cm long; leaflets 5-9, alternate, to 13 x 5 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, nerves to 20 pairs, parallel; petiolule 1 cm long. Panicle cm across, axillary. Flowers few; calyx 4 mm across, cupular, sub-entire, hispid; petals 4, 5 x 2.5 mm, oblong, hispid outside; staminal tube hispid along 4 vertical lines outside; disc toothed. Capsule 8 x 6 cm, obovoid, stalked, acute at apex, vertically ridged, coarsely rugose. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex Hiern in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: D. glandulosum Talb., Syst. List. Trees Bombay Tall trees; bark corky-lenticellate; branchlets densely hispid. Leaves to 40 x 20 cm; 10- foliolate; leaflets to 19 x 7 cm, ovate-oblong, acute, rounded at base, nerves pairs, prominent below; petiolule 8 mm long. Raceme cm long, axillary. Flowers shortly pedicellate; calyx 1.5 mm long, deeply lobed; petals 9 x 3 mm, oblong, acute; staminal tube 7 mm long; disk hispid at rim; style 5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha MELIA Linnaeus Melia dubia Cav., Diss. 7: ; FBI 1: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: M. composita Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: ; FPM M. superba Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: M. robusta Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Large trees; branchlets lenticellate. Leaves 3 pinnate, to 40 cm long, secondary rachis 3 pairs; leaflets 2-5 pairs, opposite, 5-8 x 2-3 cm, ovate, lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cordate, serrate; petiole to 10 cm, petiolule to 1 cm. Panicles axillary, to 18 cm; flowers white; calyx lobes mm, ovate, pubescent; petals 7 x 1 mm, obovate; staminal tube 6 mm; anther exserted; ovary 5-celled, 1 mm, stigma capitate. Drupe 2 x 1 cm, globose. Fl. & Fr. March-January Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Anakkalvayal MUNRONIA Wight Munronia pinnata (Wall.) Harms, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 35: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Turraea pinnata Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 21. t Munronia wallichii Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: t ; FBI 1: ; FPM Shrubs, younger parts villous. Leaves to 30 cm long, imparipinnate; leaflets 10-14, opposite, to 13 x 5.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base, hispid, below. Flowers few, in axillary short cymes; pedicel 1 cm long; calyx tubular, lobes 8 x 3 mm, oblanceolate, leafy; petals 5, white, 3 cm long, spathulate, partly cohering below; staminal tube 2 cm long, 10-toothed; anthers 10, apiculate; ovary 5-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style slender, longer than staminal tube. Capsule 1.5 cm across, depressed globose, hispid; seeds 5, 7 x 5 mm, oblong, smooth. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Endemic to India. Rare in semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimala NAREGAMIA Wight & Arnott 57

82 Naregamia alata Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Glabrous herbs. Leaves 3-foliolate, petiole winged; leaflets 5 x 3 cm, elliptic, crenate, obtuse, sessile. Flowers 1-3-together, in axillary fascicles, pedicellate; calyx 3 mm long campanulate, lobed half way down, tomentose; petals 5, white, 3 cm long, oblanceolate; staminal tube 2.5 cm long, slender; anthers 10; ovary 3-celled, glabrous; ovules paired; style filiform, 2 cm long; stigma capitate. Capsule 6 x 6 mm, depressed globose; seeds solitary, ellipsoid, transversally rugose. Fl. & Fr. January-August Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli REINWARDTIODENDRON Koorders Reinwardtiodendron anamalaiense (Bedd.) Mabb., Malayan For. 45: ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Lansium anamallayanum Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. ser.3, 1: L. anamallayanum (Bedd.) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t & Ic. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM Aglaia anamallayana (Bedd.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: 257,t Reinwardtiodendron anamallayanum (Bedd.) Sald. in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FTSR Small evergreen trees; bark greyish-brown, mottled with grey, lenticellate, 3-4 mm thick; young shoots minutely grey tomentose. Leaves pinnate, to 25 cm long; leaflets 5-7, ellipticacuminate, base cuneate, glabrous, to 12 x 5 cm; lateral nerves 5-8 pairs, domatia present in the axils of nerves, reticulations prominent on both surfaces. Flowers creamy yellow, in axillary spikes. Sepals ovate-orbicular. Anthers within the staminal tube. Berry oblong ca. 1.8 cm long; seeds covered with white mucilaginous aril. Fl. & Fr. March-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha; NS Kariamchola TOONA (Endlicher) M. Roemer Toona ciliata Roem., Syn. Hesper ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Cedrela toona Roxb., ex Rottl. & Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Tall trees. Leaves to 60 cm long, imparipinnate, foliolate; leaflets alternate, 15 x 6 cm, ovate, acuminate, glabrous; petiolules 8 mm long. Panicle to 30 x 15 cm, terminal. Flowers 7 mm across, sessile; calyx cupular, 5-toothed, tomentose; petals dull yellow, 5 x 3 mm, oblong, spreading; stamens 5, free; disk pubescent; ovary 5-celled, densely hairy, style 3 mm long, stigma discoid. Capsule 2.5 x 1.5 cm; seeds many, winged at both ends. Fl. & Fr. January-February Distr. Indo-Myanmar; cultivated in Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Africa and the Hawaiian Islands. Rare in rocky areas in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam TRICHILIA P. Browne Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentvelzen, Acta Bot. Neerl. 11: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Zanthoxylum connaroides Wight & Arn., Prodr , "Zanthoxylon". Walsura trijuga (Sims) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 44: Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims, Bot. Mag. 41 t ; FBI 1: ; FPM H. affinis A.Juss., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 19: Small trees. Leaves alternate, to 35 cm long, imparipinnate; leaflets 7-9, opposite, to 15 x 7 cm, ovate, abruptly acuminate, unequal at base; petiolules 15 mm long. Panicle axillary; peduncle to 25 cm long, erect. Flowers 5 mm across, many; calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed; petals 3 x 1 mm, oblong, greenish white; staminal tube 3 mm long, divided to the middle, 58

83 pubescent; anthers 10; ovary 3-celled, ovule 2 in each cell, style thickened above, stigma 2- toothed. Capsule 1 cm across, globose, glabrous, pinkish; seeds 1-3, arillate. Fl. & Fr. February-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kariyilathodu; Karimala; NS Muthalakkuzhi TURRAEA Linnaeus Turraea villosa Bennet, Fl. Jav. Rar. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: T. virens Hiern in Hook. f., FBI 1: , non L Shrubs, densely villous. Leaves simple, alternate, to 13 x 8 cm, broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, rounded at base, entire. Flowers 2-3-together in axillary fascicles; pedicel 3 cm long; sepals 5, ovate, connate at base; petals 50 x 3 mm, linear-oblong, spathulate at apex; white, partially connate; staminal tube 4 cm long, slender, toothed; anthers 10, projected above, disk tubular, 4 mm long; ovary 5-celled, ovules solitary in each cell; style 4 cm long, slender, bulged below the stigma. Capsule 10 mm across, depressed globose, seeds 5, reddish. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala; Kottayali WALSURA Roxburgh Walsura trifolia (A. Juss.) Harms in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. (ed.2) 196: 119, ; FTSR ; Jain & Bennet, Fl. Ind. 4: Heynea trifolia A. Juss., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. 19: Walsura piscidia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Small trees. Leaflets 10 x 4 cm, elliptic, entire, acute, glaucous below; petiolules 1 cm long. Panicle axillary, 5-10 cm across; peduncle 6 cm long. Flowers sessile, 4 mm across; calyx gamosepalous, tomentose; petals 5, white, 2.5 x 1 mm, oblong, hairy; stamens 10, filaments connate at base, pubescent; anthers ovate-cuspidate; ovary densely hairy, 3-celled; ovule 2 in each cell; style short; stigma obconical. Fruit 1.5 x 1 cm, obovoid, obtuse, brown-tomentose. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Pooppara DICHAPETALACEAE DICHAPETALUM D. Thouars Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Nair, Fl. Ind. 4: Moacurra gelonioides Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Chailletia gelonioides (Roxb.) Bedd., For. Man. Bot. 59. Anal. Gen. t.9. f ; FBI 1: Shrubs, branchlets slender. Leaves alternate, to 10 x 3 cm, elliptic, caudate-acuminate, entire. Flowers unisexual, in axillary short peduncled cymes, densely villous; bracts lanceolate; sepals 5, 1.5 mm long, ovate; petals 1.5 mm long, obovate, bilobed at apex, glabrous; stamens 5, filaments short; anthers ovoid, disc 4 lobed, scale like; ovary 3-celled; ovule 2 in each cell; style 1, trifid above. Fruit a 2-lobed, drupe, 10 mm across, compressed, rugose; seeds arillate. Fl. & Fr. July-November Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban; Karimala; Muthuvarachal OLACACEAE 1. Trees; flowers in axillary fascicles... Strombosia 1. Scandent shrubs; flowers in axillary racemes... Olax OLAX Linnaeus 59

84 Olax imbricata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FTSR ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 5: O. wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM Scandent shrubs. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse, base rounded or truncate, glabrous and chartaceous, to 12 x 6 cm; lateral nerves 7-9, intercostae obscure; petiole 1 cm long. Petals creamy white, 1 cm long. Drupe yellow, oblong, cm long. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; NS Kariamchola STROMBOSIA Blume Strombosia ceylanica Gard., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 6: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 5: Large trees, bark uneven, light pink inside; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to alternate, 18 x 6 cm, lanceolate, rounded at base, acute at apex; nerves 6 pairs, glabrous. Flowers many, fascicled in axillary or lateral tubercles; pedicels 1.5 mm long; calyx 1 mm long, 2 mm across, campanulate, lobes 5, acute, petals 2.5 x 1 mm, lanceolate, tomentose inside; stamens 5, antipetalous, erect; ovary 1-celled. Berry 10 x 8 mm, obovoid, smooth, truncate at apex; seed 1. Fr. & Fr. March-May Distr. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam OPILIACEAE 1. Inflorescence a raceme; petals 5, free...opilia 1. Inflorescence a spike; petals 4, connate... Cansjera CANSJERA A. Jussieu Cansjera rheedii Gmel., Syst. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 5: C. scandens Roxb., Pl. Corom. t & Fl. Ind. 1: Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, to 11 x 7 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base, rugose, shortly petiolate. Flowers bisexual, in axillary spikes; calyx minute, 4-toothed; petals 4, united into an urceolate tube, 4 mm long, lobes valvate, reflexed, stamens 4, free; disc 4-lobed, lobes erect, tridentate; ovary oblong, 1-celled, ovule 1, style cylindric; stigma capitate, 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe; seed 1. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. India through Malaya to Hong Kong and North Australia. Rare in dry deciduous forests. PS Kuchimudi OPILIA Roxburgh Opilia amentacea Roxb., Corom. Pl. 3: t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 5: Ximenia olacioides Wight & Arn., Prodr Climbing shrubs, branchlets lenticellate, brown tomentose. Leaves 9 x 3 cm, ovate, acute, base obtuse or acute, coriaceous; petiole to 8 mm. Racemes axillary, 1-5 together, to 3 cm; flowers in groups of 2 or 3, pedicels 2 mm; sepals 5, minute; petals 2 mm, oblong, recurved; stamens opposite to petals, filaments 2 mm; anthers 0.5 mm, glands 5, fleshy, club shaped, alternating with the stamens; ovary 1-celled, 1.5 mm, oblong, style minute, ovule pendulous. Fl. February-April Distr. Peninsular India through Sri Lanka to Tropical Australia and Africa. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal; Keerappadi 60

85 ICACINACEAE 1. Trees or shrubs Climbers Leaves to 20 x 10 cm; flowers in terminal panicles...nothapodytes 2. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm; flowers in axillary cymes...gomphandra 3. Leaves dentate; flowers in long peduncled heads... Miquelia 3. Leaves entire; flowers in elongate spikes... Sarcostigma GOMPHANDRA Wallich ex Lindley 1. Branchlets green; cymes glabrous...g. coriacea 1. Branchlets pale green; cymes puberulus... G. tetrandra Gomphandra coriacea Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 5: G. polymorpha Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: p.p. & Ic. tt. 953, ; FBI 1: Small trees; branchlets brown. Leaves to 12 x 5 cm, elliptic, abruptly acuminate; nerves obscure, 6 pairs; petiole 1.5 cm long. Cymes peduncled, extra-axillary. Flowers 5-9 together; calyx cup truncate; corolla 4 mm long; lobes acute; pistillode in male flowers pubescent. Drupe 15 x 8 mm, oblong, terete. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala; Pooppara; Orukomban Gomphandra tetrandra (Wall.) Sleumer, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: & Blumea 17: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 5: Lasianthera tetrandra Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Gomphandra axillaris Wall. ex Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 1: G. polymorpha Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: p.p.; FPM Shrubs, to 2 m high; branchlets green. Leaves to 16 x 4.5 cm, oblong, acute at base, acuminate at apex, nerves to 9 pairs. Cymes peduncled; peduncle 10 mm long. Flowers 3-10 together; calyx 1 mm long, cupular; corolla 6 mm long, lobes cuspidate; filaments 8 mm long, connate. Drupe 13 x 6 mm, obovate, acute. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban MIQUELIA Meissner Miquelia dentata Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. ser. 3, 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 5: [Figure 4]. Glabrous slender climbers. Leaves to 16 x 7 cm, ovate, rounded or truncate at base, acute, dentate, more sharply near the base; petiole 3-4 cm long. Flowers unisexual, in peduncled globose spike; peduncle to 6 cm long; calyx cupular, 4-toothed; petals 4, 3 mm long, oblong; stamens 4 or 5, in male flowers; ovary 1-celled, 4-angled; style absent; stigma 4-angled; ovules 2, pendulous. Drupe 2 x 1 cm, 3-8 together, ovoid, sessile, yellow; seeds 1.5 x 1 cm, stalked, pitted. Fl. & Fr. April-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Pooppara NOTHAPODYTES Blume Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Graham) Mabb. in Manilal, Bot. Hist. Hort. Malab ; FPL ; FTSR ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 5: Premna nimmoniana Graham, 61

86 Figure 4. Miquelia dentata Bedd. A. - flowering branch; B. - male flower, C. - fruit, D - seed 62

87 Cat. Pl. Bombay Stemonurus foetidus Wight, Ic. t Mappia foetida (Wight) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 2) 9: ; 1: ; FPM Nothapodytes foetida (Wight) Sleumer, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 15: & Blumea 17: Mappia wightiana Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 9: ; FPM M. tomentosa Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 9: ; FBI 1: ; FPM M. ovata Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. 9: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Small trees; branchlets prominently lenticellate. Leaves to 17 x 9 cm, broadly ovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate, base unequal, tomentose along the veins beneath and glabrous above, lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, domatia present in the axils of nerves; petiole to 6 cm long. Flowers creamy yellow, in terminal panicles, foul smelling; calyx cupular, 1 mm long, 5-lobed; petals connate, tomentose outside, villous within, apex inflexed; stamens 5, filaments as long as the petals; staminodes 5, hairy; ovary 1-celled, densely hairy. Drupe 8 x 4 mm, oblong, reddishbrown, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban SARCOSTIGMA Wight & Arnott Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn., Edinb. New Phil. J. 14: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 5: Large climbers, branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 22 x 12 cm, ovate, acute at base and apex; lateral nerves 8 pairs, reticulate; petiole 5-15 cm long. Spikes to 35 cm long, slender, from old branches. Flowers 3-6 together; calyx cupular, 2 mm across, 5-toothed; petals 3-5 mm long, oblong, recurved; stamens 5, anthers versatile, staminodes 5, in female flowers, hairy; ovary 1- celled, densely hairy; stigma sessile, discoid; pistillode in male flowers conical. Drupe 3 x 1.5 cm, ovoid, orange, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali ERYTHROPALACEAE ERYTHROPALUM Blume Erythropalum scandens Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 1: ; FTSR ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 5: Mackaya populifolia Arn., Jard. Mag. Zool. Bot. 2: Erythropalum populifolium (Arn.) Mast. in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPL Weak tendrillate climbers. Leaves alternate, to 15 x 10 cm, ovate to deltoid, acuminate, truncate at base, 3-ribbed, glaucous below, membranous. Flowers in axillary peduncled cymes, drooping, pedicellate; sepals cupular, 5-toothed; petals 5, 6 x 2 mm, oblong, obtuse, yellow; stamens 5, filaments very short, staminodes hairy; disc surrounds the ovary; ovary 1-celled, 1-3- ovuled; style short, stigma 3-fid. Fruit ovoid, 8 x 6 mm, orange-red, glabrous; seed 1, black, aril red. Fl. & Fr. July-January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola CELASTRACEAE 1. Climbing shrubs; leaves alternate...celastrus 1. Trees; leaves opposite Flowers fascicled in axillary tubercles...microtropis 2. Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles Fruit a drupe... Cassine 3. Fruit a capsule

88 4. Capsule obcordate, to 3 cm long; leaves with deciduous stipule... Euonymus 4. Capsule compressed 3 valved, to 20 cm long; leaves exstipulate...lophopetalum CASSINE Linnaeus 1. Cymes stout, lax; flowers large, greenish-yellow... C. paniculata 1. Cymes slender, dense; flowers small, whitish... C. albens Cassine albens (Retz.) Kosterm., Gard. Bull. Sing. 39: ; Ramamurthy, Fl. Ind. 5: Schrebera albens Retz., Observ. Bot. 6: 25. t Cassine glauca (Rottb.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: Mangifera glauca Rottb., Nye Saml. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 2: 534. t. 4. f Elaeodendron glaucum (Vahl) Pers. Syn. 1: ; FBI 1: p.p.; FPM Celastrus glaucus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: Elaeodendron roxburghii Wight & Arn., Prodr Trees, bark exudes watery sap when cut, blaze reddish. Leaves to 8 x 5.5 cm, broadly ovateelliptic, apex and base acute, crenate, subcoriaceous; petiole to 1.5 cm. Cymes dichasial, axillary, to 5 cm; flowers greenish; bracts to 1 cm, ovate; pedicel 3 mm; calyx lobes 1 mm, ovate; petals 5, 3 mm, oblong; stamens 5, inserted on the disc; filaments 5 mm; anthers subglobose; ovary embedded in disc; style 1 mm, stout. Drupe 1 cm long, oblong. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi; Vengoli; Pandaravarai Cassine paniculata (Wight & Arn.) Lobr.-Callen, Adansonia ser : ; Ramamurthy, Fl. Ind. 5: Elaeodendron paniculatum Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM E. glaucum sensu Lawson in Hook.f., FBI 1: Large trees, branchlets terete, slender. Leaves opposite, to 8 x 4 cm, elliptic-oblong, crenate, membranous, reddish-black; petiole 12 mm long. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, dichotomously branched, 3-6 cm across; peduncle 5.5 cm long, slender; pedicels 7 mm long. Flowers 11 mm across; sepals 9, unequal, orbicular; petals 5 x 3 mm, oblong, greenish yellow; disk 4 x 4 mm, thick, spreading, glabrous; stamens 5, filaments short along the margin of the disk; anthers 0.5 mm across, orbicular; ovary 2-5-celled, surrounded by disk; ovules 2 in each cell; style very short, as a small conical projection above the disk. Fl. & Fr. May-July Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola CELASTRUS Linnaeus Celastrus paniculatus Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Ramamurthy, Fl. Ind. 5: Large climbers; stem lenticellate. Leaves alternate, to 12 x 7 cm, broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, membranous, crenulate; petiole 6 mm long. Panicle to 15 x 8 cm, terminal, axillary, oblong; pedicel 6 mm long. Flowers many, 6 mm across; sepals 5, small, imbricate, ciliate; petals white, 2.5 x 2 mm, ovate, obtuse; stamens 5, erect, anthers sagitate at base; ovary 3-celled, ovules 2 in each cell; stigmas 3, recurved. Capsule 1 x 1 cm, loculicidal, 3-celled, yellow; seeds 3, aril reddish. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. South Asia and Australia. Rare along the margins of semi-evergreen forests; PS 19835, NS Vengoli EUONYMUS Linnaeus 1. Cymes to 3 flowered; capsule wall deeply obcordate...e. indicus 1. Cyme more than 5 flowered; capsule wall slightly obcordate

89 2. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, margin entire or obscurely crenate... E. dichotomus 2. Leaves elliptic, margin crenate serrate...e. paniculatus Euonymus dichotomus Heyne ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Ramamurthy, Fl. Ind. 5: Small trees, branchlets terete, slender. Leaves to 7 x 3 cm, elliptic, ovate, apex obtuse, base cuneate, obscurely serrate towards upper half, pale greenish beneath when dry; petiole to 8 mm. Cymes dichasial, axillary, to 5 cm; flowers red, peduncle and pedicels slender; bracts minute, ovate; sepals connate at base, 2 mm, orbicular; petals 3 mm, orbicular; stamens inserted on disc; ovary 3-5-celled, 2-ovuled each, style to 0.5 mm. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Euonymus indicus Heyne ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Ramamurthy, Fl. Ind. 5: E. goughii Wight, Ic. t Small trees, branchlets mm thick, yellow. Leaves 5-12 x 2-4 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, tip rounded, entire, grey when dry; nerves obscure; petiole 7 mm long. Peduncle 6-8 mm long, stout; pedicel 8 mm long, stout. Flowers 10 mm across; sepals 3 x 3 mm, orbicular, dark pink; petals 5 x 4 mm, ciliate, dark purple. Capsule 1 x 1.5 cm, obcordate, dark purple; seeds 7 x 6 mm, oblong, reddish, with yellow aril. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Euonymus paniculatus Wight ex Lawson in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPM ; Ramamurthy, Fl. Ind. 5: E. crenulatus Wall. ex Wight & Arn. var. laxiflora Wight, Ic. t Large shrubs; branchlets grey. Leaves to 8 x 2.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate along upper half, attenuate to the base; petiole 7 mm long, grey. Cymes broad, on short axillary peduncle; secondary peduncle, 2 cm long, slender, trichotomously branched, spreading, 6-12 flowered. Flowers 6 mm across; sepals entire, orbicular, green; petals entire, orbicular, deep purple, glabrous. Fl. April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pezha LOPHOPETALUM Wight ex Arnott Lophopetalum wightianum Arn., Ann. Nat. Hist. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Ramamurthy, Fl. Ind. 5: Large trees, branches terete, brown. Leaves opposite, 9-20 x 3-5 cm, oblong, acute, manynerved, entire; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers 15 mm across, in lax axillary cymes; peduncle 2-5 cm long, dichotomously branched, glabrous; sepals 5, orbicular; petals 5, 7 mm diam., orbicular, uneven, clawed, pale pink, disk prominent, spreading, 5-lobed, deep pink; stamens 5, inserted on the disk, filaments short erect; ovary 2-celled; cells many-ovuled, immersed in the disk. Capsule cm long, flat, coriaceous, loculicidal; seeds thin, arillate. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common along the riverine areas of evergreen forests; PS Orukomban MICROTROPIS Wallich ex Meissner 1. Branchlets quadrangular; leaf base attenuate...m. wallichiana 1. Branchlets terete; leaf base cuneate...m. stocksii 65

90 Microtropis stocksii Gamble, Kew Bull. 1916: & FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Ramamurthy, Fl. Ind. 5: Large shrubs; branchlets reddish-brown. Leaves 10 x 5 cm, elliptic, obtusely acuminate, attenuate at the base, margins folding, green or yellow when dried; petiole 0.8 cm long, yellow. Flowers 2 mm across, few in axillary clusters; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals 2 x 1 mm, ovate, obtuse, white, glabrous. Capsule 13 x 8 mm, brown, aril red. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara; Karimala Microtropis wallichiana Wight ex Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Ramamurthy, Fl. Ind. 5: Small trees. Leaves to 11 x 5 cm, elliptic, abruptly obtusely acuminate, nerves ca. 10 pairs, slender; petiole to 1 cm long, black. Cluster of flowers 8 mm across, sessile, axillary. Flowers 3 mm across, many together; sepals obovate, obtuse; petals 2.5 x 1 mm, obovate, obtuse, white with brown lines. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha; Orukomban HIPPOCRATEACEAE 1. Fruit a berry; seeds not winged...salacia 1. Fruit a follicle; seeds winged... Loeseneriella LOESENERIELLA A. C. Smith 1. Petals clawed, orbicular...l. arnottiana 1. Petals not clawed, triangular Branchlets quadrangular; petals puberulus within... L. bourdillonii 2. Branchlets terete; petals glabrous within... L. obtusifolia Loeseneriella arnottiana (Wight) A.C. Smith, J. Arnold Arbor. 16: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Ramamurthy & Naithani, Fl. Ind. 5: Hippocratea arnottiana Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: 133, t. 46. f ; FBI 1: ; FPM Stragglers. Leaves 8-12 x 4-6 cm, coarsely coriaceous, elliptic, ovate, acuminate, stipules small. Panicles of cymes axillary or terminal; sepals 1 x 1.5 mm, ovate; petals 3-4 x 3-4 mm, obovate, clawed; stamens inserted on disc; ovary enclosed in the disc, 3-celled, ovule 2-10 in each cell. Fruit 7 x 2 cm, oblong, 3 winged. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Endemic to South West India. Rare in semi-evergreen forests; PS Muthalakkuzhi Loeseneriella bourdillonii (Gamble) Ramam. in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FPL ; FTSR ; Ramamurthy & Naithani, Fl. Ind. 5: Hippocratea bourdillonii Gamble, Kew Bull. 1916: & FPM Climbing shrubs, branchlets 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves to 13 x 6 cm, oblong, abruptly acuminate, nerves 7-9 pairs, obscure, margins recurved. Flowers in pedunculate cymes, peduncle to 5 cm long, quadrangular; sepals 1.5 mm long, ovate, acute, pubescent; petals 6 x 2 mm, lanceolate, acute, pubescent outside; disk densely hairy along the rim; filaments 1.5 mm long; ovary projected above the disk. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola 66

91 Loeseneriella obtusifolia (Roxb.) A. C. Smith, Amer. J. Bot. 28: ; FPL ; Ramamurthy & Naithani, Fl. Ind. 5: Hippocratea obtusifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Climbing shrubs, branchlets stout looped. Leaves to 14 x 5 cm, ovate, acute at apex and base, greenish when dry; nerves 5 pairs, irregular. Panicles 8 x 6 cm, puberulus. Flowers many, 10 mm across; pedicel 3 mm long, slender, puberulus; sepals ovate, hairy outside; petals 3.5 x 2 mm, ovate, acute, hairy outside. Fl. January-April Distr. Paleotropics. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pandaravarai; Kottayali SALACIA Linnaeus Salacia fruticosa Heyne ex Lawson in Hook.f., FBI 1: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Ramamurthy & Naithani, Fl. Ind. 5: Climbing shrubs; branchlets looped with circular lenticels. Leaves to 13 x 4 cm, oblong, acuminate at apex, rounded at base; nerves 9 pairs, regular; petiole 4 mm long. Cymes 3-9- flowered; peduncle 5-7 mm long, slender. Flowers 3 mm across, sepals 0.5 x 1 mm, orbicular, with white margins; petals orbicular; filaments 0.5 mm long; ovary not exserted above the disk. Berry to 5 x 4 cm, reddish; seeds 2.5 x 1.5 cm, ovoid, tuberculate. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Pooppara RHAMNACEAE 1. Fruit winged... Ventilago 1. Fruit wingless Leaves penninerved; unarmed...maesopsis 2. Leaves 3-5 nerved from base; Armed...Zizyphus MAESOPSIS Engler Maesopsis eminii Engl., Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C Medium trees; branchlets pubescent. Leaves sub-opposite, to 12 x 4 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, base oblique, obtuse, margin serrate; petiole to 2 cm, stipule subulate, cauducous. Flowers in dichasial axillary cymes, peduncle to 1.5 cm. Flowers 8 mm across, calyx 5-lobed, ovate, petals 5, to 2 mm, orbicular; stamens 5, inserted on disc; ovary ovoid, 1-celled; style small, stigma 5-furrowed. Drupe to 4 x 1.5 cm, oblong or obovoid. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Native of Africa. Planted occasionally in premises of forest office; PS Thunakkadavu VENTILAGO J.Gaertner Ventilago bombaiensis Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Smythea bombaiensis (Dalz.) Banerjee & Mukherjee, Indian For. 96: ; Bhandari & Bhansali, Fl. Ind. 5: Large unarmed climbers; stem ribbed; branchlets looping. Leaves to 9 x 4 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute at either ends, crenulate; nerves 6 pairs, nerve-axils hairy, nervules parallel. Flowers 4 mm across, together, in axillary clusters; pedicels to 5 mm long; sepals 5, triangular; petals 5, obovate, emarginate to 2-lobed, glabrous; stamens 5, disk cup-shaped; ovary 2-celled, densely hairy. Fruit subglobose with a long flattened style, 6.5 cm long. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala; Pezha 67

92 ZIZYPHUS P. Miller 1. Flowers in axillary and terminal, elongate, paniculate cymes...z. rugosa 1. Flowers in axillary condensed cymes Drupes more than 2 cm diameter...z. xylopyrus 2. Drupes to 1 cm diameter Leaves rusty below, orbicular, apex rounded...z. mauritiana 3. Leaves not rusty below, ovate-lanceolate or oblong elliptic, apex acute or obtuse Branchlets and leaves brown silky hairy...z. oenoplia 4. Branchlets tomentose, leaves without brown silky hairs...z. glabrata Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 1: ; Bhandari & Bhansali, Fl. Ind. 5: Z. trinervia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FPM Small unarmed trees, branchlets tomentose. Leaves 4-7 x 2-3 cm, oblong-elliptic, base obtuse, 3-nerved, margin crenate, petiole ca 5 mm, stipule small cauducous. Cymes axillary to 1 cm; flowers to 20, ca 8 mm across; calyx tube ca. 2 mm, 5-lobed, lobes ovate, pubescent, petals greenish, obovate; stamens 5, filaments ca 2 mm. Disc 10-lobed, ovary, ovate, 2-celled. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. India and Bhutan. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Zizyphus mauritiana Lam., Encycl. 3: ; Bhandari & Bhansali, Fl. Ind. 5: Z. jujuba Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM , non Mill Rhamnus jujuba L., Sp. Pl Armed small trees; young branches, leaves and flowers white tomentose. Leaves x cm, ovate, elliptic, apex rounded, base slightly oblique, coarsely crenate, basally 3-nerved, tomentose beneath. Flowers in fascicles, sessile; calyx lobes 1 mm, ovate; petals 1 mm, concave, margin strongly curved, disc of 10 grooved lobes. Fl. February-April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Zizyphus oenoplia (L.) Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Bhandari & Bhansali, Fl. Ind. 5: Rhamnus oenoplia L., Sp. Pl Large rambling climbers, thorns many, stout, recurved; branchlets densely silky hairy. Leaves x 2-3 cm, ovate, acuminate, oblique at base 3-4-ribbed from the base, densely fulvous hairy, sessile or shortly petioled. Flowers 3 mm across, shortly pedicelled, 6-25 in dense axillary clusters; sepals triangular, hispid outside; petals clawed, concave, greenish yellow; disk flat, glabrous. Drupe globose, 6 x 6 mm, black. Fl. & Fr. May-June Distr. Tropical Asia and Australia. Very common in moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli Zizyphus rugosa Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Bhandari & Bhansali, Fl. Ind. 5: Scandent shrubs, thorns to 6 mm long, recurved. Leaves to 12 x 7 cm, ovate-orbicular, acute, unequally cordate at base, fulvous-tomentose beneath, coriaceous, crenulate; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers 6-20 together; subsessile, 5 mm across; sepals densely tomentose outside; disk flat, glabrous; ovary densely tomentose, 2-celled; styles 2, curved out. Drupe 8-10 mm across, white, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli 68

93 Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Bhandari & Bhansali, Fl. Ind. 5: Rhamnus xylopyrus Retz., Obs. Bot. 2: Small unarmed trees; young branches pubescent. Leaves 6-8 x 3-4 cm, ovate, oblong, apex truncate, apiculate, crenate, glabrous above, tomentose below. Cymes axillary, pubescent; calyx 5-lobed, 1.5 mm, radiating; petals 2 mm, spathulate; disc 5-lobed. Drupe woody. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist and dry deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal; Kuchimudi VITACEAE 1. Tendrils on peduncles... Ampelocissus 1. Tendrils leaf opposed Leaves simple... Cissus 2. Leaves 3 or more foliolate Stipule prominent; flowers bisexual... Cayratia 3. Stipule obscure; flowers unisexual... Tetrastigma AMPELOCISSUS Planchon Ampelocissus tomentosa (Heyne. ex Roth.) Planch., Vigne Amer. Eur. 8: ; FPM ; FPL Vitis tomentosa Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 1: Scandent shrubs; branchlets and leaves densely woolly. Leaves 15 x 15 cm, broadly ovate, 3-5-lobed, lobes acute, base cordate, serrate, densely floccose beneath, basally 5-nerved, tendrils branched; petiole to 6 cm, floccose. Cymes many branched, peduncles to 7 cm; flowers 5-merous, reddish; calyx lobes 1 mm, triangular, woolly; petals 2 mm, ovate, glabrous, disc prominent; stamens 5; ovary conical, stigma sessile. Fl. October-January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli CAYRATIA A. L. Jussieu 1. Leaves 3-foliolate, softly villous... C. mollissima 1. Leaves 5-9 foliolate, glabrous or pubescent Leaves 5-foliolate...C. tenuifolia 2. Leaves 7-9 foliolate Stem and leaves hispid tomentose...c. pedata var. pedata 3. Stem and leaves glabrous...c. pedata var. glabra Cayratia mollissima (Wall.) Gagnep. in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: ; FPM ; FTSR Vitis mollissima Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 1: Weak climbers; stem scabrous. Leaflets 3, 8-12 x 4-7 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, acute at base, distantly spineus-serrate; nerves 4 or 5 pairs, glabrous; petiole 4 cm long. Peduncle 1.5 cm long, extra-axillary, trichotomous cymes 2 x 3 cm. Flowers greenish-yellow; calyx a membranous cup, 2 mm across, entire; petals 2 x 1 mm, oblong. Berry 6 mm across, obovoid, glabrous; seeds pitted on sides Fl. & Fr. January-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Pezha Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. ex Gagnep. in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: var. pedata; FPM ; FPL Cissus pedata Lam., Encycl. 1: Vitis pedata (Lam.) Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 1: V. canarensis Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: Weak climbers; stem minutely hispid. Leaflets 7-15 x 3-6 cm, ovate, acuminate, serrate, 69

94 hispid, nerves 8-10 pairs, regular, prominent; rachis 9 cm long; petiolule 1 cm long, of terminal leaflet 3.5 cm long. Cymes 7 x 8 cm, hispid; peduncle 3 cm long. Flowers 6 mm across, greenish; petals 3 x 2 mm, ovate, acute; disk a fleshy rim. Berry 1 x 1 cm, 2-4 lobed, rusty tomentose; seed 6 x 6 mm, faces rugose. Fl. & Fr. April-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in secondary forests; PS 30400, Kuchimudi; Karimala Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss. ex Gagnep. var. glabra Gamble, FPM Climbers, stem glabrous. Leaflets to 11 x 5 cm, elliptic, crenate, abruptly acuminate at apex, acute to round at base, nerves 7 pairs; rachis 9 cm long; petiolule of terminal leaflets 15 mm long, of lateral ones smaller. Peduncle 5 cm long, slender; cymes 3 x 3 mm, puberulus. Flowers 1.5 mm across, greenish; calyx 4-lobed, lobes acute; ovary tomentose; style 1 mm long; stigma lobed. Fl. April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Cayratia tenuifolia (Wight & Arn.) Gagnep. in Lecomte, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Shetty & Paramjit, Fl. Ind. 5: Vitis tenuifolia Wight & Arn., Prodr p.p.; FBI 1: Slender climbers. Leaves pedately 5-foliolate; leaflets elliptic or obovate, acute or obtuse, crenate, glabrous, the terminal leaflets to 4-5 x 2 cm; petiole cm long. Flowers in axillary, dichotomous cymes; pedicels very slender. Calyx truncate. Petals white, ovate-oblong, hooded at apex, 2.5 mm long. Disc lobed. Berry obovoid, 1 cm across; seeds 1-4. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. Indo-Malesia, China and Japan. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Orukomban CISSUS Linnaeus 1. Stem 4-winged...C. glyptocarpa 1. Stem terete or angular Branchlets 4-6 angular Branchlets terete Leaf margins bristly serrate; branchlets 5 or 6 angled...c. discolor 3. Leaf margins distantly crenate; branchlets quadrangular... C. heyneana 4. Erect shrubs; berry pyriform; petals hooded...c. arnottiana 4. Scandent shrubs; berry globose; petals not hooded... C. repens Cissus arnottiana Shetty & Singh, Kew Bull. 44: ; Shetty & Paramjit, Fl. Ind. 5: Vitis pallida sensu Lawson in Hook. f., FBI 1: ,p.p., non Wight & Arn. Cissus pallida sensu Planch. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: ,p.p., non Salisb Shrubs; tendrils simple. Leaves 9 x 10 cm, broadly ovate, apex acute, base cordate, margins glandular, dentate, basally 5-nerved, membranous; petiole to 6 cm, stipules 5 mm, ovate. Cymes axillary, leaf opposed, 3 x 6 cm; peduncles to 3 cm, puberulus; bracts 5 mm, ovate, pedicels to 5 mm; calyx truncate, 4-lobed, 1.5 mm; petals 4 mm, hooded, brown outside, white inside; stamens 4, filaments 2 mm, disc prominent, 4-lobed; ovary embedded, style 1 mm, stout. Fl. April-June Distr. West Himalaya and India. Common in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi 70

95 Cissus discolor Blume, Car. Gew. Buitenz ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Shetty & Paramjit, Fl. Ind. 5: Vitis discolor (Blume) Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: ; FBI 1: Cissus javana DC., Prodr. 1: Creeping or climbing shrubs; stem reddish, quadrangular. Leaves 6-13 x 3-7 cm, acuminate, cordate at base, spinous serrate, usually pink beneath; petiole 1-3 cm long. Cymes 2 cm across, reddish; peduncle 1 cm long. Flowers pedicelled; calyx 2 mm across, rim white; petals reddish, 1.5 mm long; disk pubescent. Berry 4 x 3 mm, oblique-obovoid, smooth; seeds pitted. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Kariamchola; Amakkundu Cissus glyptocarpa (Thw.) Planch. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; Shetty & Paramjit, Fl. Ind. 5: Vitis glyptocarpa Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 1: Creepers or climbers; branches with corky wings, glabrous. Leaves to 10 x 7 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, cordate at base, serrate, puberulus, nerves 4-7 pairs; petiole to 3 cm long. Cymes 3 x 3 cm, extra-axillary, peduncled. Flowers many, 1.5 mm long, greenish; pedicels 10 mm long; petals 2 mm long, oblong, green. Fl. March Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Peruvaripallam Cissus heyneana (Wall. ex Lawson) Planch in DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Shetty & Paramjit, Fl. Ind. 5: Vitis heyneana Wall. ex Lawson in Hook.f., FBI 1: Weak climbers; stem terete, glaucous. Leaves to 9 x 7 cm, ovate, acuminate, cordate at base, 6-nerved, glabrous; petiole 1-2 cm long. Cymes 10 cm long, axillary, thinly hairy; peduncle 3-6 cm long, dichotomous; pedicels 3 mm long. Flowers 3 mm across, greenish; calyx tube 1 mm long, entire; petals ovate, bulged at base. Berry 8 x 6 mm, obovoid, white, smooth. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Cissus repens Lam., Encycl. 1: ; FPM ; Shetty & Paramjit, Fl. Ind. 5: Vitis repens (Lam) Wight & Arn. in Wight, Cat & Prodr ; FBI 1: Creepers; stem glaucous, terete. Leaves x 6-11 cm, ovate, acuminate, deeply cordate at base, 5 nerved from base, midrib with 3 pairs of lateral nerves; petiole 4-7 cm long. Cymes 5-7 cm across, glabrous; peduncle 6 cm long; junctions with orbicular bracts; pedicels 5-8 together, 1 cm long. Flowers many; calyx obtusely lobed, ciliate; petals 1.5 mm long, reddish, disk glabrous. Drupe 4 x 3 mm, oblique-obovoid, smooth Fl. & Fr. September-January. Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Thekkady TETRASTIGMA (Miquel) Planchon Tetrastigma sulcatum (Lawson) Gamble, FPM ; FTSR ; Shetty & Paramjit, Fl. Ind. 5: Vitis sulcatum Lawson in Hook.f., FBI 1: Small climbers or creepers; stem thick, tuberculate. Leaves 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovateelliptic, acuminate, crenate-serrate, nerves pairs; rachis 4 cm long. Peduncle 1-2 cm long, dichotomous, glabrous. Flowers 5 mm across; sepals ovate, acute; petals 3 mm long, oblong, obtuse. Berry cm across, white, glabrous; seeds 4, 10 x 5 mm, brownish. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare along the margins of semi-evergreen forests; PS Kottayali 71

96 LEEACEAE LEEA D. van Royen ex Linnaeus 1. Flowers crimson-red...l. guineensis 1. Flowers greenish-yellow or white...l. indica Leea guineensis G. Don, Gen. Syst ; FTSR ; Naithani, Fl. Ind. 5: Leea wightii Clarke, J. Bot. 19: ; FPM L. staphylea Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1. t & Ic. 1: t , non Roxb., Glabrous shrubs. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets 17 x 6 cm, ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, base truncate or acute, serrate; lateral nerves 7-10 pairs, intercostae sub-scalariform; petiolule 5-7 mm long; rachis to 23 cm long; stipules obovate, ca. 4 cm long. Cymes 2-6 cm across. Flowers crimson red, densely packed, 3-5 mm across; calyx and corolla glabrous; staminal tube shortly notched at apex. Berry 6-lobed, 6-7 mm across. Fl. & Fr. April-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Common in semi-evergreen and occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Kothala Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci ; Ridsd., Blumea 22: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Naithani, Fl. Ind. 5: Staphylea indica Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 75, t. 23, f Leea sambucina Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: ; Wight, Ic. t ; Lawson in Hook. f., FBI 1: ; FPM Shrubs to small trees. Leaves 2 or 3-pinnate; leaflets to 14 x 5 cm, oblong or ellipticlanceolate, caudate-acuminate, serrate-dentate; lateral nerves pairs, intercostae parallel, curved; stipules obovate-obtuse, 5 x 4 cm. Young leaves bright-red. Cymes 6 x 8 cm; peduncles 3-4 cm long, paired, axillary. Flowers greenish-white. Staminal tube shortly lobed at apex, anthers combined. Berry purple, ca. 6 mm across; seeds densely red-glandular. Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. Indo-Malesia, Australia and China. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala SAPINDACEAE 1. Herbaceous climbers; leaves biternata...cardiospermum 1. Shrubs or trees; leaves simple pinnate Leaves digitate, margins serrate... Allophylus 2. Leaves pinnate, margins entire The lowest pair of the leaflets reniform, stipule like... Otonephelium 3. All leaflets similar Leaf rachis broadly winged... Filicium 4. Leaf rachis not winged Fruit an inflated 2 lobed capsule; bright red on maturity...harpullia 5. Fruit otherwise Fruit sparsely muricate; petals absent...schleichera 6. Fruit smooth or tubercled; petals present Fruit tubercled...dimocarpus 7. Fruit smooth Drupe united at sides; petals not clawed without scales... Sapindus 8. Drupe united at base but diverging, petals clawed with 1 or 2 scales...lepisanthes ALLOPHYLUS Linnaeus 1. Thyrsus branched; leaves glabrous...a. concanicus 1. Thyrsus unbranched; leaves pubescent...a. cobbe 72

97 Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch., Nomencl. Bot. (ed. 3) ; FBI 1: p.p; FPL ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Rhus cobbe L., Sp. Pl Schmidelia rheedii Wight, Ic. t Allophylus rheedii (Wight) Radlk. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3: ; FPM Erect shrubs. Leaflets to 11 x 5.5 cm, obovate, abruptly acuminate, deep brown when dried, sharply serrulate, pale white-tomentose beneath; nerves 9 pairs; petiole to 7.5 cm long. Raceme to 26 cm long, slender, hispid, 1-3-branched. Flowers 2 mm across, 1-3 together, shortly pedicelled or sessile; sepals orbicular, glabrous; ovary densely hairy. Drupe 3 x 2 mm, densely hairy Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. South India, Sri Lanka and South East Asia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Pooppara Allophylus concanicus Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Koenigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen ; FPM ; FPL ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Sapindus concanicus Radlk. var. lanceolatus Gamble, FPM Stragglers, branchlets brownish, lenticellate. Leaflets to 13 x 6 cm, ovate, acuminate, cuspidate; 6-nerved, serrate towards the apex, black above when dried; midrib pubescent; domatia hairy. Raceme branched, hispid. Flowers solitary or paired, 2 mm across; pedicel 1 mm long; sepals orbicular, ciliate; petals 5 mm across, densely white hairy within; filaments hairy, reddish, connective broad; disk lobes 4, globular. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara CARDIOSPERMUM Linnaeus 1. Leaves densely tomentose below; fruit obscurely 3-lobed...C. canescens 1. Leaves sub-glabrous; fruit distinctly 3-lobed... C. halicacabum Cardiospermum canescens Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 14. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Climbing herbs; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 2-ternate; leaflets lobed, terminal 5 x 2.5 cm, acuminate, mucronate, sparsely hairy above and pubescent below; petiole 4 cm, petiolule cm. Racemes axillary; flowers white; sepals 2 + 2, outer 1 mm, inner 2.5 mm, obovate; petals 2 + 2, 3 mm, upper ones oblong-obovate, basal scale to 2 mm, lower ones 2.5 mm, basal scale 1 mm; stamens 8, filaments subequal, pilose. Capsule 3.5 x 3 cm, not winged, tomentose; seeds 3, to 5 mm across, globose. Fl. & Fr. June-August Distr. Pantropical. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Cardiospermum halicacabum L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Tendrillate climbers. Leaves bipinnate, 10 x 10 cm, 3-7-foliolate; leaflets to 4 x 2.5 cm, pinnatifid. Tendril trichotomous, middle one forms the cymes. Flowers 3 mm across, 3-7 together, polygamodioecious; sepals 4, ovate, acute, free; petals 4, white, oblanceolate, obtuse, hooded; stamens 8, one-sided; disk one-sided, lobed; ovary obovoid, 3-celled one ovule in each cell; style 3-fid. Capsule membranous, saccate, 1.5 x 2 cm, obcordate; seeds 3, 3 x 3 mm, globose, shining. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropics. Common in moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu 73

98 DIMOCARPUS Loureiro Dimocarpus longan Lour., Fl. Cochinch ; FPL ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Euphorbia longan (Lour.) Steud. Nom. Bot. 1: E. longana Lam., Encycl. 3: , nom illeg. Nephelium longana (Lam.) Camp., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. 18: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Medium trees. Leaves paripinnate, leaflets 4-10 pairs, x 2.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, glaucous beneath, nerves ca. 20 pairs, petiolulate. Panicle to 30 cm long, terminal. Flowers pedicelled, polygamous, 6 mm across; sepals 3 x 2 mm, hairy outside; petals 3 x 1 mm, oblanceolate, densely hairy, deflexed; stamens 8, filaments hairy; ovary 2-lobed; ovule one in each cell, style long; stigma bifid. Fruit of 1-2 nutlets, each 1.3 x 1 cm, oblong, densely rugose, tubercled, brown. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala FILICIUM Thwaites ex J. D. Hooker Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 1: ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Rhus decipiens Wight & Arn., Prodr Large trees, branchlets angular. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 6-8 pairs, 9 x 2 cm, ellipticoblong, many-nerved; rachis winged. Panicle axillary and terminal, to 18 x 5 cm; branches glandular. Flowers polygamous, 4 mm across; sepals 2 x 1 mm, ovate, pubescent inside, ciliate; petals orbicular; disk densely white-hairy; stamens 5, filaments erect, glabrous; ovary 2-celled, glabrous; ovule one in each cell; style short. Drupe 8 x 5 mm, obovoid, glabrous; seeds 1 or 2. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola HARPULLIA Roxburgh Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Koenigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen 16: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Ptelea arborea Blanco, Fl. Filip. 1: Harpullia imbricata (Blume) Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FPM H. cupanoides sensu Hiern in Hook.f., FBI 1: p.p., non Roxb Small to medium trees; branchlets fulvous tomentose. Leaves paripinnate, leaflets 5 pairs, 16 x 6 cm, elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate, membranous, oblique at base. Flowers in loose axillary panicle; pedicels to 4 cm long, slender; sepals 5 x 2.5 mm, obovate, hairy; petals yellow, 8 x 3 mm, oblong, clawed; stamens 5; filaments free; ovary 2-celled; one ovule in each cell; style elongate. Capsule 5 x 7 cm, 2-lobed, inflated, saccate, red; seeds black, shining. Fl. & Fr. March-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Vengoli; Karimala LEPISANTHES Blume 1. Capsule triangular; flowers irregular...l. tetraphylla 1. Capsule tri-lobed; flowers regular...l. erecta Lepisanthes erecta (Thw.) Leenh., Blumea 17: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Nephelium erectum Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Sapindus erecta (Thw.) Hiern in Hook.f., FBI 1: , "erectus". Thraulococcus erectus (Thw.) Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Koenigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen 8: ; FPM Shrubs. Leaves cm long; leaflets 4 pairs, x 5-9 cm, oblong, acute at either ends, nerves pairs; petiolule 5 mm long, smooth. Panicle 20 x 5 cm, terminal, erect. Flowers 74

99 clustered, subsessile; sepals 5 x 3 mm, ovate, obtuse, pubescent outside; petals 6 x 4 mm, obovate, broadly clawed; scale oblong, not lobed, hairy; filaments hairy above. Capsule 1.5 x 1 cm, oblong, obtuse, minutely fulvous-tomentose. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Koenigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen 8: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Sapindus tetraphylla Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: Hemigyrosa canescens (Roxb.) Blume, Rumphia 3: ; FBI 1: Molinaea canescens Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Lepisanthes deficiens (Wight & Arn.) Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Koenigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen 8: ; FPM Hemigyrosa deficiens (Wight & Arn.) Bedd., Fl. t Sapindus deficiens Wight & Arn., Prodr Trees, 5-9 m high. Leaves to 30 cm long; leaflets 2-4 pairs, sub-opposite, to 15 x 5 cm, oblonglanceolate; nerves 11 pairs, prominent; petiolule 5 mm long, transversally rugose. Panicle terminal or subterminal, erect or spreading, 35 x 20 cm, branches fulvous-tomentose. Flowers crowded; sepals 4 x 4 mm, orbicular, hairy outside; petals dull white, 7 x 4 mm, oblanceolate, clawed; scale 2-lobed, hairy. Capsule 2 x 1.5 cm, obovoid, obtusely trigonous, densely fulvous tomentose, apiculate. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare along the riverine areas; PS Pooppara OTONEPHELIUM Radlkofer Otonephelium stipulaceum (Bedd.) Radlk., Sapindac. Holl. Ind ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Nephelium stipulaceum Bedd., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 25: & Ic. t ; FBI 1: ; FPM Trees to 20 m high; branchlets glabrous. Leaves paripinnate, 6-8 foliolate, leaflets to 20 x 7 cm, elliptic, acuminate at either ends, glaucous below; lowest pair small, reniform; nerves 11 pairs. Panicle 15 x 8 cm, terminal or axillary. Flowers 3 mm across, crowded; sepals 6, ovate, acute, free, densely tomentose; petals absent; stamens 6, filaments free, shorter than anthers; pistillode globose, densely hairy; ovary 2-4-lobed, ovule 1 in each cell; style terminal. Fruit of 1-3 drupelets, 2 x 1.4 cm, oblong, densely soft-prickled. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Very common in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; NS Kariyilathodu SAPINDUS Linnaeus 1. Leaves glabrous below... S. trifoliata 1. Leaves densely hairy below... S. emarginatus Sapindus emarginatus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: ; FPM ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Sapindus trifoliata sensu Hiern in Hook.f., FBI 1: ,p.p., non L Trees, to 5 m high. Leaves 4-foliolate; leaflets 9 x 4 cm, obovate-oblanceolate, nerves 10 pairs; petiolule 6 mm long. Panicles 15 x 10 cm, spreading, tomentose. Flowers 6 mm across, pedicellate; sepals 3 x 2 mm, obovate, tomentose; petals greenish white, 3 x 1.5 mm, oblong, scales hairy; filaments tomentose. Fl. December-May Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Sapindus trifoliata L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 1: ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Sapindus laurifolius Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: ; FPM ; FPL

100 Small to medium trees; bark smooth, grey. Leaflets 3-4 pairs, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, glabrous, to 15 x 7 cm; lateral nerves 8-10 pairs prominent and raised below, intercostae reticulate. Panicles terminal, tomentose. Sepals tomentose. Petals linear-lanceolate, villous, 5 mm long. Ovary not lobed, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in semi-evergreen forests and rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; NS Kannimara SCHLEICHERA Willdenow Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Allg. Naturgesch. 3: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Pistacia oleosa Lour., Fl. Cochinch Schleichera trijuga Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FBI 1: ; FPM Large trees; branchlets puberulus. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, to 19 x 8 cm, sessile, oblong, acute, tomentose along the nerves below; nerves 20 pairs. Flowers polygamodioecious, 3 mm across, in terminal or axillary panicles; sepals 5, ovate, acute; petals absent; stamens 8, free, filaments 6 mm long, glabrous; ovary ovoid, 3-celled, with solitary ovule in each. Fruit 2 x 2cm, ovoid, globose, spiny, glabrous; seeds 3, 1.5 x 1 cm, hemispheric, smooth. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in wet localities in moist deciduous forests; PS Muthalakkuzhi STAPHYLEACEAE TURPINIA Ventenat Turpinia malabarica Gamble, Kew Bull. 1917: & FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 5: Trees to 20 m tall; branchlets brown. Leaves to 40 cm long; leaflets broadly elliptic, crenate, acuminate at apex; petiolule cm long. Panicles 20 x 15 cm, glabrous, axillary; peduncle to 10 cm long. Flowers greenish yellow, pedicelled; sepals 3 mm long, ovate, slightly connate at base, obtuse, ciliate; filaments villous; style 3-fid at apex. Berry globose, brown, scurfy. Fr. & Fr. July-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha; Puliyala; Parambikulam SABIACEAE 1. Climbing shrubs; staminodes absent...sabia 1. Trees; staminodes present...meliosma MELIOSMA Blume 1. Leaves simple... M. simplicifolia 1. Leaves imparipinnate... M. pinnata var. barbulata Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. barbulata (Cufod.) Beus. in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: ; FPL ; Majumder, Fl. Ind. 5: M. rhoifolia Maxim., ssp. barbulata Cufod., Oest. Bot. Z Millingtonia arnottiana Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: t Meliosma arnottiana (Wight) Walp., Rep. 1: ; FBI 2: , p.p.; FPM M. pinnata (Roxb.) Maxim. ssp. arnottiana (Wight) Beus., Blumea 19: Millingtonia pinnata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1:

101 Medium trees, branchlets thickly tomentose. Leaves foliolate; leaflets opposite, to 13 x 3.5 cm, elliptic, acuminate, densely hairy, petiolulate; rachis bulged at base. Panicles terminal, 30 cm across, densely tomentose. Flowers 4 mm across, sessile; sepals ovate, hairy; petals orbicular, pale yellow; ovary densely hairy. Drupe 7 mm across, globose Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in semi-evergreen forests;; PS Pooppara Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. Rep. 1: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Majumder, Fl. Ind. 5: Millingtonia simplicifolia Roxb., Pl. Corom. 3: 50. t , p.p. Small trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 30 x 10 cm, oblanceolate, acute at apex, glabrous; nerves 16 pairs, regular, scabrid, young leaves crimson-red; petiole to 5 cm long. Flowers 2 mm across, in large axillary panicles; sepals 5, free, ovate, ciliate, petals 3, white, imbricate, glabrous. Drupe 5 mm across, ampulliform, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. March-October Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Rare in moist deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimala; Pooppara SABIA Colebrooke Sabia limoniacea Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FTSR ; Majumder, Fl. Ind. 5: S. malabarica Bedd., lc. 39, t ; FBI 2: ; FPM Branchlets glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, base rounded, glabrous, coriaceous, to 12 x 4 cm; lateral nerves ca. 5 pairs, intercostae reticulate, prominent; petiole 1.5 cm long. Cymes solitary and axillary to new leaves or in panicled cymes in the axils of old leaves. Sepals ciliate along margins. Petals suborbicular, white, 1 mm across. Ovary globose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pooppara ANACARDIACEAE 1. Leaves simple Leaves compound Drupe more than 3 x 2 cm; ovary 5-celled...Spondias 2. Drupe less than 1.5 cm across; ovary 1-celled Leaflets crenulate; petals valvate...solenocarpus 3. Leaflets entire; petals imbricate... Lannea 4. Leaves with petiolar appendages... Holigarna 4. Leaves without petiolar appendages Drupe on fleshy hypocarp Drupe not on fleshy hypocarp Leaves to 15 cm long; all stamens not fertile... Anacardium 6. Leaves more than 25 cm long; all stamens fertile...semecarpus 7. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or small compound racemes...nothopegia 7. Flowers in axillary or terminal large panicles Leaves and branchlets pubescent...buchanania 8. Leaves and branchlets glabrous...mangifera ANACARDIUM Linnaeus Anacardium occidentale L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5:

102 Small trees. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, obovate, obtuse, base cuneate-rotund. Panicles terminal; flowers unisexual and bisexual, to 1 cm; calyx 5, lanceolate; petals 5, oblong-elliptic; stamens to 10, 1-fertile, base of the filaments connate; ovary 1-celled; style to 1 cm. Drupe reniform, 3 x 1 cm, hypocarp pyriform, to 6 x 3 cm. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Native of South America; now widely cultivated in Asia and Africa. Cultivated in settlements BUCHANANIA Sprengel Buchanania lanzan Spreng., J. Bot. (Schr.) 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: B. latifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Small trees; branchlets stout, rusty tomentose. Leaves simple, to 20 x 12 cm, oblong, obtuse at apex, round at base, coriaceous, densely hairy below, nerves 19 pairs, prominent; petiole 1 cm long, stout. Panicle to 15 x 25 cm, terminal, branches stout, densely rusty-tomentose. Flowers many, clustered, bisexual, 6 mm across, sessile; sepals 5, free, ovate; petals 5, 2 x 1 mm, ovateoblong, glabrous; fertile stamen 1, sterile ones 4; disk densely hairy; fertile carpel 1, sterile carpels 4; style short. Drupe 1 x 0.8 cm, oblong, dark, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. South India and Myanmar. Common in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli HOLIGARNA Hamilton ex Roxburgh 1. Leaves tomentose below; bristles on petiole 2 or 3 pairs...h. grahamii 1. Leaves glabrous; bristles on petiole one pair Leaves obtusely acute at apex; drupe with a tuft of brown hairs at apex... H. arnottiana 2. Leaves emarginate at apex; drupe without a tuft of hairs at apex Leaves oblanceolate; petals obtuse...h. ferruginea 3. Leaves spathulate; petals acute... H. nigra Holigarna arnottiana Hook. f., FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR H. longifolia auct. non Roxb., 1820: Wight & Arn., Prodr Trees; branches stout, glabrous. Leaves to 20 x 6 cm, oblanceolate, obtusely acute at apex, attenuate at base, nerves 12 pairs, brown beneath; petiole 1 cm long, pubescent; bristle one on either side. Panicle 10 x 10 cm. Flowers yellowish white, many; branches and pedicels puberulus; petals 5, ovate, acute, hirsute outside. Drupe 1.5 x 1 cm, obovoid-oblong, apex with a crown of golden brown hairs. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Holigarna ferruginea Marchand, Rev. Anacard ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Trees, to 25 m or more high; bark white, smooth. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse, to emarginate, olive brown below when dried; nerves 7-10 pairs; petiole 2.5 cm long, Bristles 1or 2, short. Panicles 10 x 10 cm, terminal; branches thick, dark purple-tomentose. Flowers 3 mm across, densely dark purple-tomentose; petals rose, ovate, obtuse. Drupe 2.5 x 1 cm, obovoid, obtuse, narrowed to the base, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Karimala; PS Orukomban Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 42: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Semecarpus grahamii Wight, Ic. t Holigarna wightii Balakr., JBNHS 63:

103 Trees, to 30 m high; sap very acrid; branchlets stout; densely fulvous-tomentose. Leaves to 40 x 20 cm, oblanceolate, suddenly widening above the middle, glabrous above, densely golden brown tomentose below, nerves more then 30 pairs, prominent, regular, parallel. Panicle 20 x 35 cm, terminal, densely fulvous-hairy. Flowers many, sessile; sepals cupular, 4 or 5-toothed; petals dull white, 2.5 x 1.5 mm, densely hairy; filaments 3 mm long, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Kariamchola; Pezha Holigarna nigra Bourd., Indian For. 30: ; FPM ; FPL ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Medium trees. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, spathulate rounded, cuneate. Racemes to 12 cm, sparsely branched, densely brown fulvous tomentose; flowers sessile, 8 mm across, hairy. Drupe 4 x 1.5 cm, obovoid, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala LANNEA A. Richard Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 19: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Dialium coromandelicum Houtt., Nat. Hist. ser. 2. 2: 39. t. 5. f Odina wodier Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Small deciduous trees, to 10 m high; bark reddish inside; branches glabrous. Leaves pinnate; leaflets opposite, 4-5 pairs, 8-10 x 4-5 cm, ovate, lanceolate, glabrous. Panicle to 15 x 15 cm, terminal, stellate-hairy. Flowers clustered, unisexual, monoecious, 4 mm across; sepals 4, ovate, acute, spreading; petals 2 x 1 mm, obovate, obtuse; stamens 8-10 in male flowers, free, all fertile; filaments glabrous; ovary 1-celled, ovule solitary. Fruit a drupe, 10 x 6 mm, ovoid, glabrous. Fl.& Fr. January-April Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; PS Karimala MANGIFERA Linnaeus Mangifera indica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Trees, to 20 m high; bark rough with vertical fissures. Leaves alternate, usually clustered towards the apex, to 22 x 5 cm, oblong, acute at either ends, coriaceous; nerves 30, parallel; petiole to 2 cm long. Panicles usually terminal, to 20 x 10 cm or larger, densely hispid. Flowers many, unisexual, 8 mm across; sepals 2 x 1.5 mm, triangular; petals dull yellow, 4 x 1.5 mm, oblong, curved; fertile stamens 1; ovary 1-celled, ovule solitary; style lateral. Drupe 5 x 3 cm, oblong, mesocarp fleshy; endocarp fibrous; seed sub-reniform. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. India, Myanmar, Thailand. Common in evergreen forests; PS Vengoli NOTHOPEGIA Blume 1. Branchlets and petiole glabrous; raceme to 5 cm long... N. colebrookeana 1. Branchlets and petiole variously pubescent; racemes to 1 cm long Intercostae parallel; leaf apex abruptly long acuminate... N. travancorica 2. Intercostae reticulate; leaf apex obtusely acute...n. heyneana 79

104 Nothopegia colebrookeana (Wight) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat 1: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Pegia colebrookeana Wight, Ic. t Trees to 5 m high; branchlets dark, lenticellate. Leaves to 12 x 4 cm, obovate, attenuate at base, shining above, pale white beneath; nerves pairs, regular; petiole 1 cm long. Panicle 5 x 2 cm, conjested, rusty tomentose. Flowers 2 mm across, densely rusty-tomentose; sepals 4, ovate, acute; petals oblong, puberulus inside, densely tomentose outside; stamens 4, filaments glabrous. Drupe 9 x 6 mm, ovoid, acute, black. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban; Karimala Nothopegia heyneana (Hook. f.) Gamble, FPM ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: N. colebrookeana (Wight) Blume var. heyneana Hook.f., FBI 2: Shrubs, branchlets slender. Leaves to 9 x 2 cm, oblong, acute at apex and base, brown when dried; nerves ca. 20 pairs; intercostae irregular; petiole 5 mm long. Raceme 1 cm long, axillary. Flowers 5-6 mm across; sepals 4, triangular, glabrous; petals 4 x 1.5 mm, oblong, acute, glabrous; stamens 4, filaments 1 mm long, erect; ovary conical; stigma capitate. Fl. & Fr. May-June Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Nothopegia travancorica Bedd. ex Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Shrubs; branchlets lenticellate, ferrugineous tomentose. Leaves to 14 x 4 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtusely acuminate at apex, nerves 15 pairs, prominent; yellow; intercostae regular, closely parallel; petiole 1 cm long, curved. Flowers in axillary fascicles, 2-3 together; calyx ferrugineous tomentose; petals 1.5 mm long, ovate, acute, hairy inside, ciliate. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban SEMECARPUS Linnaeus f. 1. Leaves below and inflorescence tomentose...s. anacardium 1. Leaves and inflorescence glabrous...s. travancorica Semecarpus anacardium L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Small to medium deciduous trees; bark greyish-brown, red inside; young shoots sericeous. Leaves oblong-elliptic or obovate, emarginate or retuse, base subcordate or acute, to 30 x 15 cm, lateral nerves pairs, intercostae reticulate; petiole to 4 cm long. Flowers yellowish white; panicles to 20 cm long. Calyx lobes ovate, margins ciliate. Disc villous. Filaments glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Rare in dry areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi Semecarpus travancorica Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Large trees; bark dull brown. Leaves x cm, obovate, obtuse or acute at apex and base, coriaceous; nerves to 16 pairs, prominent, regular; petioles 5 cm long. Panicle 30 x 5 cm, axillary, glabrous. Flowers many, 1.5 mm across; sepals ovate, ciliate; petals white, oblong, acute, glabrous. Drupe 2.5 x 1.5 cm, compressed; pseudocarp 1.5 x 1 cm, globose, brown, striate. 80

105 Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara SOLENOCARPUS Wight & Arnott Solenocarpus indicus Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Spondias indica (Wight & Arn.) Airy Shaw & Forman, Kew Bull. 21: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Small trees, sometimes epiphytic; bark brown, rough; branchlets slender. Leaves pinnately compound; leaflets 6 pairs, opposite or subopposite, 6-7 x 2-3 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, many-nerved, base obliquely cordate. Panicle to 20 x 20 cm, axillary or terminal, spreading. Flowers many, bisexual, 3 mm across; calyx 5-lobed, lobes small, imbricate; petals 5, ovate, white; stamens 10, inserted outside the disk; ovary sessile, uni-locular; ovule solitary, pendulous. Drupe 8 x 5 mm, obovoid, smooth. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi; NS Muthuvarachal; PS Vengoli SPONDIAS Linnaeus Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz, Prelim. Rep. For. & Veg. Pegu Append. A. 44. & B ; FPL ; FTSR ; Dali & Mukherjee, Fl. Ind. 5: Mangifera pinnata L. f., Suppl. Pl Spondias mangifera Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Large trees; bark yields a gum; branchlets stout, white. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 10 x 4 cm, opposite, oblong-acuminate; many-nerved, nerves parallel, forming an intramarginal vein. Panicle to 25 x 20 cm, terminal, glabrous. Flowers 6 mm across, sessile; sepals 5, triangular; petals 5, 3 x 1 mm, oblong, glabrous; fertile stamen 1, staminodes 9; ovary 4-5-celled; ovule 1 in each cell; styles 4 or 5. Drupe 4 x 2.5 cm, ovoid-oblong, smooth. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in semi-evergreen and rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Orukomban CONNARACEAE CONNARUS Linnaeus 1. Leaflets glabrous; valves of the follicles velvety within...c. sclerocarpus 1. Leaflets tomentose along the nerves below; valves of follicles glabrous within... C. monocarpus Connarus monocarpus L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Mondal, Fl. Ind. 5: Large climbing shrubs; branchlets glabrous. Leaflets 9 x 4 cm, ovate, obtusely acuminate; nerves 5-7 pairs, reddish brown beneath; petiole 8 mm long. Panicles to 15 x 10 cm, terminal, branches fulvous-tomentose. Flowers many; pedicels hispid; sepals 4 x 1.5 mm, oblong, obtuse, hispid outside; petals 8 x 2 mm, acute, hispid outside; filaments glandular-hairy; ovary densely hairy. Capsule 5 x 2.5 cm, biconvex, stipitate, reddish, glabrous inside; seeds polished. Fl. & Fr. May-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pezha; NS Karimthalappara Connarus sclerocarpus (Wight & Arn.) Schellenb., Candollea 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; Mondal, Fl. Ind. 5: Rourea? sclerocarpa Wight & Arn., Prodr

106 Large climbers. Leaflets 6-8 x cm, elliptic, acute at base and apex; nerves 3 or 4 pairs, basal pair opposite, rib like; petiole 5 mm long. Panicles 10 x 10 cm, terminal, densely brown tomentose. Flowers light pink; pedicels very short; sepals yellow, 3 x 1.5 mm, densely tomentose outside; petals 7 x 2 mm, oblanceolate, obtuse, densely hairy; style 5 mm long, densely tomentose. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in secondary forests; PS Pezha FABACEAE Papilionoideae 1. Trees or lianas Herbs, shrubs or herbaceous climbers Pods orbicular, 1 seeded...pterocarpus 2. Pods oblong or linear many seeded Leaves trifoliolate Leaves many foliolate Lianas Trees Stamens monadelphous... Pueraria 5. Stamens diadelphous... Spatholobus 6. Keel petals much shorter than the standard... Erythrina 6. Keel petals longer than or equal to the standard... Butea 7. Pods winged...derris 7. Pods not winged Flowers in axillary racemes or an old wood... Castanospermum 8. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles or cymes Leaflets alternate; pods thin...dalbergia 9. Leaflets opposite; pods woody Lianas...Millettia 10. Trees... Pongamia 11. Herbaceous climbers Erect herbs or shrubs Leaflets 8-15 pairs... Abrus 12. Leaflets Stamen monadelphous Stamens diadelphous Inflorescence rachis swollen at nodes...canavalia 14. Inflorescence rachis not swollen at nodes Flowers white; pods without hooked horn...neonotonia 15. Flowers red; pods with hooked horn at apex...teramnus 16. Pods 1 or 2 seeded...rhynchosia 16. Pods more than 4 seeded Calyx lobes obscure...dumasia 17. Calyx lobes distinct Keel petal twisted; stigma oblique... Vigna 18. Keel petal not twisted; stigma strait Pods glabrous or glabrescent...centrosema 19. Pods densely tomentose or bristly Anthers uniform...shuteria 20. Anthers dimorphic... Mucuna 82

107 21. Anthers dimorphic Anthers uniform Leaves bifoliolate... Zornia 22. Leaves 1 or 3 foliolate Flowers axillary solitary... Goniogyna 23. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, cymes or umbels Pods flat, jointed...stylosanthes 24. Pods turgid not jointed...crotalaria 25. Leaves even-pinnate...smithia 25. Leaves 1-foliolate or odd-pinnate Pods breaking into one seeded articles Pods not breaking into one seeded articles Pods twisted and encased in the calyx tube...uraria 27. Pods strait not enclosed in the calyx tube Calyx scarious; joints of pods turgid... Alysicarpus 28. Calyx herbaceous; Joint of pods not turgid...desmodium 29. Pods 1 or 2 seeded... Flemingia 29. Pods 3 or more seeded Pods viscid glandular hairy...pseudarthria 30. Pods not viscid glandules hairy Plants covered with laterally adnated hairs...indigofera 31. Plants not covered with laterally adnated hairs Leaves more than 3-foliolate... Tephrosia 32. Leaves 3-foliolate Flowers axillary solitary or in 3 flowered fascicles... Rothia 33. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles... Cajanus ABRUS Adanson 1. Pods to 5 cm long; leaflets mucronate...a. precatorius 1. Pods to 10 cm long; leaflets not mucronate... A. pulchellus Abrus precatorius L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Glycine abrus L., Sp. Pl Twining herbs, glabrous. Leaves paripinnate, leaflets opposite, to 11 pairs, to 3 x 1 cm, oblong, obtuse, chartaceous, terminal leaflets larger; stipule lanceolate, deflexed. Flowers crowded in short tubercles, on long axillary raceme; calyx cupular, truncate; petals to 1 cm long, mauve, standard obovate; wings falcate, clawed; keel oblong; stamens monadelphous; ovary densely hairy. Pods 7 x 1 cm, oblong, slightly curved, compressed, glabrous; seeds many, 6 x 4 mm, dark red. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal Abrus pulchellus Wall. ex Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR A. fruticulosus sensu Bret., Blumea 10: ,p.p. Twining herbs, stem slender, hispid. Leaves to 12 cm long; leaflets 8-10 pairs, oblong, obtuse, base subcordate, glabrous, to 4 x 1.5 cm. Flowers pink, in short few-flowered axillary racemes. Calyx hispid. Pods to 10 x 1 cm; seeds ca. 10, orbicular, 4-5 mm across. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola 83

108 ALYSICARPUS Necker ex Desvaux 1. Leaves ovate to orbicular... A. vaginalis 1. Leaves oblong to lanceolate Racemes interrupted... A. bupleurifolius 2. Racemes not interrupted... A. heterophyllus Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum bupleurifolium L., Sp. Pl Erect herbs. Leaves to 4 x 0.9 cm, oblong, acute, cordate or rounded at base, ciliate; petiole 3 mm long; stipule 1 cm long. Racemes cm long, interrupted; bracts 7 x 5 mm, chaffy. Flowers grouped; calyx 10 mm long, lobes ciliate at apex; petals bluish violet. Pods 2 cm long; joints reticulate, smooth. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Indo-Malesia to Polynesia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Pezha; NS Vengoli Alysicarpus heterophyllus (Benth. ex Baker.) Jafri & Ali, Biologia (Lahore) 12: A. vaginalis (L.) DC. var. heterophyllus Benth. ex Baker in Hook.f., FBI 2: Procumbent herbs; stem strigose along one line. Leaves to 6 x 0.5 cm, linear-oblong, acute, minutely hairy below, base rounded; petiole 5 mm long; stipule 2 x 0.3 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, straw-coloured. Raceme to 5 cm long, terminal; bracts 7 x 4 mm, ovate, acute; calyx 10 mm long, lobes strongly ciliate at apex; standard pink, 8 mm long. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Velayudhankai Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum vaginalis L., Sp. Pl Alysicarpus cylindricus (Lam.) Desv., Ann. Linn. Soc. Paris 4: Procumbent herbs, stem glabrous. Leaves to 3 x 1.5 cm, ovate, obtuse, cordate at base, thinly villous below; petiole 1 cm long; stipule 10 x 2 mm, lanceolate. Racemes 3-6 cm long, terminal; bract 4 mm long, glabrous. Flowers paired; pedicels 2 mm long, slender; standard 5 mm long, pink. Pods 2 x 0.2 cm, jointed, joints 7, rectangular, minutely hooked-hairy. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Old World tropics; introduced in America. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli; PS 19040, NS Thunakkadavu BUTEA Roxburgh ex Willdenow Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3: ; FPL Erythrina monosperma Lam., Encycl. 1: Butea frondosa Koen. ex Roxb., Asiat. Res. 3: & Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM Deciduous trees; branchlets densely tomentose. Terminal leaflets 14 x 15 cm, rhomboidobovate, emarginate at apex, pubescent on both sides when young, lateral leaflets 15 x 14 cm, oblique, obovate-oblong; petiole to 12 cm, petiolule 0.5 cm, jointed. Panicles axillary or terminal, cauliflorus; flowers bright red; calyx tube 1 cm, campanulate, tomentose, upper two connate, teeth 3 mm; standard petal 5 x 2.5 cm, lanceolate, clawed, 8 mm; wings falcate, 4.5 x 1.5 cm; keel united 4.5 x 3 cm, curved, tomentose outside; staminal tube 6 cm, hairy at the base; ovary 2.5 cm, style 4.5 cm, pubescent. Pods 16 x 5 cm, flat, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. February-July Distr. Tropical Asia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Kariamchola 84

109 CAJANUS A. P. de Candolle 1. Erect shrubs...c. lineatus 1. Climbing or creeping herbs... C. heynei Cajanus heynei (Wight & Arn.) van der Maesen, Agri. Univ. Wagen. 85-4: ; FTSR Dunbaria heynei Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM D. oblonga Arn., Nov. Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur. 18: Twining herbs, stem patently hairy. Leaflets obovate, caudate-acuminate, lateral leaflets oblique, tomentose, to 7 x 4.5 cm, lateral nerves ca. 5 pairs, impressed above; petiole to 6 cm long. Flowers 2 cm long, confined to the tip of axillary racemes. Calyx red, pubescent. Petals yellow. Ovary pilose, style tomentose. Pods villous, 3 cm long; 4-5 seeded. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. South West India, Sri Lanka and Indo-China. Common in secondary forests; PS Kothala; Kuriarkutty Cajanus lineatus (Wight & Arn.) van der Maesen, Agri. Univ. Wagen. 85-4: ; FTSR Atylosia lineata Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL A. lawii Wight, Ic. t Erect shrubs, branchlets silky tomentose. Leaflets subsessile, obovate or rhomboid, mucronate, base acute, grey tomentose beneath, to 4 x 1.5 cm, 3-ribbed from the base; petiole to 1.5 cm long. Flowers yellow, 1.3 cm long, in axillary pairs. Calyx tomentose, lobes deltoid, acuminate. Ovary densely villous. Pods densely hairy, 2 x 0.8 cm; seeds 3. Fl. & Fr. June-January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala; Karimala CANAVALIA A. P. de Candolle Canavalia cathartica Thouars in Desv., J. Bot. 1: ; FTSR C. virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., Prodr p.p.; FPM Dolichos virosus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Canavalia ensiformis DC. var. virosa (Roxb.) Baker in Hook.f., FBI 2: Climbing shrubs. Leaflets broadly ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, base rounded or truncate, subcoriaceous, to 13 x 8 cm; lateral nerves ca. 7 pairs; petiole to 6 cm long. Flowers 2.5 cm long, in axillary, cm long racemes. Calyx hispid. Petals lilac. Ovary pubescent. Pods oblong, compressed apiculate, pubescent, to 12 x 2 cm. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in deciduous forests; PS Padippara CASTANOSPERMUM A. Cunningham ex W. J. Hooker Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & Fraser ex Hook., Bot. Misc. 1: 241, t Medium trees. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, leaflets 5-7 pairs, to 10 x 5 cm, elliptic, acute, base rounded; petiole to 5 mm. Racemes to 10 cm, axillary or on old wood, calyx to 2 cm, 5-lobed, corolla to 2.5 cm, orange-red, standard obovate, orbicular, wing and keels, oblong; stamens 5, free. Pods to 15 x 5 cm, oblong, turgid, apicular one large; seeds subglobose. Fl. flowering is not observed Distr. Native of Australia. Planted in Rage Office campus CENTROSEMA (A. P. de Candolle) Bentham Centrosema pubescens Benth., Comm. Legum. Gen ; FPL ; FTSR C. virginianum (L.) Benth., Ann. Wien. Mus. 2: Clitoria virginiana L., Sp. Pl

110 Twining herbs; stem covered with hooked hairs. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets to 7.5 x 3.5 cm, ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, pubescent, stipellate; petiole 3-10 cm long; stipules ovate. Flowers 3-9-together, in umbellate racemes on long peduncles; bracts large, ovate; calyx 6 mm long, campanulate, toothed; standard 3 cm across, violet-pink, hairy on back; wings obovate, clawed; keel curved, acute; stamens monadelphous. Pods to 14 x 0.6 cm, sessile, glabrous, compressed with thick margins, cuspidate; seeds many, grey, mottled with green. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of America; introduced in India. Very common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Kannimara CROTALARIA Linnaeus 1. Leaves trifoliolate... C. laevigata 1. Leaves simple Shrubs or sub shrubs Erect or prostate herbs Pods glabrous...c. retusa 3. Pods variously hairy Corolla yellow; leaf margins ciliate...c. juncea 4. Corolla bluish-white; leaves glabrous... C. heyneana 5. Pods glabrous Pods hairy Flowers in heads or umbels Flowers in racemes Upper calyx lobes connate... C. nana 7. Upper calyx lobes deeply divided... C. dubia 8. Pods to 1 cm, as long as the calyx...c. humifusa 8. Pods more than 2 cm, longer than the calyx Stipules lanceolate, margin ciliate; pods oblong...c. ferruginea 9. Stipules linear, margin not ciliate; pods obovoid...c. mysorensis 10. Stem quadrangular; leaf base equal... C. clarkei 10. Stem terete; leaf base unequal...c. evolvuloides Crotalaria clarkei Gamble, Kew Bull. 1917: & FPM Suberect herbs; stem quadrangular, pilose. Leaves to 4 x 1.3 cm, oblong, obtuse, subcordate at base, hairy below; petiole 1 mm long; stipule 5 x 3 mm, ovate, oblique. Raceme 6-10 cm long, terminal or axillary; bracts 4 x 3 mm, ovate, cordate. Flowers few; calyx 1 cm long, lobes acuminate, densely fulvous; standard 10 x 3 cm, hairy without; wings 9 x 3 mm, obtuse; keel 10 mm long, ciliate. Pods 25 x 9 mm, oblong. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala Crotalaria dubia Graham ex Benth. in Hook.'s London J. Bot. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Shrubs, branchlets silky pubescent. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm, obovate, obtuse, mucronate, subsessile. Flowers in short terminal heads; bracts and bracteoles 4 mm, ovate, acuminate; calyx lobed, lobes to 4 mm; corolla yellow, standard to 1 x 0.3 cm oblong; wings 11 x 2 mm, linear, keels curved, ca 1 x 0.5 cm. Pods to 6 x 3 mm, 4-6 seeded; seeds 2 mm across, reniform. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. South West India, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu 86

111 Crotalaria evolvuloides Wight ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Prostrate herbs; stem pubescent. Leaves to 4 x 2 cm, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, unequal at base, pubescent below; stipule 3 mm long, deflexed. Racemes erect, 3-4 cm long; bracts 3 x 2 mm, cordate at base. Flowers 3-7 in a raceme; calyx 10 mm long, lobes lanceolate; standard 8 x 7 mm, orbicular; wings 6 x 3 mm, clawed; keel glabrous. Pods 15 x7 mm, hairy. Fl. & Fr. August-December- Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Peruvaripallam; Kannimara Crotalaria ferruginea Graham ex Benth. in Hook.f., FBI 2: Erect branched herbs, silky pubescent. Leaves to 5.5 x 1.5 cm, oblong, obovate, apex obtuse, apiculate, base cuneate, pubescent; petiole 1 mm, stipule 0.5 cm, lanceolate, ciliate. Racemes lax, 6-8 flowered; flowers yellow, pedicels 0.5 cm; sepals connate at the base, 1.5 cm, lanceolate, tomentose; keel sepal linear; standard petal 17 x 8 mm, orbicular; wings 10 x 5 mm, oblong, obtuse; keel united, 1.5 cm long, enclosing the stamens and pistil; anthers dimorphic, larger 3 mm, smaller 0.3 mm; ovary 4 mm, oblong, style constricted at the bent, 1.3 cm long, puberulus, stigma oblique. Pods 3 x 1 cm, oblong, glabrous, shining; seeds many. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous and rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Crotalaria heyneana Graham ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect shrubs; stem 3-angled, villous. Leaves to 9 x 7 cm, ovate, obtuse, cuneate at base, minutely hairy below; stipule 7 mm broad, semi-lunar. Raceme to 20 cm long, terminal; bracts deflexed. Flowers numerous; pedicels 6-7 mm long, bracteolate at middle; calyx 8 mm long, lobes ovate, acuminate, thinly hairy; petals white or bluish white; standard 12 x 8 mm, glabrous; wings 10 x 6 mm; keel glabrous. Pods 35 x 13 mm, minutely hispid, clawed. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Crotalaria humifusa Graham ex Benth. in Hook. s London J. Bot. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Prostrate herb; stem villous. Leaves to 5 x 3.5 cm, ovate, obtuse, pubescent, petiolate; stipule filiform. Raceme axillary, 6-12 cm long, peduncled. Flowers 5-10; pedicels 5 mm long; bracts and bracteoles filiform; calyx 6 mm long, lobes equal, densely fulvous hairy; standard 5 x 3 mm, obovate; wings 4 x 2 mm, oblanceolate; keel glabrous. Pods to 7 x 3 mm, oblong, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malaya. Occasional in grassland areas; PS Karimala Crotalaria juncea L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPL Silky pubescent subshrubs; branchlets striate. Leaves to 10 x 0.6 cm, oblong, apex obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate, pubescent on both sides, sessile; stipule adpressed, lanceolate, deciduous. Racemes terminal; flowers yellow; bracts 4 mm, linear; bracteoles cauducous; calyx lobes 2 and 1.5 cm long, lanceolate, densely tomentose, standard petal 3 x 2.5 cm; wings 2 x 0.9 cm, keel 2.5 x 1 cm; staminal sheath 4 mm, filaments 8 and 16 mm; anthers dimorphic, 7 and 1 mm; ovary 1 cm, villous, style 2 cm. Pods 3 x 1 cm, oblong, densely brownish tomentose. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Native of India; now spread to moist tropical countries. Rare in degraded forest areas; PS Peruvaripallam 87

112 Crotalaria laevigata Lam., Encycl. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Shrubs, 2-3 m tall. Leaflets obovate or oblong-obovate, obtuse or retuse, membranous, glabrous, glaucous below, terminal much larger than the laterals, to 3 x 1.5 cm; lateral nerves and reticulations faint; petiole to 3 cm long; stipule subulate, to 4 mm long. Flowers 1.5 cm across, in axillary, 2-5 flowered racemes; bracts minute, setaceous. Calyx lobes puberulus, deltoid-lanceolate, 4 mm long. Petals bright yellow, standard ovate; keels beaked. Pods glabrous, 1.5 x 0.5 cm; seeds ca. 10. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Peninsular India and Madagascar. Common in rocky grassland areas; PS Pezha Crotalaria mysorensis Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Shrubs to 1 m high; stem terete, densely long-hairy. Leaves to 5.5 x 0.7 cm, linear-oblong, obtuse, densely fulvous hairy, stipule 1 cm long, oblong, erect. Raceme to 20 cm long, velutinous hairy. Flowers distant; pedicels 1 cm long; bracts 1.5 cm long, lanceolate; calyx 18 mm long, densely hairy; standard 17 x 12 cm, obovate, fulvous hairy on back; wings 12 x 4 mm, rugose; keel 15 mm long, densely pubescent on margins. Pods 2.2 x 1 cm, obovoid, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in rocky grassland areas; PS Vengoli Crotalaria nana Burm.f., Fl. Ind. 156,t.48. f ; FBI 2: ; FPL ; FTSR C. umbellata Wight ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM C. nana Burm. f. var. umbellata (Wight & Arn.) Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 66: Erect herbs, to 30 cm high; stem fulvous. Leaves to 3 x 0.8 cm, oblong, acute or obtuse, densely hairy. Flowers together, in terminal sessile conjested umbel; bracts 5 mm long, filiform; calyx lobes lanceolate, densely hairy; standard 5 x 3 mm, obovate, yellow; wings 4 x 2 mm, verrucose; keel ciliate along the margins. Pods 5 x 4 mm, globose, glabrous, 6-10-seeded. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in grasslands; NS 5734, PS Karimala Crotalaria retusa L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Erect shrubs; stem glabrous, terete. Leaves to 12 x 3 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse to retuse; petiole to 1 cm long; stipule minute, filiform. Raceme terminal, many-flowered; bracts and bracteoles filiform. Flowers yellow; pedicels 1 cm long, deflexed; calyx 12 mm long, lobes ovate, acute, thinly hairy; standard 2.5 x 3 cm, orbicular, retuse, glabrous; wings 2 cm long, verrucose; keel tomentose along the margins. Pods 5 x 1.3 cm, oblong, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in rocky grasslands; PS Karimala DALBERGIA Linnaeus f. 1. Lianas... D. volubilis 1. Trees Leaflets more than 10; stamens Leaflets less than 10; stamens Flowers in axillary corymbose panicles... D. latifolia 3. Flowers in terminal panicles on new shoots Leaflets 4 or 5, sub-orbicular...d. sissoo 4. Leaflets 10, obovate...d. sissoides 5. Branchlets glabrous...d. lanceolaria ssp. lanceolaria 5. Branchlets densely pubescent... D. lanceolaria ssp. paniculata 88

113 Dalbergia lanceolaria L. f., Suppl. Pl , ssp. lanceolaria; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. frondosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Trees, to 25 m tall; bark greenish-white. Leaflets pairs, 2-5 x 1-2 cm, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, nerves many, close. Panicles 15 x 8 cm, yellowish-hirsute. Flowers greenish white; calyx 3 mm long, lobes ovate, acute, hirsute; petals white; standard 10 x 7 mm, orbicular, glabrous; wings 8 mm long, curved; keel glabrous. Pods to 9 x 2.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, glabrous, acute at apex, narrowed to the base, 1-3 seeded; stalk very long. Fl. & Fr. May-September Distr. India, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS 30233, Karimala Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f. ssp. paniculata (Roxb.) Thoth., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25: D. paniculata Roxb., Corom. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM Amerimnon paniculatum (Roxb.) O. Ktze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: Small trees, branchlets pubescent. Leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets alternate, 5 or 6 pairs, to 4 x 2.5 mm, oblong, obovate, obtuse, base cuneate; petioles ca 4 mm. Panicles terminal or axillary on tender shoot, pubescent; flowers ca 1 cm across; calyx tube ca 4 mm, rusty tomentose; corolla white, standard 1 x 0.5 mm, ovate, oblong, wings and keels to 8 x 3 mm; stamens 10, diadelphous; ovary ca 3 mm. Pods to 7 x 11.5 cm, lanceolate, acute; seeds 1 or 2. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. India and Myanmar. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Dalbergia latifolia Roxb., Corom. Pl. 2: 7,t.1798; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. emarginata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Tall trees, to 30 m tall; branchlets slender, white. Leaves 7-11-foliolate, leaflets 3-6 cm across, obovate-orbicular, rounded to emarginate at apex, rounded at base, glaucous beneath; petiolule 6 mm long. Panicles to 10 x 4 cm, axillary, glabrous. Flowers 10 mm long, creamy white; calyx 5 mm long, glabrous; standard 8 mm across, clawed; wings curved; keel glabrous. Pods to 10 x 2 cm, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, 1-6-seeded; stalk short. Fl. & Fr. June-September Distr. India, Nepal and Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Kuchimudi; Vengoli Dalbergia sissoides Graham ex Wight & Arn., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. latifolia var. sissoides (Graham ex Wight & Arn.) Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: D. latifolia sensu Wight, Ic. t , non Roxb Tall trees, to 25 m tall. Leaves 6-9-foliolate; leaflets to 7 x 4 cm, obovate, acute at the apex and base; petiolule 6 mm long. Panicle 5-15 cm across, terminal or upper axillary, glabrous. Flowers 8 mm long, greenish yellow; pedicels 6 mm long, slender; calyx 4 mm long, lobes obtuse, glabrous; standard 7 x 5 mm, greenish yellow; keel glabrous. Pods to 8 x 1.5 cm, ellipticoblong, acute at apex, attenuate into a long stalk at base. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. Peninsular India and Indonesia. Rare in secondary forests; PS Karimala Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Medium trees, branchlets pilose. Leaflets alternate, 2 pairs, to 7 x 6 cm, obovate, obtuse, base cuneate; subsessile. Panicle lax terminal and axillary on new shoots; pedicel ca 2 mm, calyx tube ca 3 mm, corolla cream, standard ca 8 x 5 mm, obovate, wings and keels 6 mm; stamens 9, monadelphous; sheath ca 4 mm. Pods to 7.5 x 1 cm, oblong acute, apiculate; seeds 2. Fl. & Fr. February-March Distr. Native of Tropical Himalaya to North East India, cultivated in Tropical to Subtropical Africa, Asia. Planted in nearby areas of Keerappadi check post; NS 3213, 3212 Parambikulam 89

114 Dalbergia volubilis Roxb., Corom. Pl. 2: 48. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Climbers. Leaves 8-10-foliolate; leaflets to 3 x 1.5 cm, obovate-oblong, obtuse at apex, glabrous. Panicle 25 x 10 cm, terminal. Flowers 10 mm across, blue; calyx 5 mm long, lobes ovate, acute, hairy; standard 8 mm across, reflexed; keel 5 x 3 mm, glabrous; stamens isodiadelphous. Pods to 3.5 x 1.5 cm, elliptic, obtuse at apex, shortly cuspidate, stalked, glabrous; seed solitary. Fl. & Fr. March-June. Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam DERRIS Loureiro 1. Leaflets 9-13, to 5 x 2 cm...d. scandans 1. Leaflets 7-9, to 9 x 4 cm Branchlets softly pubescent; pods turgid over seeds... D. benthamii 2. Branchlets glabrous; pods compressed and flat... D. brevipes Derris benthamii (Thw.) Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FPM Brachypterum benthamii Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Derris paniculata Benth., J. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): 105,1860; FBI 2: Stout climbers; branchlets densely lenticellate, minutely dark brown hispid. Leaves 7-9- foliolate; leaflets to 4 x 2 cm, ovate, abruptly acuminate, acumen twisted, retuse, pubescent along the nerves below; petiolule hispid. Panicle to 30 x 30 cm, brown-hispid. Calyx 4 mm long, oblique at mouth, densely hispid outside, lobes short; standard 10 x 6 mm, clawed, concave, white; keel 10 x 3 mm, oblong, clawed. Pods 3.5 x 2 cm, 1.5 cm thick, densely brown hispid, acute and hooked at apex, acute at base; seeds 1 or 2. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests and riverine areas; PS Karimala Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker in Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR D. heyneana Benth. var. brevipes Benth., J. Linn. Soc. 4 (Suppl.): Stout climber; branchlets slender, glabrous. Leaves 3-9-foliolate; leaflets to 12 x 5 cm, obovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate at apex, retuse, acute at base. Panicles 10 x 10 cm, axillary, rusty tomentose. Calyx cupular, 4 mm long, hispid, black, lobes obtuse; standard 11 x 7 mm, obovate, emarginate, white, clawed; wing 9 x 3 mm, oblong; keel glabrate; stamens monadelphous; ovary densely hairy. Pods 5 x 2.5 cm, ovate, obtuse at either ends, dark brownhispid; seeds 2. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in semi-evergreen forests;; PS Thenkudippara Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4 (Suppl.) ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Dalbergia scandens Roxb., Pl. Corom. t D. timorensis DC., Prodr. 2: Brachypterum scandens (Roxb.) Benth., Ann. Wien Mus. 2: B. timorensis (DC.) Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 1: Derris timorensis (DC.) Pittier, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20: Woody climbers, stem terete, lenticellate. Leaves to 12 cm; leaflets 9-13, to 4.5 x 2 cm, oblong-obovate, puberulus beneath; petiolule 5 mm, stipels minute. Racemes axillary and rarely terminal, to 25 cm long, nodes tumid; flowers pinkish-white; pedicels to 8 mm, pubescent; bracteoles 2 above the middle of the pedicel; calyx 3 mm, truncate, campanulate; standard petal 9 x 7 mm, ovate-orbicular; wings 9 x 2 mm, appendaged; keel 9 mm; staminal tube 7 mm, 90

115 filaments 2 and 3 mm; ovary 7 mm, tomentose, style 5 mm, bent upwards, stigma globose. Pods winged on the upper suture, tapering at both ends, pubescent; seeds 1-4. Fl. & Fr. June-September Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi DESMODIUM Desvaux 1. Leaves 1-foliolate Leaves 3-foliolate Petiole winged; stem 3-angled...D. triquetrum 2. Petiole not winged; stem not 3-angled Articles long, rhomboidal...d. zonatum 3. Articles short, linear Leaves glabrous above; stipules lanceolate...d. gangeticum 4. Leaves velutinus above; stipules ovate...d. velutinum 5. Flowers in axillary umbels... D. triangulare 5. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles Flowers included in the large foliaceous orbicular bracts... D. pulchellum 6. Flowers exposed without foliaceous or orbicular bracts Trailing herbs Erect shrubs or herbs Stem glabrescent; leaflets emarginate at apex...d. triflorum 8. Stem hairy; leaflets rounded at apex...d. heterophyllum 9. Joints of pods lunar or crescentic; stamens monadelphous...d. repandum 9. Joints of pods square; stamens diadelphous Calyx 5 lobed, upper calyx lobes not connate...d. alysicarpoides 10. Calyx 4 lobed, upper calyx lobes connate Inflorescence dense; secondary bracts absent... D. heterocarpon 11. Inflorescence lax; secondary bracts present...d. laxiflorum Desmodium alysicarpoides van Meeuwen, Reinwardtia 6: Alysicarpus parviflorus Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: ; FPM Desmodium parviflorum (Dalz.) Baker in Hook.f., FBI 2: , non Mart. & Galeotti Erect or suberect herbs, to 30 cm high; stem villous. Leaflets 4.5 x 2 cm, elliptic acute at apex, rounded at base, tomentose below; laterals much smaller. Racemes to 30 cm long, terminal; pedicels 2 or 3-together. Flowers blue; calyx 4.5 mm long, lobes linear-lanceolate, densely hairy, standard 3 x 2.5 mm, glabrous. Pods curved, 6-jointed, joint 2 x 1.5 mm, straight along one suture, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in dry deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Kuchimudi Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum gangeticum L., Sp. Pl H. maculatum L., Sp. Pl Desmodium collinum Wight, Ic. t Erect subshrubs, stem hispid, 3-angled. Leaves to 12 x 8 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded or truncate at base, glabrous above, densely tomentose below; nerves prominent beneath. Racemes to 30 cm long, axillary, villous; pedicels 2-5 together, 3 mm long. Flowers pale blue; calyx 2 mm long, lobes acute; standard 3.5 x 3 mm, acute at base, retuse at apex. Pods straight, 8-jointed; joints 2.5 x 2.5 mm, moniliform, glabrous, black. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. Common in deciduous forests and plantation; PS Padippara 91

116 Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum heterocarpon L., Sp. Pl H. polycarpum Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 6: Desmodium polycarpum (Poir.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM D. patens Wight, Ic. t Erect herbs; stem strigose. Leaflets to 7 x 3.5 cm, elliptic, obtuse at apex, rounded at base, pubescent below, glaucous, nervules parallel; stipules 18 mm long, lanceolate, subulate above. Raceme to 20 cm long, axillary, densely adpressed-strigose. Flowers densely arranged; bracts 4-8 x 3-5 mm, ovate, acuminate; calyx 2 mm long, lobes ovate, acute, standard 4 x 2.5 mm, obovate, pink. Pods 2 x 0.3 mm, 6-8 jointed; joints squarish, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia, China and Japan. Common in moist deciduous forests and vayals; PS Orukomban Desmodium heterophyllum (Willd.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum heterophyllum Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. var. majus Wight & Arn., Prodr Trailing herbs; stem densely villous, reddish. Terminal leaflets 2.5 x 1.2 cm, elliptic, obtuse, glabrous above; petiole 1.5 cm long; lateral leaflets smaller, stipule 6 x 3 mm, lanceolate, ciliate. Racemes axillary, 1-3-flowered; pedicel 1.3 cm long, slender, villous. Flowers blue; calyx 3 mm long, lobes long-ciliate; standard 5 mm across; stamens diadelphous. Pods 2 x 0.4 cm, joints strongly reticulate, thinly pubescent. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in degraded forest areas and plantations; PS Parambikulam; Vengoli Desmodium laxiflorum DC., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 4: & Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. diffusum DC., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 4: D. recurvatum (Roxb.) Graham ex Wight & Arn., Prodr Hedysarum recurvatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Erect herbs, to 35 cm high; stem angled, adpressed-hairy. Terminal leaflet to 13 x 10 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base, densely hairy below, glabrate above; petiole 4 cm long; stipules 8 mm long, lanceolate; stipels filiform. Racemes to 35 cm long, axillary or terminal; rachis hairy. Flowers solitary or paired, pink; calyx 2 mm long, hairy; standard 6 x 3 mm, emarginate. Pods 6-9 jointed; joints 4 x 1.25 mm, oblong, longitudinally striate. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India to Formosa, Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Muthuvarachal Desmodium pulchellum (L.) Benth., Fl. Hongk ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum pulchellum L., Sp. Pl Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv., J.Bot. ser. 2, 1: Dicerma pulchellum (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: Erect shrubs, to 1.5 m tall; stem and branches arching. Leaflets 10 x 6 cm, obovate, obtuse at apex, acute at base, thinly hairy above, densely below. Racemes panicled, terminal or subterminal, to 30 cm long; floral leaves bifarious, to 12 mm across, orbicular, hispid, with one filiform appendage at base. Flowers 1-3 together; bracts and bracteoles minute; standard 4-5 mm long, pale blue, glabrous. Pods 2-jointed, 7 mm long, joints orbicular, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Tropical Asia and Australia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC., Prodr. 2: Hedysarum repandum Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: Desmodium scalpe DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM D. strangulatum Wight & Arn., Prodr

117 Undershrubs; branches slender. Leaves few; leaflets to 20 x 6 cm, ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, glabrous above, adpressed pubescent below; nerves finely reticulated below; stipules ovate, acuminate. Flowers in panicled racemes, terminal or axillary; rachis tomentose, to 25 cm long; calyx 4-lobed, campanulate; standard to 10 mm across, reddish, orbicular, retuse at apex. Joints of pods 2 or 3, to 1.5 x 0.6 cm, falcate, densely covered with hooked hairs. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Paleotropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Valiyathode Desmodium triangulare (Retz.) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 23: ; FTSR Hedysarum triangulare Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: Shrubs; branchlets triangulare, adpressed hairy. Leaflets subequal, to 9 x 4 cm, elliptic, acuminate, hairy when young; nerves 8-10 pairs, regular; petiole 3 mm long; stipules 1 cm long, ovate, acuminate. Flowers many-together, in axillary clusters; upper calyx lobes united and longer than the others; petals white; standard to 8 mm across, orbicular, glabrous; wings 6 mm long, obovate; keels glabrous. Pods to 2.5 cm long, curved, crenate; joints 4-6, adpressed tomentose. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in moist deciduous forests and rocky areas; PS Vengoli Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum triflorum L., Sp. Pl Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. var. minus Wight & Arn., Prodr Hedysarum stipulaceum Burm.f., Fl. Ind. t. 54. f Prostrate herbs; branches trailing, slender, pilose. Leaflets 4-6 x 4-5 mm, orbicular, obtuse to retuse, pubescent below; stipule 4 mm long, ovate. Flowers 3 mm across, 3-5 in short axillary raceme; calyx 2 mm long, 5-lobed; standard 3 mm across, orbicular, pink; wings obovate. Pods to 1 cm long, straight; joints 4-6, squarish, hooked-pubescent. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Velayudhankai; Kariamchola Desmodium triquetrum (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: , p.p.; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum triquetrum L., Sp. Pl Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) Ohashi, Ginkgoana 1: Erect subshrubs, to 1.5 m tall, sparsely branched; stem scabrous, triquetrous. Leaves to 11 x 3 cm, oblong, acuminate, cordate at base, pubescent; petiole 1.5 cm long, wing 8 mm broad; stipule 2 cm long, lanceolate. Raceme to 40 cm long, terminal, rarely branched at base; bracts 1 cm long, lanceolate. Flowers subsessile; calyx 5 mm long, lobes very unequal; petals pink, standard 7 mm across, clawed; keel spurred, pink. Pods 2 x 0.6 cm, oblong, scabrous, straight. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum velutinum Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: Desmodium latifolium (Roxb. ex Ker.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Hedysarum latifolium Roxb. ex Ker., Bot. Reg. 5: t Shrubs, to 1.5 m high; stem ferrugineous-tomentose. Leaves to 13 x 10 cm, broadly ovate, acute or obtuse at apex, rounded at base, densely velutinus below; nerves 6-8 pairs, regular, prominent below; stipules 3 mm long, cordate at base, white; stipel minute, filiform. Raceme terminal, panicled, to 30 cm long. Flowers 4 mm across, pink; calyx 1.5 mm long, lobes ovate, 93

118 acute, hairy; standard 3 x 3 mm. Pods 2 cm long, crenate along ventral suture; joints 8-10, each 3 x 3 mm, roundish, hirsute Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. South and South East Asia and Africa. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Vengoli Desmodium zonatum Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1: D. ormocarpoides Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: , non DC. 1828; FPM Erect herbs, to 30 cm tall. Leaves to 10 x 4 cm, ovate, acute to acuminate, rounded at base, glabrous above, densely hairy below; nerves to 8 pairs; petiole to 2 cm long; stipule 10 mm long, lanceolate, ciliate. Raceme to 20 cm long, terminal; pedicels 1 cm long, slender. Flowers white, 5 mm long; calyx 1.5 mm long, lobes ovate, acute; standard 5 mm across, orbicular, white. Pods fragile, 6-8-jointed; joints 15 x 3 mm, elliptic-oblong, densely covered with viscid hooked-hairs. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Indo-Malaya and China. Occasional in degraded forest areas; PS Kariamchola DUMASIA A. P. de Candolle Dumasia villosa DC., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Pairs) 4: & Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. congesta Graham ex Wight & Arn., Prodr Slender twining herbs, branches tomentose. Leaflets ovate, obtuse, tomentose on both sides to 6.5 x 4 cm; lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, slender; petiole to 5 cm long; stipules lanceolate, tomentose, 0.5 cm long. Flowers ca. 2 cm long, in axillary 6-10 cm long racemes. Calyx glabrescent, mouth oblique. Petals golden yellow. Pods velvety tomentose, 3 cm long. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia, China and Africa. Rare in grasslands; PS 5750 Karimala Hills ERYTHRINA Linnaeus 1. Unarmed trees; keel petals free...e. variegata 1. Armed trees; keel petals connate...e. stricta Erythrina stricta Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR Tall trees; bark corky; branchlets densely prickled. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets to15 x 12 cm, broadly obovate-deltoid, 3-7-nerved from the base, glabrous; petiole to 20 cm long. Flowers 6 cm long, in stout axillary racemes; calyx 1 cm long, spathiform, split on one side; petals red, standard 5 x 2.5 cm, elliptic, acute; wings 8 x 4 mm, obovate; keel 2 x 2 cm; stamens 10, monadelphous, vexillary stamens free above; anthers uniform; ovary stalked, many-ovuled; style curved. Pods 15 x 1 cm, oblong, cylindrical, acuminate at apex; seeds 3-6. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. India, South East Asia and China. Occasional in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala Erythrina variegata L., Herb. Amb ; FTSR E. variegata L., Stickm. Herb. Amboin & Amoen. Acad. 4: E. corollodendron L. var. orientalis L., Sp. Pl E. variegata L. var. orientalis (L.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amb E. indica Lam., Encycl. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Small trees, branchlets stellately pubescent. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets to 15 cm across, rhomboid-ovate, acuminate; petiole to 25 cm. Racemes to 15 cm; bracts triangular; bracteoles subulate, 2 mm; flowers to 7.5 cm long; pedicles to 1 cm; calyx to 2 x 8 cm, spathaceous, apically 5-toothed; corolla bright-red, standard to 6.5 x 2.5 cm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, wings to 1.5 x 1 94

119 cm, obovate; keels to 1 x 0.7 cm, oblong falcate, staminal sheath 3.5 cm; ovary ca 2 cm, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. Indo-Malesia, China and Africa. Planted; PS Muthalakkuzhi FLEMINGIA Roxburgh ex W. Aiton et E. T. Aiton 1. Leaves simple... F. strobilifera 1. Leaves 3-foliolate Petioles prominently winged... F. semialata 2. Petioles not winged Leaflets black glandular beneath; leaflets elliptic...f. macrophylla 3. Leaflets red glandular beneath; leaflets ovate... F. grahamiana Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM Shrubs, stem scabrous. Leaflets 10 x 5 cm, obovate, obtusely acute, grey-tomentose beneath; nerves to 8 pairs, very prominent beneath, impressed above, reticulate; petiole 5-6 cm long, triquetrous. Racemes 3-5 cm long, 1-3 together, densely yellowish brown hairy; bracts 3 x 2 mm, ovate. Flowers densely arranged; calyx 8 mm long, densely red-glandular, lobes lanceolate; standard 9 x 6 mm, obovate, acute; wings 8 x 1.5 mm, linear-oblong; ovary densely hairy. Pods 10 x 6 mm, oblong; seeds 4 x 2 mm. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. India and Tropical Africa. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Peruvaripallam; Pandaravarai Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Prain ex Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 5: Crotalaria macrophylla Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: Flemingia congesta Roxb. ex Ait. Hort. Kew (ed.2) ; FBI 2: ; FPM Moghania macrophylla (Willd.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl Flemingia semialata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FPM F. congesta var. semialata (Roxb.) Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: , p.p. Shrubs, to 3 m tall; branches obtusely triquetrous, adpressed hairy. Leaflets ovate, lanceolate, acute, pubescent along nerves, black glandular beneath; nerves 10 pairs, lowest pair from the base, rib-like; petiole 8-11 cm long. Racemes to 4 cm long, axillary, densely hairy; bracts 4 mm long, ovate. Calyx 9 mm long, hairy, black-glandular, standard 9 x 5 mm, ovate; wings 7 x 2 mm, clawed; keel 9 x 3 mm, obovate. Pods 12 x 8 mm, oblong, hispid. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. India to Malesia, Australia and Africa. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Puliyala Flemingia semialata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR F. congesta Roxb. var. semialata (Roxb.) Baker in Hook.f., FBI 2: p.p. Shrubs to 1.5 m tall, stem minutely villous. Leaflets to 15 x 7 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, scabrous along the nerves; nerves, to 7 pairs, similar to midrib; petiole to 8 cm long, winged. Racemes cm long, terminal, panicled, densely velutinus; bracts 5 x 1 mm, acuminate. Flowers many, closely packed, calyx 10 mm long, lobes lanceolate, densely hairy; petals light pink; standard 9 x 4.5 mm, emarginate; wing to 7 x 1.5 mm, curved, verrucose; keel 9 x 3 mm, long-clawed. Pods 14 x 8 mm, obovoid. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. South Asia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Anappadi Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br. ex Ait., Hort. Kew (ed. 2) 4: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR Hedysarum strobiliferum L., Sp. Pl H. bracteatum 95

120 Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Flemingia bracteata (Roxb.) Wight, Ic. t ; FPM F. strobilifera var. bracteata (Roxb.) Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: Shrubs, to 2.5 m high. Leaves 1-foliolate, 15 x 6 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrate; nerves 8 pairs, lowest pair rib-like; nervules parallel; petiole 1 cm long. Racemes to 20 cm long, axillary, axis zig-zag, tomentose; floral leaves 25 x 4 mm, orbicular, cuspidate, ciliolate. Flowers included, 3-6-together in short cymes, pedicelled; calyx 6 mm long, hairy, one lobe larger; standard 5 x 6 mm, orbicular, pinkish; wings 4.5 x 1 mm, white; keel 6.5 x 2 mm, clawed. Fl. & Fr. December-January. Distr. Indian subcontinent and Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu GONIOGYNA A. P. de Candolle Goniogyna hirta (Willd.) Ali., Taxon 16: ; FPL Hallia hirta Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: Heylandia latebrosa sensu Baker in Hook.f., FBI 2: , non (L. ) DC. 1825; FPM Diffuse herbs, densely hispid. Leaves simple, to 1.5 cm across, ovate to orbicular, cordate at base. Flowers small, axillary, solitary, almost concealed by leaves; calyx tube 2 mm long, lobes 5, lanceolate, upper 2 lobes united; petals pale yellow, standard 5 x 3 mm, obovate; wings 4 x 1 mm, oblong, keel 4 mm long; stamens 10, monadelphous, alternately smaller and larger; anthers dimorphous; ovary densely hairy. Pods 6 x 3 mm, oblong, turgid, hairy, 1-seeded. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. South Asia. Rare in moist rocky areas; PS Vengoli INDIGOFERA Linnaeus 1. Leaves 3-foliolate...I. trifoliata 1. Leaves 5 or more foliolate Flowers solitary... I. uniflora 2. Flowers in racemes or spikes Racemes shorter than leaves; stipule setaceous...i colutea 3. Racemes longer than leaves; stipules otherwise Stipular base appendaged; seeds smooth...i. spicata 4. Stipular base not appendaged; seeds pitted...i. astragalina Indigofera astragalina DC., Prodr. 2: ; Sanjappa, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 21: I. hirsuta sensu Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: ,p.p. non L. 1753; FPM Densely hairy herbs; stem woody. Leaflets 7-9 pairs, to 3 x 1 cm, elliptic, acute, stipules lanceolate; stipels filiform. Racemes to 4 cm long, axillary. Flowers densely arranged, 8 mm long, shortly pedicelled; calyx 8 mm long, lobes linear; petals pink, glabrous. Pods 1.5 x 0.3 cm, 4-angular, densely hairy; seeds cubical, black, pitted. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in moist rocky areas; PS Vengoli Indigofera colutea (Burm. f.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 19: ; Sanjappa, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 21: ; FTSR Galega colutea Burm. f., Fl. Ind Indigofera viscosa Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Erect perennial herbs. Leaves 6 cm long; leaflets 7 pairs, 12 x 7 mm, obovate, obtuse, cuspidate, hairy; stipules lanceolate. Racemes 5 cm long, axillary, slender. Flowers 5 mm long; calyx-lobes linear; petals exserted, glabrous, pink. Pods 21 x 2 mm, terete, densely glandular hairy; seeds 1.5 x 1.5 mm, cubical, smooth. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Paleotropics. Rare in dry deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Kuchimudi 96

121 Indigofera spicata Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab ; FPL ; Sanjappa, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 21: I. endecaphylla Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. 3: t , "hendecaphylla"; FBI 2: ; FPM I. kleinii Wight & Arn., Prodr Undershrubs. Leaves 4 cm long; leaflets 8-10 pairs, 20 x 6 mm, oblanceolate, obtuse, shortly mucronate, sessile; stipules 1 cm long, subulate. Racemes 12 cm long, slender. Flowers 6 mm long; calyx lobes subulate; standard pink, hispid outside. Pods 20 x 2 mm, compressed, marginate, rugose, seeds Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Sri Lanka, India, Africa and Madagascar. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thellikkal; Parambikulam Indigofera trifoliata L. in Torner, Cent. Pl. 2: ; FBI 2: ,p.p.; FPM ; Sanjappa, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 21: ; FTSR I. trifoliata L. var. multicaulis (DC.) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. I, 1: ; FPM Prostrate herbs with radiating branches; stem slender, reddish, glabrous; leaflets 15 x 6 mm, obovate, obtuse; petiole 15 mm long. Flowers 3 mm long, in axillary fascicles, 2-4 together; calyx lobes ovate, acuminate, hairy; standard hispid outside, pink. Pods 11 x 1 mm, linear-oblong, deflexed, compressed; seeds 6-8, 1.3 x 0.5 mm, oblong, deep brown, smooth. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia, China and Australia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli Indigofera uniflora Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; Sanjappa, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 21: ; FTSR Prostrate herbs with slender elongated much branched glabrous stem. Leaflets 3-7, usually digitate, linear-oblong, minutely adpressed hairy, to 0.7 x 0.3 cm, stipules minute, cauducous. Flowers small, solitary on long filiform pedicels which are longer than the leaves. Calyx lobes lanceolate, sparsely hairy. Petals red. Pods linear, glabrous, cm long; 4-6 seeded. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Endemic to South West India. Occasional in degraded forest areas; PS Anappadi MILLETTIA R. Wight & Arnott Millettia rubiginosa Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Large woody climbers; stem yellow pubescent. Leaves pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets to 20 x 8 cm, ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex; minutely golden brown hairy, petiole to 10 cm long; stipule ovate; stipel filiform. Flowers in axillary simple or branched racemes; bracts ovate; calyx campanulate, 3 mm long, minutely lobed, standard 13 x 10 mm, obovate, emarginate, densely fulvous hairy on back; wings 10 mm long, oblong, with two patches of golden hairs; keel similar to wings; stamens 9 + 1; anthers uniform; ovary sessile, few-ovuled. Pods ca. 8 x 4.5 cm, obovate, compressed, woody, densely hairy; seeds 1-3, compressed, ovoid. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; Kothala MUCUNA Adanson Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Dolichos pruriens L. in Stickman, Herb. Amb & Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) Stizolobium pruriens (L.) Medikus, Vorels. Churpfalz. Phys.-Ocon. Ges. 2: Mucuna purita Hook. s Bot. Misc. 2: ; FPM M. utilis Wight, Ic. t Twining shrubs, stem pubescent. Leaflets ovate or rhomboid, lateral ones oblique, adpressed pubescent, to 8 x 6 cm; petiole to 12 cm long. Flowers ca. 3.5 cm long, in axillary tomentose, 97

122 pendulous racemes. Petals dark purple. Pods slightly curved at both ends, tawny bristly, 7 x 1.2 cm; 4-6 seeded. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Occasional in secondary forests; PS Karimala NEONOTONIA Lackey Neonotonia wightii (Graham ex Wight & Arn.) Lackey var. coimbatorensis (Ajitha Sen) Karthik., Indian J. For. 4: ; FTSR Notonia wightii Wight & Arn., Prodr Glycine wightii Verdc. var. coimbatorensis Ajitha Sen, JBNHS 74: G. javanica L., Sp. Pl ; Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: ,p.p; FPM Stout climbers. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets equal, 8 x 6 cm, ovate, acute, pubescent. Racemes erect, to 25 cm long, axillary. Flowers 8 mm long, densely clustered; bracts and bracteoles striate; calyx 5 mm long, lobes lanceolate; petals white, standard obovate; wings oblong, appendaged at base, keel obovate; stamens 10, monadelphous; anthers uniform; ovary densely hairy, 4-6 ovuled; style stout, stigma fimbriate. Pods 4 x 0.6 cm, oblong, deflexed, densely hairy, depressed between seeds; seeds 5 x 4 mm, oblong. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Velayudhankai; NS Kariamchola PONGAMIA Ventenat Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. sub. t ; FPL ; FTSR Cytisus pinnatus L., Sp. Pl Pongamia glabra Vent., Jard. Malm. 28. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet, JBNHS Galedupa indica Lam., Encycl. 2: Trees, branchlets lenticellate. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets 3-6 pairs, to 9 x 4.5 cm, elliptic, acuminate, nerves ca. 8 pairs; petiole to 1 cm, thick, stipules 2 mm, oblong. Racemes panicled, axillary and terminal, to 15 cm; flowers pinkish-white; calyx tube 4 x 5 mm, campanulate, truncate; standard petal 1.2 x 1 cm, obovate; wings 1.2 x 0.4 cm, oblong; keel 1 x 0.3 cm, obtuse; staminal tube 8 mm, filaments 3 mm; ovary 5 mm, subsessile, pubescent, style 7 mm, incurved, stigma capitate. Pods 4 x 3 cm, obliquely oblong, woody, indehiscent. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common along the riverine areas; PS Parambikulam PSEUDARTHRIA R. Wight & Arnott Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum viscidum L., Sp. Pl Erect subshrubs, viscid pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets 10 x 7 cm, broadly ovate, acute, rounded at base, stipellate; petiole 7 cm long; stipule lanceolate. Flowers in terminal or axillary raceme; calyx 2-lipped, 2 mm long, lobes lanceolate; petals red; standard 6 mm diam., orbicular, retuse; wings 3 mm long, oblong; keel glabrous; stamens 9 + 1; ovary sessile, many-ovuled; style inflexed. Pods 2-3 cm long, oblong, compressed, viscid hairy; seeds 3-5, reniform. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Very common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Orukomban PTEROCARPUS N. J. Jacquin Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR

123 Large trees; bark rough, black, reddish inside, exudate red. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 3-13, alternate, to 10 x 7 cm, ovate-oblong, obtuse to retuse at apex, nerves many, close. Panicles to 20 cm across, terminal, rusty tomentose; bracts ovate. Flowers many, 15 mm long; calyx 5 mm long, campanulate, shortly lobed, brown; petals yellow; standard obovate, crisped along the margins; wings obovate, auricled; keel similar to wings; stamens 5 + 5; ovary stalked, ovules 2, style incurved. Pods 5 cm across, compressed, orbicular, stalked, winged. Fl. & Fr. June-September Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli PUERARIA A. P. de Candolle Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 4: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Hedysarum tuberosum Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: Large deciduous climbing shrubs with tuberous roots. Leaflets subequal, ovate acuminate, base obtuse or acute, laterals oblique at base, glabrous above and glabrescent below, to 18 x 14 cm; lateral nerves 7 or 8 pairs, reticulations prominent; petiole to 18 cm long; stipules ovate, 5 mm long. Flowers 1.3 cm long in much branched panicles, pedicels short. Calyx brown tomentose, bluish-purple. Petals pale blue. Ovary densely brown-hirsute. Pods cm long, brown-hirsute. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. India, also in Tropical Himalayas. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi RHYNCHOSIA Loureiro 1. Erect sub shrubs...r. rufescens 1. Twining herbs Racemes dense capitate; leaf margins ciliate...r. densiflora 2. Racemes not capitate; leaf margins not ciliate Pods as long as the calyx; calyx lobes oblong... R. hirta 3. Pods much longer than the calyx; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate... R. acutissima Rhynchosia acutissima Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR Herbaceous twiners, branches pubescent. Leaflets ovate-rhomboid, caudate-acuminate, base truncate, puberulent above and sericeous below, to 15 x 11 cm; basally 3-nerved, intercostae reticulate; petiole to 8 cm long; stipule lanceolate, striate, cauducous 0.5 cm long. Flowers, 1.2 cm long, paired, in axillary many flowered racemes; pedicels 0.5 cm long, tomentose. Calyx lobes lanceolate, ciliate along the margins. Petals pale yellow with red veins. Ovary villous; style glabrous. Pods villous, greenish-yellow, 2 cm long; seeds bluish-black. Fl. & Fr. November-April Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Kariamchola Rhynchosia densiflora (Roth) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Glycine densiflora Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Twiners branchlets hirsute. Terminal leaflets to 9 x 6 cm, laterals 6.5 x 5 cm, obovaterhomboid, acute, basally, 3-nerved, inequilateral, membranous, puberulus; petiole to 7 cm, stipule 4 mm, ovate, pubescent. Racemes axillary, to 6 cm long, many flowered; flowers yellow; bracts 8 x 3 mm, lanceolate, ciliate; calyx tube 2 mm, lobes 5 and 7 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, glandular pubescent; standard petal 1 x 0.7 cm, obovate; wings 1 x 0.3 cm; staminal tube 7 mm, 99

124 filaments subequal; ovary 2 mm, pubescent, style 5 mm, stigma terminal. Pods 1.5 x 0.5 cm, oblong, flat, smooth, long pilose, gland dotted; seeds bluish-black. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests and occasional in plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Rhynchosia hirta (Andr.) Meikle & Verdc., Taxon 16: ; FPL Dolichos hirtus Andr., Bot. Rep. t Cylista tomentosa Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Rhynchosia cyanosperma Benth. in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Africa 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Cyanospermum tomentosum Wight & Arn., Prodr Climbers, densely fulvous hairy. Leaflets to 13 x 9 cm, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, rounded at base; petiole to 6 cm long; stipules ovate; stipels filiform. Racemes to 15 cm long, axillary, hispid; bracts 25 x 15 mm, ovate, acuminate. Flowers 2 cm long, densely arranged; pedicels 8 mm long; calyx 2 cm long, lobes oblong, densely hispid; petals included, yellow; standard 15 x 10 mm, emarginate; wings 12 x 5 mm, oblong, spurred; keel glabrous. Pods 18 x 8 mm, oblong, acute at apex, impressed between seeds; seeds 5 mm across, smooth, shining. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. India, Africa and Sri Lanka. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Rhynchosia rufescens (Willd.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Glycine rufescens Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 4: Subshrubs with trailing branches, glandular-hairy. Leaflets 6.5 x 2.5 cm, ovate, acute, rounded at base; petiole 4-5 cm long; stipules ovate. Flowers in short racemes; calyx 8 mm long, lobes oblong, obtuse; petals included, yellow; standard 7 mm diam., orbicular, glabrous; wings 5 mm long, oblong. Pods 7 x 5 mm, ovoid, turgid, minutely hispid; seed-1, black. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli ROTHIA Persoon Rothia indica (L.) Druce, Bot. Exch. Club Soc. Brit. Isles 3: ; FPL Trigonella indica L., Sp. Pl Rothia trifoliata (Roth) Pers., Syn. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Dillwynia trifoliata Roth, Cat. Bot. 3: Erect woody herbs, densely hispid. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets subsessile, 1.5 x 0.5 cm, obovate, obtuse, densely hairy; petiole to 7 mm long; stipules 3 mm long, obovate. Flowers 8 mm long, in small axillary racemes; calyx 5-lobed, hispid, lobes lanceolate; standard obovate, pink; wings oblanceolate, without auricles at base; keel similar to wings; stamens 10, monadelphous; ovary densely hairy, many-ovuled; style straight. Pods 5 x 0.3 cm, linear-oblong, compressed, densely hairy; seeds many, cubical. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Fairly common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli SHUTERIA R. Wight & Arnott Shuteria involucrata (Wall.) Wight & Arn., Prodr Glycine involucrata Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 22. t Shuteria vestita Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Slender twiners, stem villous. Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets unequal, to 4.5 x 2.5 cm, ovate, obtuse, rounded at base, chartaceous, villous; petiole to 6 cm long, stipules lanceolate, striate with a tuft of hairs at base. Racemes to 20 cm long, axillary; bracts and bracteoles similar. Flowers many, white, deflexed; calyx 4 mm long, lobes acuminate; petals white; standard 7 x 5 100

125 mm, orbicular, wings 8 m long, spurred at base; keel 8 x 3 mm, oblong; stamens 9 + 1; ovary many-ovuled, densely hairy. Pods 4 x 0,5 cm, oblong, flat, densely hispid; seeds many, cubical. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Keerappadi; NS Karimala SMITHIA W. Aiton 1. Flowers axillary, one or two... S. conferta 1. Flowers in axillary racemes Leaflets two pairs... S. bigemina 2. Leaflets more than three pairs Leaflets glabrous; stem hirsute... S. venkobarowii 3. Leaflets pilose; stem glabrescent or softy hairy...s. racemosa Smithia bigemina Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Diffuse herbs, leaflets to 4 pairs, to 0.9 x 0.3 cm, oblong. Racemes lax; flowers yellow; pedicels to 0.5 cm; calyx 2-lipped, lower 3-lobed. Lomentum reticulate, papillose. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. India and Pakistan. Rare in marshy grasslands; PS Karimala Smithia conferta Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 33: ; FPM ; FPL S. geminiflora Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 2: , incl. var. conferta (Sm.) Baker; FPM Erect or scandent herbs; stem glabrous. Leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, 7-13 x 2-4 mm, oblong, acute, strongly bristled along margins and midribs below; rachis terminate into a bristle; stipule 13 mm long, ovate above, 2-lobed below. Flowers solitary or paired, pedicelled; bracts 7 mm long, ovate, cuspidate. Calyx 8 x 5 mm, lobes undivided; petals yellow with red lineole. Fl. & Fr. June-January Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Occasional in marshy areas; PS Thunakkadavu Smithia racemosa Heyne ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM ; FTSR S. blanda Wall. ex Wight & Arn. var. racemosa (Heyne ex Wight & Arn.) Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: p.p. S. bigemina Matthew, Ill. Fl. Tamil. Car. t , non Dalz Straggling herbs. Leaflets 8-14 x 4-6 mm, obovate, obtuse, glabrous above, sparsely bristly below, ciliate, stipule 10 x 1.5 mm, acuminate at either ends, densely bristly. Racemes paired, 4-8-flowered; peduncles 2-3 cm long, villous; pedicel 4 mm long. Flowers yellow; calyx 4 mm long, smooth; standard 8 x 7 mm, emarginate, clawed; wings 8 x 3 mm, obovate; keel deeply auricled at base. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala Smithia venkobarowii Gamble, FPM & Kew Bull. 1919: ; FTSR Erect subshrubs, to 70 cm high; stem white, yellowish villous. Leaflets 2-4 pairs x 0.5 cm, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, glaucous beneath, glabrous, rachis hairy; stipules 12 mm long, 2-lobed at base; glabrous. Racemes 2 cm across; congested; bracts deciduous; bracteoles 3 x 1.5 mm, obovate, bristled. Flowers few; calyx 7 mm long, lips similar, obtuse, sparsely ciliate; standard 1 cm across, yellow. Joints of pods 3 x 2.5 mm, orbicular, strongly reticulate, smooth, 5-7 together. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in moist areas of grasslands; PS Koorankuzhi 101

126 SPATHOLOBUS Hasskarl Spatholobus parviflorus (Roxb. ex DC.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Butea parviflora Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 2: Spatholobus roxburghii Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh ; FBI 2: ; FPM Large climbers; branches puberulus. Leaflets ovate, obtusely acute at apex, rounded at base, densely hairy below, lateral nerves 8 pairs; nervules parallel; petiole 3-6 cm long. Panicles 20 x 15 cm, axillary, densely hispid. Flowers 9 mm long, 8 mm across; calyx 4 mm long, densely villous inside; standard 8 x 6 mm, glabrous, pale-pink; wings 6 mm long, long-clawed; keel 9 mm long, obovoid. Pods 14 x 4.5 cm, stalked; stalk 3 cm long. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka to Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Padippara STYLOSANTHES O. Swartz Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon, 6. (Suppl.): Arachis fruticosa Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: Stylosanthes mucronata Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Coarse subshrubs. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets 2-3 x 0.6 cm, lanceolate, coriaceous, mucronate, glabrous or pubescent, strongly nerved; stipules 2 cm long, lanceolate, long-mucronate. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes, covered with trilobed bracts and bracteoles; calyx 5 mm long, tubular; lobes obtuse, ciliate; petals pink; standard 6mm diam., orbicular; wings curved-oblong; keel petals incurved; stamens 10, monadelphous, anthers dimorphus; ovary sessile, ovules 3. Pods 3 mm long, oblong, glabrous; seeds compressed. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Sri Lanka, India, Africa and Madagascar. Rare in moist deciduous and dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi TEPHROSIA Persoon 1. Pods glabrous... T. purpurea 1. Pods covered with white cottony hairs Stipules broadly ovate...t. pulcherrima 2. Stipules linear-lanceolate...t. canarensis Tephrosia canarensis Drum. in Gamble, FPM ; FPL Tephrosia tinctoria Pers. var. intermedia Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: p.p. Erect sub-shrubs, stem channelled, hairy. Leaflets 7 or 9, to 5.5 x 1.3 cm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mucronate, base acute, glabrous above, glaucous below; petiolule ca 3 mm, stipule ca 4 x 3 mm, ovate. Racemes axillary, peduncle to 10 cm; bracts and bracteoles subulate; flowers red, calyx to 7 mm, lobes lanceolate, velvety, standard to 1.5 x 8 cm, wings obovate, to 12 x 4 mm, keels to 13 x 5 mm; staminal sheath ca 7 mm; ovary ca 6 mm, velvety; style ca 4 mm, pubescent. Pods to 7.5 x 0.6 cm, slightly curved, sparsely hairy; seeds many. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in rocky areas; PS Vengoli Tephrosia pulcherrima (Wight ex Baker) Gamble, FPM ; FPL ; FTSR T. tinctoria Pers. var. pulcherrima Wight ex Baker in Hook.f., FBI 2: Shrubs; stem densely erect-hairy. Leaflets 5, to 6 x 2 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous above; stipule 10 x 4 mm, ovate. Racemes axillary; peduncle 8 cm long, stout. Flowers red; calyx 4 mm long, lobes hairy; standard 10 x 8 mm, densely hairy on back, clawed; wings 10 x 5 mm, dark pink at apex, verrucose; keel 10 mm long, yellowish-pink. Pods to 7 x 0.5 cm, oblong, densely hairy. 102

127 Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers., Syn. 2: ; FBI 2: ,p.p.; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Cracca purpurea L., Sp. Pl Tephrosia hamiltonii Drumm. ex Gamble, FPM Shrubs, stem minutely scabrous. Leaflets 15-17, to 2.5 x 0.7 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous above, stipule 6 mm long, subulate, deflexed. Raceme to 12 cm long, axillary. Flowers lax; pedicels 6 mm long, slender; calyx 7 mm long, one lobe much smaller than others; standard red, 10 x 10 mm, clawed, glabrous; wings 10 x 4 mm, curved; keel 7 mm long, clawed. Pods 4 x 0.4 cm, minutely velutinus; seeds 7 or 8, 4 x 3 mm, rectangular, dark-brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in rocky areas; PS Keerappadi TERAMNUS P. Brown Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Glycine labialis L.f., Suppl. Pl Slender climbers, branchlets glabrescent. Leaflets ovate or elliptic, acute, membranous, puberulent below, to 6 x 2.5 cm; petiole to 5 cm. Flowers 4 mm long, on few-flowered slender racemes; calyx villous; petals red. Pods linear, beaked, compressed, 4 x 0.3 cm. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli URARIA Desvaux 1. Racemes lax, to 30 cm long... U. rufescens 1. Racemes dense, 4-8 cm long...u. lagopodioides Uraria lagopodioides (L.) Desv. in DC., Prodr. 2: ; "lagopoides"; FBI 2: ; FPM Hedysarum lagopodioides L., Sp. Pl Trailing subshrubs; stem hispid. leaflets to 5 x 2.5 cm, ovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, hispid below, subcordate at base; petiole 1.5 cm long; stipule 12 mm long, filiform. Racemes 2 cm broad; bracts 8 x 5 mm, ciliate. Flowers many, pedicelled; calyx lobes 10 mm long, bristled, upper lobes smaller; standard 7 x 5 mm, acute to the base; wings 5 x 2 mm, clawed; keel 6 mm long, auricled. Joints of pods 3.5 x 2.5 mm, reticulate, shining. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia and Pacific Islands. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Peruvaripallam Uraria rufescens (DC.) Schind., Feddes Repert. 21: ; FPL ; FTSR Desmodium rufescens DC., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 4: Doodia hamosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Uraria hamosa (Roxb.) Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM Subshrubs. Leaflets to 8.5 x 4.5 cm, elliptic, acute or obtuse at apex and base, hispid below; stipules 12 mm long, acuminate. Flowers distant; bracts 7 mm long, hispid; calyx 3 mm long, glabrous; standard 6 x 8 mm, orbicular, cuneate at base, pinkish; wings 5 x 3 mm, oblique, auricled at base; keel 6 x 3 mm. Joints of pods 6-8, each 2 x 2 mm, hispid, black. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. India-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Karimala VIGNA Savi 1. Pods glabrous... V. umbellata 1. Pods variously hairy

128 2. Leaflets entire; flowers pink... V. vexillata 2. Leaflets lobed; flowers yellow Stipules obovate; leaf margins ciliate... V. trilobata 3. Stipules deltoid; leaf margin not ciliate... V. radiata var. sublobata Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. sublobata (Roxb.) Verdc., Kew Bull. 24: ; FPL Phaseolus sublobatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FPM P. trinervius Heyne ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: Vigna sublobata (Roxb.) Bairiy et al., JETB 7: Slender climbers. Leaflets to 45. x 3 cm, laterals smaller, ovate, acute or obtuse at apex, sparsely hispid; petiole 4 cm long. Flowers densely packed, sessile; calyx lobes obtuse, ciliate. Pods 3-5 x 0.5 cm, densely brown-strigose; seeds 3 x 2.5 mm, rectangular, longitudinally rugose. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Indo-Malesia, widely cultivated. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Karimala; Rockpoint Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc., Taxon 17: & Kew Bull. 24: ; FPL ; FTSR Dolichos trilobatus L., Mant. Pl. 1: Phaseolus trilobus Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: ; FPM Twiners, pilose. Leaflets to 3.5 x 2.5 cm, apex obtuse, acute, pilose, basally tri-nerved; petiole 7 cm long, stipule 8 mm, oblong, acute, stipels 3 mm, linear. Racemes axillary, to 15 cm; flowers yellow; bracts 7 mm, lanceolate; calyx tube 1.5 mm, campanulate, lobes 5, 0.5 mm, ovate; corolla 4 mm long; keel 6 x 2 mm, curved, produced to a beak; staminal tube to 4 mm; ovary to 5 mm, pubescent, style curved, bearded at the apex, stigma oblique. Pods 4 x 0.2 cm, terete, puberulus. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in secondary forests; PS Karimala Vigna umbellata (Thumb.) Ohwi & Ohashi, Jap. J. Bot. 44: ; FPL ; FTSR Dolichos umbellatus Thunb., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Slender twiners; stem reflexed hairy. Leaflets 10 x 5 cm, ovate, acuminate, hispid; petiole 10 cm long, slender, stipule 8 mm long, ovate, decurrent at base. Flowers in short axillary racemes, 2-3-together; calyx 3 mm long, lobes ovate; petals yellow; standard 10 x 15 mm, strongly auricled at base; wings 8 x 6 mm, orbicular; keel 7 x 6 mm, incurved to one turn, spurred to one side. Pods 7 x 0.5 cm, compressed, many-seeded. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thellikkal Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich. in Sagra, Hist. Fist. Polit. Nat. Cuba 11: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Slender climbers. Leaflets to 4.5 x 2 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base, strigose hairy; petiole 4 cm long; stipule cordate at base. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together; calyx 9 mm long, strigose hairy; lobes lanceolate; petals yellow; standard 3 x 3 cm, orbicular, wings 25 x 12 mm, auricled at base; keel mm long, strongly spurred on lateral side. Pods 5.5 x 0.5 cm, densely brown-hispid. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Cosmopolitan in tropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Pezha ZORNIA J. F. Gmelin Zornia gibbosa Span., Linnaea 15: ; FPL ; FTSR Z. angustifolia Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 39: Z. graminea Span., Linnaea 15:

129 Diffuse herbs. Leaves bifoliolate, leaflets 4 x 6 m, lanceolate, acute, sessile; stipule peltate, acuminate. Flowers sessile in terminal racemes; bracts paired, 15 x 5 mm, peltate, acuminate; calyx lobes unequal, 2 upper connate, lateral ones smaller; corolla yellow, 4 mm long; standard orbicular, auriculated at base, clawed; wings oblong, clawed; keel obovate; staminal tube 1.5 x 2 mm, cleft above. Pods 2-5-jointed; joints moniliform, covered with retrorsely hispid bristles. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia and China. Common in wet rocky areas and vayals; PS Vengoli Caesalpinioideae 1. Leaves simple, bilobed...bauhinia 1. Leaves compound, pinnate Leaves bipinnate Leaves simple pinnate Trees; rachis unarmed... Acrocarpus 3. Shrubs or climbers; rachis armed Flowers yellow; pods not apically winged... Caesalpinia 4. Flowers white; pods apically winged... Pterolobium 5. Stipule large foliaceous, appendaged...humboldtia 5. Stipule not foliaceous, un-appendaged Petals 4 or 5; stamens free Petals 3; stamens monadelphous... Tamarindus 7. Stamens 10, lower 3 long and curved; fruit terete, woody, indehiscent; trees... Cassia 7. Stamens 10 or less, subequal; fruit compressed or terete, not woody, dehiscent or not; herbs or shrubs Pods indehiscent or if dehiscent valves not elastic; seed coat with closed areole; bracteoles absent... Senna 8. Pods elastically dehiscent; seed coat without areoles; bracteoles 2... Chamaecrista ACROCARPUS R. Wight ex Arnott Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight & Arn., Mag. Zool. Bot. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Very large trees; bark thick, rough, pealing. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 3-5 pairs, 4-6-foliolate; leaflets 7-12 x 3-6 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, petiolulate. Racemes dense, axillary, to 25 cm long. Flowers 2.5 cm long, deflexed, densely packed; calyx 10 mm long, tubular below, lobes ovate, obtuse, densely hairy; petals 5, each 7 x 2 mm, oblong, obtuse, erect, yellowish pink; stamens 5, free; filaments erect, 15 mm long, pink; ovary stipitate, many-ovuled, style short, recurved. Pods 15 x 2 cm, compressed, oblong, winged, 10-seeded, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Rare in semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimala BAUHINIA Linnaeus 1. Trees; flowers creamy yellow...b. malabarica 1. Climbing shrubs; flowers crimson...b. phoenicea Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Phanera phoenicea (Wight & Arn.) Benth. in Miq., Pl. Jungh Bauhinia benthamii Bedd., Ic. t Large climbing shrubs. Leaves to 10 cm across, orbicular, deeply bifid above, lobes acute, cordate at base, 9-ribbed from base, nervules parallel. Flowers in extra-axillary racemes, axis flowered; pedicel 3 cm long; calyx tube short, lobes 2 cm long, oblong, puberulus outside; 105

130 petals 5, 4 x 0.8 cm, long-clawed, spreading; stamens 4 or 5, exserted, anthers linear, 6 mm long; style slender; stigma peltate. Pods to 16 x 2.5 cm, oblong, broadened above, densely rusty, pubescent, many-seeded. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Velayudhankai Bauhinia malabarica Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ;FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Piliostigma malabaricum (Roxb.) Benth. in Miq. Pl. Jungh Trees, to 10 m high, bark black, red inside. Leaves to 10 x 13 cm, orbicular, bilobed above; lobes obtuse, cordate at base, 9-ribbed, nervules reticulate; petiole 4 cm long; panicles axillary, 5 cm across. Flowers 2 cm long, few; calyx oblong, connate, rusty pubescent; petals 5, oblong, greenish yellow, glabrous, shortly stalked; stamens 10, inner 5, smaller, anthers oblong; ovary oblong, many-ovuled. Pods 25 x 2 cm, compressed, longitudinally striate; seeds many, oblong. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. India and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Kothala; Kothala CAESALPINIA Linnaeus 1. Pods winged; leaflets 3-5 pairs... C. cucullata 1. Pods not winged; leaflets more than 7 pairs Branchlets with reddish glandular hairs; leaflets to 1 x 0.5 cm...c. mimosoides 2. Branchlets glabrous; leaflets to 5 x 2.5 cm...c. bonduc Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Guilandina bonduc L., Sp. Pl Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Flem., Asiat. Res. 11: ; FBI 2: Caesalpinia crista sensu Gamble, FPM , non L Climbing shrubs, rusty, tomentose. Leaves to 70 x 40 cm, pinnules 8 pairs, leaflets 8 pairs, 5 x 3 cm, ovate, abruptly acuminate, rachis armed with recurved spines. Racemes to 30 cm long, axillary, tomentose. Flowers yellow, 1.8 cm across; sepals oblong, obtuse, tomentose; petals 10 mm long, obovate with wavy margins. Pods 12 x 5 cm, obovate-oblong, densely spiny, 2-3- seeded. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Paleotropics. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR Mezoneuron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Stout climbers; old stem covered with strong thorns with clavate thick base. Leaves to 45 cm long; pinnules 5 or 6 pairs; leaflets 3 pairs, to 10 x 4 cm, ovate, acuminate, glabrous; rachis with strong curved thorns. Racemes to 25 cm long, clustered. Flowers 2 cm across, irregular, cucullate; sepals unequal, lobes obtuse, glabrous; petals unequal, orbicular; filaments glabrate. Pods 10 x 2.5 cm, flattened, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in moist deciduous and along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam., Encycl. 1: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR Rambling shrubs, densely prickly, pungent smelling when cut; stem tomentose. Leaves x 25 cm; pinnules pairs; leaflets 10 x 4 mm, oblong inequilateral, obtuse. 106

131 Raceme to 40 cm long, axillary or terminal, densely prickly, pedicels solitary, 2 cm long. Flowers 3 cm across; sepals 8 x 4 mm, oblong, obtuse; petals yellow, to 1.5 cm long, orbicular, wavy along the margins. Pods 5 x 2.5 cm, compressed, brown, 1 or 2 seeded. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in disturbed forest areas; PS Thekkady CASSIA Linnaeus Cassia fistula L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR C. rhombifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Small to medium trees. Leaves to 30 cm long; leaflets 4-8 pairs, 10 x 4 cm, ovate, acute, eglandular. Racemes to 40 cm long, axillary, drooping; pedicels to 4 cm long. Flowers 4 cm across; bracts minute; sepals ovate, obtuse, green; petals to 2 x 2 cm, orbicular, concave; filaments unequal, to 3.5 cm long, anthers dimorphic. Pods to 40 cm long, septate, glabrous; seeds transverse, orbicular. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. South-East Asia. Common in moist deciduous forests and sparsely in plantations; PS Thunakkadavu CHAMAECRISTA (Breyne) Moench 1. Leaflets 2, eglandular...c. absus 1. Leaflets more than 6 pairs, with gland on the petiole Leaflets 8-10 pairs, gland on the petiole stalked...c. kleinii 2. Leaflets pairs, gland on the petiole sessile...c. mimosoides Chamaecrista absus (L.) Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: Cassia absus L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR Scabrid herbs. Leaves to 6 cm long; leaflets 3.5 x 1.6 cm, ovate, acute, hispid; stipule lanceolate, deflexed. Flowers in terminal racemes, 6 mm across, shortly pedicelled; sepals oblong, obtuse; petals yellow, obovate, obtuse; stamens unequal; anthers dimorphic. Pods 4.5 x 0.7 cm, oblong, flat, hispid, oblique at base; seeds 6, biconvex. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Paleotropics. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests, in open rocky areas; PS Kannimara Chamaecrista kleinii (Wight & Arn.) Mathew, Kew Bull. 48: Cassia kleinii Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM Chamaecrista kleinii (Wight & Arn.) Mathew, Kew Bull. 48: Prostrate herbs. Leaves 3-6 cm; leaflets 8-13 pairs, 13 x 4 mm, falcate, mucronate, midrib near to upper margin, gland on the petiole stipitate, near to the lowest pair of leaflets. Flowers axillary, 1-3, yellow; bracts and bracteoles 2-3 mm; sepals 6-7 mm long, pubescent; petals 8-10 mm; stamens 10, subequal. Pods 4.5 x 0.5 cm, flat, hairy, thickened on the sutures. Fl. & Fr. July-October Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in plantations; PS Kannimara Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Green, Prittonia 4: Cassia mimosoides L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR 163. Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Green, Prittonia 4: Erect subshrubs, hirsute. Leaves to 8 cm long, leaflets 4 x 1 mm, oblong, inequilateral, hirsute; stipule to 1 cm long, lanceolate, subulate at apex. Flowers axillary, solitary or paired, 1 107

132 cm across; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, hairy; petals obovate, yellow; all stamens with fertile anthers, filaments equal. Pods 6 x 0.6 cm, oblong, sparsely hairy; seeds many. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Pantropical. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Pezha HUMBOLDTIA Vahl Humboldtia vahliana Wight, Ic. tt. 1607, ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR Small trees. Leaflets 3 pairs, 21 x 6 cm, oblong, acute; nerves 8 pairs, reticulate. Racemes erect, axillary, to 18 cm long; bracts ovate, obtuse, densely tomentose; bracteoles similar, paired. Flowers pedicelled; sepals 7 x 3 mm, oblong, obtuse; petals 9 x 5 mm, obovate, clawed; stamens 5. Pods x 3-5 cm, compressed, oblong, acute at base and apex, rusty tomentose. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common along the riverine areas; PS Orukomban PTEROLOBIUM R. Brown ex Wight & Arnott Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Sant. & Wagh, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: ; FPL Reichardia hexapetala Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Caesalpinia lacerans Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Pterolobium indicum Rich., Fl. Abyss. 1: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Pterolobium lacerans Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr Stragglers. Leaves to 15 cm, pinnae 4-7 pairs; leaflets 6-10 pairs, 1.2 x 0.7 cm, oblong, obovate, apex rounded, base oblique, pubescent; petiole to 3 cm. Racemes axillary or terminal, to 15 cm; peduncles to 5 cm; flowers white; pedicel cm; bracts subulate; sepals 4 and 6 mm, hooded; petals 6 x 2 mm, obovate, clawed, subequal; stamens 10. Pods 4.5 x 1.5 cm, samaroid, flat, apically winged, reddish when young; seed 1, 10 x 5 mm. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi; Thekkady SENNA P. Miller 1. Branchlets and pods hirsute...s. hirsuta 1. Branchlets and pods glabrous or glabrescent Leaflets obovate; pods less than 3 mm broad... S. tora 2. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate; pods more than 5 mm broad... S. occidentalis Senna hirsuta (L.) Irwin & Barneby, Phytologia 44: Cassia hirsuta L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Senna hirsuta (L.) Irwin & Barneby, Phytologia 44: Cassia tomentosa Wight & Prodr , non L. Shrubs. Leaves 25 cm long; leaflets 4 pairs, to 7 x 3 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Flowers 3-7- together, on axillary umbel, 3 cm across; sepals 6 x 4 mm, obovate, hispid; petals 12 x 8 mm, obovate, entire, glabrous. Pods 15 x 0.5 cm, terete, falcate, densely hispid. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Paleotropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Sungam Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Handb. 2: Cassia occidentalis L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Handb. 2: Glabrous shrubs. Leaves to 22 cm long, glandular at the base of petiole; leaflets 6 pairs, to 7 x 2 cm, lanceolate, ciliate, shortly petiolulate. Flowers 3 cm across, pedicelled, in axillary two flowered umbel turning to terminal racemes; pedicels to 1.5 cm long; sepals orbicular, green; 108

133 petals yellow, obovate, clawed; 3 stamens with larger anthers, 4 stamens with short anthers, 3 staminodes. Pods 11 x 8 cm, oblong, curved, compressed, marginate, long-cuspidate. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Native of South America; naturalised in Asia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu Senna tora (Lam.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Cassia tora L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Glabrous shrubs. Leaves to 12 cm long; rachis glandular between leaflets; leaflets 2-4 pairs, to 5 x 3 cm, obovate, obtuse. Flowers 3 cm across, in axillary fascicles, pedicellate; calyx ovate, acute, hispid; petals obovate, not clawed; 7 stamens antheriferous, 3 staminodes, anthers subequal. Pods to 17 x 0.3 cm; terete, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Pantropical. Fairly common in degraded forest areas; NS Thunakkadavu TAMARINDUS Linnaeus Tamarindus indica L., Sp. Pl ; Hook.f. FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Trees; branchlets warty. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets pairs, 2 x 0.7 cm, oblong, apex obtuse; petiole 1 cm. Racemes terminal on short branches, 6 cm long; bracts and bracteoles ovate; pedicel 7 mm; calyx tube 6 mm, turbinate, lobes 4, to 1 cm, subequal; petals 3, 1.5 x 1 cm, oblanceolate, lateral clawed, subequal, yellow, outer one dotted with pink; staminal tube to 7 mm, filaments 6 mm, base villous, staminodes 2; ovary 8 mm, stipitate, style 5 mm. Fl. February-May Distr. Native of Tropical Africa, widespread in the Tropics. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Mimosoideae 1. Plants armed with prickles Plants unarmed Herbs; pods bristly...mimosa 2. Trees, shrubs or woody climbers; pods glabrous Pinnae 1 or 2 pairs Pinnae more than 3 pairs... Acacia 4. Flowers in heads of panicled spikes...pithecellobium 4. Flowers in spike...prosopis 5. Woody climbers; leaf rachis ending in hooked tendrils...entada 5. Trees; leaves without tendrils Pods circinate...archidendron 6. Pods not circinate Leaves with one pair of pinnae...xylia 7. Leaves with more than 4 pairs of pinnae... Albizia ACACIA P. Miller 1. Trees; thorns stipular...a. catechu 1. Stranglers; thorns throughout the stem Pinnae 5 or 6 pairs... A. caesia 2. Pinnae 7-15 pairs Pods thick; bracts ovate...a. sinuata 3. Pods thin; bracts linear-lanceolate Flowers pedicellate; leaflets glabrous...a. pennata 4. Flowers sessile; leaflets pubescent beneath... A. torta 109

134 Acacia caesia (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FPM ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: Mimosa caesia L., Sp. Pl p.p. Acacia intsia Willd. var. caesia (L.) Baker in Hook.f., FBI 2: Stout ramblers; old stem 4-6-angled; prickles strong, recurved, bark fibrous. Leaves cm long, pinnae 5-8 pairs, to 7 cm long; leaflets pairs, to 11 x 3.5 mm, oblong, truncate at base, apiculate at apex; thinly pubescent below, 3-nerved from base. Heads terminal, panicled. Pods to 13 x 2.2 cm, oblong, flat, acuminate at both ends, marginate. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: Mimosa catechu L. f., Suppl. Pl Tress; bark and branchlets dark brown. Leaves cm, pinnae more than 15, 4 to 5 cm; leaflets 7 x 1 mm, oblong, puberulus, stipular spines none or small, recurved. Spike cm long; flowers yellowish-white, sepals 1 mm; petals 2 x 0.7 mm, broadly crenate. Pods 5-10 cm long, flat. Fl. & Fr. March-September Distr. India and Myanmar. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Acacia pennata (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FBI 2: p.p.; FPM ; FPL ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: ; FTSR Mimosa pennata L., Sp. Pl Ramblers; branchlets slender, terete, prickles few, minute. Leaves to 20 cm long, pinnae 13 pairs, 7 cm long; leaflets ca. 6 x 1 mm, oblong, cordate at base, inequilateral, obtuse at apex, overlapping. Spikes 10 mm across, in axillary cymes. Pods 11 x 2.3 cm, oblong, obtuse, flat, yellowish. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Paleotropics. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s.24: ; FPL ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: Mimosa sinuata Lour., Fl. Cochinch M. concinna Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC., Prodr. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FTSR A. concinna var. rugata (Benth.) Baker in Hook.f., FBI 2: A. rugata (Lam.) J. Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calc , non Benth. 1842; FPM Coarse ramblers, densely prickly; branchlets pubescent, black. Pinnae 8-10 pairs, to 5 cm long; leaflets to 6 x 1 mm, oblong, truncate at base, pubescent; rachis prickled, glandular. Heads axillary, solitary or paired, 1 cm across; peduncle 3 cm long. Flowers numerous, 2 mm long; filaments 5 mm long, yellow. Pods 12 x 2 cm, dark-brown; seeds transverse. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, South China, Malesia and New Guinea. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Muthalakkuzhi; Parambikulam Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib, Kew Bull. 1915: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Mimosa torta Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Acacia caesia Wight & Arn., Prodr , non Willd Rambling shrubs; branchlets puberulus. Leaves to 24 cm long; pinnae 12 pairs; leaflets 8 x 3 mm, oblong, obtuse at apex, subcordate at base, slightly pubescent, 1-nerved from base. Heads 1.5 cm across, in terminal panicles. Flowers many, 3 mm long; filaments 5.5 mm long, yellow. Pods 16 x 2.5 cm, flat, papery, yellowish-brown, densely glandular. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. India and Pakistan. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests and riverine areas; PS Karimala; Parambikulam 110

135 ALBIZIA Durazzini 1. Leaflets to 0.5 cm broad...a. odoratissima 1. Leaflets over 1.5 cm broad Flower heads in axillary fascicles...a. lebbeck 2. Flower heads in terminal panicles... A. procera Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: ; FTSR Mimosa lebbeck L., Sp. Pl Mimosa sirissa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Acacia speciosa Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Tall trees; bark smooth, dark brown. Leaves cm long; pinnae 2 pairs; leaflets 4.5 x 2.5 cm, oblong, obtuse, glabrate. Peduncles 10 cm long, axillary, paired; heads 4 cm across, dull yellow. Flowers pedicelled, 10 mm long; calyx tube 5 mm long, glabrous; corolla glabrous, lobes ovate, acute; filaments 3.5 cm long. Pods 20 x 3.5 cm, smooth with thick margin, yellow. Fl. & Fr. March-September Distr. Indo-Malesia and South China. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth, London J. Bot. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: ; FTSR Mimosa odoratissima L. f., Suppl. Pl Acacia odoratissima (L.f.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Trees to 20 m high; bark dark brown, rough. Leaves to 25 cm long; pinnae to 15 cm long; leaflets oblong, obtuse at either ends, pubescent below. Panicle 15 cm across, axillary or terminal; heads 3 cm across, flowered. Flowers 5 mm long, sessile; calyx 0.5 mm long, cupular; corolla 5-fid to half way down; lobes acute, hispid; staminal filaments 10 mm long. Pods to 21 x 2.5 cm, flat, brown, shining. Fl. & Fr. October-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth., London J. Bot. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR Mimosa procera Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Large deciduous trees; bark greyish-yellow, smooth, pinkish-red inside; young shoots silky pubescent. Leaves to 45 cm long, pinnae 2-4 pairs; rachis glandular near the terminal pair of leaflets; leaflets 6-9 pairs, oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, base oblique, unequal, glabrous above and glaucous below, to 4.5 x 2.5 cm; petiole to 15 cm with a large oblong gland near the base. Flower heads in terminal panicles. Calyx 2 mm long, glabrous, lobes ovate-acute. Corolla 4 mm long, lobes lanceolate. Filaments greenish-yellow, 6 mm long. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. Indo-Malesia, Philippines and China. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli ARCHIDENDRON F. H. Jacob von Mueller Archidendron monadelphum (Roxb.) Nielson, Adansonia 19: ; FTSR Mimosa monadelpha Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Pithecellobium bigeminum sensu Baker in Hook. f., FBI 2: , non (L.) Mart. ex Benth., 1844; FPM P. monadelphum (Roxb.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 3: ; FPL Abarema bigemina (L.) Kosterm., Bull. Org. Sci. Res. Indonesia 51, f. 34, Small trees, branchlets minutely hairy. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 2, opposite; leaflets 4 pairs, 15 x 6 cm, opposite, ovate, acuminate, oblique at base, glabrous; rachis glandular. Peduncle 3-8- flowered, axillary or terminal, densely rusty tomentose. Flowers 4 mm long, calyx 4-lobed, connate, lobes acute; petals 4, ovate, acute, united below; stamens 4, monadelphous; filaments 10 mm long; ovary many-ovuled, sessile; stigma minute. Pods twisted, strap-shaped, 2 cm broad; seeds 4-8, ovoid. 111

136 Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. South West India, Eastern Himalayas, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Puliyala; Kothala; Thenkudippara; Karimala ENTADA Adanson Entada rheedei Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: rheedii ; FPL ; FTSR Mimosa entada L., Sp. Pl Entada pursaetha DC., Prodr. 2: E. scandens sensu Hook. f., FBI 2: , non Benth. 1841; FPM Lianas, tendrillate, stem glabrous. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, the terminal pair modified into a tendril; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 5 x 2.5 cm, curved-oblong, obtuse, inequilateral. Spikes to 35 x 0.8 cm, axillary, solitary or paired, erect. Flowers 3 mm long, densely packed, yellow; calyx cupular, truncate; petals 4, free, valvate; stamens 10, free; filaments 6 mm long, ovary many-ovuled; style slender; stigma concave. Pods to 1 m long, thick, woody, crenate on both sutures; seeds many, biconvex, 5 cm across, orbicular, smooth. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola MIMOSA Linnaeus 1. Pinnae to 3 pairs; stamens 4...M. pudica 1. Pinnae more than 4 pairs; stamen 8... M. diplotricha Mimosa diplotricha Wight & Sanvalle, Anal. Real. Acad. Ci. Habana 5: ; FTSR M. invisa Mart., Flora 20, Biebl. 8: Mimosa invisa Mart. var. inermis Adelb. in Reinwardtia 2(2): ; FPL Stout rambling shrubs; stem pubescent, prickles short, in 4-rows. Leaves to 10 cm long; pinnae opposite, to 5 cm long; leaflets to 35 pairs, to 5 x 1 mm, oblong, truncate at base, glabrous; rachis prickled. Spike 1 cm across, in terminal racemes, peduncled. Flowers many, 3 mm long; stamens 10, filaments 6 mm long. Pods 2-5 cm long, bristly, black when mature. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Native of Tropical America, now an aggressive weed in many tropical countries. Occasional along roadsides; PS Keerappadi Mimosa pudica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Woody perennial herbs; prickles scattered. Pinnae to 3.5 cm long; leaflets pairs 3 x 1 mm, oblong, cordate at base, acute at apex, spiny along the margins; stipule scarious, prominently fimbriate. Spikes 2 cm across, peduncled, axillary. Flowers 1.5 mm long; calyx minute; corolla tube broaden above, lobes obtuse; filaments 4, 9 mm long. Pods x 3-5 mm, 3-5-seeded; joints strongly bristly along the margins. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of Tropical America, now run wild in many tropical countries. Very common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu PITHECELLOBIUM C.F.P. Martius Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth., Hook. Lond. J.Bot. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Mimosa dulcis Roxb., Pl. Corom. 1: 67. t Inga dulcis (Roxb.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Trees; spines straight, branchlets pubescent. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 3 cm; leaflets 2, 3-4 x 1.2 cm, oblong, lanceolate, inequilateral, sparsely hairy on upper side; petiole to 3 cm. Panicles cm, pubescent; flowers 5 mm across, creamy white; stamens numerous, filaments 4 mm, 112

137 basally united; ovary 2 mm, pubescent, stigma minute. Pods 9 x 1 cm, circinate, turgid, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Native of Tropical America, cultivated in the tropics. Planted in the sanctuary; PS Parambikulam PROSOPIS Linnaeus Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 2: Mimosa juliflora Sw., Prodr Small trees; crown spreading, spines cm, bark dark, fissured. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 1 or 2 pairs; leaflets pairs, to 15 x 2.5 mm, oblong, gland on the rachis; stipules spinescent. Spikes axillary, solitary or 2-3 together, 7-9 cm; peduncle 1 cm; flowers white; calyx lobes 0.8 mm, ovate, basally united; petals 2.5 mm, hairy within; stamens 10, free; ovary 2 mm, stipitate, pubescent, style 2.5 mm. Pods x 1 cm, turgid, straight or slightly curved. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Northern South America, C. America to Mexico and Antilles, widely naturalised in Tropical Asia. Very common in scrub jungles; PS Keerappadi XYLIA Bentham Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub., Bot. Centralbl. 47: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR 171. Mimosa xylocarpa Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Trees to 20 m tall; bark rough. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 2; leaflets 5-7 pairs, to 10 x 5 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute, glabrous, rachis glandular between the leaflets. Spike globose, cm across, racemose. Flowers numerous, 5 mm long, sessile, dull yellow; calyx 4 mm long, tubular, toothed at apex; petals 5, free or united at base, valvate; stamens 10, free, filaments 8 mm long; ovary many-ovuled; stigma minute. Pods 18 x 6 cm, curved-obovate, compressed, woody; seeds 4-10, transverse, oblong. Fl. & Fr. February-November Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Anakkalvayal; NS Padippara ROSACEAE 1. Trees; stem unarmed...prunus 1. Scandent shrubs; stem armed... Rubus PRUNUS Linnaeus Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bot. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Polydontia zeylanica Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. 1: , "Polyodontia". Pygeum zeylanicum Gaertn., Fruct t P. acuminatum Colebr., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 12: 300. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM , non Prunus acuminata (Wall.) Dietr Pygeum wightianum Blume ex Muell. in Walp., Ann. 4: ; FBI 2: ; FPM P. gardneri Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FPM P. sisparense Gamble, Kew Bull. 1918: Large trees; bark black, splitting into rectangular pieces. Leaves alternate, simple, to 12 x 5 cm, ovate, acuminate, entire, nerves 8 pairs, prominent. Racemes to 10 cm long, axillary, erect, densely flowered. Flowers white, 6 mm across; pedicels to 6 mm long, slender; calyx 2 mm long, cupular, campanulate, lobes ovate, acute, densely hairy; petals obovate, stamens many, filaments 3 mm long; ovary sessile, 1-celled, glabrous; ovules 2, pendulous; style 1, subulate; stigma capitate. Fruit a drupe, 2-lobed, 1 x 2 cm, globose, glabrous; seeds 2, globose. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban; NS Karimala 113

138 RUBUS Linnaeus 1. Leaves simple, 5-lobed...R. glomeratus 1. Leaves pinnate, leaflets R. niveus Rubus glomeratus Blume, Bijdr ; FTSR R. fulvus Focke, Biblioth. Bot. 17: , non Sudre 1902; FPM R. moluccanus sensu Hook.f., FBI 2: p.p., non L Stem reddish, densely cottony hairy. Leaves to 8 x 8 cm, shallowly 5-lobed, cordate at base, rugose above, densely, cottony tomentose below; petiole 4 cm long. Flowers in terminal panicles, bracts 8 mm long, densely hairy; bracteole bifid, filiform; pedicels 7 mm long; sepals 10 mm long, united below; petals 4 x 2 mm, obovate; ovaries glabrous. Drupe 2 mm across, ovoid, yellow. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional along the margins of grasslands; PS Karimala Rubus niveus Thunb., Diss. Rub. 9. t. 1., f ; FPM ; FTSR ;. R. lasiocarpus Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 30 n ; Hook.f., FBI 2: Branchlets glabrescent. Leaves to 10 cm long, 5-7 foliolate; leaflets opposite, ovate, acute, serrate, glabrescent above and white hoaray-pubescent below, terminal leaflet to 4.5 x 3 cm; stipules lanceolate. Flowers 1 cm across in axillary solitary or terminal corymbs. Calyx lobes oblong, acuminate, aristate, villous, 4-5 mm long. Petals ovate, pink-red, smaller than the calyx lobes. Carpels ca. 50; receptacle villous. Fl. April-May Distr. Indo-Malesia and China; in India temperate Himalayas and South India. Occasional along the margins of grasslands; PS 19391, Karimala CHRYSOBALANACEAE ATUNA Rafin. Atuna travancorica (Bedd.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7: ; FTSR Parinarium travancoricum Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM Small to medium evergreen trees, bark thin, brownish, branchlets pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, glabrous, to 15 x 4 cm. Flowers 1.5 cm across, racemes silky-villous, drooping; bracts ovate-lanceolate, villous. Drupe suborbicular, compressed, 3.5 x 3 cm, brown, smooth. Fl. February-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban CRASSULACEAE KALANCHOE Adanson 1. Leaves simple, entire...k. olivacea 1. Leaves pinnatifid...k. schweinfurthii Kalanchoe olivacea Dalz. & Gibs., Bombay Fl ; FPM Fleshy herbs. Leaves 8-10 x 4-5 cm, obovate, crenate, olive green. Cymes corymbose, axillary and terminal, 5 x 9 cm; flowers white; bracts, 0.5 cm, linear, glandular; calyx 4-lobed to the 114

139 base, 6 x 1 mm, elliptic, glandular, corolla tube 11 mm long, lobes 4, 8 x 3 mm, lanceolate, apiculate, glandular; stamens 8, in two rows at the throat of corolla lobes, carpels 9 x 3 mm, stigma oblique; hypogynous bristles 4, subulate. Follicle glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in moist rocky areas; PS Kuchimudi Kalanchoe schweinfurthii Penzig in Atti Congr. Bot. Genova Kalanchoe laciniata sensu Wight, Ic. t , non (L.) Pers. 1805; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Fleshy herbs. Leaves to 18 x 15 cm, narrowly laciniate; lobes 0.3 cm broad, thick. Flowers many, in corymbose cymes; pedicels 1 cm long; sepals 5 x 2 mm, lanceolate, acute; corolla tube 10 mm long, dull pink; anthers ovate; lobes ovate, acute, villous; filaments unequal; anthers orbicular ovaries 5 mm long, ovoid, acute, ovules biseriate. Follicles 8 x 2 mm; seeds oblong, reddish brown. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. India, Bangladesh, China and Myanmar. Rare in rocky areas; PS Vengoli DROSERACEAE DROSERA Linnaeus 1. Leaves radical, spathulate... D. burmannii 1. Leaves cauline, otherwise Leaves peltate; flowers white...d. peltata 2. Leaves linear; flowers pink... D. indica Drosera burmannii Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Small herbs. Leaves to 10 x 8 mm, obovate, obtuse, prostrate, densely covered with glandular hairs, greenish pink; petioles absent. Flowers few in erect racemes; scape 6-8 cm high; calyx glandular; petals 3 mm across, white. Fl. December-January Distr. Pantropical. Common in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Drosera indica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Unbranched herbs, to 8 cm high. Leaves to 3 cm long, green, curved or straight. Flowers 8 mm across, many, in terminal racemes; pedicel 1 cm long; sepals 4 x 1 mm, glandular hairy, petals 5 x 5 mm, obovate, obtuse, glabrous. Capsule 5 x 3 mm, obovoid, 3-valved; seeds many, black, obovoid, densely muriculate. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Paleotropics. Common in wet rocky areas and grasslands; PS Vengoli Drosera peltata Smith in Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect herbs, to 18 cm high, unbranched. Leaves to 5 mm across, semi-circular to lunar, covered with glandular hairs; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers in terminal racemes; pedicels 1 cm long, sepals 5, united at base, petals white, 5 x 4 mm, obovate, obtuse; styles 3, free. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia and East Asia. Common in wet rocky areas and grasslands; PS Karimala 115

140 RHIZOPHORACEAE 1. Leaves entire, thickly coriaceous; margins entire...carallia 1. Leaves crenate, membranous; margins crenate...blepharistemma BLEPHARISTEMMA Wallich ex Bentham Blepharistemma serratum (Dennst.) Suresh in Nicols. et al., Interp. Hort. Malab ; FTSR Rodschiedia serrata Dennst., Schluss. Hort. Malab. 16, 24, Gynotroches membranifolia Miq., Anal. Bot. Ind. 3: Blepharistemma corymbosum Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3: 65, ; FBI 2: ; FPM B. membranifolia (Miq.) Ding Hou in Steenis, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 5: Large shrubs to small trees; branchlets lenticellate. Leaves oblong, acute or obtusely acuminate, crenate, glabrous, to 15 x 7 cm; lateral nerves 7 or 8 pairs, slender; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers 4 mm across; calyx glabrous, lobes ovate, acute; petals white. Capsule subglobose, acute, yellowish, 6 mm across. Fl. & Fr. February-July Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kothala; Vengoli CARALLIA Roxburgh Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 15: ; FPL ; FTSR Diatoma brachiata Lour., Fl. Cochinch Carallia integerrima DC., Prodr. 3: ; FPM Trees; bark dark brown. Leaves opposite, to 11 x 7 cm, obovate, obtuse at apex, attenuate at base, coriaceous, nerves indistinct; stipule interpetiolar, ovate. Flowers in axillary resinous, peduncled cymes with dichotomous branches, 5 mm across; sepals 8, ovate, acute; petals 8, smaller, reddish, orbicular, lacerate; stamens 16, filaments villous, free; ovary half inferior, 4- celled; ovule 2 in each cell; style slender, 3-5 fid, above. Drupe, 8 x 6 mm, 1-seeded, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Anakkalvayal COMBRETACEAE 1. Scandent or climbing shrubs Trees Leaves tomentose; flowers in axillary and terminal panicles... Calycopteris 2. Leaves glabrous; flowers in elongated spikes...combretum 3. Flowers in panicles or spikes... Terminalia 3. Flowers in globose heads... Anogeissus ANOGEISSUS (A. P. de Candolle) Guillemen, Perrottet & A. Richard Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr., Fl. Seneg. Tent. 7: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Gangop. & Chakrab., JETB 21: Conocarpus latifolia Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 3: Medium trees; bark surface uneven, white. Leaves alternate and subopposite, to 9 x 6.5 cm, broadly ovate, obtuse at apex and base, nerves 8-10 pairs, glabrous; petioles 1 cm long, glabrous. Flowers small, together in globose spikes, axillary, shortly pedicelled; calyx 3 mm across, cupular, lobes 5, triangular, acute; petals absent; stamens 10, free, filaments glabrous; ovary 1-celled; ovules 1 or 2, pendulous; style subulate. Fruit a biconvex drupe, 4 x 2 mm, in dense heads. 116

141 Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Very common in moist deciduous forests; PS Rockpoint CALYCOPTERIS Lamarck Calycopteris floribunda Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 485. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Gangop. & Chakrab., JETB 21: Getonia floribunda (Lam.) Roxb., Fl. Corom. t Stragglers. Leaves opposite, to 10 x 6 cm, ovate, acuminate, entire, punctuate and tomentose below; nerves 6-8 pairs, nervules reticulate; petioles 1 cm long. Panicles axillary and terminal, 5-10 x 5 cm; bracts leafy, hispid. Flowers sessile; calyx tube 5 mm long, campanulate, enlarging in fruit, lobes oblong; stamens 10, filaments glabrous; ovary 5-ribbed, densely hispid; 1-celled; ovules 1-3, pendulous. Fruit an ellipsoid drupe, 10 x 2.5 cm; fruiting sepals 18 x 6 mm, yellowish, persistent. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Rockpoint; NS Kariamchola COMBRETUM Loefling Combretum albidum G. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15: ; Gangop. & Chakrab., JETB 21: C. ovalifolius Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Climbers. Leaves opposite, to 14 x 7 cm, ovate, acute at base and apex, entire, glabrous, domatia glandular; petiole 1 cm long, glandular at base. Flowers polygamodioecious, in drooping cylindrical spikes. Spikes to 10 x 2 cm, unbranched. Calyx tube 5 mm long, constricted above the ovary, widening above, lobes 4, ovate, acute; petals 4 or 5, much smaller; stamens 8 or 10; filaments 6 mm long; ovary 5-angled, inferior, 1-celled; ovules 2-5, pendulous, style subulate. Fruit a 5-winged drupe, 3.5 x 3.5 cm, wings broad, leathery, yellow. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi TERMINALIA Linnaeus 1. Fruits winged Fruits not winged Fruits large with 4-5 equal wings... T. elliptica 2. Fruits small with 3 unequal wings...t. paniculata 3. Leaves opposite or subopposite; fruits ridged...t. travancorensis 3. Leaves alternate; fruit without ridges... T. bellirica Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Gangop. & Chakrab., JETB 21: Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 90. t. 97. ff. a-d.1791, "bellerica". Large trees; bark smooth, white; branchlets thinly fulvous-hairy. Leaves alternate, to 16 x 8 cm, obtusely acuminate at apex, attenuate to the base; nerves 7 or 8 pairs, prominent, reticulate; petioles to 8 cm long, eglandular. Spikes axillary, to 16 cm long. Flowers sessile, 6 mm across; calyx tube campanulate, lobes triangular, densely villous inside, hispid outside; stamens 5. Drupe 2.5 x 1.8 cm, obovoid, stalked, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, sparsely in moist deciduous forests; PS Kothala 117

142 Terminalia elliptica Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; Gangop. & Chakrab., JETB 21: T. alata Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp T. crenulata Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR T. coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM Pentaptera coriacea Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Terminalia tomentosa (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. var. crenulata (Roth) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: Pentaptera crenulata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Large trees, bark black, split into rectangular pieces, red inside. Leaves subopposite, to 20 x 9 cm, oblong, acute, eglandular, nervules parallel; petiole 2 cm long, eglandular. Panicles 15 x 10 cm, terminal, glabrous. Flowers 5 mm across; calyx lobes triangular, densely villous inside; stamens 5, filaments 5 mm long, glabrous; ovary densely long-villous. Drupe 3.5 x 5.5 cm, wings 5 broad, coriaceous, reddish brown. Fl. & Fr. April-August Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Anakkalvayal; Thellikkal Terminalia paniculata Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Gangop. & Chakrab., JETB 21: Pentaptera paniculata (Roth.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Large trees; bark pale brown, pink inside; branchlets reddish. Leaves to 18 x 7 cm, ovate, oblong, minutely hirsute below; nerves to 10 pairs, nervules reticulate; glands one on either side of the midrib at base; petiole 1.5 cm long. Panicles to 20 cm across, densely tomentose. Flowers 8 mm across, white, closely packed; sepals ovate, densely villous inside; stamens 5, filaments glabrous. Drupe 13 x 12 mm, puberulus, reddish brown. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Very common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara Terminalia travancorensis Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM ; FTSR ; Gangop. & Chakrab., JETB 21: Terminalia angustifolia sensu Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: , non Jacq. 1776; FBI 2: Large trees; bark smooth, white; branchlets glabrous. Leaves opposite, to 14 x 4.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate at apex, glabrous; petiole 1 cm long. Panicles 10 x 10 cm, terminal, branches hispid. Flowers 2.5 mm across; sepals hispid outside, densely villous inside; stamens 10, filaments 4 mm long; ovary densely tomentose. Drupe 3 x 1.3 cm, ellipsoid, 5-ridged, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. April-August Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola MYRTACEAE 1. Leaves alternate Leaves opposite Inflorescence a spike; petals free...callistemon 2. Inflorescence otherwise; petals fused... Eucalyptus 3. Fruits more than 4 cm across; calyx limb closed in bud... Psidium 3. Fruits to 3 cm across; calyx limb open in bud Calyx tube produced above the ovary...syzygium 4. Calyx tube not produced above the ovary... Eugenia CALLISTEMON R. Brown Callistemon citrinus (Curt.) Skeels, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur.Pl.Ind., Bull. 282: Metrosideros citrina Curt., Bot. Mag. 8, t M. lanceolata Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 3: Callistemon lanceolatus (Smith) Sweet, Fl. Austral. sub. t

143 Shrubs or small trees, branchlets tomentose, drooping. Leaves to 8 x 1 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, base alternate. Spike to 10 cm, terminal; corolla 5, ca 4 mm, sparsely hairy; stamens numerous; filaments free, to 2.5 cm, red; hypanthium ca 4 mm, pubescent; ovary 3-celled. Capsule 9 mm, clustered. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native in East Australia, widely cultivated. Planted in Parambikulam; PS Parambikulam EUCALYPTUS L Heritier de Brutelle Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Cat. Pl. Hort. Camald. (ed. 2) 61: Trees, bark decorticating. Leaves to 2.5 x 3.5 cm, lanceolate often falcate, concolorous; petiole to 1.5 mm. Hypanthium ca 6 mm, hemispherical, operculam ca 4 mm across, conical; ovule numerous; stigma capitate. Fruit 1 x 0.7 cm, hemispherical, valves exerted, seeds cuboid. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Native of Australia. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi EUGENIA Linnaeus 1. Young shoots and inflorescence glabrous...e thwaitesii 1. Young shoots and inflorescence brown tomentose Pedicels more than 1 cm long; leaves oblanceolate... E. indica 2. Pedicels to 0.5 cm long; leaves elliptic or ovate...e. bracteata Eugenia bracteata (Willd.) Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR Myrtus bracteata Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: Eugenia willdenowii Wight, Ic. t & Ill. 2: , non DC Syzygium bracteatum (Willd.) Raizada, Indian For. 74: , non Korth Eugenia rothii Panigrahi, JETB 5: Myrtus latifolia Heyne in Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Shrubs; branchlets slender. Leaves to 7 x 3.5 cm, elliptic, obtusely acute at apex, acute at base, pale below; nerves pairs, sub-prominent below; petiole 3 mm long. Flowers in axillary fascicles, 8 mm across, densely fulvous hairy; pedicels 5 mm long, densely hairy; bracteoles 2, lanceolate; calyx tube short, globose, lobes 5, orbicular; petals 5, 4 x 4 mm, orbicular, glabrous. Fl. March-April Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Eugenia indica (Wight) Chithra in Nair & Henry, Fl. Tamil Nadu India 1: ; FPL Jossinia indica Wight, Ic. t Eugenia jossinia Duthie in Hook. f., FBI 2: ; FPM Small trees, branchlets terete, pubescent. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse, base, acute; petiole to 7 mm. Flowers axillary, solitary or paired, pedicels to 2.2 cm, tomentose; calyx tube 4 mm, campanulate, lobes 4, 5 mm across, orbicular, tomentose, glabrous within; petals 10 mm across, orbicular, white; stamens numerous; filaments to 8 mm; disc broad. Berry 7 mm across, globose, rusty crowned with persistent calyx. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Eugenia thwaitesii Duthie in Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FTSR Eugenia mooniana Wight, Ic. t & Ill. 2: , non Gard. 1843; FBI 2: ; FPM Shrubs; branchlets slender. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm, ovate, caudate-acuminate at apex, rounded at base, pale below, glabrous; nerves few, obscure; petiole 2 mm long. Flowers 2-3 together, 6 119

144 mm across, in axillary fascicles; pedicels fulvous hairy; calyx tube short, hairy; sepals orbicular; petals white; filaments 6 mm long. Berry 1 x 1.5 cm, glabrous, reddish; seeds 3, globose. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola PSIDIUM Linnaeus Psidium guajava L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: , "guayava"; FPM ; FPL Small trees, bark decorticating; branchlets appressed tomentose. Leaves decussate, oblong, to 10 x 5 cm, acute, base cuneate, tomentose below, gland dotted. Flowers ca. 3.5 cm across, axillary, solitary or in pairs; peduncle to 1.5 cm; calyx tube urceolate, tomentose persistent, ovate-lanceolate, unequal; petals 4, white, ovate, ca. 3 x 2 cm. Disc broad; stamens numerous, filaments white; ovary globose, cell numerous; style to 1.5 cm. Berry globose, to 8 cm across. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Originally from Tropical America; now naturalised in the tropics. Fairly common around the settlements; PS Parambikulam SYZYGIUM R. Brown ex Gaertner 1. Calyx tube funnel shaped Calyx tube turbinate Leaves elliptic-oblong with few or without glands... S. lanceolatum 2. Leaves obovate, prominently glandular... S. palghatense 3. Flowers more than 1 cm across Flowers less than 1 cm across Leaves cordate at base Leaves acute or acuminate at base Branchlets distinctly tetragonous; leaf apex acuminate... S. munronii 5. Branchlets terete or subterete; leaf apex acute...s. mundagam 6. Leaves linear lanceolate, to 15 x 2.5 cm; filaments yellow coloured... S. occidentalis 6. Leaves elliptic or ovate, to 11 x 5 cm; filaments crimson coloured... S. laetum 7. Leaves membranous; cymes slender, terminal and axillary of upper leaves... S. gardneri 7. Leaves coriaceous; cymes stout, axillary and on the scars of fallen leaves Cymes mostly from the axils; leaves thickly coriaceous with undulate margin; berry obliquely ventricose... S. chavaran 8. Cymes mostly from the leafy scars; leaves coriaceous; berry globose or oblong... S. cumini Syzygium chavaran (Bourd.) Gamble, FPM ; FTSR Eugenia chavaran Bourd., For. Trees Travancore Large trees; bark greyish-brown, to 2 cm thick, reddish inside. Leaves oblong or ellipticoblong, obtusely acuminate, base obtuse, coriaceous, glossy above, to 18 x 8 cm; lateral nerves numerous, close and parallel, very slender; petiole, to 2.5 cm long. Cymes 4-5 cm long, axillary to leaves or leafscars; flowers 1 cm across; pedicels not distinct. Petals calyptrate. Berry ellipsoid, obliquely ventricose, purple, to 3-4 x cm, crowned by the 5 mm long calyx limb. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in semi-evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, U. S. DA. Bur. Pl. Industr. Bull. 248: ; FPL ; FTSR Myrtus cumini L., Sp. Pl Eugenia jambolana Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 2: Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC., Prodr. 3: ; FPM Medium trees; bark grey, light pink inside. Leaves to 18 x 8 cm, ovate, oblong, longacuminate at apex, acute at base; nerves many, close, shining above; petiole cm long. 120

145 Panicles to 10 cm across, on leafless branchlets. Flowers 6-9 mm across, subsessile; calyx tube 3 mm broad, turbinate; filaments 7 mm long. Berry 10 x 7 mm, obovoid, deep blue. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; Karimala Syzygium gardneri Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FPM ; FTSR Eugenia gardneri (Thw.) Bedd., For. Man. Bot ; FBI 2: E. cymosa Lam. var. rostrata Duthie in Hook.f., FBI 2: Large trees; bark white, smooth; branchlets terete. Leaves 10 x 6 cm, elliptic, caudateacuminate at apex, acute at base; nerves many, close, intramarginal vein 2 mm away from the margin; petiole 1.5 cm long. Cymes 7 x 8 cm, lax, terminal and axillary; branches slender. Flowers globose; pedicels 2-5 mm long; calyx tube 2 x 3 mm, obconical, lobes obtuse; petals calyptrate; filaments 4 mm long. Fl. December-February Distr. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali; Vengoli; Pezha Syzygium laetum (Buch.-Ham.) Gandhi in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FPL ; FTSR Eugenia laeta Buch.-Ham., Mem. Wern., Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: ; FBI 2: Jambosa laeta (Buch.-Ham) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1: ; FPM Eugenia pauciflora Wight, Ic. t Small trees, branchlets terete, slender. Leaves to 12 x 5 cm, elliptic, acuminate at both ends, pale below; nerves to 12 pairs, intramarginal nerves obscure; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers to 6 cm across, solitary or 2-5-together, on axillary or terminal cymes; pedicels 2.5 cm long; calyx tube 15 mm long, obconical; sepals 8 x 8 mm, orbicular, persistent; petals 10 x 10 mm, glabrous; stamens 2-3 cm long, yellow or pink. Berry 25 x 15 mm, oblong, truncate at apex. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kanjirakuthu; Karimala Syzygium lanceolatum (Lam.) Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPL ; FTSR Eugenia lanceolata Lam., Encycl. 3: Syzygium wightianum Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM Eugenia wightiana (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 2: Trees, branchlets terete. Leaves to 11 x 4 cm, elliptic, lanceolate, obliquely acuminate, base cuneate, thinly coriaceous, nerves close, parallel; petiole to 8 mm. Racemes axillary; peduncle to 3 cm; flowers white, 5 mm across; pedicels to 2 mm; calyx tube elongate, to 1.5 cm, widened. Fruit scarlet red. Fl. & Fr. April-August Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Kariamchola Syzygium mundagam (Bourd.) Chithra in Henry et al., Fl. Tamilnadu 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Eugenia mundagam Bourd., For. Trees Travancore Jambosa mundagam (Bourd.) Gamble, FPM Small to medium trees; branchlets quadrangular. Leaves to 25 x 10 cm, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous; nerves to 20 pairs, irregular, intramarginal nerves indistinct. Cymes terminal, corymbose. Flowers few to many, 3 cm across; pedicels 5 mm long; calyx tube funnel shaped, lobes 6 mm across, orbicular; petals 12 mm diam., white; filaments 2 cm long, glabrous, white. Fl. March-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha; Kothala; NS Karimala 121

146 Syzygium munronii (Wight) Chandrab., Biol. Mem. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Eugenia munronii Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 2: Jambosa munronii (Wight) Walp., Rep. 2: ; FPM Large shrubs or small trees; branchlets quadrangular. Leaves to 22 x 7 cm, lanceolate, subsessile, glabrous, nerves and intramarginal veins prominent. Cymes 5-10 cm broad, terminal. Flowers few, 4 cm across; pedicels 1 cm long; calyx 2.5 cm long, funnel-shaped; lobes 1 x 1 cm, orbicular; petals larger, 15 x15 mm, yellowish white; filaments 2.5 cm long, white. Berry 25 x 15 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Syzygium occidentalis (Bourd.) Gandhi in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FTSR Eugenia occidentalis Bourd., Indian For. 30: 195. t Jambosa occidentalis (Bourd.) Gamble, FPM Large shrubs. Leaves to 14 x 2.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, nerves indistinct; petiole 1 cm long. Cymes 10 cm broad, terminal. Flowers yellow; calyx tube 15 mm long, funnel shaped; lobes ovate, obtuse, 6 mm across; petals 4, 8 mm broad, orbicular; filaments 25 mm long, yellow; style 3.5 cm long. Berry 2 x 1.5 cm, obovoid to globose. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common along the riverine areas of evergreen forests; PS Thenkudippara Syzygium palghatense Gamble, Kew Bull. 1918: & FPM [Figure 5]. Trees, to 15 m tall; bark smooth, greyish outside and muddy brown inside; branchlets subtetragonus, become terete on maturity. Leaves opposite or subopposite, x cm, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, base acute, apex acute sometimes obtusely acuminate, chartaceous, sparsely gland dotted on lower surface, lateral nerves slender, many, 2-4 mm apart with numerous secondary laterals, intramarginal nerve close to the margin; petiole 3-5 mm long, slender. Flowers in terminal or axillary, 2-3 cm long, cymes; pedicel to 2 mm long. Calyx tube funnel shaped, 8-12 mm long, 5 mm at mouth, petals 2.5 mm across, creamy white, calyptrate, cauducous at early stage. Stamens to 8 mm long. Berry x 4-5 mm, obconic with a hollow depression at apex, crowned by the calyx limb, prominently ribbed on drying. Fl. & Fr. January-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Very rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS 30379, 30527, NS Pandaravarai Note: This species was first collected by Beddome from Palghat hills. The present collection is the rediscovery after a gap of 140 years. LECYTHIDACEAE 1. Flowers in small erect spikes; fruit globose... Careya 1. Flowers in long pendent racemes; fruit angular... Barringtonia BARRINGTONIA J.R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 97, t ; FBI 2: ; FPM FTSR Eugenia acutangula L., Sp. Pl Small trees. Leaves obovate, subacute, base cuneate, subcoriaceous, finely serrate, to 11 x 4.5 cm; lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, slender; petiole to 0.6 cm long. Flowers 1 cm across, in pendulous, to 30 cm long racemes. Calyx campanulate, lobes 4, ovate, acute. Petals ovate, obtuse, 4 mm long. Filaments pink, 1 cm long. Fruit oblong, 4-angled, to 2.5 x 0.8 cm. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Along the riverine areas; PS Orukomban 122

147 Figure 5. Syzygium palghatense Gamble A. flowering twig; B. flower bud with calyptra; C. flower; D. flower L.S.; E. fruit; F. leaf a portion enlarged 123

148 CAREYA Roxburgh Careya arborea Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Small trees; branchlets puberulus; bark thick, pink inside. Leaves alternate, to 20 x 13 cm, obovate, obtuse, cuneate to the base; petiole 1.5 cm long, channelled. Flowers 6-7 cm across, in axillary small racemes on old branches; sepals 4, orbicular, 2 cm across; petals 4, white, 3 cm across, orbicular; stamens many, filaments long, connate at base; ovary 4-5-celled inferior, ovule; numerous on axils placentation; style 4 cm long. Fruit a berry 5-7 cm across, globose, crowned by sepals. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi MELASTOMATACEAE 1. Leaves penninerved some times faint; flowers blue; ovary 1-celled...Memecylon 1. Leaves 3 or more ribbed at base; flowers purple pink or white; ovary many celled Inflorescence scorpioid; flowers tri-merous... Sonerila 2. Inflorescence otherwise; flowers tetra or pentamerous Epiphytic shrubs; tender shoot fleshy... Medinilla 3. Terrestrial herbs or shrubs; leaves not fleshy Flowers white in axillary cymes; leaves crenate...clidemia 4. Flowers pink or purple in terminal cymes; leaves entire...osbeckia CLIDEMIA D. Don Clidemia hirta L., D. Don Mem. Wern. Soc. 4: Shrubs, to 1.5 m high; stem pilose. Leaves to 14 x 7 cm, ovate, acuminate, cordate at base, 5- ribbed, regular, hispid-tomentose, crenate, intercostae parallel; petiole 2 cm long. Cymes axillary. Flowers 2 cm across; pedicels slender, pilose; calyx tube 3 mm long, densely covered with simple bristles, lobes 5, acute; petals 7 mm long, ovate, acute, white, glabrous; stamens 10, all fertile; anthers not appendaged. Ovary many-celled, many-ovuled. Berry 7 x 5 mm, ovate, hispid; seeds many, 0.5 mm long, ovoid, brown, muriculate, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of South America; naturalised in old world tropics. Rare in degraded forest areas; PS Anakkalvayal MEDINILLA Gaudinchaud 1. Leaves orbicular, to 3 cm across; stem terete; tender shoot greenish...m. beddomei 1. Leaves elliptic oblong; stem subquadrangular or quadrangular; tender shoot crimson coloured M. anamalaiana Medinilla anamalaiana Sasidh. & Sujanapal, Sida 20: [Figure 6]. Epiphytic subshrubs; branches fleshy, acutely quadrangular or subquadrangular, sparingly branched, sometimes rooting from lower nodes, smooth, on drying forms a winged appearance; stem cm long, young shoots reddish-brown. Leaves membranous, opposite pairs unequal, sometimes equal, larger one x 3-5 cm, smaller 4-6 x cm, elliptic-oblong, base subcordate or obtuse, apex obtusely acuminate, acumen sometimes twisted, margin entire, 3- nerved, lateral nerves ribs near the margins, faint towards apex; petiole 2-4 mm, flattened, glabrous. Flowers 4-merous, 2-5 in axils or from leafless nodes in horizontal row, sometimes 2 or 3 on a short stalk (1-2 mm); pedicel with 2 minute bracteoles at base, jointed, 2 mm at anthesis, elongating to 4 mm in fruit; hypanthium obovate, subquadrangular, 3 mm across, thinly puberulus, shortly narrowed at mouth with 8 minute teeth; petals 5-7 x 4 mm, rose-pink, 124

149 obliquely obovate, minutely apiculate; stamens 8, filaments 3 mm long; anthers 2 mm long; ovary 1.5 mm across, obovoid, 4-celled, connected to hypanthium with 8 membranous appendages; style to 7 mm long; stigma minutely capitate, papillate. Berries 4 mm across, globose, glabrous; crowned by a small hypanthial limb; seeds many, yellowish-brown, 1.5 x 1 mm, smooth, ovoid, concave on the side of raphe. Fl. & Fr. January-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Shekkal mudi; Puliyala Medinilla beddomei Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR M. radicans sensu Bedd., Ic. t , non Blume Epiphytic shrubs; branches terete, pendulous. Leaves 2.5 cm across, obtuse at base and apex, very succulent, ribs indistinct; petiole 5 mm long. Cymes axillary, 1-3 flowered; pedicels 2 cm long, glabrous. Flowers white; calyx tube 7 mm long, wavy along the rim; petals white, 1.5 x 1.2 cm, obovate, spreading; stamens 10, anthers 8 mm long, acuminate, spur at the base of the anther, 1.5 mm long, curved up. Fl. & Fr. April-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Puliyala; Orukomban MEMECYLON Linnaeus 1. Leaves sessile; base cordate or rounded...m. deccanense 1. Leaves petioled; base acute Flowers sessile in fascicles...m. lawsonii 2. Flowers pedicellate in a distinct peduncle Berry yellow; leaves yellowish dry; calyx campanulate... M. umbellatum 3. Berry purple; leaves black when dry; calyx saucer shaped... M. angustifolium Memecylon angustifolium Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM Shrubs; branchlets terete. Leaves to 8 x 2 cm, obtusely acuminate, acute at base; nerves indistinct. Cymes 2 cm across, many-branched; peduncle 3-5 mm long; pedicels slender. Berry 4 mm across, globose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. May-July Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Memecylon deccanense Clarke in Hook. f., FBI 2: ; FPM M. wightianum Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: Large shrubs to small slender trees, branchlets subterete. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, base rounded, glabrous, brown on drying, to 12 x 4.5 cm; lateral nerves ca. 15 pairs, slender, faint. Flowers mostly fascicled on tubercles; pedicels slender, 2.5 mm long; calyx cupular, lobes obscure, pink; petals blue. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Memecylon lawsonii Gamble, Kew Bull. 1919: & FPM ; FTSR Shrubs; branches few, terete. Leaves to 18 x 3.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate; nerves pairs, pale; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers 1-3, axillary; calyx 1 mm long, lobes ovate, acute, pale pink; petals 2.5 mm long, obovate-oblong, keeled, blue. Berry 8 x 9 mm; yellow, sessile. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Kanthalppara 125

150 Figure 6. Medinilla anamalaiana Sasidharan & Sujanapal. A. flowering twig; B. flower; C. hypanthium; D. hypanthium cut open; E. flower L.S; F. anther; G. pistil; H. fruit; I. seed 126

151 Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f., Fl. Ind ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR M. edule Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 2: p.p.; FPM Small trees, branchlets terete. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm, elliptic, apex obtuse or emarginate, cuneate at base, shining above, nerves faint, dark green when dry; petiole to 3 mm. Umbels axillary; calyx 1.5 mm across, lobes short; petals orbicular, blue. Berry 0.5 mm across, yellow. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Vengoli OSBECKIA Linnaeus 1. Flowers tetramerous Flowers pentamerous Calyx tube covered with simple hairs only... O gracilis 2. Calyx tube covered with simple and stalled stellate hairs... O. muralis 3. Calyx tube with few large peltate scales or hairs Calyx tube densely bristled or hairy Flowers many in terminal panicled cymes; leaves 5-ribbed, to 18 x 3 cm...o. wynadensis 4. Flowers few in terminal cymes; leaves 3-ribbed, to 5 x 2 cm... O. virgata 5. Branchlets reddish pilose; leaves sessile, to 3 x 1 cm...o. leschenaultiana 5. Branchlets otherwise; leaves petiolate, more than 5 x 2 cm Leaves 3-ribbed; leaves to 5 x 2 cm... O. aspera var. aspera 6. Leaves 5-7 ribbed, to 15 x 3 cm... O. aspera var. travancorica Osbeckia aspera (L.) Blume, Bijdr. Natuurk. Wetensch. 6: var. aspera, Hansen, Ginkgoana 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Melastoma asperum L., Sp. Pl Osbeckia kleinii Wight & Arn., Prodr O. courtallensis Gamble, Kew Bull. 1918: O. kewensis Fischer, Kew Bull. 1938: O. lawsonii Gamble, Kew Bull. 1918: & FPM Shrubs; branches shortly atrorsely scabrid. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, hairy; hairs half adnated; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers 3-9-together, in terminal cymes, sessile; calyx tube 8 x 12 mm, densely covered with stalked tufts of bristles; stalk 1 mm long, with about 30 bristles, bristles 1-3 mm long; sepals 4 x 2.5 mm, oblong, retuse, ciliate and bristled; petals 17 x 12 mm, obovate, pink, ciliate; anthers 8 mm long. Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli Osbeckia aspera (L.) Blume var. travancorica (Bedd. ex Gamble) Hansen, Ginkgoana, 4: ; FTSR O. travancorica Bedd. ex Gamble, Kew Bull. 1919: & FPM [Figure 7]. Shrubs or perennial herbs; branches covered with reddish retrose bristles. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 7-ribbed, covered with adpressed hairs above and below; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers 6 cm across, 5-15 together in terminal cymes, bracts 1 cm across, orbicular; calyx cup 13 mm long, densely covered with stalked bristles, lobes 7 x 4 mm, obovate, emarginate, bristled; intersepalar emergences with stellate bristles; petals 3.5 x 2.5 cm, obovate, pink; filaments 13 mm long, anthers 9 mm long, acuminate, constricted at base. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Osbeckia gracilis Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. ser. 3, 1: ; FBI 2: O. sublaevis Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 7: ; FPM O. lineolata Gamble, Kew Bull. 1918: & FPM O. lineolata Gamble var. anamalayana Giri & Nayar, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25:

152 Figure 7. Osbeckia aspera (L.) Blume var. travancorica (Bedd. ex Gamble) Hansen A- flowering branch, B- flower, C-hypanthium with sepals, D- stamens 128

153 Stout shrubs; branches glaucous, glabrous. Leaves to 3.5 x 2 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse at apex and base, cuspidate, yellowish green, densely covered with half-adnated hairs spreading from midrib, 3-ribbed; petiole 3 mm long. Flowers in terminal cymes, pedicelled; calyx tube 7 mm long, densely simple-hairy, lobes 4 x 3 mm, ovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate; petals 15 x 12 mm, obovate, ciliate, pink; anthers 5 mm long. Fl. September Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC., Prodr. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM O. gardneriana Wight, Ic. t Shrubs; branchlets reddish, pilose. Leaves x 1 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base, 3-ribbed, hairy; hairs and lineoles parallel to the midrib, black above, pale green below. Flowers 3-5-together, sessile in terminal clusters; calyx tube 7 mm long, densely covered with stalked bristles, stalk 1.5 mm long, to 15-bristled; lobes 4 x 3 mm, ovate, obtuse, with a tuft of 3-9 bristles at apex, ciliate; petals 15 x 17 mm, orbicular, ciliate; anthers 9 mm long, acuminate; filaments clavate. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in wet rocky areas; PS Karimala Osbeckia muralis Naud., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser.3, 14: ; FTSR O. truncata D. Don ex Wight & Arn., Prodr , p.p.; FBI 2: ; FPM O. truncata var. kurzii Clarke in Hook. f., FBI 2: Erect annual herbs, stem patently hairy. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute, to 4 x 2 cm, 3-5 ribbed; petiole 2-3 mm. Flowers 0.6 cm across, in terminal clusters. Hypanthium with simple hairs only. Calyx lobes and intersepalar emergences bristly at apex; petals light purple, 3 mm long. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in rocky areas; PS Vengoli; Vengoli Osbeckia virgata D. Don ex Wight et Arn., Prodr. 1: ; FTSR O. octandra auct. non (L.) DC., 1828: Hook. f., FBI 2: ; FPM Shrubs; branchlets quadrangular, sparsely adpressed hairy. Leaves to 5-9 cm, elliptic, acute at both ends; hairs adnate its major length above, free below; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers 15 mm across, in terminal cymes, 3-9 together; calyx cup 6 mm long, emergences 2 mm long, 2-4- bristled at tip; sepals 4 mm long, acuminate, bristled; petals 7 x 6 mm, anthers 4 mm long, acuminate. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in degraded forest areas; PS Parambikulam; Vengoli Osbeckia wynaadensis Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FPM ; FTSR Tall shrubs; branches densely scabrid. Leaves to 18 x 3 cm, lanceolate, acute, 3-5-nerved, hairy; hairs adnated and spreading from the midrib. Flowers many, in terminal panicled cymes; pedicels 4 mm long; calyx tube 8 mm long, bristles 4 or 5 in a tuft, to 3 mm long; lobes 11 x 5 mm, lanceolate, ciliate; petals 20 x 10 mm, obovate, anthers 7 mm long. Seeds 0.5 x0.3 mm obovoid, minutely muriculate. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in moist localities in moist deciduous forests; PS Anakkalvayal 129

154 SONERILA Roxburgh 1. Scapigerous herbs Caulescent herbs Leaves and calyx glabrous... S. rotundifolia 2. Leaves and calyx sparsely crispate hairy...s. wallichii 3. Capsule with a corky rim; sepals glandular hairy... S. rheedii 3. Capsule without a corky rim; sepals otherwise...s. brunonis Sonerila brunonis Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 2: ; FPM S. arnottiana Thw. var. tenella Bedd., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 25: ; FBI 2: Stem to 20 cm high, reddish, glandular. Leaves x 1-2 cm, ovate, acute at either ends, 5-nerved from base, serrulate, pilose above; petiole 1 cm long. Peduncle to 3 cm long, slender; raceme 3-6-flowered. Flowers 1 cm across; sepals ovate, acute, puberulus outside; petals obovate, obtusely acute, pink; anthers 2 mm long. Capsule 7 mm long, oblong; seeds curved, dark brown, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in wet rocks in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Sonerila rheedii Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM ; FTSR Sonerila wallichii sensu Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: p.p., non Bennet Stem to 15 cm high, quadrangular, hispid. Leaves to 12 x 6 cm, ovate, penninerved, acute at apex; rounded or cordate at base, hirtus, green; nerves 4 pairs; petiole 4 cm long, hispid. Peduncle terminal or upper axillary, 8-12-flowered. Flowers 1 cm across; pedicel 8 mm long; sepals triangular, glandular hairy; petals 4 x 3 mm, elliptic, with a hairy midrib; pink; anthers 3 mm long, acute. Capsule 4 x 3 mm, glandular hairy; seeds obovoid, brown, glandular. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in wet rocks in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Sonerila rotundifolia Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. ser. 2, 22: & Ic. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Stemless herbs. Leaves few, cm across, orbicular, deeply cordate at base, crenate, 9- ribbed from base, pilose along the nerves, reddish brown, petiole to 12 cm long. Peduncle to 15 cm long, 8-10 flowered. Flowers 2.5 cm across, confined to the apex of the scape in scorpioidal cyme; pedicel 1 cm long, pink; sepals 1.5 x 3 mm, triangular; petals 12 x 9 mm, obovate, pink; anthers 6 mm long, acuminate, deeply cleft at base; filaments 7 mm long; style 11 mm long. Fl. & Fr. June-August Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in wet rocks in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimalagopuram Sonerila wallichii Bennet, Pl. Jav. Rar ; FBI 2: ,p.p.; FPM ; FTSR Leaves one or very few; 5 x 3 cm, ovate, acute, cordate at base, serrulate, crispate hairy above, 3 pairs of nerves from the base; petiole 1-3 cm long. Peduncles to 9 cm long, glandular hairy; 4-6 flowered. Flowers 10 mm across; pedicels 5 mm long; sepals triangular, hairy; petals 5 x 4 mm, elliptic, acute, pink; anther 2 mm long, acute; style 5 mm long, glabrous. Capsule 2.5 x 2.5 mm, hemispheric, glandular hairy. Fl. & Fr. September-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala 130

155 LYTHRACEAE 1. Trees; petals clawed...lagerstroemia 1. Herbs; petals not clawed Flower axillary, solitary... Rotala 2. Flowers in axillary clusters... Ammannia AMMANNIA Linnaeus Ammannia baccifera L., Sp. Pl. (ed.2) , ssp. baccifera Koehne in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 1: ; FPL A. vesicatoria Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Herbs. Leaves to 6 x 1 mm, oblong-elliptic, acute, cuneate. Cymes axillary, dichasial, subsessile, flowers ca 3 mm; calyx tube ca 1 mm, campanulate, lobes 4; petals absent; stamens 4, ca 1 mm long; ovary 4-celled. Capsule ca 2 mm across; seed globose, turgid. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Tropical Africa, Asia, Europe and Australia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Peruvaripallam; Kariamchola LAGERSTROEMIA Linnaeus 1. Leaves to 20 cm long; flowers to 5 cm across...l. hirsuta 1. Leaves to 10 cm long; flowers to 0.8 cm across...l. microcarpa Lagerstroemia hirsuta (Lam.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: ; FTSR Adambea hirsuta Lam., Encycl. 1: Lagerstroemia reginae Roxb., Pl. Corom. t L. flos-reginae Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: ; FBI 2: ; FPM L. speciosa (L.) Pers., Syn. 2: Medium trees; bark smooth, yellowish-grey, peels off in thin small linear flakes. Leaves subopposite, elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate, base obtuse, coriaceous, to 20 x 8.5 cm; lateral nerves pairs, joining along the margins; petiole 0.5 cm. Calyx tube many-ribbed, lobes ovate-acuminate, glabrous. Petals mauve to pink, rhomboid, prominently veined, 2.5 x 2 cm. Capsule globose, 6-valved, 2 cm across. Fl. & Fr. March-November Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common along the riverine areas; PS Kothala Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight, Ic. t ; FPL ; FTSR L. lanceolata Wall. ex Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FPM L. thomsonii Koehne in Engl., Pflanzenr. 17: ; FPM Large trees; bark smooth, white; branchlets terete. Leaves to 10 x 5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, glaucous below; nerves 8 pairs; petiole to 1 cm long, subopposite. Flowers pedicellate; calyx lobes triangular, pubescent; petals 3 mm long, obovate, white, clawed; filaments erect, ovary 5-6-celled. Capsule 10 x 6 mm, obovoid, 6-valved; seeds 3-4 in each cell, 8 x 3 mm, flat. Fl. & Fr. November-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara ROTALA Linnaeus 1. Capsule 4-valved; bracts cordate at base...r. rotundifolia 1. Capsule 2-valved; bracts acute at base... R. indica Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Peplis indica Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: Ameletia indica (Willd.) DC., Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneva 3: 82. t. 3. f. A Ammannia peploides Spreng., Syst. 1: ; FBI 2: A. nana Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1:

156 Erect or procumbent herbs; stem winged. Leaves to 10 x 7 mm, obovate-oblong, obtusely acute, 5-nerved. Flowers in lax racemes; bracts 8 x 2 mm, oblanceolate, glabrous; bracteoles 3 mm long, linear; calyx 3 mm long, campanulate, lobes ovate, acuminate; petals 0.5 mm long, elliptic, acute; filaments attached at the middle of calyx tube. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Tropical Asia; naturalised in Europe, Africa and America. Fairly common in degraded forest areas; PS Karimala Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. 1: ; FPM A. rotundifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. (ed. 1) 1: ; FBI 2: Erect herbs, to 15 cm high; stem reddish, 4-angled. Leaves to 8 x 6 mm, oblong-orbicular, sessile, glabrous, 5-nerved. Racemes cm long, bracteoles 2 mm long, lanceolate; calyx tube 2.5 mm long, lobes triangular, acute; intersepalar appendages absent; petals 1.5 x 1 mm, obovate; filaments attached near the base of calyx tube; ovary 1 x 1 mm, obovoid, truncate, obtuse, 4-angled; style 1 mm long. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. South and South East Asia and also in Japan. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli ONAGRACEAE LUDWIGIA Linnaeus 1. Branchlets hirsute; flowers more than 2 cm...l. peruviana 1. Branchlets glabrous or puberulus; flowers to 1 cm across Branchlets glabrous; stamens 8...L. hyssopifolia 2. Branchlets puberulus at least on apices; stamens 4... L. perennis Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell, Garcia de Orta 5: ; FPL ; FTSR Jussiaea hyssopifolia G. Don, Gen. Syst. 2: J. linifolia Vahl, Ecolg. Amer. 2: , non L. linifolia Poir., 1813; FPM Jussiaea suffruticosa Ridley, J. Bot. 59: , non L. Fissendocarpa linifolia (Vahl) Bennet., JBNHS 67: Herbs or subshrubs, branchlets angled or winged. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, base cuneate, glabrous, membranous, to 6 x 2 cm; petiole to 1 cm. Flowers solitary, axillary. Calyx lobes 4, lanceolate, 3 mm long, persistent. Petals 4, yellow, obovate. Stamens 8. Capsule to 2 x 0.2 cm; seeds dimorphic, upper ones larger. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli Ludwigia perennis L., Sp. Pl ; FPL L. parviflora Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FBI 2: ; FPM Jussiaea perennis (L.) Brenan., Kew Bull. 8: Erect herbs with spreading roots, stem narrowly winged. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm, elliptic, acute at apex, attenuate to the petiole, nerves many, close; petiole 2.5 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile; calyx lobes 4, 4 x 1 mm, lanceolate; petals 6 x 3 mm, obovate, yellow; stamens 4, equal; ovary 4-celled, inferior; ovules many, style 1, stigma capitate. Capsule 2 x 0.2 cm, terete, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 28: ; FPL Jussiaea peruviana L., Sp. Pl J. speciosa Ridley, J. Bot ; FPM

157 Subshrubs, branchlets hirsute. Leaves to 12 x 4 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, base attenuate, hirsute; petiole to 1.5 cm. Flowers ca. 5 cm across; bracteoles to 1 cm, deciduous; pedicel to 2 cm; calyx tube ca 2 cm, hirsute, 4-lobed, 1 x 0.5 cm, lanceolate; petals 4, to 3 x 2 cm, sub-orbicular, yellow; stamens 8; ovary 4-celled, ovules numerous. Capsule oblong, 3 cm, slightly 4-angled. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. Originally from America now naturalised throughout the Old World. Rare along riverine areas; PS Orukomban PASSIFLORACEAE 1. Stem glabrous; flowers unisexual... Adenia 1. Stem glandular hispid; flowers bisexual...passiflora ADENIA Forsskal Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) Wilde, Blumea 15: ; FPL ; FTSR Granadilla hondala Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 480. t.180. f Adenia palmata (Lam.) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 14: ; FPM Modecca palmata Lam. Encycl. 4: ; FBI 2: Climbers with tuberous roots, tendrils simple. Leaves palmately 3-5-lobed, lobes to 16 x 6 cm, oblong, membranous, with large circular sessile glands between lobes; petiole to 8 cm long. Flowers monoceous, in axillary cymes, 10 mm across; calyx gamosepalous, 13 mm long, lobes 5, ovate; petals 5, 13 x 2 mm, linear-oblong, ciliate, attached at the rim of calyx tube; stamens 5, free, staminodes in female flowers 5, free; ovary stipitate, globular, superior, 1-celled; ovules many, parietal, style 1, 3-fid at apex. Capsule 5 cm across, globose, 3-valved. Fl. & Fr. February-July Distr. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Rare in semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimala PASSIFLORA Linnaeus Passiflora foetida L., Sp. Pl ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Densely pilose climber; tendrils leaf-opposed. Leaves to 10 x 9.5 cm, shallowly, 3-lobed, cordate at base; lobes triangular, acute; petiole to 5 cm long. Flowers solitary, axillary; bracteoles much divided into linear lobes, glandular; sepals 1.5 x 1 cm, ovate, acute, hairy outside; petals 1.8 x 1 cm, ovate, acute, white, glabrous; corona 4-seriate, pale violet; gynandrophore 0.8 cm long, stout. Berry 1.5 cm across, yellow; seeds black. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Native of Tropical America; now naturalised in India, China and Africa. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli CUCURBITACEAE 1. Tendrils simple Tendrils branched Petals laciniate... Trichosanthes 2. Petals entire... Diplocyclos 3. Male flowers with large spathaceous bracts... Momordica 3. Male flowers without spathaceous bracts Stem glabrous; all stamens 2-celled... Zehneria 4. Stem scabrid or variously pubescent; all stamens not 2-celled Leaves lobed or angled Leaves neither lobed nor angled...cerasiocarpum 133

158 6. Leaves amplexicaule...solena 6. Leaves not amplexicaule Female flowers in axillary fascicles; berry globose... Mukia 7. Female flowers solitary; berry fusiform or ellipsoid Stem angular, pilose; fruits fusiform not beaked... Cucumella 8. Stem terete, globose; fruits ellipsoid beaked...corallocarpus CERASIOCARPUM Hooker f. Cerasiocarpum bennettii (Miq.) Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: ; FPM ; Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. Ind. 2: Bryonopsis bennettii Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1: Cerasiocarpum zeylanicum (Thw.) Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 1: & Hook. f., FBI 2: Scabrous creeper. Leaves to 13 x 7 cm, ovate-oblong, entire, distantly denticulate, acuminate at apex, cordate at base, coarsely scabrous. Flowers monoecious; male flowers in axillary racemes, female flowers axillary, solitary, 3 mm across; calyx tube campanulate; petals 5, obovate, free; stamens in male flowers 3, free, anthers straight; ovary in female flowers globular, 1-celled; ovules 5-6; style columnar, stigma 3-fid. Fruit globose, 8 mm across. smooth; seeds ovoid, marginate. Fl. & Fr. July-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common along the margins of evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Orukomban CORALLOCARPUS Welwitsch ex Hooker f. Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottl. & Willd.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FPM ; Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. Ind. 2: Bryonia epigaea Rottl. & Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften ser Vines. Leaves 3-5 angled, to 8 x 8 cm, pubescent, apex acute, base cordate, dentate; petiole to 3 cm. Flowers monoecious, yellow; male flowers in racemes, to 1 cm; peduncles to 5 cm, stout; corolla 2 mm across, pubescent; stamens 3, erect; female flowers solitary, 2 mm across; ovary 4 mm, oblong, beaked. Fruit 1.5 x 1 cm, ellipsoid, beaked, circumscissile at base; seeds ca. 8. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. India, Tropical Africa and West Asia. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi CUCUMELLA Chiovenda Cucumella silentvalleyii Manilal et al., Acta. Bot. India 13: ; FTSR Creepers, stem scabrid. Leaves to 4.5 x 5.5 cm, obtusely 5-angular, cordate at base crenate, scabrid; petiole 6 cm long. Flowers monoecious, axillary, solitary, pedicellate; calyx tube tubular; lobes ovate, acute; petals 5, 10 x 6 mm, obovate, obtuse, yellow. Stamens 3, free, erect, connective produced into a hood; anthers flexuous, hispid; ovary fusiform, hispid. Fruit 1.5 x 0.8 cm, ellipsoid, hispid; seeds 3.5 x 2 mm, obovate, compressed, smooth. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Common in degraded forest areas; PS Karimala DIPLOCYCLOS Post & O. Kuntze Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 15: ; Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. Ind. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Bryonia palmata L., Sp. Pl B. laciniosa L., Sp. Pl ,p.p. excl. typus; Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 2: Bryonopsis laciniosa sensu Naucl., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser : ; FPM Slender climbers, tendrils bifid. Leaves to 12 cm across, palmately deeply 5-lobed, serrate, lobes scabrous; petiole 3-5 cm long. Flowers monoecious, fascicled, axillary, 3-7-together; pedicel 1.5 cm long; calyx tube 3 mm long, campanulate, lobes subulate; petals 5, 7 x 4 mm, obovate, 3 134

159 mm long; stamens 3, anthers conduplicate, 3 mm long; pistillode clavate, 3-lobed above; ovary globose, ovules horizontal; style slender; stigmas 3. Berry, 2 cm across, globose, red with white lines; seeds 6 x 7 mm, pyriform, compressed, thinly rugose. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Indo-Malesia, China and Africa. Fairly common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola MOMORDICA Linnaeus 1. Branchlets and leaves villous; plant monoecious... M. charantia 1. Branchlets and leaves glabrous or glabrescent; plant dioecious Calyx lobes liner-lanceolate, acute...m. dioica 2. Calyx lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse...m. subangulata Momordica charantia L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. Ind. 2: ; FPL Stem puberulus. Leaves 5-7 lobed to 7-12 cm across, lobes ovate to 5 cm, oblong, base cordate, margin dentate, pubescent below, petiole pubescent; tendrils simple. Bracts to 1 x 8 cm, reniform-orbicular on the base of the peduncle, pedicel to 7 cm; male flowers cm across, solitary, axillary, calyx to 12 mm, lobes ovate, petals to 1.5 x 1 cm, obovate, rounded; stamens 3, pistillode 3-lobed; ovary 1 cm, fusiform, mucronate. Fruit 8-15 cm, oblong, tubercled, seeds ovoid. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Old World tropics; widely cultivated in the Tropical countries. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Amakkundu Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. Ind. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Slender climbers. Leaves to 8 x 7 cm, ovate, cordate at base, entire or shallowly 3-lobed, distantly glandular-toothed, scabrous below; petiole 2 cm long; tendrils simple. Flowers dioecious, solitary, axillary; pedicels 4-6 cm long, bracteate at middle; bracts of male flowers 1.5 cm across; calyx tube short, campanulate, lobes 10 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate; petals 27 x 18 mm, obovate, yellow; stamens 3, anthers free, conduplicate. Female flowers few; ovary densely muricate, ovules horizontal; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit 5 x 2 cm, ellipsoid, densely echinate, red; seeds 8 x 7 mm, irregular, rugose, black. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Orukomban Momordica subangulata Blume, Bijdr ; FPM ; Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. Ind. 2: Branchlets glabrescent. Leaves 5-9 x 4-8 cm, broadly ovate, deeply 3-5 lobed, acuminate, base cordate, margin denticulate, petiole 2-4 cm, glabrescent; tendrils simple glabrous. Male flowers solitary, pedicel 5-10 cm long, slender, villous, apex bracteate, bract sessile, cucullate, reniform, 5 mm across, margin ciliate, calyx lobes to 8 x 4 mm, ovate, oblong, obtuse, densely villous; corolla 4-6 cm, broad yellow, female flowers solitary, axillary, pedicel to 7 cm, minutely bracteate at base. Fruit to 7 x 4 cm, ovoid, densely echinate; seeds mm long, oblong. Fl. & Fr. June-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Kariamchola MUKIA Arnott 1. Leaves villous below; mature fruits reddish, shortly peduncled... M. leiosperma 1. Leaves scabrid below; mature fruits yellowish, sessile... M. maderaspatana 135

160 Mukia leiosperma (Wight & Arn.) Wight, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 8: ; FBI 2: Bryonia leiosperma Wight & Arn., Prodr. 1: Melothria leiosperma (Wight & Arn.) Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: ; FPM ; Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. Ind. 2: Climbers, stem densely pilose. Leaves 6 x 6 cm, shallowly 5-lobed, lobes obtuse, cuspidate, spineus serrate along the margins, coarsely scabrous above, densely tomentose below; petiole 3 cm long, densely villous. Male flowers 2-3 together, fascicled; pedicel 1 cm long, villous; calyx tube 5 mm long, densely villous; petals yellow, glabrous. Berry 8 mm across, globose, glabrous; seeds few, 5 x 2.5 mm, obovate, smooth, emarginate, yellow. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. m. Rare in moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Pezha Mukia maderaspatana (L.) Roem., Syn. Monogr. 2: ; FTSR Cucumis maderaspatanus L., Sp. Pl Bryonia cordifolia L., Sp. Pl. Pl B. scabrella L.f., Suppl. Pl Mukia scabrella (L. f.) Arn. in Hook. s J. Bot. 3: ; FBI 2: Melothria maderaspatana (L.) Cogn. in A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: ; FPM ; FPL Stem coarsely scabrous. Leaves to 9 x 7 cm, ovate, cordate at base; entire or shallowly 5- lobed; spineus serrate, densely scabrous from peltate tubercles; petiole 6 cm long. Male flowers 8-12 together, 4 mm across, yellow; pedicel 6 mm long; calyx densely hairy outside, lobes subulate; petals 2.5 mm long, obovate, yellow; anthers 1 mm long. Female flowers solitary or 2-3 together. Berry 1 cm across; seeds 5 x 3 mm, obovate, marginate, yellowish white, rugose. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia, China, New Zealand and Africa. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara SOLENA Lourerio Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FPL Bryonia amplexicaulis Lam., Encycl. 1: Solena heterophylla Lour., Fl. Cochinch Bryonia umbellata Klein in Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Zehneria umbellata (Klein) Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 2: Melothria amplexicaulis (Lam.) Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: M. heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: ; FPM Slender climbers; stem scabrous. Leaves to 15 x 7.5 cm, ovate, hastate and amplexicaule at base, coriaceous, scabrous. Flowers dioecious. Male flowers in axillary racemes; pedicels 8 mm long, bracteate at middle; calyx tube 6 mm long, campanulate, lobes minute; petals 1.5 mm long, triangular; stamens 3, erect, anthers transverse, connective produced into a globose hood. Female flowers solitary, pedicellate. Berry 2 x 2.5 cm, globose, smooth; seeds 8 x 8 mm, globose, rugose along the margins, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Rare in open rocky grasslands; PS Pandaravarai TRICHOSANTHES Linnaeus 1. Leaves unlobed; ovate...t. nervifolia 1. Leaves palmately lobed... T. tricuspidata Trichosanthes nervifolia L., Sp. Pl ; FPM ; Chakrav., Fasc. Fl. Ind. 2: ; FTSR T. cuspidata Lam., Encycl. 1: ; FPM Slender climber. Leaves to 15 x 9 cm, ovate, acute, cordate at base, distantly denticulate, coarsely reticulate, glabrous; petiole 2 cm long. Male racemes 5 cm long, zig-zag, many flowered, 136

161 glabrous; pedicel 1.5 cm long; calyx tube 3.5 cm long, narrow; petals 2 cm long, fimbriate into narrow lobes. Female flowers solitary. Berry to 11 x 7 cm, ellipsoid, smooth, yellow; seeds many, 10 x 10 mm, irregularly lobed; dark brown. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Padikkundu Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour., Fl. Cochinch T. bracteata (Lam.) Voigt, Hort. Sub.Calc ; FPL Modecca bracteata Lam., Encycl. 4: Trichosanthes palmata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 2: ; FPM T. lepiniana (Naud.) Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: ; FPM Involucraria lepiniana Naud. in Huber, Cat Glabrous climbers. Leaves to 12 x 15 cm, palmately 3-lobed, lobes oblong, acuminate; petiole 1 cm long. Male flowers in peduncled cymes; peduncle 6 cm long; bracts 3 x 2 cm, obovate, coarsely fimbriate; calyx tube 2.5 cm long, lobes lanceolate, 1.8 cm long. Fl. June Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia and East Asia. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pooppara ZEHNERIA Endlicher 1. Petals glabrous; plant monoecious Petals villous within; plant dioecious Female flowers solitary, axillary... Z. maysorensis var. maysorensis 2. Female flowers in axillary clusters... Z. maysorensis var. umbellata 3. Leaves triangular base cordate... Z. scabra 3. Leaves deltoid base truncate... Z. thwaitesii Zehneria maysorensis (Wight & Arn.) Arn. in Hook. s, J. Bot. 3: , var. maysorensis; FPL ; FTSR Bryonia maysorensis Wight & Arn., Prodr Melothria mucronata sensu Chakrav. Monogr. Indian Cucurb , non (Blume) Cogn M. perpusilla var. subtruncata Cogn. in DC., Monogr. Phan 3: ; FPM M. perpusilla sensu Gamble, FPM , non (Blume) Cogn Branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 10 x 8 cm, widely cordate at base, shallowly 5-lobed, lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous; petiole to 5 cm long. Female flowers solitary, 5 mm across; pedicels 3 cm long; petals 2.5 x 1.5 mm, densely hispid; staminodes subulate; style 3-fid at apex. Male flowers 3-10, on peduncled umbels, 6 mm across; filaments bearded. Berry 13 x 6 mm, oblong, cylindrical, reddish; seeds 1.7 x 1.2 mm, obovoid, smooth, white. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. India to South East Asia. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala Zehneria maysorensis (Wight & Arn.) Arn. var. umbellata (Chakrav.) Kumari in Nair & Henry, Fl. Tamil Nadu I, 1: Melothria mucronata var. umbellata Chakrav., Monogr. Indian Cucurb Branches scabrous. Leaves to 7 x 6 cm, ovate-deltoid, truncate or shallowly cordate at base, acuminate at apex, glabrous, coarsely toothed; petiole 1.5 cm long. Male flowers 6 mm across, 2-6 in umbels, pedicellate; peduncles 1.5 cm long; pedicel 3-5 mm long; petals white, glabrous. Female flowers in axillary fascicles; pedicel to 1 cm long. Berry 8 mm across, globose; seeds obovoid, smooth, white. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram 137

162 Zehneria scabra (L. f.) Sond. in Harv. & Sond., Fl. Cap. 2: ; FPL Bryonia scabra L. f., Suppl. Pl Zehneria hookeriana Arn. in Hook., J. Bot. 3: ; FBI 2: Melothria perpusilla sensu Chakrav., Monogr. Indian Cucurb p.p., M. mucronata sensu Gamble, FPM , non (Blume) Cogn Glabrous climbers. Leaves to 7 x 7 cm, triangular, cordate at base, 3-lobed or entire, glandular toothed; petiole to 3 cm long. Umbel 3-5 flowered; peduncle 1.5 cm long. Female flowers 5 mm across; calyx tube 2 mm long, campanulate; petals 2.5 x 2 mm, obovate; stigma 3- lobed. Male flowers larger, 8 mm across; petals ovate, acute; anthers 1 mm long, connective pubescent. Berry 7 mm across, globose; seeds 5 x 4 mm, obovate, biconvex, smooth, not marginate. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Tropical Africa, India and South East Asia. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Karimala Zehneria thwaitesii (Schweinf.) Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 15: ; FPL Melothria thwaitesii Schweinf. Relique. Kotschy 44. t M. zeylanica Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FPM Creeping prostrate herbs; stem sulcate; tendrils undivided. Leaves to 4 x 5 cm, deltoid, acute, truncate at base, distantly glandular-toothed, scabrous above; petiole 1 cm long. Male flowers axillary, fascicled, 8 mm across; petals ovate, acute, spreading, glabrous; anthers 2 mm long. Female flowers solitary. Berry 4 x 1.5 cm, ribbed. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen and moist deciduous forests; PS Pandaravarai; Karimala BEGONIACEAE BEGONIA Linnaeus 1. Scapigerous herbs...b. floccifera 1. Caulescent herbs Capsule more the 2.5 cm across; male sepals 4... B. fallax 2. Capsule less than 2 cm across; male sepals 2...B. malabarica Begonia fallax A. DC., Prodr. 15: ; Clarke in Hook.f. FBI 2: ; Ansari, Nair & Nair, JETB 5: ; FTSR Diploclinium lindleyanum Wight, Ic. t Shrubs; stem reddish, glabrous. Leaves to 18 x 10 cm, ovate, unequally cordate at base, entire or shallowly and broadly dentate, glabrous, nerves prominent, reddish, dividing after the middle of the lamina; petiole 2-5 cm long; stipules 2.5 x 0.8 cm, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, whitish. peduncle 3-4 cm long, axillary, dichotomously branched; cymes 5 cm across. Flowers few; pedicels 1 cm long; male sepals 4, outer 10 mm across, orbicular, pale pink; inner smaller, anthers truncate. Capsule 2 x 3.5 cm, obovate, 3-winged; wing horizontal at apex; placentas 2- fid; seeds many, minute, oblong, cylindrical, ridged and reticulate at one end. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in moist localities of evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Begonia floccifera Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Leaves to 18 cm across, reniform or orbicular, obliquely cordate, distantly toothed, floccosepubescent below, nerves 11, prominent; petiole to 30 cm long. Peduncle solitary or 2-3 together, pubescent; cymes 10 cm across, branched; pedicels filiform. Flowers many; male sepals 4, outer 138

163 sepals 7 x 7 mm, orbicular; anthers truncate at apex; female sepals 2, 6 x7 mm, orbicular; styles 3, stigmas branched. Capsule 12 x 15 mm; seeds many, vertically ridged 0.5 x 0.25 mm, brown. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Puliyala Begonia malabarica Lam., Encycl. 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Shrubs, to 2 m high; stem terete, glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 8 cm, ovate, strongly unequal at base, toothed and serrate along the margins, hispid; petiole to 6 cm long; stipule 13 x 5 mm, lanceolate. Peduncles to 3 cm, axillary; cymes 5-10 cm across, dichotomous. Flowers many; male sepals 2, 15 mm across, orbicular, pink; anthers 2 mm long, connective produced into a orbicular appendage; female sepals 7 x 13 mm, reniform. Capsule 2 x 1.5 cm, wings obtuse. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common along the riverine areas of evergreen forests; PS Kothala; NS Vengoli DATISCACEAE TETRAMELES R. Brown Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br. in Bennet, Pl. Jav. Rar. 79. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR T. grahamiana Wight, Ic. t Tall trees with large buttresses; bark greyish-white, smooth. Leaves alternate, 15 cm across, orbicular, cordate at base, 2-3 lobed, glandular-serrate, densely pubescent below; petiole 5-10 cm long. Flowers dioecious in panicled drooping racemes. Male flowers 4 mm across; sepals 4, ovate, united at base, stamens 4, free. Female flowers 4 mm long, 3 mm across; ovary 1-celled; inferior; ovules many, on 4-parietals placentas, styles 4, free, bulged at tip. Fruit a capsule, 6 x 4 mm, ovoid, opening by terminal pore; seeds brown. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Paleotropics. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli CACTACEAE OPUNTIA P. Miller Opuntia striata Haw. var. dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) L., Benso, Car. Succ. J. (Los Angles) 41: Cactus strictus Haw., Misc. Nat Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Haw., Suppl. Pl. Succ ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL Cactus dillenii Ker-Gawl. in Edwards, Bot. Reg. 3: t C. indica Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Shrubs, fleshy, areoles woolly, spines 1-4 cm. Leaves linear, deciduous. Flowers solitary, sessile; calyx lobes to 7 mm, broadly ovate, acuminate; corolla to 7 cm across, lobes mucronate, yellow; stamens many, filaments to 1.5 cm; ovary inferior, ovules many, style 1.5 cm, stigma branched, stout. Berry 6 x 4 cm, obovoid. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Native of Tropical America. Occasional in rocky areas of dry deciduous and moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi MOLLUGINACEAE 1. Flowers in terminal and axillary cymes or in panicles...mollugo 1. Flowers in terminal and axillary clusters... Glinus 139

164 GLINUS Linnaeus 1. Plants glabrous...g. oppositifolius 1. Plants densely covered with stellate hairs...g. lotoides Glinus lotoides L., Sp. Pl ; FPL Mollugo lotoides (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: ; FPM M. hirta Thumb., Prodr. Fl. Cap ; FBI 2: Glinus dictamnoides L., Mant. Pl. 2: Prostrate herbs. Leaves whorled, 3 or 4 at each node, to 3 x 1.5 cm, obovate to orbicular, obtuse, penninerved; petiole 5-10 mm long. Flowers in greenish-white, axillary fascicles of 3-5; pedicels 5-10 mm long; sepals 6 x 3 mm, densely stellate hairy, keeled; stamens 10-15, mixed with staminodes; ovary 3-celled, ellipsoidal, glabrous; styles 3, short. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Widespread in tropics and subtropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC., Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Mollugo oppositifolia L., Sp. Pl ; FPM M. spergula L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) ; FBI 2: Prostrate herbs, rooting at nodes. Leaves fascicled at nodes, to 4 x 2 cm, oblanceolate, acute or obtuse at apex. Flowers 3-6 together; pedicels to 1 cm long; sepals 3 mm long, ovate, acute; stamens 5; ovary 5-celled, oblong; styles 3. Capsule 3 mm long, oblong, glabrous; seeds subreniform, muricate, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thenkudippara MOLLUGO Linnaeus 1. Cymes in axillary umbels or in whorls... M. cerviana var. spathulifolia 1. Cymes in elongate racemes...m. pentaphylla Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. in DC., Prodr. 1: , var. spathulifolia Fenzl, Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesh 1: Pharnaceum cerviana L., Sp. Pl Prostrate herbs, branchlets, glaucous. Radical leaves to 1.3 cm, spathulate, obtuse, rosulate, cauline leaves 1.5 cm, leaner, apiculate, subsessile. Cymes terminal, polycasial, umbellate; bracts subulate; flowers ca 3 mm across; pedicel ca 5 mm; sepals 5, ca. 2 mm, elliptic, obtuse subequal; stamens 6-8; ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled; styles 3. Capsule to 3 mm across, ellipsoid; seeds many, ovoid. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Widespread in tropics and subtropics of the Old World. Rare in moist localities of disturbed forest areas; PS Parambikulam Mollugo pentaphylla L., Sp. Pl ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR M. stricta sensu Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: p.p., non L Erect herbs, to 20 cm high; stem quadrangular. Leaves whorled, 3-5 at each node, to 3 x 1 cm, obovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acute. Flowers 3 mm across, greenish-white, in terminal panicled cymes; pedicels 5-10 mm long, filiform; sepals 5, 2 x 1 mm, obovate, obtuse, glabrous, white turning green; stamens 3, free; ovary 3-5 celled, ovules many, axile, styles 3, free. Capsule ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds many, sub-reniform, muriculate, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist localities of moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli 140

165 APIACEAE 1. Prostrate herbs; leaves simple Erect herbs; leaves pinnate Leaves digitately lobed...hydrocotyle 2. Leaves not lobed... Centella 3. Mericarps subglobose, not winged...pimpinella 3. Mericarps dorsally compressed, laterally winged Leaflets linear-lanceolate; petals radiant... Peucedanum 4. Leaflets ovate; petals not radiant...heracleum CENTELLA Linnaeus Centella asiatica (L.) Urban in Mart., Fl. Bras. 11: 287. t. 78. f. 1879; FPM ; FPL ; Mukh. & Const., Umbell. India ; FTSR Hydrocotyle asiatica L., Sp. Pl Herbs, rooting at nodes. Leaves orbicular-reniform, crenate or sub-entire, glabrous, to 5 cm across, nerves radiating; petiole to 12 cm long, sheathing at base. Flowers sessile, pink, in 2-5 flowered umbels; peduncles 1-2 cm long, axillary; calyx tube 1 mm long, adnate to the ovary, lobes minute; petals 4, 1 mm long, oblong, recurved at apex, pink; stamens 4, filaments erect; ovary 2-celled, ovule solitary in each cell; style erect, bilobed at apex. Fruit ovoid, 3-4 mm long, reticulate-rugose, 7-9-ribbed. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. Tropical Asia and Africa. Fairly common in moist deciduous and secondary forests; PS Vengoli HERACLEUM Linnaeus Heracleum candolleanum (Wight & Arn.) Gamble, FPM ; Mukh. & Const., Umbell. India ; FTSR Pastinaca candolleana Wight & Arn., Prodr Heracleum rigens Wall. ex DC. var. candolleana (Wight & Arn.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: ,p.p. H. rigens var. ligusticifolium (Wight) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: H. courtallense Gamble, FPM Shrubs; stem ridged, branched. Leaves to 45 x 25 cm, 1 or 2 pinnate; leaflets 7-9 or more, to 15 x 10 cm, lobed, acute, serrate, scabrous, coriaceous. Umbels compound, terminal, corymbose; secondary peduncles to 6 cm long; rays 13, each 3-5 cm long, spreading; pedicels 6-10 mm long, many-together, spreading. Flowers 5-merous, 2 mm across, calyx 5-toothed; petals 3, ovate, acuminate, with a strong midrib, glabrous; stamens 5, free, anthers ovate; ovary compressed. Fruit 7-10 x 4-7 mm, biconvex, dorsally compressed, winged, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram HYDROCOTYLE Linnaeus Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb., Diss. Hydroc. n. 17. t ; FPM ; FPL ; Mukh. & Const., Umbell. India ; FTSR H. hispida Buch.-Ham ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal H. polycephala Wight & Arn., Prodr Creepers, stem villous, rooting at nodes. Leaves 9-lobed, crenate, obtuse, 9-ribbed from base; sparsely villous. Umbels fascicled; peduncles 1.5 cm long. Flowers together, pedicellate; petals 0.6 mm long, ovate, acute. Fruit 1.5 x 2 mm, mericarps compressed, hemispherical, smooth. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical Asia. Common in moist localities in evergreen forests; PS Karimala 141

166 PEUCEDANUM Linnaeus Peucedanum anamallayense Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; Mukh. & Const., Umbell. India ; FTSR Decumbent herbs with tuberous rootstock, to 40 cm high. Leaves decompound, to 20 x 15 cm, leaflets 4 x 0.7 cm, oblong, acute, penninerved, serrulate; rachis widely sheathing at base. Umbels terminal, compound; rays 5-7, each 3 cm long. Flowers polygamous, 1.5 mm across, pedicels 1 cm long, villous; calyx shortly 5 toothed; petals yellow, ovate, cuspidate with a strong midrib; stamens 5, erect, filaments 1 mm long; pistillode biglobose; ovary glabrous, 2-celled, compressed. Mericarps orbicular, 8 mm across, biconvex, striate, winged. Fl. & Fr. November-January. Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram PIMPINELLA Linnaeus Pimpinella heyneana (DC.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 46: ; FPM ; FPL ; Mukh. & Const., Umbell. India ; FTSR Helosciadium heyneanum DC., Prodr. 4: Erect or decumbent herbs, to 65 cm high; stem terete. Leaves alternate, 5-7 cm across, lower leaves orbicular, upper ones 3-lobed, cordate at base, toothed; petiole 1-6 cm long, sheathing at base. Umbels terminal, panicled; rays 10; secondary rays many, each 3 cm long. Flowers 9-16 in an umbellule, 1.5 mm across, white; pedicels 5 mm long; calyx shortly 5-toothed; petals 5, 1 mm long, orbicular; stamens 5. Fruit 3 x 2 mm, ovate, densely villous, rugose. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in moist deciduous and secondary forests; PS Parambikulam ARALIACEAE 1. Stem and leaves armed; leaves bipinnate...aralia 1. Stem and leaves unarmed; leaves digitate... Schefflera ARALIA Linnaeus Aralia malabarica Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Large prickly shrubs. Leaves to 1 m long, bipinnately compound; leaflets opposite, to 18 x 7 cm, ovate, oblique at base, acuminate, sharply serrate, penninerved, sessile; rachis prickly, sheathing at base. Inflorescence large panicled umbels, 30 cm across; bracts ovate, acuminate. Flowers 3-4 mm across; together; pedicels 1 cm long; sepals 5, ovate, acute; petals ovateoblong, obtuse, spreading, yellow; stamens 5, inflexed in bud; ovary inferior, 5-celled, globose; ovule 1 in each cell; styles 5, free. Berry 7 x 7 mm, 5-angled, rugose; seeds five, 3 mm across, 3- angled, light brown. Fl. & Fr. August-September Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam SCHEFFLERA J. R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster 1. Panicle slender; flowers to 5 per umbel... S. venulosa 1. Panicle stout; flowers more than 6 per umbel... S. wallichiana Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Harms in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Paratropia venulosa Wight & Arn., Prodr Heptapleurum venulosum (Wight & Arn.) Seem., J. Bot. 3: ; FBI 2: , p.p. 142

167 Small trees; branchlets cm thick. Leaves 5 or 6 foliolate; leaflets to 14 x 8 cm, ovateoblong, abruptly acuminate, rounded at base; nervules prominently reticulate; petiolule 7-10 cm long; stipule 5 mm broad, black. Panicles 20 cm across, glabrous; umbels 2 cm across, flowered. Flowers brown; pedicel 8-12 mm long; calyx truncate; petals 2 x 2.5 mm, triangular. Berry 4 x 4 mm, globose, 5-angled. Fl. & Fr. April-July Distr. India, Myanmar and Indo-China. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Schefflera wallichiana (Wight & Arn.) Harms in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3: ; FPM ; FTSR Paratropia wallichiana Wight & Arn., Prodr Heptapleurum wallichianum (Wight & Arn.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: Small trees or robust epiphytes; branchlets 2 cm thick. Leaves 5-8-foliolate, leaflets 20 x 10 cm, oblong, acute at apex, rounded at base, nervules not prominent; petiolule 5 cm long; stipule 1.5 cm broad, hyaline. Panicles large, terminal; umbels flowered, peduncled; peduncle 2 cm long. Flowers 6 mm across; pedicels 0.7 cm long; calyx truncate; petals 5, 3 x 3 mm, triangular; style absent; stigma sessile. Berry 6 x 6 mm, 5-angled. Fl. & Fr. April-August Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Shekkalmudi CORNACEAE MASTIXIA Blume Mastixia arborea (Wight) Bedd. var. meziana (Wang.) Matthew, Blumea 23: & Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: ; FPL ; FTSR M. meziana Wang., Feddes Repert 4: M. pentandra sensu Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 2: , non Blume 1826; FPM Large trees. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, cuneate at base, nerves 5-7 pairs, pale beneath; nervules parallel; petiole 3 cm long. Panicles densely tomentose. Flowers sessile, 7 mm across; petals villous. Drupe 3 x 1.5 cm, oblong, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban ALANGIACEAE ALANGIUM Lamarck 1. Trees; leaves oblong lanceolate, appressed tomentose...a. salvifolium ssp. salvifolium 1. Scandent shrubs; leaves obovate-oblong, glabrous... A. salvifolium ssp. sundanum Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. ssp. sundanum (Miq.) Bloem., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. Ill, 16: ; FTSR A. salvifolium (L.f.) Wang. ssp. hexapetalum (Lam.) Wang. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 41: ; FPM A. glandulosum Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Leaves to 18 x 7 cm, obovate-oblong, acuminate at apex, round to subcordate at base, nerves 5 pairs, lowest pair from the base, rib-like; nervules reticulate, subparallel; petiole to 1 cm long. Flowers 2 cm long, in axillary fascicles; pedicels 8 mm long pubescent; calyx cupular, 5 mm across, 7-teethed, densely tomentose; petals 7, each 17 x 2 mm, linear-oblong, tomentose; stamens 14, filaments 8 mm long, ciliate below; anthers 7 mm long, linear; ovary inferior, 1- celled, ovule solitary; style 1, elongate, stigma capitate. Berry 2 x 1.3 cm, ellipsoid, tomentose Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola 143

168 Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 41: , ssp. salvifolium; FPM ; FPL Grewia salvifolia L. f., Suppl. Pl A. lamarckii Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 2: Small trees; branchlets tomentose. Leaves to 15 x 4 cm, oblong, ovate or elliptic, acute, base oblique, obtuse, puberulus below; petiole to 1 cm, tomentose. Flowers in axillary cymes or clusters, pedicel to 4 mm, jointed; bracts 4 mm, ovate; calyx ca 3 mm, cupular, adnate to the ovary, tomentose, lobes 10, triangular-ovate; petals to 2.5 x 5 cm, linear oblong, white, tomentose; stamens to 20; filaments to 1 cm, base fleshy, villous; ovary to 2 mm, turbinate, 1- celled; style to 2 cm; stigma capitate. Berry 3 x 1 cm, globose, crowned with calyx lobes. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. India, Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam, Thailand and Africa. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS 19208, Keerappadi CAPRIFOLIACEAE VIBURNUM Linnaeus Viburnum punctatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 3: V. acuminatum Wall. ex DC., Prodr. 4: ; FPM Small evergreen trees. Leaves to 13 x 5 cm, elliptic, acuminate, punctuate below, nerves 8 pairs; petiole 1.5 cm long. Panicle 8 cm across. Flowers 5 mm across, pedicelled; calyx tube 2 mm long, lobes obtuse; corolla 2.5 mm long, white, lobes ovate, obtuse; ovary 1-celled. Drupe 8 x 5 mm, oblong, compressed, 1-seeded, reddish brown. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare along riverine areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Pandaravarai RUBIACEAE 1. Herbs or herbaceous climbers Shrubs, lianas or trees Herbaceous climbers; leaves whorled... Rubia 2. Erect diffuse or prostrate herbs; leaves opposite Prostrate herbs, rooting at nodes Erect or diffuse herbs Leaves obovate or spathulate, subsessile...dentella 4. Leaves cordate, long petioled... Geophila 5. Cells of ovary 1-ovuled Cells of ovary 2 or more ovuled Flowers in dense or lax terminal corymbs... Knoxia 6. Flowers in axillary fascicles or umbels Fruits dehiscence apical... Spermacoce 7. Fruits dehiscence circumscissile... Mitracarpus 8. Fruit a fleshy berry Fruit capsular Inflorescence terminal; flowers large...acranthera 9. Inflorescence axillary; flowers small...mycetia 10. Flowers in axillary pendulous racemes... Neurocalyx 10. Inflorescence otherwise Leaves opposite or in whorls, to 3 pairs...argostemma 11. Leaves opposite, many

169 12. Calyx lobes 5; fruits compressed, obcordate...ophiorrhiza 12. Calyx lobes 4; fruits subglobose or 4 angled Capsule to 5 seeded; seeds with a ventral cavity... Neanotis 13. Capsule many seeded; seeds without a ventral cavity... Hedyotis 14. Flowers in globose heads Inflorescence otherwise Calyx tube confluent...morinda 15. Calyx tube not confluent Flowers ebracteate; calyx lobes imbricate...neolamarckia 16. Flowers bracteate; calyx lobes valvate Leaf base cordate; calyx lobed...haldina 17. Leaf base truncate; calyx entire... Mitragyna 18. Leaves whorled...wendlandia 18. Leaves opposite Cells of ovary 2 or more ovuled Cells of ovary 1 ovuled Inflorescence spicate; seeds winged...hymenodictyon 20. Inflorescence otherwise; seeds not winged One calyx lobe enlarged, petalloid...mussaenda 21. Calyx lobes equal Climbing shrubs...oxyceros 22. Shrubs or small trees Plants unarmed... Gardenia 23. Plants armed with spines Spine short, one or two pairs at the end of arrested branches...tamilnadia 24. Spines long, axillary, solitary...catunaregam 25. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled, cyme or umbels Inflorescence terminal, corymbs; panicles or cymes Corolla lobes valvate in bud Corolla lobes twisted in bud Corolla tube without deflexed hairs inside; ovary 3 or more celled... Lasianthus 27. Corolla tube with a row of deflexed hairs inside; ovary 2 celled Leaves coriaceous; style two or more times longer than the corolla... Psydrax 28. Leaves membranous; style equal to the length of the corolla...canthium 29. Corolla 4-lobed; tube 5 mm long... Nostolachma 29. Corolla 5-lobed; tube to 1.5 cm long... Psilanthus 30. Corolla lobes valvate in bud Corolla lobes twisted in bud Flowers solitary or a few in cymes; plants with foetid smell... Saprosma 31. Flowers in corymbs or panicles; plants without foetid smell Corolla elongated, curved...chassalia 32. Corolla short, strait... Psychotria 33. Corolla 5-lobed Corolla 4-lobed Style glabrous; stigma bilobed... Prismatomeris 34. Style hairy; stigma fusiform...tarenna 35. Style much longer than the corolla; stigma entire... Pavetta 35. Style equal to the corolla; stigma two... Ixora ACRANTHERA Arnott Acranthera anamallica Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM

170 Herbs. Leaves x 3-5 cm, obovate-obtuse, base attenuate, pubescent on veins beneath, sparsely hairy above; petiole 2-3 cm long, stipules ovate, acute, 5-8 x 3 cm, cymes terminal, sessile; bracts ca 5 mm, linear. Flowers blue, pedicel 2-3 cm; calyx cup shaped, lobes 5, ca. 8 mm, obovate, glabrous within, corolla cm, tawny villous outside, lobes 5, broadly oblong; stamens 5, included in the corolla tube, filaments ca 2 cm; ovary 1-celled, style ca 2 cm, filiform, stigma clavate. Berry oblong. Fl. & Fr. April-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Valiyathode ARGOSTEMMA Wallich 1. Opposite pairs of leaves unequal; calyx larger than the corolla...a. anupama 1. Opposite pairs of leaves equal; calyx much smaller than the corolla... A. courtallense Argostemma anupama Sivar., J. Indian Bot. Soc. 63: ; FTSR A. courtallense sensu Deb & Basu, JBNHS 87: , in part, non Arn., Erect delicate annual herbs, puberulus on the young parts, base tuberous. Leaves usually 6, sometimes 4, pairs unequal, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, base cuneate, sparsely scabrous on both sides, to 7 x 1.8 cm; lateral nerves 4 or 5 pairs; peduncle usually solitary; pedicels ca. 1 cm long; calyx campanulate, sparsely hairy outside; corolla white, 0.5 cm across. Seeds angled, minutely tuberculate. Fl. & Fr. July-September Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Common in wet shades of evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Argostemma courtallense Arn., Ann. Nat. Hist. 3: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect herbs with a tuberous root stock. Leaves to 8 cm across, few, orbicular, cordate at base, villous above; petiole 0-2 cm; stipule 8 mm long, ovate, entire. Cymes terminal, 1-3 cm across; peduncle 3-6 cm long, 1-3 together. Flowers few, 10 mm long, pedicelled; calyx tube turbinate, lobes 4, ovate; corolla tube broad, glabrous; lobes 4, ovate, white; stamens 4, included, anthers lanceolate; ovary 2-celled; ovules many; style slender, stigma terminal, globose. Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. Endemic to South West India. Common in wet shades of evergreen forests; PS 30007, NS Orukomban CANTHIUM Lamarck 1. Plants unarmed...c. travancoricum 1. Plants armed with supra-axillary thorns Flowers in lax cymes; stamens 4...C. coromandelicum 2. Flowers in fascicles; stamens 5... C. rheedei Canthium coromandelicum (Burm. f.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon (Suppl.) 6: Gmelina coromandelica Burm. f., Fl. Ind Canthium parviflorum Lam., Encycl. 1: ; FBI 3: Plectronia parviflora (Lam.) Bedd., For. Man. Bot. 134/ ; FPM Armed small trees, spines supra axillary, straight. Leaves to 6 x 4.5 cm, obovateoblanceolate or sub-orbicular, membranous. Cymes axillary; flowers white; pedicels 5 mm, filiform; calyx lobes curved; corolla tube 2 mm long, with hairs inside, lobes 3 mm, ovate, acuminate, reflexed; ovary 2-celled, 0.7 mm long, style 2 mm. Drupe 0.8 x 1 cm, globose. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli 146

171 Canthium rheedei DC., Prodr. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPL ; FTSR Plectronia rheedii (DC.) Bedd., For. Man. Bot. 134/ ; FPM Stout shrubs with scandent branches; stem strigose, thorn 1-2 cm long, stout, recurved. Leaves to 5 x 4 cm, broadly ovate, acute at apex; nerves 4-6 pairs, domatia hairy; petiole short, 3 mm long, hairy. Flowers 12 mm long, in axillary fascicles; calyx obconical, teeth minute; corolla tube 4 mm long, globose, with a row of hairs inside; lobes 7 x 3 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, spreading; anthers with a hispid beak; style 5 mm long, densely bearded at middle. Drupe 15 x 12 mm, obovoid, black; seeds rugose, hard. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Canthium travancoricum (Bedd.) Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPL ; FTSR Plectronia travancorica Bedd., Ic. t ; FPM Unarmed shrubs or small trees with scandent branches. Leaves on short arrested branchlets, 7 x 4.5 cm, ovate, acute, membranous; nerves 4-7 pairs; petiole cm long; stipule orbicular, densely villous inside. Cymes 1-3 cm across, peduncled, with many slender villous branches. Flowers 6 mm long; calyx 2 mm long, teeth acute, glabrous; corolla tube densely villous near the mouth, lobes ovate, acute; style glabrous, 4 mm long. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli CATUNAREGAM Adanson Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng., Bull. Must. Hist. Nat. (Paris) ser. 3, 35: ; FPL ; FTSR Gardenia spinosa Thunb., Diss. Gard. 7: 16. t.2. f Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM R. dumetorum (Retz.) Poir. var. floribunda (DC.) Gamble, FPM R. floribunda DC., Prodr. 4: R. longispina (Roxb.) DC., Prodr. 4: ; FPM R. spinosa (Thunb.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 2: ; FBI 3: Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay, Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat. 28: Small trees with short straight axillary spines. Leaves on short lateral branchlets, to 4.5 x 2 cm, obovate, obtuse, tomentose below, petiolate; stipule ovate, cuspidate. Flowers solitary, terminal on lateral branches, pedicellate; calyx tube 5 mm long, lobes obovate, hispid; corolla tube 6 mm long, broad, densely villous at the base inside; lobes 5, 12 mm long, obovate, twisted, white; stamens 5, anthers sessile at the mouth of the corolla; ovary 2-6-celled; ovules many; style 12 mm long, stout; stigma fusiform, ribbed. Fruit an obovoid berry, 4 x 3 cm, glabrous; seeds many, embedded in pulp. Fl. & Fr. May-November Distr. Tropical Asia and Africa. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Thellikkal CHASSALIA Commerson ex Poiret Chassalia curviflora (Wall. ex Kurz) Thw. var. ophioxyloides (Wall.) Deb. & Krishna, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24: (1983); FTSR Psychotria ophioxyloides Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Chassalia curviflora Wall. ex Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 2: ; FBI 3: , p.p; FPM C. ophioxyloides (Wall.) Craib, Gard. Bul. s.s. 6: , var. ophioxyloides. Psychotria curviflora Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Shrubs, to 1.5 m tall. Leaves to 22 x 8 cm, oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate; nerves 12 pairs, regular; petiole to 3 cm long, stipule connate, ovate, membranous, 2-fid. Cymes 7 x 4 cm, 147

172 terminal, panicled, glabrous. Flowers 15 mm long, subsessile; calyx 1.5 mm long, globose, lobes 5, ovate; corolla 8 mm long, curved, lobes ovate, obtuse; stamens 5, included; anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled, ovule one in each cell; style 2-fid at apex. Fruit 6 mm across, globose, glabrous, 2-seeded. Fl. & Fr. January-July Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in disturbed areas of all types of forests; PS Orukomban; Kanthalppara DENTELLA J. R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster Dentella repens (L.) J. R. & G. Forst., Char. Gen. Pl. 26. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Oldenlandia repens L., Mant. Pl. 1: Prostrate branching herbs; stem villous. Leaves to 5 x 2.5 mm, obovate, petiolate; stipule connate, chartaceous, toothed. Flowers 6-8 mm long, axillary, solitary, sessile; calyx lobes 5, lanceolate, hispid; corolla tube 5 mm long, ovate, dentate, white; stamens 5, inserted in the tube below the middle; filaments very short, anthers linear; ovary 2-celled; ovules many, style short, stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit a capsule, 5 x 2 mm, oblong, indehiscent; seeds many, angled. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in reservoirs beds; PS Parambikulam GARDENIA J. Ellis Gardenia resinifera Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FPL Gardenia lucida Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Resiniferous trees. Leaves to 15 x 9 cm, elliptic, obtuse at apex, hairy in the leaf axils below, nerves pairs, subsessile. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in lax cymes, white turns to yellow; calyx tube 0.7 cm, lobes 5, 1 cm, triangular, acuminate; corolla tube 3 cm long, lobes 3 x 2 cm long, obovate, puberulus without; anthers 1.5 cm long, oblong, exserted; ovary 6 mm, style 3.5 cm. Berry 2 x 1.5 cm, ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. India, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi GEOPHILA D. Don Geophila repens (L.) Johnst., Sargentia 8: ; FPL ; FTSR Rondeletia repens L., Syst. Nat. (ed.10) Geophila reniformis D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 3: ; FPM Geophila herbacea (Jacq.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf Prostrate herbs; stem stoloniferous, rooting at nodes. Leaves 2.5 cm across, orbicular, cordate at base; petiole 2.5 cm long, hispid; stipules ovate, entire. Flowers 8 mm long, in 1-3 flowered axillary peduncled cymes; calyx tube globose, lobes 4, lanceolate, fimbriate; corolla tube 6 mm long, villous inside, lobes 4 or 5, 6 mm long, spreading, white; stamens included; anthers linear; ovary 2-celled, ovule one in each cell; style slender 2-fid at apex. Drupe 0.8 cm across, red, globose; seeds 2, 4 x 3 mm, plano-convex, rugose. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Pantropical. Fairly common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Orukomban HALDINA Ridsdale Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd., Blumea 24: ; FPL ; FTSR Nauclea cordifolia Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f. ex Brand., For. Fl t ; FBI 3: ; FPM Large trees; bark pale brown; branchlets tomentose. Leaves to 15 cm across, orbicular, cordate at base, tomentose below; petiole 5-8 cm long; stipule 13 mm long, obovate, obtuse. 148

173 Heads 2 cm across, globose, 2-3 together, axillary, peduncled; receptacle hispid. Flowers 9 mm long, sessile; calyx tube obovoid, lobes 1.5 mm long, spathulate; corolla tube 8 mm long, 5- ridged; lobes 5, ovate, acute, small; stamens 5, exserted; ovules many; style 12 mm long, stigma globose. Capsule 5 x 3 mm, obovoid; seeds with tail at one end and a bifid wings at other end. Fl. & Fr. April-November Distr. India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Indo-China. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal; NS Vengoli HEDYOTIS Linnaeus 1. Leaves linear, less than 5 mm broad Leaves ovate, elliptic or oblong; more than 1 cm broad Erect herbs Prostrate herbs Flowers axillary, solitary or paired; leaves to 5 mm broad...h. herbacea 3. Flowers in terminal dichotomous cymes; leaves 1 mm broad...h. affinis 4. Flowers solitary or few flowered cymes, sessile or subsessile...h. brachypoda 4. Flowers in axillary umbel, pedicelled... H. corymbosa 5. Lateral nerves of the leaves obscure; branchlets scabrous... H. nitida 5. Lateral nerves of the leaves prominent; branchlets pubescent Leaves sessile, fascicled at apex of stem; flowers in terminal paniculate cymes...h. ovatifolia 6. Leaves petiolate, equidistant on stem; flowers in axillary fascicles... H. auricularia Hedyotis affinis Roem. & Schult., Syst. 3: Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC., Prodr. 4: Hedyotis dichotoma Koen. ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp , non Cav., Oldenlandia. dichotoma (Koen. ex Roth) Hook. f., FBI 3: , non Spreng. 1850; FPM Erect herbs with slender filiform branches, to 30 cm high, glabrous. Leaves to 25 x 1 mm, linear, entire, sessile; stipule ovate, entire or 2-3 toothed. Flowers 2 mm long, in terminal dichotomous cymes; pedicel and peduncles filiform, cm long; calyx 1 mm long, lobes acute, scabrid; corolla white, tube villous inside. Capsule 2 x 1.5 mm, obovoid, truncate at apex. Fl. & Fr. June-August Distr. South Western India. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi; Karimala Hedyotis auricularia L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FTSR Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 4: ; FPM Exallage auricularia (L.) Bremek., Verh. Acad. Wet. afd. Natuurk. Sect. 2, 48: Herbs to 50 cm high; branches pubescent. Leaves to 8 x 3 cm, elliptic, acute, scabrous below; nerves 5 pairs, prominent; petiole 5 mm long; stipules obovate, teeth 7, 3-5 mm long, hairy. Cymes axillary, 1 cm across. Flowers together, to 3 mm long; calyx lobes spreading; corolla white. Capsule 2 mm across, globose; glabrous. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam Hedyotis brachypoda (DC.) Sivar. & Biju, Taxon 39: Oldenlandia brachypoda DC., Prodr. 4: O. diffusa sensu Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FBI 3: ; FPM , non Hedyotis diffusa Willd., Creeping herbs; stem terete, glabrous. Leaves to 3 x 0.2 cm, linear-lanceolate, serrulate; stipule triangular, 2-3-bristled. Flowers 4 mm long, axillary, solitary, sessile or shortly pedicelled; calyx lobes ovate, acute, serrulate; corolla white, lobes acute, spreading, glabrous; stigma deeply bifid to the base. Capsule 3 mm across, glabrous, opening apically; seeds black. 149

174 Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical and Subtropical Asia. Very common in disturbed areas and vayals; PS Anakkalvayal Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. Encycl. 1: Oldenlandia corymbosa L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM Diffuse herbs, stem 4-angled, scabrous. Leaves to 25 x 4 mm, lanceolate, acute, lineolateserrate, subsessile. Umbels axillary; peduncle to 1.5 cm long, slender. Flowers 2-3, 5 mm long; pedicels to 7 mm long, slender; calyx 3 mm long, lobes ovate, serrate; corolla white, capsule 3 x 3 mm, globose, opening apically; seeds many, angled. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in open areas of moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Parambikulam; NS 18982, Thunakkadavu Hedyotis herbacea L., Sp. Pl ; R.Rao. & Hemadri, Indian For. 99: ; FTSR Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FPM ; FPL O. heynei R. Br. ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: ; FBI 3: Erect herbs, to 30 cm high; stem 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves to 30 x 2-5 mm, linear-oblong, acute, serrulate, sessile; stipule triangular, shortly toothed. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicel cm long, filiform; calyx 2 mm long; lobes lanceolate, toothed. Capsule 2 x 1.5 mm, septicidal at apex; seeds angled, black. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical Africa and Asia. Common in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli; NS Thellikkal Hedyotis nitida Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 3: ; FTSR H. glabella R. Br. ex Bedd., Ic. t Oldenlandia nitida (Wight & Arn.) Gamble, FPM Prostrate woody herbs; stem 4-angled, coarsely scabrid. Leaves to 7 x 1 cm, linear-lanceolate to elliptic, coriaceous, pale below; stipule 8 mm long, ovate, rounded at apex, strongly longtoothed, villous. Flowers sessile in axillary clusters, 1-3 together; calyx 4 mm long, lobes acute, ciliate; corolla 4-5 mm long, lobes spreading, white. Capsule 3 x 2 mm, ovoid, glabrous; seeds angled; deep brown, ovoid, glabrous; seeds angled, deep brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in open areas of all types of forests; PS Orukomban; NS Karimalagopuram Hedyotis ovatifolia Cav., Ic. 6: Oldenlandia nudicaulis Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM Hedyotis nudicaulis (Roth) Wight & Arn., Prodr Thecagonum ovatifolium (Cav.) Babu, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11: Annual small slender herbs, stem 4-angled. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, base obtuse, minutely hispid, to 5 x 2.5 cm; lateral nerves 5-7 pairs, petiole to 0.5 cm long; upper leaves sessile and fascicled. Peduncles terminal, 2 or 3, slender, dichotomous branched, to 7 cm long, pedicels slender, 1 cm long. Corolla white, with a ring of hairs at mouth, 1 mm long. Capsule subglobose, 2.5 x 3 mm, calyx lobes indistinct. Fl. & Fr. August-September Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; NS Anappadi HYMENODICTYON Wallich 150

175 Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb., Taxon 31: ; FTSR Cinchona orixensis Roxb., Bot. Descr. Swietenia & in Med. Facts Obs. 6: Cinchona excelsa Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Large trees. Leaves to 20 x 12 cm, abruptly acuminate at apex, pubescent below; nerves 10 pairs; petiole 2-6 cm long; stipule ovate, obtuse. Panicle cylindrical, contracted, densely tomentose. Flowers 7 mm long; calyx tube hispid; lobes ovate, acute; corolla tube slender, lobes triangular, tomentose outside; stamens exserted, anthers mucronate; style 7 mm long, stigma globose. Capsule 22 x 13 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi; NS Vengoli IXORA Linnaeus 1. Peduncles more than 10 cm long... I. elongata 1. Peduncles to 5 cm long Calyx lobes equal to the tube Calyx lobes minute Corolla tube to 10 mm long... I. monticola 3. Corolla tube more than 15 mm long...i. cuneifolia 4. Calyx 4-lobed; leaves membranous... I. nigricans 4. Calyx 4-toothed; leaves coriaceous Leaves subsessile; flower buds ellipsoid... I. pavetta 5. Leaves petiolate, petiole to 2 cm; flower buds globose...i. brachiata Ixora brachiata Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Trees, to 5 m tall; branchlets terete, glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 6 cm, oblong to oblanceolate, obtusely acute; nerves 8-10 pairs, reticulate, pale above; petiole 1.5 cm long; stipule triangular, acute. Cymes to 20 x 15 cm, peduncled, puberulus; bracts and bracteoles minute. Flowers sessile; calyx 1 mm long, shortly 4-thoothed; corolla tube 6 mm long, slender, lobes 2 x 1 mm, oblong; style 7 mm long, pubescent. Berry 5 mm across, globose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. November-January. Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in all types of forests; PS Parambikulam; Kariamchola; Kothala Ixora cuneifolia Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL Glabrous shrubs. Leaves to 14 x 4.5 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, acute at base; nerves 6-9 pairs, irregular; petiole 1 cm long; stipule 8 mm long, ovate, acuminate into a long mucro, glabrous. Cymes 5-7 cm across, sessile or subsessile, trichotomously branched with a pair of large basal bracts. Flowers 21 mm long, sessile, 3-9 together; bracts and bracteoles filiform, hispid; calyx 4 mm long, hispid, lobes ovate; corolla tube 18 mm long, slender, lobes 3.5 x 1.5 mm, oblong, puberulus; anthers 4 mm long, tailed at base; style 20 mm long, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in evergreen forests at higher elevations; PS Karimala Ixora elongata Heyne ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Large shrubs, young shoots glabrous. Leaves elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, acute, base 151

176 acute, chartaceous, glabrous, to 15 x 6 cm; lateral nerves pairs; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers in densely congested corymbs, peduncle to 15 cm long, sparsely pubescent. Calyx tube and lobes pubescent, lobes lanceolate. Corolla tube 1 cm long, lobes reflexed. Fl. November Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha; Meenkara; NS Orukomban Ixora monticola Gamble, Kew Bull. 1920: & FPM ; FPL Glabrous shrubs. Leaves to 8 x 3 cm, ovate, acute-acuminate, rounded at base; nerves to 10 pairs, prominently reticulate; petiole 1 cm long; stipule 5 mm long, ovate, acuminate. Cymes 4-5 cm across, trichotomous, glabrous. Flowers 10 mm long, sessile, 3-together; bracts and bracteoles subulate; calyx tube 1.5 mm long, lobes 1.5 mm long, ovate; corolla tube 8 mm long, slender, lobes 2.5 x 1 mm, oblong, deflexed; anthers 2 mm long, acute; style 8 mm long. Berry 6 x 7 mm, biglobose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Ixora nigricans R. Br. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Shrubs, glabrous. Leaves to 13 x 4 cm, elliptic to oblanceolate, long-acuminate, attenuate at base; nerves 8-10 pairs, reticulate; petiole 1 cm long; stipule 7 mm long, ovate, acuminate. Cymes 10 cm across; peduncles 4-6 cm long. Flowers pedicelled, many; calyx 2.5 mm long, lobes 1.5 mm long, acuminate; corolla tube 11 mm long, slender; lobes 5 x 2 mm, ovate, acute; style 16 mm long. Fl. December-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS 18846, Kanthalppara; Orukomban; NS 30030, Puliyala Ixora pavetta Andrews, Bot. Rep. t I. arborea Roxb. ex Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 19: I. parviflora Vahl, Symb. 3: 11. t , non Lam. 1791; FBI 2: ; FPM Trees; branchlets woody. Leaves to 14 x 7 cm, elliptic-oblong, apex obtuse, glossy, subsessile; stipules ovate-acuminate. Cymes cm long; calyx 1 mm, truncate, teeth 4, minute; corolla tube 6 mm, lobes 4 x 2 mm, oblong, spreading; ovary 1.7 mm, style 7 mm; stigma 2 fid. Fl. December-January Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi KNOXIA Linnaeus Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC., Prodr. 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Spermacoce sumatrensis Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: Knoxia corymbosa sensu Wight, Ill. Indian Bot. t , non Willd. 1798; FBI 3: ; FPM Erect subshrubs; stem white-tomentose. Leaves to 13 x 3 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, hispid; nerves pairs; petiole 5-10 cm long; stipules orbicular, membranous, long-toothed. Cymes 5-15 cm across, pilose. Flowers 6 mm long, sessile; calyx lobes ovate, acute, hispid; corolla tube 3 mm long, narrow, densely villous at mouth, lobes ovate, obtuse, lilac or pink; style 5 mm long. Capsule 2 x 1 mm, oblong, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in moist deciduous and secondary forests; PS Parambikulam LASIANTHUS W. Jack 152

177 1. Branchlets glabrous...l. acuminatus 1. Branchlets hairy Transverse nervules of leaves close; calyx teeth hispid... L. strigillosus 2. Transverse nervules distant; calyx teeth villous... L. rostratus Lasianthus acuminatus Wight, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 6: ; FBI 3: , p.p.; FPM ; Deb & Gangop., JETB 15: L. coffeoides Fyson, Kew Bull. 1914: Large shrubs. Leaves to 9 x 4 cm, elliptic, oblong, apiculate, glabrous; nerves 4 pairs, prominent; nervules closely parallel; petiole 5-7 mm long; stipule triangular, acute, glabrous. Flowers 1-3 together, sessile; calyx lobes acute, triangular, villous; corolla 8 mm long, tube slender, lobes ovate, obtuse, densely villous. Drupe 5 x 5 mm, globose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. July-October Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS 19426, Pooppara Lasianthus rostratus Wight, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 6: ; FPM ; FTSR L. ciliatus Wight var. rostratus (Wight) Hook. f., FBI 3: Shrubs, branchlets densely brown hirsute. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, base obtuse, glabrous above, tomentose beneath, to 12 x 4.5 cm; lateral nerves 7 or 8 pairs, intercostae scalariform; petiole to 1 cm. Flowers sessile, in axillary fascicles; calyx lobes 4, triangular, acute, villous; corolla white, 4 mm long, lobes 4, tomentose outside; ovary 3-celled; style glabrous. Drupe globose, 0.6 cm across. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karappara; Orukomban Lasianthus strigillosus Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM ; Deb & Gangop., JETB 15: Large shrubs, stem densely strigose-hairy. Leaves to 12 x 4 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate at apex, acute at base; nerves 6 pairs, oblique, nervules closely parallel, 1-2 mm apart; petiole 5-10 mm long; stipule 3 mm long, ovate, obtuse, densely hairy. Flowers 5 mm long in axillary fascicles, sessile; calyx hirsute; corolla tube short, lobes densely hairy. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara MITRACARPUS Zuccarini Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 4: ; FTSR Spermacoce villosa Sw., Prodr Mitracarpus verticillatus (Schum. & Thonn.) Vatke, Linnaea 40: M. hirtus (L.) DC., Prodr. 4: Staurospermum verticillatum Schum. & Thonn., Beskr. Guin. Pl Erect herbs, to 50 cm high, little or not branched; stem 4-angled. Leaves to 3.5 x 1.5 cm, elliptic, acute, sessile, 3-5-nerved, plicate; stipules connate, membranous, fimbriate. Flowers minute, in axillary clusters; calyx lobes 4, unequal; corolla 2.5 mm long, tube slender, lobes ovate, obtuse; stamens 4, anthers sessile at mouth of corolla tube; ovary 2-celled; ovule solitary in each cell; style 2-fid at apex. Capsule 2 mm long, obovoid, with persistent calyx lobes, hirtus, circumscissile; seeds 2, 1 x 0.5 mm, oblong, rugose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical Africa and America; now common in South India. Common in degraded forest areas; PS 19857, Vengoli MITRAGYNA P. W. Korthals 1. Leaf apex rounded or obtuse; corolla truncate... M. tubulosa 153

178 1. Leaf apex acuminate or acute; corolla 4 or 5 lobed...m. parvifolia Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth., Obs. Naucl. Ind ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Nauclea parvifolia Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Stephegyne parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth., Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt. Bot ; FBI 3: Large trees. Leaves to 17 x 12 cm, ovate, acute, rounded at base nerves 7-9 pairs, regular, villous below, nervules parallel, domatia hairy; petiole 2-5 cm long; stipule large, lanceolate, entire. Heads 3 cm across, terminal, solitary; bracteoles spathulate. Flowers 12 mm long, shortly pedicelled, calyx tube truncate; corolla tube 8 mm long, villous inside, lobes 4, oblong, deflexed; anthers sessile; ovules many; style 12 mm long, filiform. Capsule 6 x 4 mm, 6-ribbed, ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Anakkalvayal Mitragyna tubulosa (Arn.) Hav., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 33: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Nauclea tubulosa Arn. in Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Stephegyne tubulosa (Arn.) Hook.f. ex Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 29. f ; FBI 3: Medium deciduous trees; bark greyish, branches horizontal. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate, acute to acuminate, base truncate or obtuse, to 20 x 8 cm; lateral nerves ca. 10 pairs, domatia absent; petiole to 3 cm long; stipules oblong, obtuse 0.8 cm long. Flower heads 2 cm across. Calyx tube truncate, glabrous. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellow with purple tinge, tube 3 mm long, lobes reflexed. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli MORINDA Linnaeus 1. Trees; heads simple...m. pubescens 1. Climbing shrubs; heads umbellate... M. reticulata Morinda pubescens J. E. Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 24: ; FPL ; FTSR M. tinctoria Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPM M. exserta Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: M. coreia Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: Small trees; bark pale-brown, thick, vertically fissured and irregularly cracked, turmericyellow inside. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, to 13 x 5.5 cm; lateral nerves 7 or 8 pairs; petiole 1 cm long; stipules bifid at apex. Flowers white, in globose heads. Calyx limb truncate. Corolla 2 cm long, mouth hairy. Syncarpium globose, 2.5 cm across. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi; NS Thunakkadavu Morinda reticulata Gamble, Kew Bull. 1920: & FPM Climbing shrubs, branches yellowish-white. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, caudate-acuminate, glabrous, shining, nerves and nervules very prominent, to 13 x 4.5 cm. Flowers white, in umbellate heads. Calyx annular, fleshy. Corolla hairy inside. Syncarpium orange-yellow, 1.5 cm across. Fl. & Fr. March-September Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali MUSSAENDA Linnaeus 1. Cymes lax; berry obovoid... M. belilla 154

179 1. Cymes congested; berry globose... M. hirsutissima Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: ; FPL ; FTSR M. laxa (Hook. f.) Hutch. ex Gamble, FPM M. frondosa L. var. laxa Hook.f., FBI 3: Climbing shrubs. Leaves to 10 x 8 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, thinly hairy; nerves pairs, parallel; petiole 5 cm long, slender; stipule 12 mm long. Flowers pedicelled; larger calyx lobes 8-9 cm across, orbicular, hirsute, white; other calyx lobes 10 mm long, linear; corolla tube 28 mm long, slender, adpressed hairy; petals yellow, densely villous inside. Fruits 8 x 6 mm, ovoid. Fl. & Fr. June-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal Mussaenda hirsutissima (Hook. f.) Hutch. ex Gamble, FPM M. frondosa L. var. hirsutissima Hook.f., FBI 3: Scandent shrubs; branchlets densely white-hispid. Leaves to 11 x 5 cm, broadly elliptic, acuminate at either ends, densely hispid; nerves 6-8 pairs, not prominent; petiole 1-3 cm long; stipule 12 mm long, densely hispid. Cymes terminal, congested. Flowers densely arranged; larger calyx lobes, 8 x 4.5 cm, elliptic, acute, long-clawed; corolla tube 30 mm long, narrow, densely hispid, lobes 12 x 10 mm, cuspidate. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala MYCETIA Reinwardt Mycetia acuminata (Wight) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Lawia acuminata Wight, Ic. t Adenosacme lawii Hook.f., FBI 3: Erect fleshy herbs. Leaves to 27 x 10 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate at apex; nerves to 20 pairs, prominent, parallel; petiole 5-8 cm long, stipule 12 mm long, ovate, acute, membranous. Cymes 5-7 cm across, axillary, peduncled. Flowers 6 mm long, pedicelled; calyx 6 mm long, lobes 5, acuminate; corolla blue, spreading, tube short, lobes 5, ovate, spreading; stamens adnate to the corolla tube, anthers linear; ovules many on peltate placentas; style short; stigmas linear. Berry, 8 mm across, white, fleshy; seeds many, angular. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests and moist shady areas; PS Meenkara NEANOTIS W. H. Lewis 1. Flowers in fascicles...n. tubulosa 1. Flowers in cymes...n. decipiens Neanotis decipiens (Hook. f.) Lewis, Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 53: ; FTSR Anotis decipiens Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM Procumbent herbs, rooting at lower nodes; stem glabrous. Leaves ovate, acuminate, sparsely villous; nerves 7-9 pairs; petiole 3 cm long, hairy. Cymes 3-5 cm across, terminal; branches glabrous, slender. Flowers 5-6 mm long, blue or pink, subsessile; calyx lobes ovate, ciliate; corolla tube slender, shortly villous inside, lobes ovate, villous. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; PS 30108, NS Karimala Neanotis tubulosa (G. Don) Mabb. in Manilal, Bot. Hist. Hort. Malab ; FTSR Oldenlandia tubulosa G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: p.p. Anotis quadrilocularis (Thw.) 155

180 Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM Hedyotis quadrilocularis Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Neanotis quadrilocularis (Thw.) Lewis, Ann.Miss. Bot. Gard Procumbent annual herbs; stem glabrous. Leaves ovate, acute at both ends, minutely villous; nerves 3-4 pairs; petiole 5 mm long; stipule orbicular, ciliate, membranous. Flowers 2-5 together; calyx lobes ovate, acute, glabrous, corolla tube 3 mm long, lobes 2 x 1 mm, ovate. Capsule 3 x 2 mm, glabrous, 3-celled; seeds 2-5 in each cell, pitted, concave on faces. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala NEOLAMARCKIA Bosser Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, Adansonia ser. 4. 6: ; FTSR Nauclea cadamba Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Anthocephalus chinensis sensu A. Rich ex Walp. Repert. 2: , non Cephalanthus chinensis Lam. 1785, Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 2: ; FBI 3: A. indicus A. Rich., Mem. Rubiac ; FPM Large trees. Leaves opposite, to 22 x 12 cm, oblong, obtuse, apiculate, tomentose when young; nerves ca. 14 pairs, nervules parallel; stipule lanceolate, entire. Heads 4-6 cm across, terminal, peduncled. Flowers sessile, densely packed; calyx lobes 5, each 6 mm long, oblong; corolla tube 10 mm long, slender, glabrous, lobes oblong, 6 mm long; anthers 3 mm long, sessile, sagittate at base, apiculate; ovary 2 or 4 celled; ovules numerous; style entire, stigma clavate. Capsule membranous; seeds many, compressed. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Asia, Pacific and Australia. Rare along the riverine areas; PS Parambikulam NEUROCALYX Hooker Neurocalyx calycinus (R. Br. ex Bennet) Robins., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 45: ; FPL Argostemma calycinum R. Br. ex Bennet, Pl. Jaw. Rar Neurocalyx hookeriana Wight, Ic. t N. wightii Arn., Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. 3: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Large herbs, pubescent. Leaves to 26 x 7 cm, oblanceolate, acute at apex, rusty puberulus; nerves to 18 pairs, prominent below; stipule 2 cm long, obovate, 2-fid at apex. Racemes cm long, axillary, rarely branched; bracts lanceolate. Flowers white, pedicelled; calyx tube hemispherical, lobes 5, 8 x 5 mm, ovate; corolla tube absent, lobes 5 x 3 mm, ovate, twisted; stamens 5, anthers connate into a conical tube; ovary 2-celled, ovules many, style slender. Capsule irregularly bursting, 4 x 4 mm; seeds many, pitted. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. South West India. Common in moist shades of evergreen forests; PS Valiyathode NOSTOLACHMA Durand Nostolachma crassifolia (Gamble) Deb & Lahiri, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17: (1978). Coffea crassifolia Gamble, Kew Bull. 1920: & FPM Small trees, branchlets compressed, becoming terete, glabrous. Leaves elliptic, obtusely acute, base acute, to 9 x 4 cm. Flowers white, in subsessile axillary cymes. Corolla 5-6 mm long, mouth hairy. Fruit ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. January-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS 30213, 30130, Karimala; NS Pandaravarai; OPHIORRHIZA Linnaeus 1. Flowers deep pink...o. pectinata 156

181 1. Flowers white Procumbent herbs; leaves to 5 x 2.5 cm...o. rugosa var. prostrata 2. Erect herbs or subshrubs; leaves to 10 x 5 cm Flowers ebracteate... O. mungos 3. Flowers bracteate... O. brunonis Ophiorrhiza brunonis Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FTSR Small subshrubs; branches pubescent. Leaves to 20 x 7 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous except the nerves; nerves pairs, arching; petiole 2-4 cm long, hispid; stipule 10 mm long, lanceolate, glabrous. Cymes 5-7 cm broad, terminal, corymbose; peduncle 2-6 cm long, hispid. Flowers 15 mm long, densely arranged; bracteoles 13 mm long, filiform, villous; calyx lobes 2 mm long, hairy; corolla tube 8 mm long, hispid, lobes ovate, obtuse; anthers 2.5 mm long, linear. Fl. Almost throughout the year Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS 19434, Pooppara; Pezha Ophiorrhiza mungos L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect subshrubs; stem scabrous. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, decurrent or cuneate at base; nerves 14 pairs, regular, parallel, scabrid below; petiole 2-3 cm long; stipule triangular, acute. Cymes 5-8 cm broad, spreading, branches rusty tomentose. Flowers pedicelled; calyx glabrous; corolla tube, villous in a ring at mouth. Capsule 4 x 8 mm, glabrous; seeds angled, brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Orukomban; Pooppara Ophiorrhiza pectinata Arn., Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur. 18: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Erect herbs, to 40 cm high, glabrous. Leaves to 17 x 5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; nerves ca. 8 pairs; petiole to 5 cm long; stipule ovate, acute. Cymes 2-5 cm broad; peduncle to 6 cm long. Flowers densely packed; bracteoles 8 x 4 mm, curved-oblong, acute; calyx lobes ovate, glabrous; corolla tube 8 mm long with a ring of erect hairs at throat, lobes ovate, acute; anthers nearly sessile. Capsule 5 x 1 2 mm, 2-winged, glabrous; seeds squarish, brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Ophiorrhiza rugosa Wall. var. prostrata (D. Don) Deb. & Mondal, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24: Ophiorrhiza prostrata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FPL Ophiorrhiza harrisonii G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Procumbent herbs. Leaves ovate, obtusely acute at apex, rounded at base, pubescent along the nerves below, chartaceous; nerves 4-6 pairs; petiole 1-2 cm long; stipule triangular, hairy. Cymes 1-2 cm across, congested; peduncle 5 cm long. Flowers minute, white; calyx 1 mm long, lobes ovate; corolla 3 mm long, white. Capsule 2.5 mm across, compressed; seeds 3-5, rugose, folded. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Sri Lanka, India, Nepal and Myanmar. Common in evergreen forests at lower altitudes; PS Orukomban OXYCEROS Loureiro 157

182 Oxyceros rugulosus (Thw.) Tirveng., Nord. J. Bot. 3: Griffithia rugulosa Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Randia rugulosa (Thw.) Hook. f., FBI 3: ; FPM Aidia rugulosa (Thw.) Swamin., Boil. Mem. 2: Climbing shrubs. Leaves to 16 x 7 cm, elliptic, acuminate, glabrous; nerves 8-10 pairs; petiole 1.5 cm long, thick; stipule 6 mm long, ovate, acuminate. Cymes lateral or axillary, 5-8 cm across; shortly peduncled; calyx tube 6 mm long, obconical, teeth 5, obsolete; corolla tube 12 mm long, densely villous in a ring inside; lobes 13 mm long, oblong, deflexed, white; stamens 5, filaments short, inserted at the mouth of corolla tube; anthers 8 mm long, linear, apiculate; ovary 2-celled; ovules many, sunken in the axile placentae; style 18 mm long, stigma clavate. Berry 10 x 10 mm; seeds few, rugose. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in open areas of evergreen forests; PS Meenkara PAVETTA Linnaeus 1. Leaves glabrous and glabrescent Leaves variously pubescent Leaves elliptic; calyx lobes keeled...p. calophylla 2. Leaves oblong-obovate; calyx lobes not keeled...p. indica 3. Branchlets sub-tetragonous; corolla tube greenish white, to 1 cm long... P. tomentosa 3. Branchlets terete; corolla white, to 2 cm long... P. hispidula Pavetta calophylla Bremek., Feddes Repert. 37: ; FPM ; FTSR Glabrous shrubs. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, attenuate at base and apex; nerves 9 pairs, hispid below; petiole 2 cm long; stipule 7-8 mm long, ovate, acuminate. Cymes 6-10 cm broad, hispidulous. Flowers pedicelled; calyx 2 mm long, obconical, lobes ciliate; corolla tube 18 mm long, slender, glabrous outside, villous inside, lobes 9 x 4 mm, oblong, white; anthers 7 mm long; style 6.5 cm long. Fl. & Fr. January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Meenkara Pavetta hispidula Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Pavetta siphonantha Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: ; FPM Small shrubs; stem hispid. Leaves to 15 x 4.5 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the base, glabrous above, hispid below; nerves 6-8 pairs, looping below the margins; petiole 2 cm long; stipules ovate, mucronate. Cymes 5-8 cm broad, lax, hispidulous. Flowers white, pedicels 8 mm long; calyx 3 mm long, teeth short, recurved, hispid; corolla tube 15 mm long, thinly hispid, lobes 8 x 3 mm, oblong, glabrous; style 37 mm long. Fl. & Fr. May-July Distr. Western Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha; NS Kariamchola Pavetta indica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL Shrubs, branchlets glabrescent. Leaves x 7-9 cm, obovate or oblanceolate, acuminate, base acute, glabrescent in both surface; petiole to 2 cm. Cymes corymbose, axillary and terminal; calyx ca 3 mm, lobes obovate; stamens 4; ovary 2 mm, style ca 3 cm. Berry 6 mm across, subglobose. Fl. & Fr. April-July Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous and secondary forests; PS Karimala;19837 Vengoli 158

183 Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex J. E. Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 26: n ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR P. indica L. var. tomentosa (Roxb. ex J. E. Smith) Hook.f., FBI 3: Large shrubs; stem densely white-tomentose. Leaves to 13 x 7 cm, ovate, acuminate, tomentose; nerves 10 pairs, reticulate; petiole 3 cm long; stipule triangular, cuspidate, tomentose. Cymes 10 cm broad, terminal, densely tomentose, shortly peduncled. Flowers pedicelled; pedicels 6 mm long; calyx 2.5 mm long, retrose hairy, 4-toothed; corolla tube 12 mm long, glabrous, lobes 7 x 1.5 mm, oblong, hairy at base; anthers 7 mm long, linear; style 28 mm long, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. May-July Distr. India and Indo-China. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Velayudhankai; Vengoli; Karimala PRISMATOMERIS Thwaites Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 4: ; FTSR Prismatomeris albidiflora Thw. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 8: 286. t.7a.1856 & Enum. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM Small trees; bark grey, fissured. Leaves obovate or oblong, abruptly acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous, and glossy, to 15 x 5 cm; lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, reticulations thin, prominent; petiole to 1.2 cm long; stipules glabrous, shining. Flowers, white, slightly fragrant, 2.5 cm long. Calyx limb truncate. Berry crowned by the calyx limb. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha; Orukomban PSILANTHUS Hooker f. Psilanthus wightianus (Wight & Arn.) Leroy, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) ser.4, 3. Sect. B. Adansonia 3: Coffea wightiana Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 3: ; FPM Shrubs; with spinescent branches and branchlets. Leaves to 3 x 1.5 cm, elliptic-ovate, apex obtuse, membranous; petiole 5 mm, stipule broad, ovate-acuminate. Flowers solitary or in cymes, white; bracteoles form a calyculus; calyx irregularly many toothed, 1.5 mm; corolla tube 6 mm, lobes 8 mm long, twisted, elliptic-oblong; stamens 4 mm, oblong; style 3 mm, bifid at apex, linear. Fl. February-March Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi PSYCHOTRIA Linnaeus 1. Leaves in whorls of three; stipules more than 25 cm long...p. anamallayana 1. Leaves opposite; stipules to 2 cm long Leaves with domatia Leaves without domatia Cymes racemose... P. glandulosa 3. Cymes globose...p. nigra 4. Flowers mixed with rufous hairs...p. globicephala 4. Flowers not mixed with rufous hairs Branches of inflorescence opposite or subopposite...p. johnsoni 5. Branches of inflorescence whorled Corolla tube glabrous within... P. nudiflora 6. Corolla tube villous within...p. keralensis 159

184 Psychotria anamallayana Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FTSR Shrubs, 2.5 m tall; branchlets stout. Leaves x 6-7 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse, apiculate, attenuate to the base, coriaceous; nerves pairs, regular, mm apart, reticulate towards the margins; domatia absent; petiole to 4.5 cm long, stipule 3 cm long, lanceolate, glabrous within. Cymes 3-6 cm across, glabrous. Flowers 5 mm long, sessile; calyx 4-toothed; corolla tube villous at the base. Drupe 13 x 7 mm, obovoid, 4-angled, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Psychotria glandulosa (Dennst.) Suresh in Nicols. et al., An Interpr. Hort. Malab Baldingera glandulosa Dennst., Schluss. Hort. Malab. 9, 19, Grumilea elongata Wight, Ic. t Psychotria elongata (Wight) Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM Shrubs, to 2.5 m high. Leaves 10 x 6 cm, obovate, obtusely acute, nerves pairs, 5 mm apart, parallel, nervules reticulate, domatia glandular; petiole 1 cm long; stipule ovate, acute, rufous hairy inside. Cymes 5-7 x cm, hispid. Flowers 7 mm long, grouped; calyx 2 mm long, lobes ovate, acuminate, ciliate; corolla tube 4 mm long, broadly villous inside, lobes 5, ovate, acute. Drupe 6 x 5 mm, globose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pezha; NS Karimalagopuram Psychotria globicephala Gamble, Kew Bull. 1920: & FPM Shrubs. Leaves to 12 x 6 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate, acute, base attenuate, nerves looped near the margin, petiole 5-1 cm, stipule with long hairs. Flowers in terminal globose heads mixed rufous hairs; calyx ca 1.5 mm, ciliate, lobes 5, style ca 4 mm, stigma bifid. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Psychotria johnsonii Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM Shrubs. Leaves to 8 x 3 cm, obovate-oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, base attenuate, nerves with domatia; petiole to 5 mm; stipule ca 5 mm, broadly ovate, acute. Cymes terminal, branches opposite, calyx ca 1 mm, 5 toothed, ciliate along the margin, corolla ca 3 mm, throat densely hairy interspersed with 5 stamens, lobes 5, acute; style 2 mm, stigma bifid. Drupe ca 5 mm across. Fl. & Fr. August--December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats; Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Psychotria keralensis Deb & Gangop., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25: (1985) & JETB Addl. ser. 7: Shrubs. Leaves to 15 x 6 cm, obovate, obtusely acuminate, cuneate at base; nerves pairs, intercostae, reticulate, distinct; stipules 11 x 9 mm, ovate, densely rufous hairy inside. Cymes 4 x 4 cm, branches opposite, glabrous. Flowers 7 mm long, sessile; calyx 2 mm long, lobes ovate, glabrous; corolla tube equal to the lobes, lobes 4, deflexed. Pyrene 17 x 10 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Psychotria nigra (Gaertn.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6 (Suppl.): ; FPL ; FTSR Grumilea nigra Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 138. t Psychotria thwaitesii Hook. f., FBI 3: , p.p; FPM

185 Large shrubs, 2-3 m tall. Leaves to 19 x 8.5 cm, obovate, obtuse, broadly apiculate, nerves to 16 pairs, regular, 8-10 mm apart, domatia glandular; stipule 12 mm long, ovate, strongly mucronate. Cymes cm across, 3-6-together, globose, densely fulvous hairy; peduncle 2-3 cm long, stout. Flowers many, densely packed, 5 mm long; calyx 1.5 mm long, campanulate, 5- toothed, ciliate; corolla white, 3 mm long, tube hairy at mouth, lobes reflexed. Drupe 6 mm across, subglobose, pyrenes smooth. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pezha;18916 Karimala Psychotria nudiflora Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FTSR Psychotria sekharana Ramam. & Rajan, JBNHS 80: Shrubs. Leaves to 13 x 4 cm, elliptic to oblanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the base, reddish brown when dried; nerves pairs, reticulate; petiole 1 cm long, slender; stipule ovate, obtuse. Cymes 4 cm across, peduncled, rusty puberulus, branches whorled. Flowers sessile; calyx 1 mm long, membranous; corolla 5.5 mm long, lobes 4, short; style 2-fid at apex. Fl. & Fr December-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban PSYDRAX J. Gaertner Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson, Kew Bull. 48: Canthium umbellatum Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 3: Plectronia didyma (Gaertn. f.) Kurz var. umbellata (Wight) Gamble, FPM Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teijsm. & Binn., var. umbellatum (Wight) Sant. & Merch., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: ; FPL ; FTSR Small to medium evergreen trees; bark yellowish-grey, shallowly fissured, pale brown inside; branchlets tetragonous Leaves elliptic-oblong or obovate, caudate-acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous and glossy, to 15 x 6 cm; lateral nerves ca. 5 pairs, slender; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers 3 mm across in few-flowered, short umbels. Calyx glabrous, shortly 5-lobed. Corolla greenishyellow, lobes oblong, acute, 1.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala; Vengoli; NS Kariamchola RUBIA Linnaeus Rubia cordifolia L., Syst. Nat. (ed.12) 3: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL R. munjista Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Scabrous climber, stem 4-angled, articulate. Leaves whorled, 4 in each node, equal or unequal, to 7 x 3 cm, ovate, cordate at base, acuminate at apex, 3-5-ribbed from base; petiole 2-5 cm long. Flowers 3 mm across; in axillary dichotomous cymes; calyx tube turbinate, lobes 4, minute; corolla lobes ovate, valvate, spreading, white; anthers globose; ovules solitary in each cell, styles 2, stigmas capitate. Fl. & Fr. May-July Distr. Asia, Africa and Europe. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola SAPROSMA Blume Saprosma glomerata (Gard.) Bedd., For. Man. Bot. 134/ ; FPL ; Gangop., JETB 15: FTSR Dysodidendron glomeratum Gard., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 7: Saprosma indicum Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Serissa glomerata (Gard.) Bedd., Ic. t

186 Shrubs, to 1.5 m tall. Leaves to 12 x 5 cm, ovate-oblong, acute, subcordate at base; domatia glandular; nerves pairs. Flowers 3-6 together, in terminal clusters, 7 mm long, shortly pedicelled; calyx 2 mm long, lobes 4, ovate, acute; corolla white, densely hairy within; anthers sessile. Berry 1 cm across, globose, emarginate, deep blue. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara; Orukomban SPERMACOCE Linnaeus 1. Stem angle ciliate; calyx lobes 2...S. mauritiana 1. Stem angle not ciliate; calyx lobes Stem winged; leaves more than 4 cm long... S. latifolia 2. Stem not winged; leaves to 3 cm long... S. articularis Spermacoce articularis L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FTSR Borreria articularis (L.f.) F.N. Will., Bull. Herb. Borss. 2. ser.5: Borreria articularis (L.f.) F.N. Will. var. articularis Sivar. & Manilal, New Botanist II:2: Spermacoce hispida Hook.f., FBI 3: , non L Erect woody herbs, stem 4-angld, scabrid. Leaves to 6 x 1.3 cm, acute at both ends, mucronate at apex, glabrous; nerves 6 or 7 pairs, very oblique; petiole 5-10 mm long, slender; stipule membranous, teeth, 5-7, to 7 mm long, glabrous. Flowers many; calyx lobes acute, glabrous; corolla white. Capsule 2 x 2 mm, obcordate, glabrous; seeds black. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Tropical Asia and Africa. Common in wet rocky and disturbed areas; PS Vengoli Spermacoce latifolia Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guinea Fr. 1: 55. t.19/ ; FTSR Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K. Schum. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 4: B. articularis Mukerjee, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 20: , non K. Schum B. eradii Ravi, JBNHS 6: Decumbent herbs; stem 4-angled, scabrous. Leaves to 5 x 2.5 cm, acute, scabrous; nerves 5 pairs; petiole very short, broad; stipular teeth 4-6, hispid. Flowers in clusters of 2-5, axillary, sessile; calyx tube 2 mm long, lobes hispid; corolla tube short, lobes erect. Capsule 4 x 3 mm, compressed, hispid; seeds ellipsoid, minutely pitted, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of Tropical America; now established in Tropical Africa and Asia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli Spermacoce mauritiana Osea Gideon ex Verdc., Kew Bull. 37: ; FTSR S. ocymoides sensu Hook. f., FBI 3: , p.p., non Burm. f Borreria ocymoides Gamble, FPM , non (Burm. f.) DC Spermacoce decandollei Deb & Dutta, JETB 5: Diffuse herbs; stem hispid. Leaves to 2.5 x 1.5 cm, ovate, acute, cuneate at base, subsessile, glabrous; stipule membranous, bristled. Flowers minute, many-together, densely packed; calyx lobes linear; corolla white, lobes erect, glabrous. Capsule 1 x 1 mm, with wings like persistent sepals; seeds 1 x 0.5 mm, oblong, minutely pitted, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Parambikulam TARENNA Gaertner 1. Cells of ovary many ovuled; plant with sticky exudation...t. asiatica 1. Cells of ovary one ovuled; plant without sticky exudation...t. monosperma 162

187 Tarenna asiatica (L.) O.Ktze. ex K. Schum., Bot. Tidsskr. 24: ; FPL Rondeletia asiatica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 3: Webera corymbosa Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: W. asiatica (L.) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. S. India, Anal. Gen. 16. f Chomelia asiatica (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: ; FPM Stylocoryne webera A. Rich., Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 5: Glabrous shrubs. Leaves to 17 x 6 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate at apex and base, nerves 13 pairs; petiole 3-4 cm long. Cymes peduncled, axillary, 10 cm across; peduncle to 6 cm long; branches slender. Drupe 6 mm across, globose; seeds 2, black. Fl. & Fr. January-June Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi; Thekkady Tarenna monosperma (Wight & Arn.) Raju, Sci. & Cult. 32: ; FTSR Stylocoryne monosperma Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FPM Webera monosperma (Wight & Arn.) Hook. f., FBI 3: Shrubs to 2 m high. Leaves to 18 x 6.5 cm, elliptic-oblanceolate, acuminate at apex; nerves pairs, regular, petiole 1.5 cm long, stout. Cymes peduncled, to 15 cm across, corymbose. Flowers 3.5 cm long; calyx 3 mm long, hispid; corolla tube glabrous, white; style entire, hairy towards the base. Drupe 1 x 1 cm, globose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats; Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban;30250 Pezha TAMILNADIA Trivengadum Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastry, Mauritius Inst. Bull. 8: ; FTSR Gardenia uliginosa Retz., Obs. Bot. 2: Randia uliginosa (Retz.) DC., Prodr. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Xeromphis uliginosa (Retz.) Mahes., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: Small trees; branchlets 4-angled, terminating with 1 or 2 pairs of sharp thorns. Leaves mostly confined to the apex of branchlets, obovate or oblong, obtuse, base narrowed, coriaceous, glabrous above and pubescent below, to 10 x 5 cm; lateral nerves 6-8 pairs; petiole to 3 mm long. Flowers solitary at the end of branchlets, to 5 cm across. Calyx tube 2.5 cm long, lobes 6, rounded. Corolla white, lobes 6, orbicular, imbricate. Berry ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, yellow, 5 cm long. Fl. & Fr. August-March Distr. India and Myanmar. Occasional along the sides of vayals. PS Thellikkal WENDLANDIA Bartling ex A. P. de Candolle Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Schult.) Steud. Nomencl. (ed. 2) 2: ; FPL Canthium thyrsoideum Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 6: Wendlandia notoniana Wall. ex Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 3: ; FPM Large stiff shrubs; stem terete, tomentose. Leaves ternate, to 12 x 4.5 cm, elliptic, acute, tomentose beneath; nerves 5-12, regular; petiole 1 cm long; stipule 6 mm long, ovate, acute. Panicle terminal, ca. 15 cm across, hispid. Flowers 6 mm long, many, sessile; calyx globose, hispid, lobe 5, ovate; corolla tube slender, villous within, lobes orbicular, spreading; stamens 5, exserted; ovary 2-celled; ovules many, on globose placentas; style slender, stigma bifid. Capsule globose, 2 valved; seeds many, reticulate. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes and grasslands; PS Karimala 163

188 ASTERACEAE 1. Capitula dimorphic; unisexual... Xanthium 1. Capitula nor dimorphic; bisexual Capitula homogamous Capitula heterogamous Leaves opposite Leaves alternate Capitula 1-flowered... Lagascea (p.p) 4. Capitula many flowered Weak climbing shrubs... Mikania 5. Erect or prostrate herbs or shrubs Receptacle condensed, spicate... Spilanthes 6. Receptacle not spicate Pappus to 3, bristle like...adenostemma 7. Pappus 5 to many, setaceous Weak annual herbs; anthers appendaged at apex... Ageratum 8. Perennial subshrubs; anthers not appendaged at apex Branches and petiole pale purple; ovary glabrous... Ageratina 9. Branches and petiole green; ovary scaly... Chromolaena 10. Leaves radical; capitula supported by spathes...elephantopus 10. Leaves cauline; capitula not supported by spathes Capitula long peduncled Capitula short peduncled Capitula 1-flowered... Lagascea (p.p.) 12. Capitula many flowered Capitula bracteate; flowers yellow or white... Gynura 13. Capitula not bracteate; flowers pink Capitula in racemes; achenes 10 ribbed... Crassocephalum 14. Capitula corymbose; achenes 5-ribbed...Emilia 15. Pappus in two series, dissimilar...vernonia 15. Pappus uniseriate, similar Flowers yellow; bracts 1 or 2 seriate...senecio 16. Flowers otherwise; bracts many seriate...phyllocephalum 17. Leaves opposite, rarely upper only alternate Leaves all alternate Capitula axillary, sessile Capitula terminal or axillary, peduncled Achenes densely covered with hooked spines... Acanthospermum 19. Achenes not covered with hooked spines... Synedrella 20. Leaves pinnately compound or pinnatifid...bidens 20. Leaves simple, entire Pappus absent or reduced into minute teeth... Eclipta 21. Pappus well developed Corolla white; leaf margins serrate not pinnatisect...blainvillea 22. Corolla yellow; leaves pinnatisect at least lower ones... Tridax 23. Capitula more than 4 cm across; large shrubs...tithonia 23. Capitula less than 2 cm across; hers or subshrubs Leaves pinnatifid...parthenium 24. Leaves not pinnatifid Anthers bases tailed Anthers bases not tailed Bracts spreading; bisexual flowers all sterile...anaphalis 26. Bracts not spreading; bisexual flowers usually fertile

189 27. Bracts hyaline; plants aromatic...gnaphalium 27. Bracts green; plants not aromatic... Blumea 28. Capitula solitary...grangea 28. Capitula cymose or panicled Anther bases sagitate Anther bases obtuse or entire Leaf base decurrent; flowers pink... Laggera 30. Leaf base amplexicaule not decurrent; flowers yellow... Vicoa 31. Pappus present...conyza 31. Pappus absent...dichrocephala ACANTHOSPERMUM Shrank Acanthospermum hispidum DC., Prodr. 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR Erect, densely hispid herbs. Leaves 2-4 x 1-2 cm, ovate, acute, entire. Heads 4-5 mm long, axillary, sessile; receptacle paleate; bracts 1-seriate, 5 mm long. Outer row of flowers female, ligulate, yellow, 3-lobed at apex. Inner flowers bisexual; corolla 2 mm long, tubular, 5-toothed at apex, yellow. Achenes 5 x 3 mm, obovate, with two diverging long spines at apex, compressed; pappus absent. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu ADENOSTEMMA J. R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR Verbesina lavenia L., Sp. Pl Adenostemma latifolium D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal A. viscosum Forst., Char. Gen. 90. t A. viscosum Forst. var. lavenia Hook. f., FBI 3: , p.p. Herbs, cm high; stem viscid, glandular. Leaves 6-12 x 5-7 cm, broadly ovate, acute at apex, cuneate at base, crenate-serrate; nerves scabrous below. Heads many, 7-8 x 5 mm, hemispherical, pedunculate; bracts 4 mm long, obovate, obtuse, brown, glabrous. Flowers many, white; corolla 2.5 mm long; tube puberulus; lobes hairy. Achenes 4 mm long, curved-obovoid, 3- angled, black; pappus 3-4 glandular bristles. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Paleotropics. Common in moist deciduous and secondary forests; PS Karimala AGERATINA Spach Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robins., Phytologia 19: ; FTSR Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 3: ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 12: E. glandulosum Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 122, t Subshrubs, glandular hairy; stem violet-blue. Leaves to 8 x 4 cm, ovate, acute, serrate; petiole 2 cm long. Heads 7 mm across, 5 mm long, packed, in terminal corymbose panicle; bracts 3-seriate, 4 x 1 mm, lanceolate, strongly 3-ribbed. Outer florets bisexual; corolla white, 5-lobed, hispid. Inner florets female. Achenes 2 mm long, curved, ellipsoid, 5-angled, brown, smooth; pappus 5-10, 4 mm long, white, barbed. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Originally from South America; now introduced in Peninsular India. Common along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes and grasslands; PS Karimala AGERATUM Linnaeus Ageratum conyzoides L., Sp. Pl ; Clarke, Comp. Ind ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR

190 Herbs, viscid hairy. Leaves to 7 x 5 cm, ovate, acute at apex, crenate, rounded at base; petiole 1-3 cm long. Heads white, to 7 mm across, in terminal corymbose panicle; bracts 1-3- seriate, 3-4 mm long, elliptic, toothed at apex, 3-ribbed. Flowers all similar, bisexual; corolla 2.5 mm long, tubular, white, glabrous, 5-lobed at apex; stamens 5, anthers linear. Achenes 2 mm long, linear, 5-angled, hirsute along the angles; pappus 3-4 mm long, many, setaceous. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu; Karimala ANAPHALIS A. P. de Candolle Anaphalis lawii (Hook. f.) Gamble, FPM ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR A. oblonga DC. var. lawii Hook.f., FBI 3: Branched herbs; stem white wooly. Leaves 4-5 x 0.7 cm, oblong, acute at apex, amplexicaule at base. Heads 4 x 4 mm, in densely branched corymbose cymes; bracts 3-seriate, 3-4 mm long, elliptic, acute, dentate at apex; brown at lower part; outer ones wooly. Bisexual flowers 5-7, central; corolla 2.5 mm long, white, 5-toothed at apex. Achenes 1 mm long, cylindrical, scaly, brown. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in grasslands; PS Karimala BIDENS Linnaeus Bidens pilosa L., Sp. Pl , var. minor (Blume) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: ; FPL ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: Herbs, stem quadrangular. Leaves opposite, to 18 cm, pinnate; lobes to 6 x 3 cm, ovatelanceolate, acute, base truncate, serrate, hairy. Heads to 1 cm across; peduncles to 8 cm, flexuous involucral bracts biseriate, outer ca 3 x 1 mm, linear, spathulate, inner to 5 x 2 mm, ovate, obtuse; rays 2-5, corolla bilobed, yellow; disc many. Achenes ca 2.5 mm, setae 2-4,ca 3 mm long. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu BLAINVILLEA Cassini Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philip, Blumea 6: ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR Verbesina acmella L., Sp. Pl Blainvillea latifolia (L. f.) DC. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 3: Eclipta latifolia L. f., Suppl Blainvillea rhomboidea Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat. 29: ; FPM Erect branching annual herbs, pilose. Upper leaves alternate, to 8 x 3.5, ovate, crenate, pubescent, tri-nerved; petiole 1 cm, pilose. Capitulum solitary, 4-5 mm across; palea 5-6 mm; peduncles to 1.5 cm; phyllaries 5 x 2 mm, ovate-oblong, pubescent; ray florets 2 mm across; disc florets 2 mm across. Achenes truncate, 3.5 mm, black; pappus of 3-4 bristles, 1 mm. Fl. & Fr. November-April Distr. Pantropical. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi BLUMEA A. P. de Candolle 1. Prostrate herbs... B. oxyodonta 1. Erect herbs or subshrubs Leaves white silky beneath Leaves glabrescent beneath...b. lanceolaria 3. Heads few in axillary and terminal corymbs... B. belangeriana 3. Heads in close spiciform cymes or panicles... B. barbata 166

191 Blumea barbata DC. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; Kumar, Fl. Ind. 13: Stiff herbs, 1 m high, stem reddish, hispid. Leaves to 7 x 3 mm, obovate-oblanceolate, obtuse, distantly serrate, glabrous above, fulvous-tomentose below, nearly sessile. Heads 7 x 6 mm, in terminal and axillary congested cymes; bracts 7 x 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, silky hairy. Flowers many; corolla 4 mm long, glabrous; bisexual corolla broader. Achenes 1 mm long, ribbed, hairy, brown. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala Blumea belangeriana DC., Prodr. 5: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Kumar, Fl. Ind. 13: Stem reddish-brown, young shoots villous, mixed with gland-tipped hairs. Leaves sessile, elliptic or obovate, acute or obtuse, base attenuate, irregularly dentate, to 6.5 x 4.5 cm; lateral nerves 6-8 pairs. Heads 7 mm across, peduncles and phyllaries villous, mixed with gland-tipped hairs. Corolla yellow. Achenes ribbed, hairy along the ribs. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce, Bot. Soc. Exch. Club. Brit. Isles 4: ; Kumar, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR Conyza lanceolaria Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Blumea myriocephala DC., Prodr. 5: ; FBI 3: B. wallichii Clarke, Comp. Ind Subshrubs, to 1.5 m tall. Leaves clustered towards the apex of branches, oblanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, base attenuate, distantly serrate or subentire, glabrescent, to 18 x 4 cm; lateral nerves ca. 10 pairs. Heads 8 mm across, in large terminal pyramidal panicles; phyllaries pubescent. Receptacle pilose. Achenes ribbed, hairy. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in disturbed forest areas; PS Karappara Blumea oxyodonta DC. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; Kumar, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR Prostrate herbs; stem slender, radiating from the root stock, pubescent. Radical leaves 8 x 3 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse, dentate; cauline leaves sessile, smaller. Heads few, 8 mm long, globose, in terminal panicles; bracts densely tomentose; outer 3 x 0.3 mm, lanceolate; inner 6 x 0.3 mm, linear. Female flowers yellow, many; corolla 3 mm long, lobes glandular hairy. Bisexual flowers few; corolla 4 mm long, broad. Achenes 3 mm long, ribbed, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Indo-Malesia and South China. Very common in disturbed forest areas and reservoir beds; PS Thunakkadavu CHROMOLAENA A. P. de Candolle Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robins., Phytologia 20: ; FPL ; FTSR Eupatorium odoratum L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) ; FBI 3: Shrubs, glandular hairy. Leaves to 12 x 8 cm, ovate, acute at apex, cuneate at base, crenate, hispid; petiole 2-3 cm long, cylindrical-oblong. Heads to 10 mm long, in terminal corymbose cymes; bracts 3-5-seriate, to 8 mm long, ovate, obtuse; outer smaller, inner linear, acute, 3- ribbed. Flowers few to many, similar, bisexual; corolla 5 mm long, white, tubular, 5-lobed, pubescent at apex. Achenes 4 mm long, linear, 5-angled, scabrous, black; pappus many, 4-7 mm long, setaceous, yellowish. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Native of America; naturalised in Tropical Asia. Very common weeds in the disturbed areas of all forests types; PS Thunakkadavu 167

192 CISSAMPELOPSIS (A. P. de Candolle) Miquel Cissampelopsis corymbosa (Wall. ex DC.) Jeffrey & Chen., Kew Bull. 39: ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 13: Senecio corymbosus Wall. ex DC. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 3: ; FPM Large climbing shrubs; stem covered with fulvous-woolly hairs. Leaves 6-8 x 6-8 cm, broadly ovate, cordate at base, 5-7-ribbed, glabrous above, distantly serrulate; petiole 3-4 cm long. Heads 9 x 6 mm, in woolly panicles, axillary or terminal; bracts 1-seriate, 6 x 1.5 mm, oblong, with thick midrib, glabrous. Corolla 7 mm long; lobes acute, yellow; anthers tailed at base. Achenes oblong, glabrous, brown; pappus 7 mm long. Fl. & Fr. March-November Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in secondary forests; PS Karimala CONYZA Lessing 1. Leaves petiolate; capitula bright yellow...c. stricta 1. Leaves subsessile; capitula green... C. bonariensis Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club ; FPL ; Hajra, Fl. Ind. 12: Erigeron bonariensis L., Sp. Pl E. linifolius Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: ; FBI 3: Conyza ambigua DC., Fl. Fr. 6: ; FPM Stout erect herbs; stem ribbed, hispid. Leaves 8-20 x 1-3 cm, linear-elliptic to oblanceolate, distantly serrate, hispid; petiole 1-2 cm long. Panicle cm long, oblong, leafy. Heads 7 x 2 mm, oblong, cylindrical; bracts oblong, obtuse, 4 x 0.5 mm, glabrous; outer bracts smaller, hispid; corolla of female flowers 3 mm long, slender. Bisexual flowers inner, few; corolla 4 mm long, widening upward. Achenes 1.5 mm long, biconvex, truncate, hairy, yellow; pappus 4 mm long, yellow. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Originally from America; now Pantropical. Common in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Conyza stricta Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; Hajra, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR Erect woody herbs; stem terete or ridged, pubescent. Leaves to 2-5 x 1 cm, oblanceolate to spathulate, obtuse, entire or serrate, pubescent. Heads 3 x 3 mm, in dense corymbose panicle; bracts lanceolate, acute, pubescent outside. Corolla similar, 2.5 mm long, bright yellow. Achenes 1 mm long, ribbed, hairy; pappus 3 mm long, yellow. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Common in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli CRASSOCEPHALUM Moench Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: ; FPL ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR Gynura crepidioides Benth in Hook., Niger Fl Erechtites valerianifolia sensu Fischer in Gamble, FPM , non (Wolf.) DC Tall herbs. Leaves to 12 x 6 cm, lower ones lyrate pinnatifid, elliptic, oblanceolate, apex acute, dentate, sparsely pubescent; petiole to 3 cm. Racemes terminal; phyllaries 1-seriate, 8 mm, lanceolate. Calyculus free at base of the phyllaries, to 3 mm; flowers yellow, 9-10 mm long; ovary 2 mm, oblong, style 9 mm, bifid at apex. Achenes 4 mm, brown; pappus numerous, 8 mm long, white. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. India, Sri Lanka, China, Africa and Madagascar. Occasional in marshy areas of grasslands; PS Karimala DICHROCEPHALA L Heritier ex A. P. de Candolle 168

193 Dichrocephala integrifolia (L. f.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl ; FPL ; Hajra, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR Hippia integrifolia L. f., Suppl. Pl Grangea latifolia (Pers.) Lam., Encycl. t f Dichrocephala latifolia (Pers.) DC. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 3: ; FPM Cotula latifolia Pers., Syn. 2: ; FBI 3: Dichrocephala bicolor (Roth) Schlecht in Linnaea 25: Diffuse herbs, hispid. Leaves alternate, to 4 x 3 cm, ovate, obtuse, irregularly lobed. Heads 3-4 mm across, globose, in terminal panicles; bracts 1-seriate, lanceolate, acute, ciliate. Flowers two types. Female flowers in several outer rows; corolla tubular, 2-4-toothed at apex, glabrous. Bisexual flowers few, central; corolla 4-lobed at apex, white; anthers 4, connate, included. Achenes 1 mm long, obovate, compressed, 4-ribbed, glabrous; pappus 4 deciduous bristles. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Tropical and Subtropical Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands and Australia. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala ECLIPTA Linnaeus Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Mant. Pl ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR Verbesina prostrata L., Sp. Pl Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar ; FBI 3: ; FPM Verbesina alba L., Sp. Pl Erect or prostrate annual herbs, stem strigose. Leaves to 2 x 0.8 cm, alternate, entire, elliptic, acute at either ends, hispid. Heads 8 x 10 mm, depressed, conical, solitary, axillary, peduncled; bracts elliptic, acute, biseriate; receptacle covered with slender paleae. Female flowers usually in outer 2 rows; corolla slender; limb 2 mm long, 2-lobed, white. Bisexual flowers central, tubular; corolla slender, 4-5-toothed at apex; anthers obtuse at base. Achenes of outer flowers compressed, inner 3-angled, truncate, warted; pappus of 2 or 3 minute scales. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Rare in disturbed forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu ELEPHANTOPUS Linnaeus Elephantopus scaber L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR Stout perennial herbs. Leaves basal, rosetted, x 4-5 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse at apex, decurrent along the petiole. Heads 5-6-flowered, 3-5 together, supported by cucullate spathes in lax cymes. Involucral bracts 10 x 2 mm, lanceolate, calycine. Flowers similar, bisexual; corolla tubular, 8-10 mm long, 5-lobed; pink. Achenes 4 mm long, obovoid, ribbed, hairy; pappus 6, bristle-like, scabrid, connate at base. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. Pantropical. Very common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests, and degraded forest areas; PS Padippara EMILIA Cassini 1. Leaves crisped pubescent; stigma truncate...e. scabra 1. Leaves glabrescent; stigma acute...e. sonchifolia Emilia scabra DC., Prodr. 6: ; FPM ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR E. sonchifolia (L.) DC. var. scabra (DC.) Hook.f., FBI 3: Herbs, decumbent at base, crisped-pubescent. Leaves usually basal, few are cauline, x cm, oblong, entire or lyrate, crenate, base auricled, crispately pubescent. Heads few, cm long; bracts 8 x 1 mm, oblong, herbaceous, acute, glabrous. Flowers many; corolla 7 mm long, glandular, pink, lobes acute. Achenes 3 mm long, ribbed, hispid along the angles. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. India. Occasional on wet rocky areas; PS Karimala 169

194 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR Cacalia sonchifolia L., Sp. Pl Herbs, to 30 cm high. Leaves 3-8 cm long, ovate-oblong, entire or lyrate, pinnatisect, crenate with large terminal lobe. Heads 1.2 cm long, few, on long terminal peduncles; bracts 7 mm long, oblong, with hyaline margins, acute; receptacle rugose. Flowers many; corolla 8 m long; lobes oblong, glandular; anthers 1 mm long, entire at base. Achenes 2 mm long, tetrangular, hispid along the angles; pappus 13 mm long, white. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical and Subtropical Africa and Asia. Occasional in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli GNAPHALIUM Linnaeus Gnaphalium pulvinatum Delile, Fl. Egypt. 266, t ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; Pant, Fl. Ind. 13: Prostrate branched woolly herbs, cm long. Leaves to 4 x 0.6 cm, oblanceolate, acute at apex, narrowed at base into a petiole. Heads 3 x 3 mm, globose, in terminal leafy branched spikes; peduncle short or absent; bracts 2.5 x 0.5 mm, oblanceolate, acute, cottony hairy; outer bracts brown; inner bracts hyaline. Bisexual flowers 9-10, central; corolla 1.5 mm long, reddish. Female flowers numerous; corolla 1.5 mm long, lobes glandular. Achenes terete, brown. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. India, Pakistan, China, Egypt and Sinai. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Parambikulam GRANGEA Adanson Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. in Lam, Encycl. Suppl. 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; Hajra, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR Artemisia maderaspatana L., Sp. Pl Prostrate herbs, densely hispid. Leaves alternate, 2-3 x 1.5 cm, oblanceolate, irregularly pinnate-lobed, auricled at base, sessile. Heads 8 mm across, globose, axillary, solitary, pedunculate; bracts 2-3 seriate; 5 mm long, oblong, obtuse, hairy; receptacle convex, naked. Outer few rows of flowers female; corolla 2 mm long, slender, tubular, yellow. Inner flowers bisexual; corolla 2 mm long, campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers obtuse at base. Achenes obovate, compressed, hispid along margins; pappus a fimbriate crown. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Common in reservoir beds; PS Parambikulam GYNURA Cassini Gynura nitida DC. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; Mathur, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR Stout herbs; stem furrowed, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline, similar, x 3-4 cm, oblanceolate, entire, obtusely acute at apex, narrowed and amplexicaule at base. Heads 16 x 12 mm, cylindrical, together, in panicled cymes; bracts 10 x 2 mm, lanceolate, acute; receptacle rugose. Flowers not all fertile; corolla 10 mm long, lobes obtuse, glandular. Achenes 3.5 x 1 mm, ellipsoid, 11-ribbed, truncate, black; pappus 14 mm long, white. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala LAGASCEA Cavanilles Lagascea mollis Cav., Ann. Sci. Nat. 6: 331. t , Lagasca ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12:

195 Herbs, pubescent. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm, ovate-lanceolate, opposite or alternate, acuminate, base acute, pubescent; petiole to 2 cm. Head terminal, 1.5 cm, across, pubescent, subtended by bracts, phyllaries 4 or 5, to 5 mm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, connate below; florets bisexual, white; corolla 4 mm, tubular campanulate, lobes 5, ovate; ovary 2.5 mm, oblong, pubescent above; style ca 7 mm, bifid; stigma pubescent. Achenes compressed. Fl. & Fr. April-November Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara LAGGERA C. H. Schultz-B.p. ex K.H. E. Koch Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & Wood in Kew Bull. 38: ; Kumar, Fl. Ind. 13: Conyza crispata Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: Laggera pterodonta (DC.) Sch.-Bip. ex Oliver in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: ; Hook. f. FBI 3: ; FPM Tall herbs, pubescent, branchlets winged, interrupted. Leaves to 8 x 2.5 cm, oblanceolate, apex acute, serrate, membranous, puberulus, subsessile. Capitula in panicles; phyllaries manyseriate, unequal, inner longer, to 9 mm, lanceolate; bisexual florets 5 mm; ovary 0.5 mm, pubescent. Achenes 1 mm, black, puberulus. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Africa, Sri Lanka, India Himalaya, China Thailand Indo China. Common in open areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi MIKANIA Willdenow Mikania micrantha Kunth in HBK, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 12: M. scandens Clarke, Comp. Ind , non L.; FBI 3: M. cordata (Burm. f.) Robins., Contrib. Gray Herb. 104: ; Nair, Rubb. Board.f. Bull. 9: Eupatorium cordatum Burm. f., Fl. Ind t Climbers; stem glandular-hispid. Leaves opposite, to 8 x 6 cm, ovate, acute at apex, cordate at base, crenate, glabrate; petiole 2-4 cm long. Heads 5 mm long, in axillary panicles; bracts biseriate, outer 2 smaller, inner 3-5, 4 x 1.5 mm, ovate, obtuse. Flowers 3-5, similar, bisexual; corolla 3 mm long, tubular, lobes 5, glandular, white; anthers linear. Achenes 2 mm long, 5- ribbed, black, glabrous; pappus 4 mm long, many, hispid. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Pantropical. A fast growing weed in the plantations and secondary forests; PS Thunakkadavu PARTHENIUM Linnaeus Parthenium hysterophorus L., Sp. Pl ; FPL ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: Erect herbs. Leaves alternate, deeply pinnatisect, lobes to 10 x 1 cm, oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute at apex, pubescent, base decurrent. Heads in terminal, lax panicles; bracts 2- seriate, to 3 x 1.5 mm, ovate, obtuse, ciliate. Florets dissimilar; outer florets 5, rayed, female; corolla ligulate; limb short, entire; inner florets male; corolla tubular, white; anthers obtuse at base. Achenes 2 x 1.5 mm; pappus absent or with two short hooks. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. Native of America; now naturalised in India. Fairly common in degraded forest areas; PS Karimala PHYLLOCEPHALUM Blume Phyllocephalum scabridum (DC.) Kirkman, Rhodora 83: ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR D. scabridum DC. in Wight, Contrib Centratherum molle (DC.) Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM C. courtallense (Wight) Benth. ex Hook.f., FBI 3: Decaneurum molle DC., Prodr. 5: Phyllocephalum courtallense (Wight) Narayana, Curr. Sci. 51:

196 Fleshy herbs. Leaves 15 x 6.5 cm, elliptic, acuminate at both ends, thinly scabrid above, deeply serrate. Peduncles 1.5 cm long, tomentose. Heads 1.3 x 1 cm, few; inner bracts 9 x 2 mm; outer bracts 8 x 4 mm, white-tomentose, ciliate along the margins. Flowers 12-15; corolla 8 mm long; lobes oblong, glabrous. Achenes 1.5 mm long; pappus few, 2.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; PS Pezha; NS Karimala SPILANTHES N. J. Jacquin Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC., Prodr. 5: ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR S. acmella var. paniculata (DC.) Clarke, Comp. Ind ; FBI 3: Procumbent herbs, stem scabrid. Leaves to 4 x 2.5 cm, ovate, acute, scabrous above and below; petiole 1 cm long. Heads 10 x 7 mm, solitary, conical; peduncles to 10 cm long, bracts 4 x 2 mm, ovate, obtuse, glandular; receptacle spicate, paleaceous. Flowers similar; corolla tubular, 2.5 mm long, campanulate above; lobes 0.5 mm long, ovate, acute, glabrous; anthers black. Achenes 2 x 1 mm, obovate, biconvex, dark brown, glandular. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Indo-Malesia, America and New Guinea. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu SYNEDRELLA J. Gaertner. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 456. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR Verbesina nodiflora L., Cent. Pl. 1: & Ameon. Acad. 4: Subshrubs. Leaves opposite, to 8 x 5 cm, ovate, acute, membranous, serrulate; nerves 2- pairs; petiole 1-3 cm long. Heads 1-3 together, axillary, sessile; bracts biseriate, 4-6 mm long, lanceolate, acute, hyaline, coriaceous. Flowers yellow, dissimilar. Female flowers few, peripheral, ligulate; corolla limb 1 mm long, 4-lobed at apex. Bisexual flowers central, few; corolla 4 mm long, tube narrow, lobes 5, oblong; anthers linear, sagittate at base. Achenes compressed, shortly winged; of bisexual florets trigonous. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Native of West Indies; naturalised in India, China, Malesia and Polynesia. Very common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu TITHONIA Desfontaines ex A. L. Jussieu Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 19: ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: Mirasolia diversifolia Hemsl. Biol. Contrib. Amer. 2: 168. t Shrubs. Leaves alternate, cm long, 3-5 lobed; lobes acute to acuminate, crenulate, decurrent at base, tomentose below. Heads 8-12 cm across, solitary, axillary, on long hollow peduncle; bracts 4-seriate, outer smaller, obtuse, puberulus; inner mm long, oblong, obtuse. Flowers 2-types; outer female, ligulate; limb 3-5 x 1.5 cm, oblong, entire or 2-toothed, yellow. Inner flowers tubular, bisexual; corolla 8-10 mm long, 5-lobed, yellow; anthers erect, base obtuse, black. Achenes 6 mm long, dark brown, hairy; pappus of two bristles. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. Cosmopolitan. Planted in settlement areas; PS Kannimara TRIDAX Linnaeus Tridax procumbens L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR Procumbent herbs. Leaves 3-6 x cm, ovate, acute, serrate, bulbous-based hairy; petiole 5-10 mm long. Heads 1.3 x 1.5 cm, solitary, on long peduncles; bracts in 3-series, lanceolate, 172

197 hairy. Outer row of flowers ligulate, female, limb 3 x 2 mm, 3-toothed, white; inner flowers bisexual, tubular; corolla 6 mm long, 5-lobed at apex, yellow. Achenes 2 mm long, obovoid, densely hairy; pappus many, setaceous. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of Tropical America; now widespread throughout tropics and subtropics. PS Thunakkadavu VERNONIA Schreber 1. Trees...V. arborea 1. Herbs or shrubs Achenes ribbed... V. divergens 2. Achenes not ribbed Leaves obtuse, densely tomentose...v. albicans 3. Leaves acute, glabrous or thinly pubescent... V. cinerea Vernonia albicans DC. in Wight, Contrib ; FPM ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 13: V. cinerea sensu Hook.f., FBI 3: , p. p. non Less Shrubs. Leaves to 5 x 4 cm, broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at base, crenate. Heads 12 x 7 mm, in large terminal panicle, peduncled; bracts 5 mm long, elliptic, acute, tomentose outside; corolla 5 mm long, 5-toothed at apex, glabrous; anthers 1.5 mm long. Achenes 2 mm long, densely adpressed hairy; outer pappus paleaceous, fimbriate; inner pappus 4 mm long, white. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: ; FBI 3: ; FPL ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR Monosis wightiana DC. in Wight, Contrib & Ic. t Vernonia monosis Benth. ex Clarke, Comp. Ind , non Schultz.-Bip., 1847; FPM Trees; branchlets brown silky hairy. Leaves x 7-10 mm, obovate, abruptly acuminate, densely pubescent, nerves pairs, regular, prominent; petioles 1-2 cm long, stout. Panicle 25 x 20 cm, terminal, densely pubescent. Heads many, 10 x 2 mm; bracts similar, 4 x 2 mm, ovate, obtuse, inner bracts acute, pubescent. Flower solitary; corolla 9 mm long, glabrous; lobes acute. Achenes 4 mm long, 10-ribbed, hairy between the ribs; pappus similar, setaceous. Fl. & Fr. February-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in semi-evergreen and evergreen forests; PS Karimala Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less., Linnaea 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR Conyza cinerea L., Sp. Pl Annuals or perennial herbs; stem ribbed, smooth or puberulus. Leaves variable, 2-8 x 1-3 cm, ovate, acute at apex and base, thinly hairy below; petiole 1-2 cm long, slender. Heads 5 x 3 mm, in terminal corymbose cymes, peduncled; outer bracts minute, inner oblong, acute, cuspidate, hairy. Flowers 5-10, similar; corolla 3 mm long, glabrous. Achenes 1.5 mm long, hairy; outer pappus 1 mm long, setaceous, inner 3 mm long. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas and moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu Vernonia divergens (Roxb.) Edgew., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 21: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; Uniyal, Fl. Ind. 13: ; FTSR Eupatorium divergens Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Erect shrubs; stem reddish, grey-tomentose. Leaves to 10 x 5 cm, elliptic, acute at both ends, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; nerves 6-8 pairs, regular; petiole 1-2 cm long. 173

198 Heads 6 x 4 mm, globose; bracts oblong, acute, grey tomentose. Flowers few, corolla 12 mm long, glabrous. Achenes 2 mm long, glandular; pappus all setaceous, brown. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Karimala; NS Orukomban VICOA Cassini Vicoa indica (L.) DC. in Wight, Contrib ; FPM ; FTSR Inula indica L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 2: Vicoa auriculata Cass., Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 1, 17: ; FBI 3: Erect herbs. Leaves 6 x 1-2 cm, elliptic, acute at apex, amplexicaule and auricled at base. Heads x 0.8 cm, depressed-globose, solitary, usually on lateral small branches; bracts many, linear, acuminate. Flowers outer ligulate, female; inner bisexual, tubular; corolla linear-oblong, yellow; anthers sagittate at base. Achenes 1 mm long, cylindric, hairy; pappus of bristles, 3 mm long, setaceous. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Indo-China and Tropical Africa. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi XANTHIUM Linnaeus Xanthium indicum Koen. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; Chowdhery, Fl. Ind. 12: ; FTSR X. strumarium L., Sp. Pl , p. p; FBI 3: ; FPM Stiff erect herbs; stem terete, scabrid. Leaves 8-15 x 9-10 cm, broadly ovate, shallowly lobed, cordate at base, 3-veined from the base, scabrous; petiole 8-10 cm long. Heads axillary; bisexual heads in upper axils and sterile female heads in lower axils; bracts few, free in bisexual heads, united into a two horned utricle in female heads, covered with hooks; corolla absent in female flowers, tubular in bisexual flowers; anthers free, filaments connate; bases obtuse. Achenes 1.5 x 0.7 cm, paired on each head, enclosed in a 2-beaked utricle; pappus absent. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in the openings of dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi CAMPANULACEAE 1. Stigma bifid; corolla zygomorphic...lobelia 1. Stigma trifid; corolla actinomorphic...wahlenbergia LOBELIA Linnaeus 1. Tall erect herbs; stem terete Small decumbent herbs; stem angled or winged Leaves softly villous; racemes dense, un-branching...l. leschenaultiana 2. Leaves glabrescent; racemes lax, branching...l. nicotianifolia var. trichandra 3. All anthers penicillate at tip; seeds trigonous...l. alsinoides 3. Two anthers only penicillate at tip; seeds not trigonous Flowers axillary solitary; leaves ovate or elliptic... L. heyneana 4. Flowers in terminal short racemes; leaves oblong or rhomboid... L. dichotoma Lobelia alsinoides Lam., Encycl. 3: ; Haridasan & Mukherjee, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: ; FPL ; FTSR L. trigona Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Decumbent herbs, rooting from lower nodes; stem 3-winged. Leaves 1-2 x cm, ovateorbicular, crenate, obtuse, petiolate; petiole 3 mm broad; upper leaves sessile, elliptic, acute, 174

199 smaller. Flowers in terminal raceme; sepals 5 mm long, lanceolate; corolla blue,10 mm long, upper 3 lobes obovate, lower 2 lobes narrower. Capsule 6 mm long, glabrous; seeds trigonous, brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in marshy areas; PS Velayudhankai; NS Thunakkadavu Lobelia dichotoma Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 2: ; Haridasan & Mukherjee, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: L. zeylanica Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: , incl. var. walkeri, p.p.; FPM Diffuse herbs, to 20 cm high; stem 3-winged, glabrous. Leaves obovate, obtuse or acute, base narrowly winged on the petiole, crenate-serrate; nerves 4 pairs; upper leaves sessile. Flowers in terminal, short raceme; sepals 4.5 x 1 mm, lanceolate, glabrous; corolla blue, 10 mm long, ventral lobe broader; lateral and dorsal lobes lanceolate; anthers 2.5 mm long, 2 anthers with penicillate black hairs at apex; style stout, curved; stigma with a ring of hairs below. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in marshy areas; PS Kariamchola Lobelia heyneana Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 5: ; Haridasan & Mukherjee, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: ; FTSR L. trialata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 3: , incl. var. lamifolia; FPM L. zeylanica sensu Hook.f., FBI 3: ,p.p., non L. 1753; FPM Erect or decumbent herbs, rooting at lower nodes; stem triangular, winged. Leaves ovate, acute, serrate; petioles 2-3 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicel 7 mm long, slender, glabrous; calyx lobes 2 mm long, subulate; corolla 3-4 mm long, blue; two anthers with penicillate black hairs at apex. Capsule 2.5 mm long, obconical, truncate; seeds biconvex, ovoid, glabrous, brown. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Indo-Malesia, China and Africa. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala Lobelia leschenaultiana (Presl) Skottsb., Acta Horti Gothob. 4: 4. ff ; Haridasan & Mukherjee, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: ; FPL Rapuntium leschenaultianum Presl, Prodr. Monogr. Lobel Lobelia excelsa Lesch. ex Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM L. beddomeana Wimmer in Engl., Pflanzenr. 2: Stout erect shrubs, usually unbranched. Leaves x 3-6 cm, linear-elliptic, densely pubescent below, shortly and broadly petiolate. Racemes terminal, cm long; bracts 2.5 cm long, linear, pubescent; flowers numerous, densely packed; pedicel pubescent; bracts 2.5 cm long, linear; sepals 14 x 2 mm, linear, acuminate, serrate, pubescent; corolla pale pink, 25 mm long, lobes linear; staminal tube narrow, 2.5 cm long, anthers 7 mm long, all glabrous. Capsule 8 x 8 mm, depressed globose, scabrid; seeds biconvex, brown. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth ex Roem. & Schult. var. trichandra (Wight) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL L. trichandra Wight, Ic. t Herbs. Leaves 5-20 x 3-7 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, puberulent below, crenate. Racemes large, to 20 cm, terminal or axillary, glabrescent, sepals to 10 mm long, elliptic, corolla to 2.5 cm, ventral lobe ovate, white with violet tinge; anthers with white spreading hairs on back. Capsule to 10 mm across, globose. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala 175

200 WAHLENBERGIA H. A. Schrader ex A. W. Roth Wahlenbergia erecta (Roth ex Schult.) Tuyn in Steenis, Fl. Males. I, 6: ; FPL ; FTSR Dentella erecta Roth ex Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 5: Cephalostigma schimperi Hochst. ex Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Small herbs, hirsute. Leaves to 3 x 0.8 cm, oblong, lanceolate, apex acute, puberulus, sessile. Flowers solitary, axillary and terminal; pedicels filiform; calyx lobes 3 mm long, lanceolate, hirsute, persistent; corolla deeply 5-lobed, lobes 3 mm long, oblong, blue; ovary 2-3-celled, style dilated, 2 mm. Capsule 4 x 3 mm, hirsute, tip pointed; seeds many, oblong. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Indo-Malesia and Tropical East Africa. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala PLUMBAGINACEAE PLUMBAGO Linnaeus Plumbago zeylanica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL Subscandent subshrubs; stem striate. Leaves alternate, to 6 x 4 cm, ovate, acute at apex, cuneate at base; petiole 1-2 cm long, sheathing at base. Flowers white, in terminal racemes; bracts broadly ovate, bracteoles smaller; calyx 11 mm long, tubular, 5-ribbed, lobes small, obtuse, glandular hairy; corolla tube 2.5 cm long, slender, lobes 5, obovate, spreading; stamens 5, included, filaments adnate at the base of corolla tube; ovary 1-celled, ellipsoid; ovules solitary, pendulous, style 1, 5-fid at apex. Capsule 2 mm long, circumscissile at base, glandular hairy. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu MYRSINACEAE 1. Climbing or scandent shrubs... Embelia 1. Erect shrubs or small tree Flowers densely clustered in fascicles... Rapanea 2. Flowers in panicles, umbels or racemes Flowers in umbels or racemes; corolla pink...ardisia 3. Flowers in terminal and axillary short panicles; corolla white... Maesa ARDISIA O. Swartz 1. Flowers in paniculate umbels; leaves margin crenulate...a. sonchifolia 1. Flowers in racemes; leaves margin entire Leaves lanceolate; flowers to 1 cm across...a. pauciflora 2. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate; flowers more than 2 cm across... A. solanacea Ardisia pauciflora Heyne ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Shrubs, branchlets radiate, densely punctuate with red glands. Leaves elliptic, acuminate at both ends, densely punctuate with black glands below; nerves indistinct; petiole 5 mm long. Racemes umbellate, axillary; peduncles to 1.5 cm long. Flowers few-together; pedicels short; sepals ovate, acute, hairy, punctate; corolla lobes 2.5 mm long, ovate, acute, reddish brown, glabrous; anthers apiculate. Berry 6 mm across, globose, black, smooth. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala; 19444, Pooppara; Orukomban 176

201 Ardisia solanacea Roxb., Pl. Corom. t & Fl. Ind. 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR A. humilis sensu Wight, Ic.t , non Vahl. 1794; FBI 3: Shrubs to small trees. Leaves broadly lanceolate or obovate, acuminate, base cuneate, coriaceous, punctate, to 18 x 6 cm; lateral nerves pairs, slender; petiole to 1 cm long. Peduncles axillary, to 5 cm long; bracts concave, mm long, deciduous. Calyx lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, 3 mm long. Corolla pink, punctate. Berry globose, 8 mm across. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Indo-Malesia and West China. Rare in the sides of streams; PS Padippara Ardisia sonchifolia Mez in Engl., Pflanzenr. 9: ; FPM ; FTSR A. villosa Roxb. var. obtusa Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: Shrubs; branchlets gland-dotted. Leaves x 4-6 cm, oblanceolate, acute to acuminate at apex, attenuate and auricled at base, entire; nerves ca. 16 pairs, strongly punctuate along the margins; petiole 5 mm long. Umbels terminal, 5 x 5 cm, tomentose, peduncled; pedicels 5-6 mm long, rusty-tomentose. Flowers 5-15 in an umbel, pale pink; sepals 3 x 1.5 mm, ovate, acute, hairy; corolla lobes 4 mm long, ovate, acute, punctate. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Valiyathode EMBELIA N. L. Burman 1. Leaf margins entire; flowers in large terminal panicles... E. ribes 1. Leaf margins serrulate; flowers in short axillary racemes...e. tsjeriam-cottam Embelia ribes Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 62. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Embelia glandulifera Wight, Ic. t Climbers; branchlets slender, white, without lenticellate. Leaves to 7 x 3 cm, elliptic, acute at both ends; nerves many, parallel, faint; petiole 1 cm long. Panicles 15 x 15 cm, glabrous, branches long, slender racemose; pedicels 1.5 cm long. Flowers white, many; sepals small, triangular, tomentose; petals 2 mm long, ovate, acute, densely tomentose. Berry 2.5 mm across, globose. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Indo-Malesia and South China. Rare along the margins of semi-evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) DC., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: ; FPM ; FTSR Ardisia tsjeriam-cottam Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: Embelia villosa Wall. ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FPM E. robusta sensu Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: , non Roxb Scandent deciduous shrubs with short spinescent branches. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, base acute, margin serrulate, glabrous, to 9 x 4.5 cm; lateral nerves and reticulations prominent, impressed above and raised below; petiole to 1 cm long. Flowers appear along with leaves; racemes glabrous. Calyx lobes ovate-acuminate. Petals yellow with a thick callous at base inside. Anthers with red gland at the back. Fl. & Fr. February-March Distr. India and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara MAESA Forsskal Maesa indica (Roxb.) DC., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: ; FPL ; FTSR Baeobotrys indica Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Maesa dubia (Wall.) DC., Trans. Linn. Soc. 177

202 London 17: ; FBI 3: ; FPM M. perrottetiana A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 8: ; FPM M. indica (Roxb.) DC. var. perrottetiana (A. DC.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: Large shrubs; branchlets glandular. Leaves x 4-8 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded and cuneate at base, serrate, glandular, membranous, with many glandular lines; nerves 10 pairs, regular; petiole cm long. Flowers in axillary, 3-6 cm long racemes; pedicels 2 mm long; bracteoles 2, opposite, inserted, below the calyx; calyx, lobes 5, orbicular, 0.5 mm long; corolla white, 4 mm across, lobes obovate; stamens 5; anthers orbicular; ovary 1-celled, ovules many, immersed in globose placenta, stigma capitate. Berry 4 mm across; seeds few, angular, black. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia and Pakistan. Common in evergreen and secondary forests. PS Vengoli RAPANEA Aublet Rapanea daphnoides Mez in Engl., Pflanzenr. 9: ; FPM Shrubs, branchlets slender, rough with persistent leafscars. Leaves to 7 x 1.5 cm, linearlanceolate, obtuse at apex, glabrous, subcoriaceous; petiole 5-10 mm long. Flowers densely fascicled; sepals 1 mm long, ovate, glandulose; corolla 3 mm long, densely papillose, glandular lineolate. Berry 5 mm across, globose, densely covered with glands. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS 30114, Karimala SAPOTACEAE 1. Corolla lobes Mimusops 1. Corolla lobes to Older branches thorny; staminodes present... Xantolis 2. Branches unarmed; staminodes absent Tender shoots brown tomentose; lateral nerves close and parallel... Chrysophyllum 3. Tender shoots otherwise; lateral nerves distant Calyx lobes 6...Palaquium 4. Calyx lobes Stamens more than 16; ovary 6-8 celled... Madhuca 5. Stamens 8; ovary 4-celled...Isonandra CHRYSOPHYLLUM Linnaeus Chrysophyllum roxburghii G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPL ; FTSR Donella roxburghii (Don) Pierre ex Lecomte, Fl. Indo-China 3: Chrysophyllum lanceolatum (Blume) DC., Prodr. 8: Nycterisition lanceolatum Blume, Bijdr Large trees; branchlets slender, rusty tomentose. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, oblong, abruptly acuminate at base and apex, glabrous, nerves many, closely placed, parallel, forming an intramarginal vein; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers in axillary fascicles; pedicel 5 mm long, slender; sepals 2.5 x 2 mm, ovate, obtuse; corolla white, 3 mm long, lobed to the middle; lobes obtuse, glabrous, white; stamens 5, filaments 1 mm long, anthers acute, sagittate at base; ovary globose, densely hairy; style conical. Berry 4-5 cm across, globose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Tropical Asia. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola 178

203 ISONANDRA Wight 1. Branchlets stout; lateral nerves inconspicuous; leaf apex obtuse-emarginate... I. stocksii 1. Branchlets slender; lateral nerves prominent; leaf apex caudate-acuminate...i. lanceolata Isonandra lanceolata Wight, Ic. t , forma lanceolata; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR I. wightiana DC., Prodr. 8: ; FBI 3: Small trees or large shrubs. Leaves thin, to 16 x 7 cm, abruptly acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, 9-13-nerved, distinct below; petiole 10 mm long. Flowers in axillary fascicles, shortly pedicelled; bracts acute; bracteoles rounded; sepals 1.5 x 1 mm, ovate, acute, tomentose; corolla greenish yellow or dull white, 7 mm long, lobes acute; stamens 8, anthers cuspidate at apex. Berry 1.5 x 1 cm, ellipsoid, smooth, reddish. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala; Pezha Isonandra stocksii Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM ; FTSR Small trees. Leaves to 9 x 5 cm, obovate, obtusely acute, acute at base; lateral nerves 7 pairs, regular, nervules not prominent; petiole 7 mm long. Flowers in the axils of fallen leaves, fascicled, sessile; sepals 2 x 2 mm, orbicular, obtuse, hairy outside; corolla dull yellow, 5 mm long, lobes oblong, emarginate, curved in; stamens 8, anthers oblong, acute; ovary tomentose. Fl. January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala MADHUCA Hamilton ex J. F. Gmelin 1. Pedicels and calyx fulvous tomentose...m. indica 1. Pedicels and calyx glabrous...m. neriifolia Madhuca indica J. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 2: M. longifolia (Koenig) Macbr. var. latifolia A. Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 23: ; FPL Bassia longifolia Koen. in L., Mant. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM Medium trees, exudation milky. Leaves to 20 x 10 cm, broadly elliptic, apex acute, clustered mostly at apex of branchlets, coriaceous, nerves ca. 12 pairs. Flowers crowded at the tip of branchlets or rarely from the scars of fallen leaves, pedicels tomentose, stout 3-4 cm; calyx lobes 11 x 6 cm, obovate, acuminate, densely brown tomentose; corolla lobes 12, 5 x 2 mm, twisted; stamens 3 series, sessile; anthers apiculate, hairy on back; ovary tomentose, 6-celled, 6-ovuled. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Sri Lanka, India and Tropical Himalaya. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, , ; FTSR Bassia neriifolia Moon, Cat. Pl. Ceylon B. malabarica Bedd., For. Man. Bot ; FBI 3: ; FPM Small to medium trees; branchlets stout. Leaves closely packed, to 15 x 4 cm, oblong, acute or obtuse at apex, entire, nerved. Flowers in axillary fascicles; pedicels 2-3 cm long, thinly tomentose; sepals 4, biseriate, outer sepals 8 x 4 mm, ovate, hairy, inner smaller; corolla yellowish red, 15 mm long, campanulate; densely hairy within, lobes equal to the tube, oblong, obtuse; stamens 20, filaments short, densely hairy; anthers lanceolate, long-ciliate at base, connective produced; ovary densely hairy, 8-celled; style 2 cm long. Berry ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common along the river banks; PS Muthalakkuzhi; Anappadi 179

204 MIMUSOPS Linnaeus Mimusops elengi L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FTSR Medium trees; branchlets rusty tomentose. Leaves to 12 x 6 cm, broadly elliptic, abruptly acuminate, glabrous, glossy above; nerves many, close, parallel; petioles to 2.5 cm long. Flowers 2-5 together, in axillary fascicles; rusty tomentose; sepals 4 + 4; outer sepals 8 x 4 mm, ovate, acute, brown-tomentose, inner smaller, white, tomentose; corolla yellowish brown, to 12 mm across, tube short, lobes biseriate; stamens 8, filaments densely hairy, anthers villous on back, staminodes lanceolate, tomentose; ovary ridged, tomentose. Berry 4 x 2.5 cm, ovoid, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December & May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali; Kariamchola PALAQUIUM Blanco Palaquium ellipticum (Dalz.) Baill., Traite, Bot. Med. Phan ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Bassia elliptica Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: Dichopsis ellipticum (Dalz.) Benth., Gen. Pl. 2: ; FBI 3: Large trees; bark reddish inside; branches glabrous. Leaves to 8 x 4 cm, elliptic, abruptly acuminate at apex, attenuate at base; lateral nerves 9 pairs. Flowers in axillary fascicles; pedicels 1.5 cm long, slender; outer sepals 7 x 5 mm, ovate, acute, pubescent, inner smaller; corolla yellowish brown, 10 mm long, tube cylindrical, hairy inside, lobes 6, ovate, acute; stamens 16-20, attached at the base of the corolla tube; anthers tomentose, crested; ovary white-tomentose. Berry 3 x 1 cm, ellipsoid, ridged, curved, smooth. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS 19436, Pooppara XANTOLIS Rafinesque-Schmaltz Xantolis tomentosa (Roxb.) Rafin. var. elengioides (DC.) Vajrav., Biol. Mem. 20: ; FPL Sideroxylon tomentosum Roxb. var. elengioides (DC.) Gamble, FPM Sapota elengioides DC., Prodr. 8: Achras elengioides (DC.) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t Small trees, older parts with stout thorns, branchlets thinly pubescent, reddish when young. Leaves to 6 x 3 cm, obovate, acute, base attenuate, nerves hairy below, petiole ca 5 mm. Flowers fascicled in the axils of fallen leaves, sepals 6, biseriate, ovate, acute, hairy, inner small, corolla to 10 mm, campanulate, throat densely hairy, lobes lanceolate; stamens 6, filaments hairy at base; style to 10 mm long. Berry x 1.5 cm, ovoid, apiculate. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. Endemic to South India. Occasional in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pandaravarai; Pandaravarai EBENACEAE DIOSPYROS Linnaeus 1. Leaves under 5 cm long; ciliate along margins...d. buxifolia 1. Leaves more than 6 cm long; not ciliate along the margin Leaves tomentose on both sides...d. cordifolia 2. Leaves otherwise Calyx 4-lobed Calyx 5-lobed Branchlets glabrous; stamens D. sylvatica 4. Branchlets or leaves below tomentose; stamens to Corolla urceolate; leaf apex acute; stamens 16 in 8 pairs... D. montana 5. Corolla tubular; leaf apex acuminate; stamens 14...D. assimilis 180

205 6. Female flowers on old stem; calyx lobes erect in fruit...d. bourdillonii 6. Female flowers axillary or just below the leaves; calyx lobes deflexed in fruit Female flowers fascicled; male flowers without large bracts... D. candolleana 7. Female flowers solitary; male flowers with large bracts... D. paniculata Diospyros assimilis Bedd., Madras For. Rep. 20. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM Large trees; branchlets thinly tomentose. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute or rounded, glabrous; nerves 5-7 pairs; nervules obscure, reticulate; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, sessile; peduncles 3-5 mm long, covered with imbricating bracts; calyx 2 mm long, cupular, lobes 4, ovate, obtuse, densely tomentose; corolla 10 mm long, salver-shaped, broaden at base, densely minutely tomentose, lobes 6 x 4 mm, ovate, acute, tomentose outside; stamens 14, filaments unequal, glabrous, anthers shortly unequal, acute, connective thinly villous along the back. Fl. March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Diospyros bourdillonii Brandis, Indian Trees ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Medium trees; bark black, smooth, pale pink inside; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 17 x 8 cm, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate, tip pointed, rounded at base; nerves 5-8 pairs, parallel; nervules subparallel, prominent; petiole 8 mm long. Male flowers in shortly peduncled axillary cymes; calyx 10 mm long, brown-tomentose outside, lobes 5, ovate; corolla tube 13 mm long, urceolate, hispid, lobes orbicular, 7 mm across, deflexed; stamens 20; filaments equal, anthers cuspidate. Female flowers solitary or clustered on old branches or on trunks. Berry 4 cm across, globose, calyx accrescent, 3.5 cm across, not deflexed. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Muthalakkuzhi; Pezha Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern, Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 12: ; FPL ; FTSR Leucoxylum buxifolium Blume, Bijdr Diospyros microphylla Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM Large trees with whorled branches on juvenile trees; bark brownish red, smooth; branchlets densely hispid. Leaves x cm, ovate-lanceolate, densely hispid below, subsessile. Cymes axillary, shortly peduncled, densely hispid, 3-flowered; calyx 2 mm long campanulate, hairy; lobes 4, orbicular; corolla greenish yellow, 3 mm long, campanulate, lobes orbicular, obtuse, hairy outside; stamens 16, paired, filaments unequal, hairy. Drupe 15 x 8 mm, ellipticoblong, reddish-brown, glabrous; seed 1. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Diospyros candolleana Wight, Ic. t & ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL D. canarica Bedd., Ic. t Large trees; branchlets glabrous, black. Leaves to 15 x 6.5 mm, oblong, obtusely acuminate, base acute, glabrous; nerves obscure, pale beneath; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers in axillary fascicles, 3-15 together, densely fulvous tomentose; calyx 5 mm long, lobes 5, ovate, acute; corolla urceolate, 8 mm long, lobes 5, ovate, acute; anthers unequal, filaments glabrous. Berry 2.5 cm across, globose, yellowish brown; seeds 15 x 8 mm, oblong, black, shining. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common along the river banks in evergreen forests; PS Karappara 181

206 Diospyros cordifolia Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FPM D. montana Roxb. var. cordifolia (Roxb.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: Trees, spinous at base, especially when young; branchlets tomentose. Leaves to 8 x 3.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate, apex obtuse, base truncate or cordate, pubescent; petiole 0.5 cm. Racemes axillary, pubescent; flowers greenish-yellow, tetra-merous; male flowers-calyx tube 2 mm, lobes 3 mm, villous; corolla 6 mm, urceolate, lobes twisted, broadly ovate, acute; stamens 16, in pairs of unequal size, longer 7 mm, smaller 5 mm, acuminate. Berry 2 cm across, yellow, fruiting calyx enlarged to 1.5 cm, ovate, cordate. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Fairly common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Diospyros montana Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FTSR Medium trees; bark greyish or reddish brown, thin, smooth, yellowish inside; trunk sometimes thorny when young. Leaves to 8 x 4 cm, ovate-oblong, acute at apex, base rounded, subcoriaceous; nerves 7-10 pairs, minutely reticulate. Male flowers in axillary cymes, sessile, 6 mm across; calyx 3 mm long, lobes 4, ovate, acute, ciliate; corolla greenish yellow, 6 mm long, urceolate, glabrous, lobes shorter than the tube; stamens 16. Female flowers usually solitary, axillary. Berry 1.5 cm across, globose, smooth, yellow; fruiting calyx 2 cm across, flat or reflexed. Fl. & Fr. April-February Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Fairly common in moist and dry deciduous forests and plantations; PS Kanthalppara; Anakkalvayal Diospyros paniculata Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Small to medium trees; bark black, smooth. Leaves to 16 x 5 cm, oblong, acute, base round or cuneate; nerves 5 or 6 pairs, strongly reticulate, glossy above; petiole 8 mm long. Male flowers 3-5 together in long peduncled cymes; calyx 10 x 12 mm, globose, 5-angled, minutely hispid, lobes ovate or orbicular, margins revolute; corolla dull or creamy white, tube 12 mm long, narrowed above; lobes 8 x 4 mm, oblong; stamens in 2-3 series, filaments paired, unequal. Female flowers axillary, solitary. Berry 4 x 3 cm, ovoid to obovoid, obtuse, obtusely 5-angled, yellowish brown, puberulus; seeds few, 2 x 0.8 cm, ellipsoid; fruiting calyx 1.5 x 3 cm, saccate. Fl. & Fr. January-August Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Neyyandanchira Diospyros sylvatica Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Large trees; bark light brown, smooth; branchlets adpressed-hairy. Leaves 7-13 x 2-5 cm, elliptic, acuminate, base acute or narrowed, black when dry, membranous; nerves 7-9 pairs, obscure; petiole 6 mm long. Flowers 6 mm across, in short axillary cymes; peduncle 5 mm long, glabrous; calyx 3 mm long, campanulate, lobes ovate, acute, pubescent outside; corolla 6 mm long, campanulate, lobes triangular, obtuse; stamens about 24, filaments ciliate at apex. Female flowers 8-10 mm across; ovary globular, glabrous, styles 4 or 5, free, staminodes absent. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban SYMPLOCACEAE SYMPLOCOS N. J. Jacquin 1. Petals white; fruits ampulliform, ribbed... S. cochinchinensis ssp. laurina 1. Petals pink; fruits cylindric, entire... S. macrophylla ssp. rosea 182

207 Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Moore ssp. laurina Nooteb., Rev. Symplocac & in Dassan & Fosb., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: ; FPL ; FTSR Drupatris cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch Symplocos spicata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 3: S. spicata Roxb. var. laurina (Retz.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM S. spicata Roxb. var. malasica Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: S. spicata Roxb. var. attenuata (A.DC.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 3: S. laurina (Retz.) Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: Small trees. Leaves to 13 x 6 cm, elliptic, acute at base and apex, dentate-crenulate, coriaceous, glabrous; lateral nerves 7-10 pairs, intercostae reticulate; petiole 1.5 cm long, glabrous. Spikes to 7 cm long, solitary or branched, axis hispid. Flowers white, sessile, many, sepals rounded, 1 mm across, hairy; corolla 7 mm across, glabrous, lobes orbicular; stamens numerous, equal, arranged in 5 groups; style glabrous. Drupe 5 mm long, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala; Orukomban; Karimalagopuram Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex A. DC ssp. rosea (Bedd.) Nooteb., Rev. Symplocac ; FPL ; FTSR S. rosea Bedd., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 25: ; FBI 3: ; FPM S. barberi Gamble, Kew Bull. 1921: & FPM Shrubs 3 m high; branchlets hispid. Leaves oblanceolate, bluntly acuminate, spineus serrate, coriaceous, glabrous; nerves 4 or 5 pairs, midrib hairy below; petiole 1 cm long. Spikes 4 cm long, unbranched, hispid; bracts ovate, acute, hispid. Flowers few, shortly pedicelled; sepals rounded, densely hairy; corolla 10 mm across, glabrous, lobes rounded; stamens 50, unequal; disk hairy. Drupe 15 x 4 mm, cylindrical, blue, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam OLEACEAE 1. Stem quadrangular; leaves 3-ribbed...Myxopyrum 1. Stem terete; leaves not 3-ribbed Climbers... Jasminum 2. Scandent shrubs or trees Seeds winged; leaves imparipinnate, leaflets Schrebera 3. Seeds not winged; leaves simple Corolla deeply divided to the base or free; fruit ribbed... Chionanthus 4. Corolla divided to half of the length; fruit smooth Panicles terminal; corolla lobes as long as the tube... Ligustrum 5. Panicles axillary or from leaf scars; corolla lobes 1/3 of length of the tube...olea CHIONANTHUS Linnaeus Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) Green, Bull. Bot. Surv. India ; FPL ; Srivastava & Kapoor, JETB 15: ; FTSR Forsythia mala-elengi Dennst., Schluss. Hort. Malab. 12,21& Linociera malabarica Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: ; FBI 3: Chionanthus malabaricus (Wall. ex G. Don) Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t Small trees; branchlets thinly tomentose. Leaves to 10 x 5.5 cm, obovate, abruptly acuminate, acumen twisted, glabrous, glaucous beneath; nerves pairs; petiole 1 cm long. Cymes congested, pedunculate. Flowers sessile; calyx lobes 1.5 mm long, ovate, obtuse; corolla 7 mm long, lobes attached in pairs, linear acuminate, glabrous; ovary densely hairy. Drupe 10 x 5 mm, ellipsoid, slightly curved,acute, ridged. 183

208 Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in evergreen and moist localities of moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala JASMINUM Linnaeus 1. Leaves 3-foliolate Leaves simple Lateral leaflets much smaller than the terminal leaflet... J. auriculatum 2. Lateral leaflets similar to the terminal leaflet...j. azoricum 3. Calyx and leaves glabrous... J. cordifolium 3. Calyx pubescent; leaves variously hairy Bracts ovate, white...j. rottlerianum 4. Bracts lanceolate, green...j. multiflorum Jasminum auriculatum Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL J. affine Wight, Ic. t J. ovalifolium Wight, Ic. t Climbing shrubs, pubescent. Lower leaves smaller 1 x 0.5 cm, ovate, mucronate, larger 4 x 3 cm. Cymes panicled, axillary and terminal; bracts 0.5 cm, ovate, bracteoles 2, linear; flowers white; calyx 5-lobed, 2 mm; corolla lobes 8, 8 mm long, twisted, lanceolate, shortly mucronate; ovary 1 mm, oblong; style 4.5 mm, stigma bifid. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in scrub jungles; PS Kuchimudi Jasminum azoricum L., Sp. Pl ; FPL J. flexile Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: & Enum. Pl. 1: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Climbing shrubs. Terminal leaflet to 6 x 4 cm ovate, mucronate, subcoriaceous; petiole 2 cm. Cymes axillary and terminal, bracteoles 2 mm, linear; flowers white; calyx 5 lobed, 2 mm, puberulus; corolla tube 2 cm long, lobes twisted, 1 cm long, lanceolate; ovary 2 mm, oblong; style 2.5 cm, stigma 2-fid. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS 19704, Karimala; Kariamchola Jasminum cordifolium Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Scandent shrubs. Leaves to 10 x 6.5 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate, truncate or cordate at base; nerves 3 or 4 pairs, nearly basal, glabrous; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers many, in terminal or axillary cymes; bracts 6 mm long, subulate; calyx tube 3 mm long, lobes 13 mm long, narrow, glabrous; corolla tube 12 mm long, lobes 5, 8 x 3 mm, oblong, acute, glabrous, white. Berry 12 x 8 mm, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Kamamudi Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andr., Bot. Repos. 8,t ; FPL ; FTSR Nyctanthes multiflora Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 5. t.3. f Jasminum pubescens Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: ; FBI 3: ; FPM J. bracteatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Climbing shrubs; stem densely pubescent. Leaves to 8 x 4 cm, ovate, acute to acuminate, round or cordate at base; petiole 1 cm long, hairy. Cymes terminal, congested, pubescent; peduncle 4-8 cm long; bracts 15 x 5 cm, acuminate, hispid. Flowers densely packed; calyx tube 184

209 short, lobes 8 mm long, subulate, hairy; corolla tube 15 mm long, lobes 5-8, to 10 mm long, oblong, acute, white. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Pezha Jasminum rottlerianum Wall. ex DC., Prodr. 8: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Climbing shrubs; stem pubescent. Leaves 7-10 x 4 cm, oblong, acuminate, base rounded; nerves 4 pairs; petiole 1 cm long. Cymes terminal, congested; peduncle cm long, tomentose; bracts 8 x 3 mm, hairy. Flowers many, densely packed; calyx tube 2 mm long, lobes 4 mm long, subulate, densely hairy; corolla tube 2 cm long, lobes 7, to 8 mm long, oblong, obtuse, white with pink tinge, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-June Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Rare in secondary forests; PS Thenkudippara LIGUSTRUM Linnaeus Ligustrum perrottetii DC., Prodr. 8: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; Srivastava, JETB 22: L. neilgherrense Wight, Ic. t Large shrubs or smaller trees; branchlets with circular lenticels. Leaves 7-10 x 2-5 cm, acute to acuminate, glabrous; nerves 6-8 pairs, regular faint towards the margins; petiole 1 cm long. Panicle effuse, pubescent. Flowers many, closely packed; pedicel 1-2 mm long; calyx 2 mm long, lobes obovate; corolla white, 3-5 mm across, lobes ovate, obtuse, white; ovary conical, style short. Drupe 6-7 mm long, obovoid, obtuse. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in grasslands and margins of evergreen forests; PS Kuchimudi MYXOPYRUM Blume Myxopyrum smilacifolium (Wall.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Ludg.-Bat. 1: ; FBI 3: ; FTSR M. serratulum Hill., Kew Bull. 1910: ; FPM Chionanthus smilacifolia Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Climbing shrubs; stem quadrangular, scabrous. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, sharply serrulate, glabrous; petiole 1 cm long. Panicle axillary, 5 x 5 cm. Flowers sessile; calyx deeply 4-lobed, lobes triangular, acute; corolla tube 2 mm long, cylindrical, lobes 3 mm long, oblanceolate, terete; stamens 2, anthers cleft at base; ovary 2-celled, style absent, stigma 2-toothed. Berry 1 x 1 cm, smooth, yellowish brown; seeds 2, spherical, black, rough. Fl. & Fr. August-March Distr. South East Asia and India. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala OLEA Linnaeus Olea dioica Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Small to medium trees; bark rough. Leaves x 3-6 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute, serrate or entire, glabrous; nerves 8-10 pairs; petiole to 1 cm long. Flowers many, in axillary panicles; pedicel 3 mm long; calyx campanulate; lobes 4, obtuse, ciliate; corolla 2.5 mm long, lobes 4, shorter than the tube, triangular, obtuse, hairy within; anthers sessile; ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; style short, stigma capitate. Drupe ellipsoid, 8 x 6 mm; seeds 6 x 4 mm, muriculate. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Endemic to India. Common in all types of forests; PS Kariamchola SCHREBERA Roxburgh 185

210 Schrebera swietenioides Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 3: ; FPM Medium trees. Leaves to 16 cm long, imparipinnate, leaflets 7-9, opposite, to 5-6 x cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, base cuneate. Cymes terminal, trichotomous, flowers ca 1 cm, yellowish, calyx puberulent, obscurely 6 toothed, accrescent, corolla salver shaped, lobes 6, ca 4 mm across, rounded; stamens 2; ovary 2-celled, cells 3 or 4 ovuled, style ca. 6 mm long. Capsule woody, 5 x 2.5 cm, obovoid, loculicidally 2-valved; seeds pendulous, winged. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. India and Myanmar. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi APOCYNACEAE 1. Annual erect herbs... Catharanthus 1. Erect or scandent shrubs, climbers or trees Leaves whorled Leaves opposite Fruit linear follicles; seeds comose... Alstonia 3. Fruit drupaceous; seeds without coma... Rauvolfia 4. Plants with axillary spines... Carissa 4. Plants without axillary spines Erect or scandent shrubs or trees Climbers Fruit a drupe...hunteria 6. Fruit a follicle Follicles divaricate, obliquely ovoid, to 4 cm long...tabernaemontana 7. Follicles not divaricate, elongate, cylindric, to 30 cm long Corolla with several coronal scales...holarrhena 8. Corolla without scales... Wrightia 9. Flowers large, more than 6 cm across... Chonemorpha 9. Flowers small, to 2 cm across Anthers exserted; staminal filaments twisted...parsonsia 10. Anthers included; staminal filaments not twisted Tips of the corolla lobes deflexed or twisted...ichnocarpus 11. Tips of the corolla lobes not deflexed or twisted Branchlets tomentose; corolla tube beared behind the anthers...aganosma 12. Branchlets glabrous; corolla tube not bearded behind the anthers Disc cupular; seeds comose...anodendron 13. Disc absent; seeds winged... Kammetia AGANOSMA G. Don Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Echites cymosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: A. elegans G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: A. doniana Wight, Ic. t Twining climber, stem adpressed-hairy. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, elliptic, obtuse or acute, glabrous; lateral nerves 6 pairs, reddish brown, nervules reticulate; petiole hairy. Flowers in terminal peduncled congested cymes; pedicels 3 mm long, hairy; sepals 7 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent; corolla tube 8 mm long, inflated below the middle, lobes ovate, 5 mm long, acute, pubescent outside; stamens included; anthers sagitate; ovary hairy at apex. Follicle 20 cm long, oblong, acuminate, densely tomentose; seeds 15 x 5 mm, long-comose. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS 19800, Kariamchola ALSTONIA R. Brown 186

211 1. Flowers in umbellate cymes; follicles to 35 cm long...a. scholaris 1. Flowers in corymbose cymes; follicles to 15 cm long...a. venenata Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Echites scholaris L., Mant. Pl Large trees; bark grey, corky. Leaves to 18 x 6 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse, glabrous; lateral nerves 40, parallel; petiole to 1 cm long. Cymes globose, in panicled umbels, pedicels short, puberulus; sepals ovate, obtuse, puberulus; corolla tube broad, lobes 4 mm across, obovate to orbicular, creamy yellow. Follicle terete; seeds elliptic-oblong, papillose. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. South and South East Asia to Australia. Common in all types of forests; PS Parambikulam Alstonia venenata R. Br., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Shrubs or small trees. Leaves x cm, linear-oblong, acuminate at both ends, 5 at each node; lateral nerves many, very close. Cymes terminal, to 20 cm across, corymbose. Flowers many; pedicels stout; sepals 1 mm long, ovate, acute, ciliate; corolla tube slender, hairy inside; lobes 13 mm long, oblong, acute, white. Follicle 2-angled, acute; seeds smooth. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Peninsular India. Common along the sides of streams; PS Kothala ANODENDRON A.P. de Candolle 1. Leaves narrow to 3 cm broad; sepals obtuse...a. rhinosporum 1. Leaves broad more than 5 cm broad; sepals acute...a. manubriatum Anodendron manubriatum Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 7: ; FTSR A. paniculatum (Roxb.) A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 8: Echites paniculata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: , non Poir Large climbers. Leaves to 12 x 6 cm, elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded at base; nerves pairs; petiole 1.5 cm long. Panicles axillary and terminal; bracts ovate, acute, white. Flowers yellow; sepals 1 mm long, ovate, glabrous, white; corolla tube 2 mm long, lobes 3 mm long, spreading, oblong, obtuse; anthers penicillate at apex. Follicle to 13 x 2.5 cm, terete, glabrous; seeds to 2.5 cm long, linear elliptic, beaked Fl. & Fr. February-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala Anodendron rhinosporum Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FPL ; FTSR Large climbers. Leaves to 10 x 3 cm, oblanceolate, obtusely acuminate at apex, acute to cuneate at base; lateral nerves 9-11 pairs, irregular; petiole 0.7 cm long. Panicles terminal, glabrous. Flowers shortly pedicelled, yellow; sepals ovate, acute, follicle to 10 x 1.2 cm, terete, glabrous; seeds to 4 cm long, linear. Fl. & Fr. May-June Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola CARISSA Linnaeus 1. Spines strait, forked... C. spinarum 1. Spines carved not forked...c. inermis Carissa inermis Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: w94; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR C. macrophylla Wall. ex A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 8: ; FBI 3:

212 Stout woody climbing shrubs; thorns 1-3 cm long. Leaves 5-8 x 3-4 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, glabrous; lateral nerves 6 or 7 pairs; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers in sessile or peduncled terminal cymes; pedicel 3 mm long, stout; sepals 4 mm long, lanceolate, reddish, pubescent; corolla white, tube 2 cm long, cylindric, curved, bulged towards the apex, lobes 9 mm long, oblong, acute; anthers lanceolate, inserted near the mouth of the corolla tube; carpels united; ovules 1-4 in each. Berry 2 cm across, globose; seeds compressed. Fl. & Fr. January-June Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in secondary forests; PS Kanthalppara Carissa spinarum L., Mant. Plant ; FBI 3: ; FPM C. diffusa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: , var. macrophylla Gamble, FPM Armed shrubs, spines to 3 cm, often forked. Leaves to 5 x 3 cm, ovate-orbicular, acute, mucronate; petiole ca 4 mm. Cymes terminal, to 7-flowered; calyx lobes 3 mm, lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 1.5 cm; lobes 1 cm, oblong, acute; stamens 5, to 5 mm; ovary 1 mm, style 4 mm, stigma forked. Berry globose, cm across. Fl. & Fr. April-July Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi CATHARANTHUS G. Don Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Vinca pusilla Murr., Comment. Goetting. 3: 66. t. 2, f ; FBI 3: Lochnera pusilla (Murr.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 4: ; FPM Annual small erect herbs. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, 3-7 x cm; lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, slender, faint; petiole 3-5 mm long, axils glandular. Corolla white, tube 7 mm long, mouth pilose, lobes obovate 2 mm long. Follicles 2-3 cm long; seeds black. Fl. & Fr. April-October Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli; Anappadi CHONEMORPHA G. Don Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 11: Echites fragrans Moon, Cat E. grandiflora Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp E. macrophylla Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Chonemorpha macrophylla (Roxb.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPM C. grandiflora (Roth) M. R. & S. M. Almeida, JBNHS 90: ; FTSR Leaves broadly elliptic or ovate-orbicular, shortly acuminate, base cordate, pubescent above and tomentose beneath, x cm. Flowers white, in terminal tomentose paniculate cymes. Calyx 1 cm long, glabrous. Fl. April-May Distr. India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Common in semievergreen forests; PS Kothala HOLARRHENA R. Brown Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Echites pubescens Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: E. antidysenterica Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: , non (L.) Roxb. ex Flem Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 8: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Chonemorpha antidysenterica (L.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: Large shrubs or small trees. Leaves x 5-10 cm, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded and oblique at base; nerves pairs; petiole to 5 mm long. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes; bracts lanceolate; calyx 3 mm long, lobes lanceolate; corolla yellowish white, tube 10 mm long, pubescent outside; lobes 13 x 6 mm, oblong, obtuse; stamens 188

213 included, anthers linear, mucronate; carpels free; ovules many, stigma oblong, bifid above. Mericarps 40 x 0.5 cm, terete; seeds 1-2 cm long, linear oblong, acute, concave, comose. Fl. & Fr. April-October Distr. Tropical Himalaya, India, Myanmar, Indo-China and Malaya. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara HUNTERIA Roxburgh Hunteria zeylanica (Retz.) Gard. ex Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FTSR Cameraria zeylanica Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: Hunteria corymbosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL H. roxburghiana Wight, Ic. t Small evergreen trees, young shoots glabrous; bark, thick, yellowish-grey, with small lenticular tubercles. Leaves elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, glabrous, coriaceous, to 15 x 4 cm; petiole to 1.5 cm long. Calyx lobes 1.5 mm long, glabrous. Corolla creamy white, tube 0.8 mm long, lobes acuminate. Drupes 2.5 cm long, yellow. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban ICHNOCARPUS R. Brown Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br. in Ait., Hort. Kew. (ed. 2) 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Apocynum frutescens L., Sp. Pl Climbers, branchlets brown-tomentose. Leaves to 6 x 3 cm, ovate, obtusely acute, rounded at base; nerves 5 pairs, brown-pubescent below; petiole to 5 mm long. Flowers 3.5 mm long, in terminal or axillary panicled cymes; pedicels 3 mm long; calyx 1 mm long, lobes ovate, acute, pubescent; corolla white, salver shaped, contracted at mouth, tube 2 mm long, hairy inside, throat densely white-villous; lobes twisted, oblong, acuminate; stamens included, anthers deeply sagitate at base, apiculate at apex; carpels free, stigma columnar. Mericarps follicular, to 15 cm long, slender, rusty puberulus; seeds many, compressed, crowned with long silky coma. Fl. & Fr. August-March Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in moist deciduous and secondary forests; PS Vengoli KAMMETIA Kosteletzky Kammetia caryophyllata (Roxb.) Nicols. & Suresh, Taxon 35: Echites caryophyllata Roxb., Hort. Beng Kammetia malabarica Kostel., All. Med. -Pharm. Fl. 3: Ellertonia rheedii Wight, Ic. t Large climbers, glabrous; tender stem reddish. Leaves 3-4 at nodes, 12 x 4 cm, oblong, abruptly acuminate; nerves to 14 pairs; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers in terminal peduncled cymes; bracts subulate; calyx 2 mm long, lobes acuminate, glabrous, reddish; corolla tube 10 mm long, curved; lobes 5 mm long, oblong, obtuse; stamens included; anthers penicillate at apex; carpels free, style filiform, stigma oblong, 2-fid at apex. Follicles 8-11 cm long, divaricate, linear, terete; seeds many, 2 cm long, oblanceolate, winged. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pezha PARSONSIA R. Brown Parsonsia inodora (Lour.) M.R. & S.M. Almeida, JBNHS 90: ; FTSR Cynanchum inodorum Lour., Fl. Cochinch Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb., Taxon 26: ; FPL Periploca alboflavescens Dennst., Schluss. Hort. Malab.12,23,

214 Young shoots glabrous. Leaves elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, glabrous, subcoriaceous, to 13 x 6 cm; lateral nerves 6-8 pairs; petiole to 2 cm long. Flowers in axillary corymbose cymes. Corolla greenish-yellow, tube 5mm long, lobes 6 mm long. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. Indo-Malesia to South China. Fairly common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola RAUVOLFIA Linnaeus 1. Drupe slightly connate; obliquely ovoid, peduncles red...r. serpentina 1. Drupe distinct; ellipsoid, peduncles green... R. verticillata Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 2: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Ophioxylon serpentinum L., Sp. Pl Subshrubs; rootstock thick, sap watery. Leaves to 10 x 3 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate at either ends, glabrous; lateral nerves to 12 pairs. Cymes axillary and terminal, densely flowered; peduncles to 5 cm long. Flowers white; sepals 4 mm long, oblong, acute; corolla white, tube 15 mm long, lobes 5 mm long, oblong, obtuse. Capsules 5 mm, ovoid, obtuse, black; fruiting calyx crimson. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and South East Asia. Occasional in openings of moist deciduous forests and plantation; PS Thunakkadavu Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: ; FTSR Dissolena verticillata Lour., Fl. Cochinch Tabernaemontana densiflora Wall., Edward's Bot. Reg. 15: t Rauvolfia densiflora (Wall.) Benth. ex Hook.f., FBI 3: ; FPM Ophioxylon neilgherrense Wight, Ic. t O. ceylanicum Wight, Ic. t Shrubs with milky latex, to 1.5 m high. Leaves to 14 x 6 cm, obovate, abruptly acuminate, base acute to attenuate, subcoriaceous; lateral nerves 14 pairs, prominent, nervules slender; petiole 2 cm long. Cymes terminal or axillary; peduncles 5-8 cm long. Flowers white; pedicels 1 cm long; calyx lobes acuminate, glabrous, reddish; corolla 1 cm long, lobes ovate, acute. Capsule 10 x 7 mm, oblong, black. Fl. & Fr. March-October Distr. India, Sri Lanka and South East Asia. Occasional in semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimala TABERNAEMONTANA Linnaeus 1. Calyx lobes ciliate along margins; capsule 1-seeded... T. gamblei 1. Calyx shortly lobed not ciliate along the margins; capsule many seeded... T. heyneana Tabernaemontana gamblei Subram. & Henry, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: ; FPL ; FTSR Ervatamia caudata Gamble, Kew Bull. 1921: & FPM , non Tabernaemontana caudata Merr Shrubs, to 1.5 m high; branchlets white. Leaves opposite, often unequal, to 10 x 4 cm, elliptic, caudate acuminate, acute at base, lateral nerves 7 pairs, petiole 1 cm long. Cymes terminal. Flowers white; pedicels stout, 1 cm long; sepals ovate, obtuse; corolla tube to 17 mm long, cylindrical; lobes 15 mm long, oblong, obtuse. Capsule 3 x 1.25 cm, not curved; aril red. Fl. & Fr. April-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara; Thelliyalimattukkal 190

215 Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall. in Edward's Bot. Reg. 15: t ; FBI 3: ; FPL ; FTSR Ervatamia heyneana (Wall.) Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 2: ; FPM Large shrubs or small trees; bark corky with shallow fissures. Leaves to 18 x 7 cm, ellipticoblong, acuminate at apex, acute at base; lateral nerves pairs; petiole 2 cm long. Cymes terminal or axillary; peduncles to 4 cm long. Flowers pedicellate; calyx 4 mm long, lobes short, oblong, obtuse; corolla white, tube 25 mm long; lobes 15 mm long, oblong, obtuse, apex crisped. Capsule yellow, 5 x 1.5 cm, beak acuminate; aril red. Fl. & Fr. April-October Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Puliyala WRIGHTIA R. Brown 1. Branchlets tomentose; follicles fused...w. arborea 1. Branchlets glabrous; follicles fused at the tip only... W. tinctoria Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb., Taxon 26: ; FTSR Periploca arborea Dennst., Schluss. 13: 23 & Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: ; FBI 3: ; FPM Small trees. Leaves to 10 x 6 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, base acute, scabrous above; nerves 9 or 10 pairs, regular; petiole 5 mm long. Cymes terminal, sessile. Flowers reddish brown; pedicels 1 cm long, stout; sepals 4 mm long, obtuse, hairy; corolla tube 5 mm long, lobes 15 x 10 mm, obovate, puberulus; corona thick, erect, toothed, reddish brown; anthers conical, 8 mm long, hairy. Follicles to 16 x 2 cm, subterete, sparsely white-tubercled. Fl. & Fr. April-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in semi-evergreen forests;; PS Karimala Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Nerium tinctorium Roxb., Orient. Repert. 1: Small trees. Leaves 8-10 x 3.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, base acute; nerves 7-10 pairs; petiole 3-5 mm long. Cymes peduncled, terminal; pedicels mm long, slender; bracts ovate. Flowers white; sepals ovate, obtuse, ciliate; corolla tube 4 mm long, broad, lobes 12 x 5 mm, oblong, obtuse; corona many, erect, linear; anthers acuminate, coriaceous, 6 mm long. Mericarps 30 cm long, terete, joined at apex, glabrous; seeds oblong. Fl. & Fr. February-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Very common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli ASCLEPIADACEAE 1. Erect herbs or shrubs Twiners Plant leafless; stem succulent Plant leafy; stem not succulent Branchlets angled... Caralluma 3. Branchlets terete... Sarcostemma 4. Leaves sessile, auricled at base...calotropis 4. Leaves petioled, not auricled at base Flowers bright red; petioles to 1.5 cm long... Asclepias 5. Flowers white; petioles more than 2.5 cm long... Utleria 6. Epiphytes; leaves thick, fleshy... Hoya 6. Terrestrial plants; leave not thick and fleshy

216 7. Corolla tube inflated basally, lobes connate at tip... Ceropegia 7. Corolla tube not inflated or absent Inflorescence an umbel or subumbellate cymes Flowers in branched or branched cymes, racemes or in axillary fascicles Stipular leaves present; pollinia pendulous...cynanchum 9. Stipular leaves absent; pollinia erect or horizontal Leaves glabrous; staminal column shorter than the corolla tube... Tylophora 10. Leaves tomentose; staminal column as long or longer than the corolla tube...gymnema 11. Leaf base cordate to hastate; corona reduced to a fleshy annulus...holostemma 11. Leaf base acute, truncate or rounded; corona well developed Follicle oblong or lanceolate, more than 3 cm dia Follicle linear or linear-lanceolate, less than 2 cm dia Corona processes connate with corolla...cryptolepis 13. Corona processes connate with stamens Leaves membranous; style apex flat, 5 angled with a wavy rim... Cosmostigma 14. Leaves coriaceous; style apex convex, 5 grooved without a wavy rim... Decalepis 15. Flowers in sub-sessile axillary fascicles; style included...hemidesmus 15. Flowers in axillary dichotomus or trichotomous cymes; style exerted... Secamone ASCLEPIAS Linnaeus Asclepias curassavica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Herbs, to 1 m tall; stem terete, glaucous. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, to 10 x 3 cm, glabrous; nerves 8-13 pairs, narrow; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers in axillary peduncled cyme; peduncle to 5 cm long, solitary, erect, dichotomous; pedicels 6-15 together, cm long, slender; sepals 2.5 mm long, ovate; corolla ca. 1.2 cm across, tube short, lobes oblong, yellow, deflexed; coronal lobes yellow, 7 mm long. Follicle to 7 x 1.5 cm, terete or fusiform; seeds many. Fl. Fr.: March-November Distr. Originally from Tropical America; now naturalised throughout the tropics. Common in wet open areas; PS Thunakkadavu CALOTROPIS R. Brown Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. in Ait., Hort. Kew (ed. 2) 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Asclepias gigantea L., Sp. Pl Shrubs, to 1.5 m tall; stem rounded. Leaves to 16 x 10 cm, of branchlets much smaller; elliptic-ovate to obovate, acute or obtuse, base cordate; lateral nerves 5-7 pairs, adpressed pubescent when young, becoming glabrous on maturity. Flowers pale purple or greenish-white, 3 cm across; pedicels to 3 cm long, stout; calyx lobes to 3 mm long; corolla campanulate, tube short, lobes ovate to oblong, recurved; staminal corona of 5 vertical lobes, 1 cm long. Fruit saccate, to 6 x 3 cm, ovoid; seeds many. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical Asia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Peruvaripallam CARALLUMA R. Brown Caralluma umbellata Haw., Syn. Pl. Succ ; FPM Boucerosia umbellata (Haw.) Wight & Arn. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 4: Caralluma campanulata (Wight) N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 2: ; FPM ; FPL Boucerosia campanulata Wight, Ic. t Tall fleshy leafless herbs, leaf scars spiny. Umbels terminal, more than 20-flowered; pedicels 3.5 cm, flat; calyx lobes 4 mm, lanceolate, ciliate; corolla recurved, lanceolate, 192

217 concentrically ringed with fine red lines; pollinal bags 0.5 mm; ovaries 2. Follicle 15 x 0.7 cm, terete, hooked at apex. Fl. & Fr. July-October Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi CEROPEGIA Linnaeus 1. Leaves fleshy; outer corona lobes minute... C. bulbosa var. lushii 1. Leaves membranous; outer corona lobes well developed Flowers 5-7 cm long; outer corona deltoid, bifid...c. metziana 2. Flowers to 3 cm long; outer corona truncate or capsular Corolla beaked, outer corona truncate... C. candelabrum 3. Corolla not beaked, outer corona cupular...c. omissa Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. var. lushii (Grah.) Hook. f., FBI 4: ; FPM C. lushii Grah. in Bot. Mag. t C. acuminata Roxb., Pl. Corom. 1: 12, t ; FBI 4: C. tuberosa Dalz. & Gibs., Bombay Fl C. bulbosa var. esculenta (Edgew.) Hook. f., FBI Twiners. Leaves 6-8 x cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute; petiole to 1 cm. Cymes axillary, umbellate; peduncle to 1.5 cm; bracts 3 mm, linear; pedicel 5 mm; calyx 5-lobed, to 5 mm, beaked, dark purple, tube yellow with dark blotches. Pollinia 3, obovoid-circular, caudicle minute, receptacle small; outer corolla ca 1mm, cupular, membranous, inner corona 5, ca 2 mm, spathulate, connivent. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India and Pakistan. Rare in moist deciduous forests; NS 5520 Parambikulam Ceropegia candelabrum L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; Bruyns, Rheedea 7: C. tuberosa Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM Glabrous twining herbs. Leaves to 7 x 5 cm, linear-elliptic to ovate-orbicular, obtuse to apiculate, base acute or rounded, nerves 3 pairs, reticulate; petiole to 1.5 cm long. Cymes few to many flowered; peduncles longer than the petioles; pedicels 11 mm long; sepals 3 x 0.5 mm, lanceolate; corolla 26 mm long, tube slightly inflated below, greenish-white with purple streaks, hispid, lobes 6 x3 mm, yellow, hairy within, beak purplish; outer corona 3 x 1.5 mm, of 5 entire or truncate hairy lobes; inner corona erect, linear-spathulate, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. September-November. Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam; Kannimara Ceropegia metziana Miq., Anal. Bot. Ind. 3: ; Sasidh. & Swarup., JETB 18: ; FTSR C. brevicollis Hook.f., FBI 4: , p. p.; FPM C. stocksii sensu Gamble, FPM Twining herbs, stem pubescent at nodes. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, mucronate, base acute; petiole 2-3 cm long. Peduncle to 2 cm long, glabrous or hairy. Flowers few together; pedicels cm long, stout; sepals 7 mm long, linear; corolla to 7.5 cm long, base inflated, funnel-shaped above, lobes 3.5 cm long, ovate-deltoid, dull pink with purple dots; outer corona 6 mm across, lobes deltoid, bifid, hairy; inner corona 2.5 mm long, glabrous. Follicle cm long, 5 mm thick, terete, with a 5 cm long beak; seeds 10 x 3 mm, oblong; coma 15 mm long. Fl & Fr. September-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; NS 5729 Karimala Hills 193

218 Ceropegia omissa H.Hubber in Mem. Soc. Brot. 12: ; Ansari, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 16: C. intermedia Wight var. wightii Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM 5: Twiners. Leaves to 11 x 2 cm, lanceolate, acute, base obtuse, membranous; petiole 1.3 cm. Cymes axillary; peduncles 1.5 cm; pedicels 1.5 cm; flowers purplish; calyx 5-lobed, 3.5 mm, linear lanceolate; corolla curved, base bulbous, tube 2.3 cm, lobes fused at apex, lobes 8 mm, ciliate; outer corona cupular, 5-lobed, 1 mm, inner 2 mm, spathulate. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in semi-evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam COSMOSTIGMA R. Wight Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wight, Contrib & Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Asclepias racemosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Cosmostigma acuminatum Wight, Ic. t Climbers; stem glabrous. Leaves to 10 x 5 cm, ovate, acute or acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, glabrous, with a few small black glandular papillae at base; lateral nerves 3 pairs, basally 5-nerved; petiole to 2.5 cm long. Racemes to 2.5 cm long. Flowers 8 mm across, many together; pedicels 1 cm long, slender, pubescent; sepals small, ovate to orbicular, ciliate; corolla greenish-yellow with brown dots, 4 mm long, lobes ovate; gynostegium 2 mm across, outer corona lobes orbicular, emarginate, membranous; inner corona similar to outer. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban CRYPTOLEPIS R. Brown Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Nerium reticulatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Glabrous twiners. Leaves x 5-8 cm, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or apiculate, base acute, glabrous and glossy; lateral nerves many, parallel; petiole 1-3 cm long. Flowers in 3 cm broad axillary cymes, few together; peduncles to 2 cm long, glabrous; pedicels 3-5 mm long; sepals free, 2 mm long, ovate, obtuse, with a small scale at the base inside; corolla campanulate, greenish-yellow, tube 2 mm long, lobes linear-lanceolate, 8 x 2 mm, imbricate; coronal lobes 1- seriate, clavate, 2 mm long, connate with corolla tube. Follicle 9 x 1 cm, divaricate, lanceolate. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thellikkal CYNANCHUM Linnaeus Cynanchum callialatum Ham. ex Wt., Contrb. Bot. India & Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Glabrous twining herbs. Leaves elliptic-oblong or linear-oblong, acute, base cordate, glabrous, glaucous below, to 8 x 4.5 cm; lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, intercostae faint; petiole to 2 cm long. Peduncles 3-4 cm long. Corolla white, 0.5 cm long, divided nearly to the base, lobes oblong, acute; corona of 5 erect obtuse, bifid lobes, with shorter lobes between them. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. India and Myanmar. Rare in semi-evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola DECALEPIS R. Wight et Arnott Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 4: ; FPM [Figure 8]. Twining shrubs; branchlets jointed. Leaves to 6 x 4.5 cm, obovate-elliptic or orbicular, apex obtuse, base cuneate, membranous; petiole to 1.5 cm. Cymes trichotomously branched; calyx deeply 5 lobed, 2 mm, oblong; corolla tube 1 mm, lobes 3 x 2 mm, oblong, recurved, white 194

219 Figure 8. Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. A - flowering branch, B - flower, C - calyx, D - corolla lobe, E - a portion of corolla split open, F - stamen, G - stamen with staminal corona, H pistil 195

220 pubescent inside; corona of 10 scales, alternately long hooked and short; filaments 1 mm, anthers attached to style apex; ovaries 1 mm. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in rocky areas of dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi GYMNEMA R. Brown Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 6: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Periploca sylvestris Retz., Obs. Bot. 2: Climbers; branchlets fulvous-tomentose. Leaves to 7 x 5 cm, often much smaller, elliptic to ovate or obovate, obtusely acute, base truncate or obtuse, subcoriaceous, densely tomentose below; nerves 3 pairs; petiole 1-3 cm long. Flowers 4 mm across, umbellate, many together; peduncle to 1 cm long, hispid; pedicels 6 mm long, slender; sepals 2 mm long, ovate; corolla campanulate, yellow, 2.5 mm long, tube globose, lobes triangular; corolline corona 5 vertical pairs of pubescent ridges; gynostegium 1.5 x 1 mm, cylindrical. Follicle 7.5 x 0.8 cm, lanceolate, seeds 10 x 5 mm, much compressed. Fl. & Fr. July-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli HEMIDESMUS R. Brown Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. in Ait., Hort. Kew (ed. 2) 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Periploca indica L., Sp. Pl Slender twining herbs, stem slender, usually brownish. Leaves very variable, 4-15 x cm, elliptic-oblong to linear-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, pale below, young leaves often variegated; nerves pairs. Flowers in axillary shortly peduncled cymes; pedicels short, bracteate; sepals 1 mm long, ovate, free; corolla mostly yellow, sometimes purple, 8 mm across, lobes ovate, acute, valvate; corona 5, scale-like, connate with corolla tube; stamens 5, filaments adnate at base: pollinia in pairs; gynostegium obovoid. Follicles 2, slender, terete. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Very common in moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu HOLOSTEMMA R. Brown Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 6: ; FPL ; FTSR Sarcostemma annulare Roth, Nov. Pl. Spec Holostemma rheedei Spreng. ex Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 2: ; FBI 4: H. annulare (Roxb.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 4(2): ; FPM Asclepias annularis Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Glabrous twiners. Leaves to 12 x 8 cm, oblong or ovate, acute to cuspidate, base widely and deeply cordate; lateral nerves ca. 4-7 pairs, lower 2 pairs basal, base with few papillate glands; petiole to 4-5 cm long. Flowers few to many in axillary peduncled cymes; peduncles shorter than the petioles, stout; pedicels 1.5 cm long; calyx lobes ovate, 4 mm long; corolla 2.5 cm across, campanulate, pale purple, lobes 8 x 6 mm, ovate, obtuse; gynostegium 8 x 6 mm, outer corona short, truncate; inner corona 5, ovate, acute, glabrous. Fl. September-November Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Kottayali HOYA R. Brown 1. Leaves narrow, linear... H. pauciflora 1. Leaves elliptic...h. ovalifolia 196

221 Hoya ovalifolia Wight & Arn. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Climbing shrubs; stem pendulous, glabrous, terete, usually rooting from nodes. Leaves x 2-3 cm, elliptic or rhomboid, acute or obtuse, base acute, margins undulate; nerves not clear; petiole ca. 0.8 cm long. Flowers 6-12, in axillary peduncled umbel; peduncles stout, to 3.5 cm long; pedicels slender, ca. 1.5 cm long; sepals 1.5 mm long, oblong; corolla 1 cm across, creamywhite, lobes ovate, acute; corona purplish, 4 x 4 mm, lobes acute. Follicles 9 x 1 cm, lanceolate. Fl Fr. November-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Vengoli Hoya pauciflora Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Slender epiphytic glabrous climbers; stem sometimes rooting from nodes. Leaves 4-6 x cm, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, base truncate; petiole to 3 mm long. Flowers in few-flowered subsessile umbellate cymes, terminal on lateral smaller branches or axillary; pedicels cm long, slander; sepals 1.5 mm long, ovate; corolla white, cm across, campanulate, lobes shallow, triangular; corona 4 mm across, lobes rounded at apex. Fl. November-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pooppara; Pandaravarai SARCOSTEMMA R. Brown Sarcostemma brunonianum Wight & Arn. in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 4: ; FPM Leafless twiners, latex milky, dark green. Umbels lateral, flowered, green; calyx lobes 1 mm, ovate; corolla deeply lobed, valvate, 5 x 2.5 mm, oblong, obtuse at apex, fleshy; pollinia pendulous; corona double, outer cupular, 10 lobed, wavy; inner staminal, lobes 5, fleshy; ovaries 1.5 mm, distinct, basally connate. Follicles 2, 13 cm long. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. Peninsula and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappdi SECAMONE R. Brown Secamone emetica (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 6: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; Jens, Kew Bull. 47: Periploca emetica Retz., Obs. Bot. 2: Scandent subshrubs. Leaves to 5.5 x 1 cm., linear-elliptic, apex acute, base decurrent, margins recurved, pubescent beneath, lateral nerves indistinct, subsessile. Cymes axillary, trichotomously branched; peduncles 0.5 cm; calyx lobes 0.5 mm, ovate, ciliate; corolla lobes twisted either to the left or right, 2 x 1 mm, oblong, ovate or acute at apex; corona staminal, of 5 scales; ovary 0.7 mm. Follicles paired, 7.5 x 0.8 cm, blunt at base and tapering at apex. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi TYLOPHORA R. Brown Tylophora tetrapetala (Dennst.) Suresh in Nicols, Suresh & Manilal, An Interpr. Hort. Malab Asclepias tetrapetala Dennst., Schussel 14, 18, Tylophora tenuis Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 4: ; FPM Tylophora carnosa Wall. ex Wight, Contrib Slender glabrous herbs. Leaves linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, apiculate, base acute or rounded, to 6 x 1.5 cm; petiole ca. 5 mm long. Cymes umbellate, laxly dichasially branched. Calyx lobes ovate-acute, 5 mm long. Corolla 4 mm across, purplish-brown. Fl. May-June Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara 197

222 UTLERIA Beddome Utleria salicifolia Bedd. ex Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM ; Sasidh. & Swarup., JETB 18: Subshrubs. Leaves to x 2-3 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, crowded at the end of branches. Cymes dichotomous axillary, peduncle cm; bracts linear-lanceolate, ca 3 mm; flowers ca 6 mm across; pedicel to 4 mm; calyx lobes ca 2 mm, glandular; corolla rotate, 2 mm, lobes ovate, corona scales 5, rounded; stamens basely in corolla tube, anthers ovate; ovary oblong. Mericarps divaricate, lanceolate, to 5 cm long. Fl. June-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in the rocky slopes of grasslands; NS 5699 Thoothampara LOGANIACEAE 1. Herbs... Mitrasacme 1. Trees, lianas or shrubs Leaves 3-5 ribbed from base, coriaceous; berry globose... Strychnos 2. Leaves penninerved, thickly coriaceous; berry ellipsoid... Fagraea FAGRAEA Thunberg Fagraea ceylanica Thumb., Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 3: ; FBI 4: "zeylanica"; FPM l; FPL ; FTSR F. obovata Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM F. coromandelica Wight, Ic. t F. malabarica Wight, Ic. t Small trees or shrubs, terrestrial or epiphytic. Leaves to 20 x 8 cm, obovate, obtuse, base cuneate, entire, fleshy, glossy above; petiole to 2.5 cm, united by stipular sheath at base. Flowers few to many, large, in terminal cymes, 5-merous; branches of cyme stout; calyx tube 5 mm long, lobes 8 mm long, obovate, obtuse, imbricate; corolla 4-7 cm long, creamy yellow, funnel shaped, lobes obovate, obtuse, twisted; stamens 5, exserted, filaments 2 cm long, inserted on the throat of corolla tube; ovary 2-celled, ovule numerous; style 4 cm long; stigma capitate. Berry 4 cm long, ellipsoid, obtuse, glabrous, glossy. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Vengoli; Thenkudippara MITRASACME Labillardiere Mitrasacme indica Wight, Ic. t ; FTSR M. alsinoides auct. non R. Br., 1810; Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM Leaves linear-lanceolate, to 5 x 1 mm, sessile, nerves indistinct. Flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2 or 3; pedicels filiform to 8 mm long. Calyx tube 1 mm long, lobes as long as the tube. Corolla white, 1.5 mm long, sparsely hairy at base. Capsule globose, 2 mm across. Fl. & Fr. September-October Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia and China. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu STRYCHNOS Linnaeus 1. Climbing shrubs, stigma entire... S. colubrina 1. Trees; stigma bifid Berry to 2 cm diameter; corolla tube and lobes equal in length... S. potatorum 2. Berry more than 4 cm diameter; corolla tube longer than the lobes... S. nux-vomica 198

223 Strychnos colubrina L., Sp. Pl ; FTSR S. wallichiana Steud. ex DC., Prodr. 9: S. rheedei Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: S. cinnamomifolia Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl , var. wightii Hill, Kew Bull. 1917: ; FPM Tendrillate climbers. Leaves 5-8 x 3-5 cm, broadly elliptic, abruptly acuminate, shining, green or black when dry; nervules prominent, irregular. Cymes peduncled, 5-6 cm across. Flowers many; pedicels 2 mm long; calyx 1.5 mm long, lobes ovate, obtuse, ciliate; corolla greenish yellow, tube 10 mm long, hairy inside, lobes 4 x 2 mm, oblong, obtuse; anthers sessile; style 12 mm long, stigmas bilobed, globose. Berry 2 cm across, globose, glabrous, greenish. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Strychnos nux-vomica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Small to medium trees. Leaves 8-15 x 5-9 cm, broadly ovate, obtuse at apex, acute at base, 5- ribbed, prominent beneath; nervules irregular; petiole 1 cm long. Cymes 2-3 cm across, terminal. Flowers sessile; calyx 1 mm long, lobes triangular, acute, pubescent; corolla greenish yellow, tube 10 mm long, hairy within; lobes 4 x 1.5 mm, oblong, acute; anthers sessile, inserted at the throat of corolla tube. Berry 3-4 cm across, red, glabrous; seeds 3 or 4, orbicular, flat. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Strychnos potatorum L.f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Small to medium trees. Leaves opposite to 7 x 4 cm ovate, apex acute, base obtuse or rounded, membranous, 5 nerved, subsessile. Cymes from the axils of leafscars, 3 cm across, flowers white; calyx 5 lobed, 1.5 cm, ovate; corolla tubular, 3 mm, lobes 3 mm, oblong, pubescent inside; anthers oblong, 1.5 mm; ovary 1.5 mm, style 5 mm, stigma bifid. Berry ca. 1.5 cm across, blue when ripe. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi GENTIANACEAE 1. Flowers blue or lilac; ovary 2-locular... Exacum 1. Flowers other than blue; ovary 1-locular Flowers sessile, yellowish... Hoppea 2. Flowers stalked, pink or white...canscora CANSCORA Lamarck 1. Bracts of the inflorescence perfoliate; calyx prominently winged... C. perfoliata 1. Bracts of the inflorescence not perfoliate; calyx not winged... C. diffusa Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Gentiana diffusa Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: Canscora lawii Wight,Ic.t Annual herbs; stem 4-angular. Lower leaves elliptic, petiolate; upper ones ovate, sessile, 3- ribbed, glabrous. Cymes terminal; bracts ovate. Flowers many; pedicel 1 cm long, filiform; calyx 6 mm long, wingless, 5-toothed, glabrous; corolla white, 9 mm long, tube cylindrical, lobes lanceolate, acute; two stamens fertile, two sterile; capsule 5 mm long, linear-oblong. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Indo-Malesia, Australia and Africa. Common wet rocky areas and moist deciduous forests; PS Amakkundu 199

224 Canscora perfoliata Lam., Encycl. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR C. grandiflora Wight, Ic. t Branched annual herbs, cm high. Leaves to 4 x 1.5 cm, ovate, acute, upper ones sessile, lower petiolate. Cymes terminal; bracts 10 mm across, membranous. Flowers many; pedicel 13 mm long, winged towards apex; calyx 15 mm long, 8-winged, lobes acuminate, wings strongly nerved; corolla mm long, glabrous, lobes unequal. Capsule 8 x 2 mm, oblong; seeds irregular, brown, glassy. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in wet rocky areas; PS 19144, Karimala EXACUM Linnaeus 1. Flowers 5-merous; leaves 5-8 cm long...e. wightianum 1. Flowers 4-merous; leaves to 3 cm long Calyx not winged; leaves to 1 cm long...e. sessile 2. Calyx winged; leaves more than 1.5 cm long Leaves petiolate, rhomboid to elliptic...e. carinatum 3. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate... E. pumilum Exacum carinatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FPL E. petiolare Griseb. in DC., Prodr. 9: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Erect herbs, stem 4-angled. Leaves 3 x 2 cm, rhomboid to elliptic, acute to acuminate, narrowed in petiole at base; nerves 5, basal. Flowers few, 1 cm across, in terminal cymes; calyx 0.5 cm long, 5-winged; wings prominently nerved, lobes acuminate; corolla 10 mm long, lobes obovate; anthers 3.5 mm long, bottle shaped. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in wet rocks of evergreen forests; PS Pandaravarai Exacum pumilum Griseb. in DC., Prodr. 9: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Slender herbs, stem 4-angled. Leaves sessile, ovate lanceolate, to 1.2 x 0.6 cm, lower much smaller, 1-nerved; upper 3-nerved from base. Flowers mostly solitary or in few flowered lax cymes; pedicel to 1.5 cm, enlarges in fruits. Calyx lobes 1 mm long, wings narrow. Corolla bluish-white, lobes oblong-obovate, 5 x 3.5 mm. Capsule 4 x 3 mm. Fl. & Fr. September-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common on wet rocks in evergreen and moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Exacum sessile L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect herbs, to 20 cm high; stem narrowly winged. Leaves to 10 x 8 mm, broadly ovate, cordate at base, acute or obtuse at apex, 3-ribbed, sessile. Flowers few, in drooping terminal cymes, sessile and pedicelled, tetramerous; calyx 6 mm long, lobes oblong, acute; corolla violet or light blue, lobes deltoid; anthers 1.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common on wet rocks; PS Pezha Exacum wightianum Arn., Ann. Sci. Nat Bot. 11: ; FBI 4: ; FPM E. atropurpureum Bedd. var. palghatense Gamble, FPM Erect woody herbs; stem scarcely dichotomous or unbranched. Leaves 5-8 x 3-5 cm, ovate, acute, cordate at base, 5-ribbed. Cymes terminal, peduncled; bracts linear lanceolate. Flowers few; pedicels deflexed in fruit; calyx 14 mm long, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, wings 3 mm 200

225 broad, obtuse to subcordate at base, nerves not prominent; corolla tube 4 mm long, lobes obovate, glandular; anthers 4.5 mm long, black-glandular at apex. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare along the margins of grasslands; PS Karimala HOPPEA Willdenow Hoppea fastigiata (Griseb.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Cicendia fastigiata Griseb., Gen. Sp. Gent Small branched herbs. Leaves opposite, 4-8 x 2-5 mm, ovate, subsessile. Cymes terminal and axillary; peduncles to 5 mm, calyx tube 4 mm, teeth 2 mm, lanceolate, acuminate; corolla tube 4 mm, lobes unequal, lanceolate; stamen 1 perfect, 3 sterile; ovary ellipsoid, one celled, many ovuled, stigma 2 lobed. Fl. & Fr. April-June Distr. Peninsular India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli HYDROPHYLLACEAE HYDROLEA Linnaeus Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Nama zeylanica L., Sp. Pl Annual herbs, rooting at nodes. Leaves alternate, to 7 x 1.5 cm, elliptic or lanceolate, apex acute, base cuneate, membranous, young parts partly hirsute. Racemes axillary and terminal, pedicels to 0.5 cm; calyx lobes 6 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, glandular, acute; corolla lobes 6.5 mm, ovate, obtuse, deep blue; stamens 5, filaments basally dialated; ovary 2.5 mm, oblong, many ovuled, sparsely hispid, styles 2, 3 mm, stigma globose. Capsule 5 x 2 mm, ovoid. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas; PS Thunakkadavu BORAGINACEAE 1. Fruits covered with glochidiate bristles...cynoglossum 1. Fruits without glochidiate bristles Prostrate herbs; leaves crisped... Coldenia 2. Erect herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves not crisped Flowers in one sided spike or racemes Flowers solitary or in cymes or panicles Scandent shrubs; pyrenes 2 celled, cells 2-ovuled...Tournefortia 4. Herbs; pyrenes 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled...Heliotropium 5. Scabrid herbs; anthers connate into a cone around the style... Trichodesma 5. Scandent or trailing shrubs or trees; anthers free Flowers solitary, axillary, pink... Rotula 6. Flowers in cymes or panicles, white or yellow Drupe more than 1.5 cm across; style 4 branched...cordia 7. Drupe less than 0.7 cm across; style 2 branched... Ehretia COLDENIA Linnaeus Coldenia procumbens L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR

226 Prostrate herbs with radiating branches; stem hispid. Leaves 2-4 x 2 cm, oblong with wavy margins, obtuse, densely hispid, nerves deeply impressed; petiole to 1 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile; sepals 5, 1 mm long, ovate, acute; corolla pale green, 2 mm long, 5-lobed, tube short; stamens 5, inserted inside the tube; ovary 4-lobed, 2-celled, 2-ovules in each cell; styles 2, free, stigmas capitate. Drupe 2 mm across, 4, 1-seeded pyrenes; seeds globose. Fl. & Fr. May-June Distr. Pantropical. Common in reservoir beds; PS Thunakkadavu CORDIA Linnaeus 1. Leaves scabrous; filaments glabrous at base...c. monoica 1. Leaves not scabrous; filaments villous at base... C. wallichii Cordia monoica Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM Small trees, branchlets lenticellate, tomentose. Leaves alternate, 8-10 x 5-7 cm, ovateelliptic, nerves 4-5 pairs, basal pair opposite, upper surface scabrous, puberulus beneath; petiole to 2 cm. Corymbs terminal, pubescent; calyx tube 5 mm, tomentose, lobes 2 mm, hairy; corolla tube 8mm, lobes 5mm, white; filaments attached to the mouth of corolla tube, 3mm, anthers 1.5mm; ovary 4-celled, hairy, stigma clavate. Drupe 2.5 x 1.5 cm ovoid with mucronate tip. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi; Pandaravarai Cordia wallichii G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR C. tomentosa Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: , non Roem. & Schult C. obliqua Willd. var. wallichii (G. Don) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: C. obliqua Willd. var. tomentosa Kazmi, J. Arnold. Arbor Trees, to 15 m high; bark white corky; branchlets densely pubescent. Leaves to 14 x 8 cm, elliptic, acute at base and apex, densely pubescent below, scarcely above; nerves to 5 pairs, prominent; petiole 3 cm long. Cymes 8 x 8 cm, terminal, corymbose. Flowers creamy white; calyx 9 mm long, lobes 3, ovate, acute, hairy; corolla 15 mm long; lobes 6, oblong, acute; stamens 6, filaments villous at base. Drupe 2 x 2 cm, depressed-globose, yellow, shining. Fl. & Fr. April-June Distr. Endemic to South West India. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu CYNOGLOSSUM Linnaeus Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Hornem.) Thumb. ex Lehm., Neue Schriften Naturf. Gen. Halle 3: ; FPL ; FTSR Anchusa zeylanica Vahl ex Hornem., Enum. Pl. Hort. Hafn Cynoglossum denticulatum A.DC. var. zeylanicum (Vahl ex Hornem.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM C. furcatum Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Erect herbs, whole plant softly adpressed pubescent. Leaves alternate, x 3-7 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex, cuneate at base; nerves to 5 pairs, prominent, arching, upper leaves smaller; petiole to 1 cm long, flat. Racemes cm long, straight or arching. Flowers sessile, many; sepals 2 mm long, spreading; corolla 3-5 mm across, blue, campanulate; stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla tube; ovary 4-celled, style gynobasic. Fruit of 4 nutlets, 3-5 mm across, glochidiate. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Peruvaripallam; Thellikkal; Karimalagopuram 202

227 EHRETIA P. Browne Ehretia canarensis (Clarke) Gamble, FPM E. laevis Roxb. var. canarensis Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: E. indica (Dennst. ex Kostel.) M.R.& S.M. Almeida, JBNHS ; FTSR Bruxanella indica Dennst.ex Kostel., Allig. Med. Pharm. Fl. 5: Trees, to 8 m high; branchlets glabrous. Leaves alternate, to 13 x 5 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, base acute; lateral nerves 4-6 pairs; domatia glandular; petiole 1.5 cm long. Cymes terminal and axillary, 5-10 cm across,. Flowers sessile; sepals 1 mm long, obtuse, ciliate; corolla white, 4 mm long, lobes oblong, obtuse; stamens 5, exserted; ovary ovoid, 2-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, style terminal, 3 mm long. Berry, 3-4 mm across, globose, reddish; seeds 4. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Kanthalppara; Vengoli HELIOTROPIUM Linnaeus 1. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm; nutlets free, obtuse...h. bracteatum 1. Leaves more than 7 x 5 cm; nutlets connate in pairs, beaked Flowers pale violet or pink... H. indicum 2. Flowers white...h. keralense Heliotropium bracteatum R. Br., Prodr ; FBI 4: ; FPM H. laxiflorum Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Herbs, branchlets pubescent. Leaves to 4 x 0.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acute, base cuneate, margin revolute; petiole to 4 mm; calyx lobes 5, 2.5 mm, ovate-obovate; corolla 2.5 mm across, salver form, lobes to 1.5 mm, broadly ovate; stamens 5; anthers to 1 mm, ovate-cordate; ovary globose. Drupe 2 mm across, 4-lobed, hirsute; seeds globose. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Australia. Common in open rocky areas; PS Vengoli Note: Present collection is an addition to the flora of Kerala Heliotropium indicum L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Tiaridium indicum (L.) Lehm., Pl. Asperif. Nucif Erect herbs. Leaves 8-12 x 4-7 cm, ovate, obtuse at apex, rounded at base, entire, hispid. Calyx 1.5 mm long, lanceolate, hispid outside; corolla white, 3 mm long, bottle shaped, white; lobes 5, rounded; stamens 5, anthers sessile, inserted inside the corolla tube; ovary 4-celled; style terminal, stigma capitate. Drupe 4 x 3 mm, 4-lobed, glabrous; seeds subglobose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in reservoir beds and marshy areas; PS Parambikulam Heliotropium keralense Sivar. & Manilal, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: ; FTSR Erect pubescent herbs. Leaves to 10 x 4 cm, ovate-obtuse, base cuneate, subentire, membranous, petiole to 8 cm long. Cymes 15 cm long. Calyx 2.5 mm long, white strigose. Corolla white, villous, 3 mm long; ovary 4-celled; sty;e twisted; stigma capitate. Drupe 5 x 3 mm, 4-lobed; seeds 4, globose. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Occasional in the banks of river and reservoir along with H. indicum; PS 19472, Thellikkal ROTULA Loureiro Rotula aquatica Lour., Fl. Cochinch ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Rhabdia lycioides Mart. & Zucc. Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: ; FBI 4: Ehretia cuneata Wight, Ic. t

228 Stout branching shrubs; branched virgate, usually pinkish, glabrous. Leaves alternate or fascicled, 1-2 x 0.5 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, sessile. Flowers solitary or in few flowered cymes axillary; calyx 3.5 mm long 5-partite, lobes lanceolate; corolla pink, 5 mm long, 7 mm across, campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 5, anthers sagitate at base; ovary 4-celled, style filiform, stigma capitate. Drupe with 4, 1-seeded pyrenes, free, yellowish, smooth. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in rocky riverine areas; PS Kannimara TOURNEFORTIA Linnaeus Tournefortia heyneana Wall. ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR T. reticosa Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM Scandent shrubs, branches glabrous. Leaves alternate, to 15 x 4 cm elliptic, oblong, acuminate at apex, acute to rounded at base, entire; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers in dichotomous scorpioid cymes, terminal, pedicelled; calyx 5-lobed, 2 mm long, ovate, acute; corolla 7 mm long, bottle-shaped, tubular, lobes 5, very short; stamens 5, included; anthers sessile, oblong; ovary 4- celled. style terminal, bifid at apex. Drupe 4 x 3 mm, dehiscent into 2 pyrenes. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pooppara TRICHODESMA R. Brown Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br., Prodr ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Borago zeylanica Burm.f., Fl. Ind Coarsely hispid erect herbs, to 50 cm high. Leaves 8-10 x 2 cm, lanceolate, acute at base and apex, tubercled hairy above, tomentose below; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers axillary or in terminal cymes, pedicelled; sepals 10 x 5 mm, enlarging in fruit; corolla blue, 8 mm long, campanulate, lobes 5, triangular with twisted narrow tip; stamens 5, anthers sessile, connivent, connective produced in twisted threads; ovary 4-lobbed and 4-celled; style terminal. Nutlets, rugose on the inner surface. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Amakkundu CONVOLVULACEAE 1. Corolla urceolate... Lepistemon 1. Corolla otherwise Styles two or three... Evolvulus 2. Style one Corolla deeply 5 lobed each with two lobules... Erycibe 3. Corolla entire Outer two or three lobes of the sepals accrescent, foliosus... Hewittia 4. Lobes of the sepals equal or sub-equal not accrescent Pollengrains smooth... Merremia 5. Pollengrains spinulose Fruit dehiscent...ipomoea 6. Fruit indehiscent Stigma linear-oblong...rivea 7. Stigma capitate or biglobose Calyx accrescent larger than fruit... Stictocardia 8. Calyx not accrescent smaller than fruit...argyreia 204

229 ARGYREIA Loureiro 1. Ovary 2-celled; fruits red Ovary 4-celled; fruits not red Leaves strigose villous above... A. imbricata 2. Leaves glabrous or glabrescent above...a. osyrensis 3. Leaves cordate at base... A. hirsuta 3. Leaves acute at base... A. elliptica Argyreia elliptica (Roth) Choisy, Convolv. Orient Ipomoea elliptica Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Lettsomia elliptica (Roth) Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM Branchlets sparsely pubescent. Leaves 5-9 x 3-5 cm, elliptic-ovate to obovate, acute, base rounded to truncate. Cymes lax, corymbose, to 8 cm; bracts deciduous; calyx lobes 5, subequal, 4 x 3 mm, ovate, obtuse; corolla pink to rose, 3-4 cm across; stamens 5; anthers 3mm; ovary 1.5 mm, 2-loculare; ovules 2 per cell, style 1.5 cm. Berry 0.7 cm across, orange. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests and bamboo brakes; PS Vengoli; Kanthalppara Argyreia hirsuta Wight & Arn., Nov. Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur. 18: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Rivea hirsuta (Wight & Arn.) Wight, Ic. t Climbers; stem hirsute along one side. Leaves cm across, broadly ovate, cordate at base, acute at apex, densely pubescent with adpressed hairs; nerves 8-13 pairs, prominent below; petiole cm long. Peduncles axillary, to 10 cm long; bracts leafy, 3-4 cm long, elliptic, shortly petioled; sepals equal, ovate, obtuse, sparsely hairy; corolla 7 cm long, 6 cm broad, campanulate, hispid outside, pink. Berry 13 mm across, depressed-globose, yellow, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests and bamboo areas; PS Vengoli; NS Velayudhankai Argyreia imbricata (Roth.) Sant. & Patel, Trans. Bose-Res. Inst. Calcutta 22: Ipomoea imbricata Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Lettsomia aggregata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM L. mysorensis Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: Large climbers; stem white-woolly. Leaves 8-12 x 6 cm, ovate, obtusely acute, apiculate, rounded or subcordate at base, strigose above, white-tomentose beneath, nerves impressed above; petiole 3 cm long. Cymes terminal; peduncles 5 cm long; bracts and bracteoles small. Flowers few, shortly pedicelled; calyx lobe orbicular, 10 x 7 mm, densely hairy outside, reddish inside; corolla 2 cm long, pink. Berry 5 x 5 mm, reddish, densely hairy outside. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to South India. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi Argyreia osyrensis (Roth) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: orixensis. Ipomoea osyrensis Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Lettsomia aggregata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM L. mysorensis Clarke in Hook. f., FBI 4: Climbing shrubs, branchlets white, tomentose. Leaves 5-10 x 4-8 cm, broadly ovate, thinly pubescent above and tawny tomentose below, acute, base subcordate, petiole to 4 cm, tomentose. Cymes densely white tomentose, peduncle 5-8 cm, bracts sub-orbicular, calyx 5, unequal, ovate, to 8 x 5 mm, corolla 1 cm, pink, tube to 1.5 cm; stamens exerted; ovary 2-locular, ovules 2 per cell, style 2 cm. Berry ca 1 cm across, red, enclosed by ovate-orbicular bracts. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional along the margins of grasslands; PS Kuchimudi Note: Present collection is the new record for the flora of Kerala. 205

230 ERYCIBE Roxburgh Erycibe paniculata Roxb., Pl. Corom. 2:31.t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR E. wightiana Graham, Cat. Pl. Bomb ; FPM Woody climbers, bark covered with warty tubercles; branchlets brown tomentose. Leaves alternate, to 11 x 5 cm, elliptic, acute at base and apex, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, nerves 6-8 pairs; petiole 1 cm long, rusty tomentose. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles; bracts and bracteoles minute; calyx 3 mm long, densely hairy; lobes obovate; corolla yellow, 7 mm long, tube campanulate, lobes obcordate, spreading, glabrous; stamens 5, filaments broaden below; ovary 1-celled, ovules 4, basal; stigma sessile, globose. Berry, 5-8 mm across, obovoid. Fl. & Fr. May-December Distr. India, Himalayas and Andaman Islands. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; Kottayali EVOLVULUS Linnaeus 1. Leaves sericeous on either side; corolla blue...e. alsinoides 1. Leaves glabrous; corolla white...e. nummularis Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L., Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Convolvulus alsinoides L., Sp. Pl Diffuse herbs, stem villous. Leaves to 18 x 8 mm; elliptic oblong, acute, base rounded, densely villous, cuspidate. Flowers in axillary 1-3 flowered cymes, peduncles slender, 2 cm long; pedicels 1 cm long, bracts and bracteoles similar, lanceolate; sepals 5, 3 x 1 mm, lanceolate, hairy; corolla blue, campanulate, 8 mm across; lobes shallow; stamens 5, included; ovary 2- celled, ovules 4, styles 2, free, forked, stigmas linear. Capsule 3 mm across, globose, glabrous; seeds 4, ellipsoid, acute, black. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Evolvulus nummularis (L.) L., Sp. Pl. (ed.2) ; FPL ; FTSR Convolvulus nummularis L., Sp. Pl Volvulopsis nummularis (L.) Roberty, Candollea 14: Stem glabrescent. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, base cordate, to 1.2 x 1 cm; petiole 0.5 cm long. Flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary; pedicels to 3 mm long. Calyx lobes 5, acute, ciliate, 2.5 mm long. Corolla campanulate, 6 mm across. Capsule globose, 3-4 mm across. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of Tropical America. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Parambikulam HEWITTIA R. Wight & Arnott Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh in Nicols. et al., Interp. Hort. Malab ; FTSR Convolvulus malabaricus L., Sp. Pl C. sublobatus L. f., Suppl. Pl C. bicolor Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: , non Desr Hewittia bicolor (Vahl) Wight & Arn., Madras J. Lit. Sci. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM H. sublobata (L. f.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: Creepers; stem densely hispid. Leaves to 7 x 6 cm, ovate, truncate or cordate at base, entire, acute, hispid; petiole 4 cm long. Flowers axillary, 2-3 together, in peduncled cymes; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate, hairy; pedicels short, 2-3 mm long; sepals unequal, enlarging in fruit, to 15 x 5 mm, acute, hairy, inner smaller, lanceolate; corolla 25 mm long, lobed; yellow with brown eye; stamens equal; filaments glabrous; ovary and style tomentose; stigmas 2, clavate, papillose. Capsule 7 x 9 mm, depressed globose; hairy; seeds 4 x 3.5 mm, obovoid, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Asia, Africa and South America. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Kannimara 206

231 IPOMOEA Linnaeus 1. Corolla red, salver shaped...i. hederifolia 1. Corolla others than red, infundibular or campanulate Leaf blade divided Leaf blade entire Leaves glabrous...i. cairica 3. Leaves variously tomentose Leaves 7-9 lobed...i. pes-tigridis 4. Leaves 3-lobed Inflorescence with one large bract... I. pileata 5. Inflorescence with two large bracts, overlapping at base... I. deccana 6. Leaves pubescent...i. wightii 6. Leaves glabrous Corolla to 15 cm long, infundibular...i. alba 7. Corolla to 5 cm long, campanulate...i. obscura Ipomoea alba L., Sp. Pl ; FPL ; FTSR I. bona-nox L., Sp. Pl. (2): ; FBI 4: Calonyction bona-nox (L.) Boj., Hort. Maurit ; FPM C. speciosum Choisy, Convolv. Orient. 58. t. 1. f Perennial climbers; stem stout, glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 12 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, cordate at base, 11-nerved from base; petiole to 9 cm long. Peduncles cm long, stout. Flowers 1-3 together, but usually solitary; pedicels 2 cm long; sepals 1.5 cm long, lanceolate, strongly aristate, glabrous; corolla white, 8-10 cm broad, funnel shaped, lobes spreading, glabrous. Capsule 2.5 x 1.5 cm, glabrous; seeds glabrous. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Native Tropical America; introduced and naturalised in many Asian countries. Occasional in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thellikkal Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. (ed. 1) ; FPM Convolvulus cairicus L., Syst. Nat. (ed.10) Ipomoea pulchella sensu Wight, Ic. t , non Roth I. palmata Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab ; FBI 4: Glabrous climbers. Leaves divided below the middle, lobes elliptic, chartaceous, acute at apex; petiole to 4 cm long. Flowers solitary or in few flowered cymes; calyx lobes subequal, to 7 x 3.5 mm, apiculate; corolla pink, 5 cm across; capsule 7 mm across, globose; seeds pubescent. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Paleotropics. Common in openings and road cuttings; PS Parambikulam; Vengoli Ipomoea deccana Austin, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: ; FPL ; FTSR I. bracteata Wight, Ic. t , non Cav. 1799; FBI 4: ; FPM I. deccana var. lobata (Clarke) Johri, JETB 5: Hispid creepers. Leaves to 4 x 4 cm, 5-lobed, cordate at base; lobes rhomboid, acute; petiole 4-5 cm long. Peduncle cm long; bracts ovate, obtuse, 2-5 together, forming a capitate head; flowers 3 together; sessile; sepals unequal, to 9 x 3 mm, acute, hairy; inner smaller; corolla purple, 15 mm long, campanulate; filaments unequal, inserted near the base of corolla tube. Capsule 6 x 6 mm, globose, puberulus in vertical lines; seeds pubescent, black. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in openings of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Ipomoea hederifolia L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) ; FPL ; FTSR Quamoclit phoenicea (Roxb.) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: ; FPM

232 Ipomoea angulata Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: I. phoenicea Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: I. coccinea sensu Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: Slender climbers. Leaves to 10 x 8 cm, ovate, acuminate, cordate at base, entire or shallowly 3-lobed, membranous; petiole to 15 cm long. Peduncle to 16 cm long, slender, erect. Flowers 2-6 together; pedicels 5-7 mm long; sepals 7 mm long, ovate, long-cuspidate; corolla red, 4 cm long, tubular to funneliform, lobes acute; stamens equal, inserted inside the tube. Capsule 6 x 6 mm, globose, transparent; seeds 5 x 3 mm, trigonous, hairy. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of Tropical America; now naturalised in Tropical Asia. Fairly common in rocky areas of moist deciduous and evergreen forests; PS Peruvaripallam; Vengoli Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. 3. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Convolvulus obscurus L., Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) Slender creepers; stem glabrous. Leaves to 5 x 3.5 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate, base cordate; petiole to 4 cm long. Peduncle axillary, 4-5 cm long, tomentose. Flowers 1 or 2 on each peduncle; sepals 5 mm long, ovate, acute, glandular, outer 2 smaller; corolla 25 mm long, 25 mm broad, white with pink eye; anthers sagitate at base. Capsule 10 x 8 mm, globose; seeds 6 x 4 mm, compressed, brown, thinly pubescent. Fl. & Fr. Almost throughout the year Distr. China, Tropical Asia and Tropical Africa. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Ipomoea pes-tigridis L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR I. pes-tigridis L. var. hepaticifolia (L.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: I. hepaticifolia L., Sp. Pl Slender twiners. Leaves to 10 x 12 cm, lobes obovate, acuminate; petiole to 7 cm long. Flowers 3-5 together, in bracteate heads; bracts densely bristly, foliaceous; sepals 10 mm long, pubescent; corolla 3 cm long, pink, funnel shaped/ Capsule globose; seeds black, grey pubescent. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Ipomoea pileata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Twining herbs, stem puberulus. Leaves ovate-acuminate, mucronate, base cordate, glabrescent above and pubescent below, to 8 x 9 cm; petiole to 7 cm long. Flowers enclosed in a boat-shaped, to 5 cm broad involucre; peduncle often longer than the petiole. Sepals ovate, obtuse, 1.2 cm long, tomentose. Corolla pinkish-white, narrowly, funnel-shaped, tube 2 cm long and 2 mm wide, limb 1.2 cm across. Capsule ovoid, 5 mm long; seeds ovoid, black. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Tropical Africa and Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in opening of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Ipomoea wightii (Wall.) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Convolvulus wightii Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 55. t Small twiners; stem hirsute. Leaves to 10 x 9 cm, orbicular in outline, cordate at base, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes acute, distantly toothed, hirsute above, petiole 5 cm long. Peduncle 10 cm long; bracts many, linear-lanceolate, yellowish hispid. Flowers 3-5 together, sessile; sepals 20 x 5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, densely hispid; corolla 3 cm long, campanulate, purple. Capsule 5 x 5 mm, globose, glabrous; seeds hairy on angles. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and India. Common in grasslands; PS Pandaravarai LEPISTEMON Blume 208

233 Lepistemon verdcourtii Mathew & Biju, Kew Bull. 46: ; FTSR Herbaceous velutinous twiners. Leaves ovate-acuminate, mucronate, base cordate or hastate, tomentose on both sides, to 9 x 6 cm; lateral nerves 6-8; petiole to 7.5 cm long. Flowers in many-flowered dense, umbellate, peduncled cymes, peduncle ca. 3 cm long; pedicels 7 or 8 mm long. Sepals ovate, obtuse, subequal, outer 3 x 3 mm; inner two 3.5 x 3 mm. Corolla urceolate, pale yellow 1.5 cm long, shortly lobed, lobes plaited, glabrous; scales obovoid, concave, hirsute outside. Stamens attached to the base of scales. Ovary glabrous, conical; style short, stigma 2-lobed, papillose. Capsule dorsiventrally compressed, deeply 4-lobed, glabrous, x 5-6 mm; seeds 4, ovoid, greyish-brown tomentose. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Occasional in evergreen and reed brakes; PS Kothala MERREMIA Dennstedt ex Endlicher 1. Leaves entire...m. umbellata 1. Leaves lobed or basely auricled Branchlets hairy; corolla more to 4 cm long...m. vitifolia 2. Branchlets glabrous; corolla to 2 cm long Leaf base auricled and toothed; seeds hairy...m tridentata 3. Leaf base auricled and toothed; seeds glabrous...m. hederacea Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hall. f., Bot. Jahrb. 18: ; FTSR Evolvulus hederaceus Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 77. t Ipomoea chryseides Ker-Gawl., Bot. Reg. 4: t ; FBI 4: Merremia chryseides (Ker-Gawl.) Hall. f., Bot. Jahrb. 16: ; FPM Creeping herbs, stem puberulus. Leaves 2.5 x 2.5 cm, shallowly 3-lobed, cordate at base, chartaceous, 5-7-nerved from base, glabrous, lobes sub-orbicular; petiole 1-4 cm long, hispid. Flowers many, on axillary dichasial cyme to 10 cm long: sepals unequal, to 5 x 4 mm, obovate, truncate at apex, cuspidate; corolla 10 mm long, 15 mm across, yellow, filaments glandular hairy below. Capsule 5 x 5 mm, glabrous; seeds hairy. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Old World tropics. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall. f., Bot. Jahrb. 16: , ssp. tridentata; FPM ; FPL Convolvulus tridentatus L., Sp. Pl Ipomoea tridentata (L.) Roth in Roem. Arab. Bot. 1: ; FBI 4: Trailing herbs. Leaves to 3 x 1 cm, lanceolate to oblong, hastate at base, acute at apex, mucronate, chartaceous, penninerved, glabrate; petiole 5 mm long, hairy. Flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels to 2.5 cm long, slender; sepals subequal, to 6 x 2 mm, ovate, acute, cuspidate, inner ones acuminate; corolla 12 mm long, 15 mm across, white or yellowish, throat usually pale purple. Capsule 6 x 6 mm, glabrous; seeds 3 x 3 mm, glabrous, black. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Paleotropics. Common in rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Merremia umbellata (L.) Hall. f., Bot. Jahrb. 16: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Convolvulus umbellatus L., Sp. Pl Ipomoea cymosa Roem. & Schult., Syst. Nat. 4: ; FBI 4: Prostrate or twining herbs, stem sparsely hairy. Leaves to 8 x 5 cm, oblong, acuminate at apex, entire, membranous, glabrous above, sparsely hairy below; petiole 1 cm long, hairy. Peduncle 3 cm long, hispid. Flowers subumbellate; pedicels 1 cm long; sepals 8 x 6 mm, 209

234 suborbicular, obtuse; corolla 3.5 cm long, campanulate, white, lobes hairy at apex; filaments broadened and glandular below. Capsule 2 cm across, globose, seeds angular, black, pubescent Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Kuriarkutty Merremia vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall. f., Bot. Jahrb. 16: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Convolvulus vitifolius Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 45. t Ipomoea vitifolia (Burm. f.) Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 4: Aggressive climbers; stem brownish, hirsute or glabrous. Leaves membranous, to 8 x 9 cm, 5-7-lobed, lobes acute, distantly dentate, petiole to 7 cm long. Peduncle 8 cm long, hirsute or glabrous. Flowers few, racemose; pedicels 1.5 cm long; sepals 1.5 cm long, ovate, obtuse, emarginate, sparsely bristled; corolla yellow, 5 cm broad, funnel-shaped; stamens 5, equal, filaments broadened and glandular at base. Capsule 1.5 x 1.5 cm, glabrous; seeds 8 x 6 mm, trigonous, dark brown; fruiting calyx lobes 2.5 x 1.5 cm. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Indo-China and China. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Muthalakkuzhi RIVEA Choisy Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Convolvulus hypocrateriformis Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: Leaves 3-4 x 3-6 cm, cordiform, subcoriaceous, base cordate, apex obtuse ; petiole to 6 cm. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes; bracts lanceolate; corolla white, 7 cm across, salver-form; stamens 5, unequal, to 1.8 cm; anthers oblong, 4 mm; ovary oblong, 4 mm, 4-locular, each 1- ovulate, style 3.5 cm. Capsule conical, indehiscent, 1.5 x 1 cm, 1-celled; seeds 4 or a few. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. India and Nepal. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady STICTOCARDIA H.G. Hallier Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: ; FPM Convolvulus tiliifolius Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: Argyreia tiliifolius (Desr.) Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 4: Leaves 5-9 x 6-9 cm, broadly ovate to cordiform, chartaceous, base cordate, margin entire; petiole to 8 cm. Flower axillary, solitary; bracts cauducous; corolla pink, 7 cm across, funnelform; stamens 5, unequal, to 3.5 cm; ovary conical, 1.5 mm, 4-locular, each 1-ovuled; style 3.5 cm; stigma biglobose. Capsule indehiscent; accrescent calyx enlarged and fleshy. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in the near by areas of reservoir; PS Peruvaripallam SOLANACEAE 1. Calyx accrescent, completely enclosing the fruit...physalis 1. Calyx rarely accrescent not enclosing the fruit Fruit echinate... Datura 2. Fruit not echinate Flowers in extra-axillary racemes or cymes; stamens attached to throat of corolla tube... Solanum 3. Flowers in axillary fascicles; stamens attached to base of corolla tube...lycianthes DATURA Linnaeus 210

235 Datura metel L., Sp. Pl ; FPL D. fastuosa L., Syst. Nat. (ed.10) ; FBI 4: ; FPM D. fastuosa L. var. alba (Nees) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM Datura alba Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: Shrubs, stem terete. Leaves alternate, x 6-12 cm, ovate, acute at apex, unequal at base, glabrous, membranous; petiole to 10 cm long. Flowers erect, solitary, axillary, pedicellate; calyx green, to 6 cm long, tubular, lobes 5, erect, acute, glabrous; corolla to 15 cm long, white with violet shades, glabrous, lobes 5, erect, truncate with short linear appendage; stamens 5, included, filaments equal, hairy at base, anthers oblong; ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigma 2- lobed. Capsule 3.5 cm across, globose, prickly; seeds compressed, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Paleotropics. Fairly common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi LYCIANTHES Hassler 1. Branches zig-zag; calyx cup without appendages... L. laevis ssp. bigeminata 1. Branches straight; calyx cup with vermiform appendages...l. laevis ssp. laevis Lycianthes laevis (Dunal) Bitter, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 24: , ssp. laevis; FPL ; FTSR Solanum laeve Dunal, Solan. Synop ; Clarke in Hook. f., FBI 4: ; FPM Subshrubs; branches glabrous or scabrous. Leaves 8-18 x 2-5 cm, alternate or fascicled, elliptic, acuminate at either ends, entire, petiolate. Flowers solitary or fascicled; sepals a truncate cup-like rim with or without appendages; corolla spreading, tube very short, lobes oblong, glabrous white with violet shade; stamens 5, erect, anthers ovate, filaments very short; ovary conical; style glabrous, stigma terminal. Berry 6 x 6 mm, globose; seeds yellow, flat, concentricity reticulate. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. South India, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Common along the grassland slopes; PS Pooppara; Karimala Lycianthes laevis (Dunal) Bitter ssp. bigeminata (Nees) Deb Bot. J. Linn. Soc ; FTSR Solanum bigeminatum Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: ; Clarke in Hook. f., FBI 4: Subshrubs, branchlets glabrous. Leaves x 6-8 cm, alternate or fascicled, elliptic, acuminate. Flowers fascicled; sepals cupular; corolla spreading, lobes oblong; stamens 5; anthers ovate; ovary conical. Berry 6 x 6 mm, globose; seeds red. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in reed areas; PS Pezha PHYSALIS Linnaeus Physalis angulata L., Sp. Pl ; Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR P. minima L., Sp. Pl ; FPL Annual herbs, branches angular. Leaves ovate, acuminate, base cuneate, unequal sided, margins dentate or sinuate, sometimes entire, to 6 x 3 cm; petiole to 5 cm long. Flowers solitary, pedicels 1 cm long. Calyx 5-toothed, in fruit 2.5 cm across. Corolla pale-yellow, 0.8 cm across. Berry 0.7 mm across; seeds minutely rugose. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Native of Tropical America; naturalized in many Asian countries. Fairly common in open forest lands; PS Thunakkadavu SOLANUM Linnaeus 1. Climbing shrubs... S. seaforthianum 211

236 1. Erect herbs or shrubs Plants unarmed Plants armed with strong prickles Herbs; leaves glabrous...s. americanum 3. Shrubs or small trees; leaves tomentose...s. erianthum 4. Leaves with prickles Leaves without prickles Berry less than 1 cm diameter, orange-red Berry more than 1.5 cm diameter, yellow or white with greenish lines Racemes lax; pedicels to 2 cm...s. anguivi var. anguivi 6. Racemes dense; pedicels to 0.7 cm...s. anguivi var. multiflora 7. Leaves covered with simple hairs; prickle to 2 cm long...s. virginianum 7. Leaves covered with stellate hairs; prickles to 1 cm long...s. melongena var. insanum 8. Flowers white; berry greenish-yellow...s. torvum 8. Flowers violet; berry red...s. giganteum Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) ; FTSR Solanum nigrum sensu Gamble, FPM , non L Herbs. Leaves 4-8 x cm, ovate to broadly ovate, attenuate at base, entire or serrate, membranous. Peduncle 1 cm long. Flowers umbelled; pedicels 1 cm long, filiform, glabrous; calyx deeply 5-partite, corolla white with bluish shade, 5 mm across, lobes oblong. Berry 6 mm across, black, smooth, glossy; seeds 1 x 1 mm, orbicular, yellow, pitted. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Cosmopolitan. Common around the settlements; PS Thunakkadavu; Pandaravarai Solanum anguivi Lam., Encycl. 2: , var. anguivi. S. indicum Hook. f., FBI 4: , non L. 1753; FPM S. violaceum Hepper in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: Erect armed herbs; prickles 5 mm long, straight with a broaden base. Leaves to 9 x 5 cm, shallowly lobed, densely hairy below, sparsely above; petiole 3-5 cm long. Raceme axillary, flowered, peduncled. Flowers blue; pedicels 1.5 cm long, straight, erect; corolla 20 mm across, densely stellate hairy outside; style hairy. Berry 7 x 7 mm, orange-yellow, smooth. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Parambikulam Solanum anguivi Lam. var. multiflora (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) Chithra in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: S. multiflorum Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 4: S. indicum var. multiflora (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) Clarke in Hook.f., Hook. f., FBI 4: ; FPM S. ferox L. var. minus Wight, Ic. t Erect woody herbs; stem prickled; prickles stout, broaden towards the base. Leaves to 15 x 12 cm, shallowly lobed, densely stellate hairy; petiole 3 cm long. Raceme flowered, very shortly peduncled. Flowers blue, densely packed; pedicels 1.2 cm long, curved; corolla 22 mm across, glabrous or hairy. Berry 8 mm across, orange-red, smooth. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Parambikulam 212

237 Solanum erianthum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FPL S. verbascifolium sensu Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: , non L S. pubescens Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: , non Willd. S. verbascifolium var. adulterinum (Buch.-Ham.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: Large shrubs or small trees, unarmed. Leaves x 5-10 cm, elliptic, entire, densely hairy below, sparsely above; nerves prominent; stellate hairs with equal arms; petioles 4 cm long. Cymes terminal or subterminal; peduncle 5 cm long, stout. Flowers many, erect, densely packed; pedicels 1 cm long; corolla white, densely pubescent outside. Berry 8 x 8 mm, orangeyellow, hairy when young. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. South East Asia and North Australia. Common in secondary forests; PS Vengoli Solanum giganteum Jacq., Coll. Bot. 4: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL S. niveum Vahl, Symb. 2: S. farinosum Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Large shrubs, stem and leaves covered with minute stellate hairs; prickles on stem, stout. Leaves x 5-7 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, entire, membranous; petiole to 5 cm long. Cymes terminal or subterminal; peduncle 4-5 cm long. Flowers densely packed; pedicel 1 cm long, densely white-stellate hairy; corolla blue, hairy outside. Berry 7 x 7 mm, red, glabrous; seeds smooth. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Solanum melongena L., Sp. Pl , var. insanum (L.) Prain, Bengal Pl ; FPM S. insanum L., Mant. Pl S. coagulans Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab ; FBI 4: Shrubs; stem usually bluish; prickles to 1 cm long, on stem, petiole and leaves, flattened with bluish base. Leaves to 7 x 5 cm, shallowly lobed; stellate hairs equally armed; petiole 3-6 cm long. Flowers solitary, axillary; pedicels 2.5 cm long, deflexed in flowers and fruits; calyx hairy or with scattered prickles; corolla blue, 1.5 cm across, hairy outside. Berry yellow, 2.5 cm across, globose, smooth. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Paleotropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu Solanum seaforthianum Andr., Bot. Repos. 8: t Scandent shrubs. Leaves to 8 x 4 cm, petiolate. Peduncle 5 cm long. Flowers in corymbose cymes; pedicel 1 cm long, narrow; corolla 1.5 cm across, not spreading, blue. Berry globose, 7 x 7 mm, reddish. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Native of Brazil; now widely naturalised. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara Solanum torvum Sw., Prodr ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR S. stramoniifolium Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: , non Jacq. S. indicum L., Sp. Pl , p.p. S. inclusum Stahl, Eat. 6: Shrubs, to 2.5 m high, sparsely prickled; prickles stout, broaden at base. Leaves to 18 x 13 cm, entire or shallowly lobed; petiole to 4 cm long. Peduncle short; cymes congested, axillary. Flowers many; pedicel 1 cm long, narrow; corolla white, 1.5 cm across, stellate hairy outside, style glabrous. Berry 13 x 13 mm, globose, yellow; seeds pitted. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Throughout the tropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Karimala 213

238 Solanum virginianum L., Sp. Pl S. surattense Burm. f., Fl. Ind ; FPL S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl., sert. Hannov. 1: 8. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM S. jacquinii Willd.,Sp.Pl.1: S. diffusum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Branched diffuse herbs, stem glandular hairy; prickles 2 cm long, spinescent, gradually or not broaden towards the base, present on all parts except berries. Leaves to 13 x 10 cm, lyrate, membranous; petioles to 8 cm long. Peduncle absent. Flowers 2-4 together, axillary; pedicel 2 cm long, stout; corolla 18 mm across, sparsely hispid. Berry 25 mm across, yellowish, smooth; seeds flat, not pitted. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. India, Himalaya, South East Asia, Malesia, Australia, Polynesia. Common in degraded forest areas and roadsides; PS Thellikkal SCROPHULARIACEAE 1. Flowers regular...scoparia 1. Flowers irregular All leaves divided into linear lobes...sopubia 2. Leaves entire or toothed, not all leaves divided into linear lobes Upper leaves alternate, lower opposite All leave opposite or whorled Calyx spathaceous, split on one side... Centranthera 4. Calyx not spathaceous Leaves linear, to 0.5 cm broad...striga 5. Leaves elliptic, to 3 cm broad...buchnera 6. Filaments of lower stamens appendaged Filaments of lower stamens not appendaged Erect herbs; capsule depressed globose... Artanema 7. Prostrate herbs; capsule oblong... Torenia 8. Anthers stalked Anthers sessile...lindernia 9. Anthers confluent, one celled... Microcarpa 9. Anthers not confluent Calyx lobes foliaceous... Mecardonia 10. Calyx lobes not foliaceous Fertile stamens 4...Limnophila 11. Fertile stamens 2...Dopatrium ARTANEMA D. Don Artanema longifolium (L.) Vatke, Linnaea 43: ; FPL ; FTSR Columnea longifolia L., Mant. Pl. 1: Achimenes sesamoides Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: Artanema sesamoides (Vahl) Benth., Scroph. Ind ; FBI 4: ; FPM Undershrubs. Leaves to 20 x 8 cm, elliptic, acuminate, serrate, attenuate at base, glabrous; nerves to 6 pairs, distinct below; petiole short or absent. Racemes terminal, to 20 cm long; bracts leafy. Calyx 12 mm long, campanulate, divided to the middle, lobes acuminate, glabrous; corolla 2.5 cm long, 2-lipped, deep violet, upper lip round or emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed; stamens 4, filaments of longer stamen curved or arched, with an orbicular basal appendage, anthers connate in pairs; ovary 2-furrowed; style long, slender, stigma spathulate. Capsule 7 x 8 mm, depressed globose; seeds cylindrical, puberulus, brown. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in grasslands; PS Anakkalvayal 214

239 BUCHNERA Linnaeus Buchnera hispida Bunch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Rigid hispid erect herbs, to 60 cm high, usually not branched. Lower leaves opposite, 5 x 1 cm, elliptic, obtuse, serrate, attenuate at base; upper leaves alternate, narrower, densely hispid. Flowers in terminal lax spike to 20 cm long; bracts ovate, acute, hispid; sepals 5-6 mm long, tubular, acutely lobed; corolla tube 8 mm long, narrow, hairy inside; lobes equal, spreading, blue; stamens 4, filaments short; style stout, stigma terminal. Capsule 5 x 3 mm, oblong, loculicidal, opening by apical slits, glabrous; seeds 0.5 mm long, curved-obovoid, black, angled. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India, Madagascar, Tropical Africa. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala CENTRANTHERA R. Brown Centranthera indica (L.) Gamble, FPM ; FTSR Rhinanthus indica L., Sp. Pl Purshia ciliata Dennst., Schluss. Hort. Malab. 11, 24, Centranthera procumbens Benth. in DC., Prodr. 10: ; FBI 4: C. hispida R. Br., Prodr ; FBI 4: ; FPM Coarsely scabrid erect herbs, cm high, roots reddish; stem terete. Lower leaves opposite, 4 x 0.6 cm, linear oblong, obtuse, densely bulbous based hairy. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile or some times in terminal raceme; calyx 13 mm long, spathaceous, split at one side, ribbed, lobes acute; corolla 25 mm long, pale yellow with brown lines, 2-lipped, tube ventricose, lobes equal, orbicular; stamens 4, filaments densely hairy; one anther lobe fertile, other sterile and tailed; ovary many-ovuled; style dialated above, stigma obovate. Capsule 8 x 5 mm, ovoid; seeds spirally reticulate. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. South India, Burma, Malesia and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests and wet rocky areas; PS Pooppara DOPATRIUM Buchanan-Hamilton ex Bentham Dopatrium nudicaule (Willd.) Benth., Scroph. Ind ; Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM Gratiola nudicaulis Willd., Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr. 4: Stem branched from the base. Leaves mostly basal, obovate, obtuse, subamplexicaule at base, to 7 x 3 mm; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, linear, minute. Pedicels to 1 cm long, slender. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate. Corolla pale blue, 6 mm long, throat shortly hairy. Capsule linear-oblong, 3 mm long; seeds rugose; fruiting pedicels deflexed. Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. South India, Sri Lanka and Philippines. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam LIMNOPHILA R. Brown Limnophila repens (Benth.) Benth. in DC., Prodr ; FTSR Stemodia repens Benth. in Edward s Bot. Reg. 17: sub t L. conferta Benth. in DC., Prodr. 10: ; FBI 4: ; FPM L. sessilis (Benth.) Fischer, Kew Bull. 1932: Procumbent hispid herbs, to 40 cm long. Leaves to 3 x 1 cm, oblanceolate, acute, serrate, sessile, gland-dotted. Flowers axillary, solitary or in terminal raceme, pedicelled; sepals 7 x 1 mm, oblong, acute, hirtus, basely connate; corolla 13 mm long, yellow, hairy, bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed, lobes equal, obtuse; anthers stalked; stigma with two small lateral projections. Capsule 5 x 2 mm, ovoid; seeds round, black. Fl. & Fr. August-April Distr. Tropical Asia. PS Parambikulam; Pillakkalvayal 215

240 LINDERNIA Allioni 1. Fertile stamens 4...L. crustacea 1. Fertile stamens Capsule much longer than the calyx... L. ruellioides 2. Capsule equaling or shorter than the calyx...l. rotundifolia Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell., Syst. Cens. Austral. Pl. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Capraria crustacea L., Mant. Pl Vandellia crustacea (L.) Benth., Scroph. Ind ; FBI 4: ; FPM Erect branched herbs, 5-15 cm high, rooting from lower nodes; stem bluish, glabrous. Leaves to 1.5 x 1 cm, broadly ovate, obtusely acute, serrate; nerves 4 pairs; petioles to 5 mm long. Racemes terminal or sometimes flowers axillary; pedicels to 1.5 cm long; calyx 3 mm long, 5-fid to below the middle, lobes acute, glabrous; corolla 5 mm long, purple; staminal filament of lower stamen appendaged at middle. Capsule 3.5 mm, globose, glabrous; seeds 0.5 mm long, obovoid, rugose, yellow. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Paleotropic. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Parambikulam Lindernia rotundifolia (L.) Mukerjee, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 24: ; FTSR Gratiola rotundifolia L., Mant. Pl. 1: Ilysanthes rotundifolia (L.) Benth. in DC., Prodr. 10: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Prostrate branched herbs, rooting from nodes, glabrous. Leaves to 10 mm, orbicular, glabrous, sessile, serrate or entire, 3-ribbed from base. Flowers axillary; pedicels 1.6 cm long, slender, solitary; sepals 2.5 mm, elliptic, glandular-hairy; corolla 11 mm long; upper lip notched at apex, lower lip 3-lobed, hairy at the throat; staminodes 4 mm long, filiform, appendaged; stigmas hairy. Capsule 3 mm long, globose; seeds curved, striate, pale brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Paleotropics. Occasional in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell, Brittonia 2: Gratiola ruellioides Colsm., Prodr. Desc. Grat Bonnaya reptans Spreng., Syst. 1: ; FBI 4: Gratiola repens Roxb.,Fl.Ind.1: Ilysanthes reptans (Spreng.) Urban, Berl. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 2: ; FPM Bonnaya veronicaefolia Wight, Ic. t , non Sprengl. Creeping herbs with erect branches, lower nodes rooting. Leaves to 5 x 1.8 cm, ellipticoblong, obtuse at apex, coarsely dentate-serrate; nerves 3-5 pairs; petiole cm long. Raceme terminal. Flowers opposite; pedicels 1 cm long, slender, perpendicular to axis; sepals 6 mm long, lanceolate, basely connate, glabrous; corolla blue, 2-lipped, lobes round. Capsule 1.7 cm long, linear, acuminate; seeds trigonous, 0.5 mm long, rugose, brown. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Tropical and Subtropical Asia. Rare in the openings of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola MECARDONIA Ruiz & Pavon Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S & ; FTSR Erinus procumbens Mill., Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ Bacopa procumbens (Mill.) Green, Publ. Field. Columb. Mus. Bot. ser. 2: Mecardonia dianthera (Swartz) Pennell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 98: Diffuse herbs, stem 4-angled. Leaves opposite, sessile, to 1.5 x 0.6 cm, ovate-lanceolate, base acute, crenate-serrate, penninerved. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels 1 cm long; bracteoles 216

241 oblong, 0.5 cm long; calyx deeply 5-partiate, inner 2 lobes much narrower, 4 x 0.5 cm; outer ovate-lanceolate; corolla yellow, 7 mm long, slightly 2-lipped with subequal lobes; stamens 4, didynamous, anthers stalked, ovary oblong with short style; stigma lamellate. Capsule 2- valved; seeds reticulate. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Native of Tropical America; Introduced and naturalised in India. Common in disturbed areas and vayals; PS Thenkudippara; Parambikulam MICROCARPAEA R. Brown Microcarpaea minima (Koenig ex Retz.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 7: Paederota minima Koenig ex Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: Microcarpaea muscosa R. Br., Prodr ; FBI 4: ; FPM Herbs. Leaves 2-4 x mm, narrowly oblong, apex obtuse. Flower axillary, solitary; corolla purplish, 1.2 mm across, cauducous; stamens 2, exserted, filaments filiform, 1 mm; anthers 1-celled, confluent, 0.2 mm; ovary oblong-cylindric, 1 mm; style 1 mm; stigma capitate, papillose, deflexed. Capsule oblong-globose, enclosed by calyx-base, 2 mm; seeds ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Paleotropics. Occasional in wet rocky areas; PS Thenkudippara SCOPARIA Linnaeus Scoparia dulcis L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect herbs; stem ridged. Leaves whorled, 3.5 x 1.5 cm, elliptic to obovate, acute, serrate; petiole 7 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels erect, slender; calyx 3 mm long, deeply 4- lobed, lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla rotate, 4-lobed, white, throat densely hairy, lobes 3 mm long; stamens 4, subequal. Capsule globose, longer than the calyx, 2-valved; seeds many, pitted. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of Tropical America; now Pantropical. Very common along the roadsides, moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu SOPUBIA F. Hamilton ex D. Don 1. Corolla pink; anthers not beared...s. delphiniifolia 1. Corolla yellow with purple centre; anthers beared... S. trifida Sopubia delphiniifolia (L.) G. Don, Gen., Syst. 4: "delphinifolia"; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Gerardia delphiniifolia L., Cent. Pl. 2: Annuals or perennials; stem hispid. Leaves cm long, lobes narrow, filiform, hirtus. Flowers axillary; pedicels 2-3 cm long, slender; calyx 9 mm long, tube ribbed, lobes acuminate, scabrid; corolla 2.5 cm long, tube ventricose, lobes subequal, obovate, obtuse; stamens 4, one anther lobe sterile, spurred. Capsule 5 x 3.5 mm, truncate at apex; seeds oblong, pitted. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in grasslands and wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Sopubia trifida Bunch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Stout rigid herbs; stem hispid. Leaves 3-fid or upper ones entire; lobes 1-2 cm long, linearoblong, coriaceous, covered with tubercle based hairs. Flowers axillary or in terminal racemes; pedicels 7 mm long; calyx 3.5 mm long, campanulate, lobes triangular, glandular; corolla 12 mm across, lobes rotate, subequal; anthers bearded at base. Capsule 3 x 2.5 mm, emarginate at apex; seeds brown. 217

242 Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram; Karimala STRIGA Loureiro 1. Flowers yellow; calyx tube 10-ribbed...S. asiatica 1. Flowers white; calyx tube 15-ribbed...S. angustifolia Striga angustifolia (D. Don) Sald., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: ; FPL ; FTSR Buchnera angustifolia D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal Striga euphrasioides auct. non Vahl, 1794: Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Erect, little or not branched scabrid herbs. Leaves 2-4 x 0.4 cm, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in terminal spikes; bracts lanceolate; sepals 10 mm long; corolla 14 mm long, 2-lipped, upper lip orbicular, lower lip 3-lobed. Capsule 4 x 3 mm, obovoid, cuspidate; seeds cylindrical, brown. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram Striga asiatica (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: ; FTSR Buchnera asiatica L., Sp. Pl Striga lutea Lour., Fl. Cochinch ; FBI 4: ; FPM Herbs, stem tubercled hairy. Leaves to 4 x 0.5 cm, lanceolate to oblanceolate, thickly scabrid. Flowers sessile in terminal spike; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate; sepals 1 cm long, oblong, glabrous, united to near the tip, tubercled hairy; corolla 14 mm long, tube slender; upper lip orbicular, entire. Capsule 4 x 3 mm, oblong; seeds angular, pitted Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. South East Asia and Africa. Occasional in grasslands; PS Vengoli TORENIA Linnaeus Torenia bicolor Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc.3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Prostrate herbs. Leaves to 3 x 2 cm, ovate, acute, serrate, base truncate to subcordate, thinly hairy; nerves to 4 pairs; petiole to 2 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels 4-5 cm long, slender; calyx 1.5 cm long, ribbed with brown line, narrowly winged, glabrous, wing decurrent at base into the pedicel; lobes acuminate; corolla 2.5 cm long, deep-violet, with pale lower lip, lobes obtuse, glabrous; appendages of lower filament shortly subulate. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in the openings of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola OROBANCHACEAE 1. Calyx tubular, 5 lobed...christisonia 1. Calyx spathaceous, split on one side... Aeginetia AEGINETIA Linnaeus 1. Scape unbranched, one flowered; corolla tube deep purple... A. indica 1. Scape branched, many flowered; corolla tube yellow...a. pedunculata Aeginetia indica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Root stock short, horizontal; scapes many, erect, unbranched, glabrous, deep pink or brown, cm long. Flowers solitary; bracts and bracteoles absent; calyx 2 cm long, glabrous, reddish; corolla 3 cm long, dark purple, tube broad, lobes equal, rounded, glabrous; upper 218

243 stamens with one anther lobe; lower stamen with one sterile and one fertile lobes. Capsule 2 cm long, dehisce apically; seeds many, white, rugose Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. Indo-Malesia and Japan. Fairly common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Velayudhankai Aeginetia pedunculata Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Orobanche pedunculata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Rootstock erect, glabrous or scabrid. Scapes branched, cm long, glabrous, pink or brownish yellow. Flowers many; calyx 4 cm long, split along one side, puberulus, acute. pale orange; corolla 6 cm long, 4 cm across; tube widening above, yellowish pink; lobes rounded, purple to blue; sterile anthers with fleshy acute horn; stigma peltate, prominent, glabrous, white. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in the rocky grasslands and openings in the evergreen forests; PS Karimala CHRISTISONIA Gardner 1. Stem glandular hairy; bracteoles two, large...c. bicolor 1. Stem not glandular hairy; bracteoles absent...c. tubulosa Christisonia bicolor Gard., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 8: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Christisonia aurantiaca Wight, Ic. t Stem 8-12 cm long, pubescent; scales few, distant. Flowers peduncled and pedicellate; bracteoles 2, 8 x 3 mm, lanceolate, acute, pubescent; calyx 18 mm long, brick-red, lobes short, triangular, acuminate, glandular pubescent; corolla 6 cm long, tube narrow below, widening above, lobes yellow, orbicular, glandular hairy; filaments 25 mm long, sterile, anther lobes 3 mm long, spur-like, acuminate; placenta lobed; style to 4.5 cm long, stigma with a large pit at centre. Fl. & Fr. June-October Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in reed areas; NS 5624 Karimala Hills Christisonia tubulosa (Wight) Benth. ex Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM Oligopholis tubulosa Wight, Ic. t Stem reddish, to 40 cm high, glabrous. Peduncle 3 cm long, stout; bracts 8 mm long, ovate, acute; calyx 2 cm long, orange coloured, glabrous, lobes unequal, acute; corolla to 5 cm long; tube slightly curved, cm broad, yellowish white, lobes equal, 1.5 cm across, thinly tomentose, pink; stamens equal, filaments hairy; sterile anther lobe hooked; stigma papillose. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in reed areas and evergreen forests at higher elevations; PS Karimalagopuram LENTIBULARIACEAE UTRICULARIA Linnaeus 1. Flowers rose pink; lower lip 5 lobed...u. striatula 1. Flowers blue, violet or yellow; lower lip entire or 3-lobed Bracts and scales medifixed...u. caerulea 2. Bracts and scales basifixed Pedicels recurved in fruit; spur strait...u. polygaloides 3. Pedicels not recurved in fruit; spur curved upwards

244 4. Capsule wall uniformly thickened; testa cells isodiametric...u. uliginosa 4. Capsule wall thickened along dehiscent margins; testa cells elongated...u. graminifolia Utricularia caerulea L., Sp. Pl ; FPM ; JBI ; FPL ; FTSR U. nivea Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: U. racemosa Wall. ex Walp. in Meyen, Obs. Bot. 19: Foliar organs spathulate, revolute, up to 8 mm long, traps ovoid, mouth terminal. Racemes up to 40 cm long, erect; bracts medifixed, rhomboid. Flowers bluish purple; calyx lobes subequal, broadly ovate, obtuse; upper lip of corolla oblong, lower lip broadly ovate, larger than lower lip. Capsule subglobose; seeds ovoid, reticulate, cells elongate. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Paleotropics. Common in the moist areas of grasslands; NS 5756 Karimala Hills Utricularia graminifolia Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: ; FPM ; JBI ; FPL U. smithiana Wight in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: ; FPM U. squamosa Wight in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: ; FPM U. uliginoides Wight in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: & Ic, t U. conferta Wight, Ic. t U. pedicellata Wight in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: & Ic. t f U. caerulea sensu Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: , non L Foliar organs, linear, obtuse, 3-nerved, up to 2 cm long. Traps subglobose, mouth basal, appendages 2, subulate, simple. Racemes to 30 cm long; bracts basifixed, ovate, lanceolate. Flowers blue to purple; calyx lobes unequal, ovate, acute, upper lip 4 x 2.5 mm, lower lip 3 x 2 mm; upper lip of corolla linear, oblong, lower lip obovate. Capsules ovoid, thickened along dehiscent margins; seeds subglobose, reticulate. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in wet areas of grasslands with Drosera and Eriocaulon; PS Karimala Utricularia polygaloides Edgew., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: ; JBI U. reticulata Smith var. uliginosa sensu Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: p.p. U. stricticaulis (Kon. ex Oliver) Stapf ex Gamble, FPM U. reticulata Smith var. stricticaulis Koen. ex Oliver, J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3: Rhizoids glandular, branches papillose. Foliar organs to 1 x 0.4 cm, linear acute, Trap ca 1 mm, globose, glandular hairy. Racemes to 25 cm, scale 1 mm, ovate-lanceolate, basifixed; bracts ca 3 mm, ovate, acute; bracteoles 2 mm, subulate, basifixed; calyx, upper to 7 x 4 mm, ovate, acute, lower tridentate; corolla violet, upper lip ca 4 x 3 mm, oblong, obtuse, lower lip ca 6 x 4 mm, obovate, rounded; spur equal to calyx, conical; stamens ca 2 mm; pistil 2 mm, ovary ovoid. Capsule to 6 x 3.5 mm, ovoid. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common the wet rocky areas; PS Karimala Utricularia striatula Smith, Res. Cyclop. 37: n ; FPM ; JBI ; FPL ; FTSR U. pusilla Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay , non Vahl U. orbiculata Wall. ex A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 8: ; FBI 4: U. glochidiata Wight in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: & Ic. t Foliar organs to 4 x 3 mm, orbicular, rostrate at base; scape scattered on stolen, filiform. Traps globose, mouth lateral; scape 8 cm long, erect, 3-5-flowered; bracts medifixed. Flowers rose pink; calyx unequal, papillose, upper lip 2 x 2 mm, orbicular, lower lip 1 x 0.9 mm, ovate, rounded; corolla bluish violet with yellow throat; upper lip suborbicular, lower lip 5-lobed, throat hairy, spur cylindrical, acute. Capsule ovoid; seeds oblong, clavate, glochidiate. Fl. & Fr. July-December 220

245 Distr. Paleotropics. Rare on wet rocks; PS Parambikulam Utricularia uliginosa Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: ; FPM ; JBI ; FPL ; FTSR U. affinis Wight in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: ; FBI 4: Foliar organs linear, rounded, up to 5 cm. Traps subglobose, glandular, mouth basal appendages 2, subulate. Racemes up to 30 cm long, erect; bracts basifixed. Flowers 3-6 in a raceme; calyx lobes unequal, upper lip blue, ovate, acute; calyx elliptic, acuminate or bidentate; corolla bluish purple, 8 mm long, upper lip oblong, emarginate, lower lip obovate or elliptic. Capsule ovoid; seeds subglobose, testa reticulate, cells isodiametric. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia, China and Australia. Common in moist localities in grasslands; PS Karimala GESNERIACEAE 1. Epiphytic subshrubs; fruit to 15 cm... Aeschynanthus 1. Terrestrial herbs or shrubs; fruit to 8 cm Fruit a linear capsule; leaves radical...didymocarpus 2. Fruits ovoid or ellipsoid; leaves cauline Leaves unequal at base; flowers blue...rhynchoglossum 3. Leaves equal to base; flowers white or pale blue Leaves oblanceolate; flowers white; staminodes absent...rhynchotechum 4. Leaves ovate-orbicular; flowers pale blue, small; staminodes 2...Epithema AESCHYNANTHUS Jack Aeschynanthus perrottetii A.DC. in DC., Prodr. 9: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR A. ceylanica sensu Wight, Ic. t A. perrottetii A. DC. var. planiculmis Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: , 'platyculmis'. A. planiculmis (Clarke) Gamble, FPM Epiphytic subshrubs; stem terete, scandent. Leaves to 8 x 1.5 cm, elliptic, succulent, acute, pale below; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary or rarely paired; pedicels 1 cm long; sepals 8 x 1 mm, free, lanceolate; corolla pink, 4.5 cm long, tubular, curved, oblique at mouth, lobes 5, subequal, glandular-ciliate; stamens 4, all perfect, inserted at the middle of the corolla tube; upper stamens with smaller anthers, confluent in pairs; ovary long-stipitate; linear, 1- celled, ovules many; style slender, stigma terminal. Capsule to 15 cm long, linear; seeds linear. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara DIDYMOCARPUS Wallich 1. Leaves spathulate; scape slender...d. innominatus 1. Leaves ovate or orbicular; scape stout...d. tomentosus Didymocarpus innominatus Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 21: ; FTSR D. rottleriana sensu Clarke in DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Scapigerous herbs. Leaves spathulate, acute, base attenuate and shortly decurrent on the petiole, thickly coriaceous, margin irregularly shallowly lobed, densely white strigose above and villous below, to 9 x 6.5 cm; petiole of basal leaves to 3 cm long. Scapes several, dichotomously branched, many flowered; pedicels cm long. Sepals tomentose. Corolla 1 cm long, pale blue. Capsule 2 cm long; seeds boat-shaped, reticulate-pitted. Fl. & Fr. September-May 221

246 Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common on rocks in grasslands; NS 5633 Karimala Didymocarpus tomentosus Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL D. rottleriana var. tomentosa (Wight) Clarke in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: Scapigerous herbs. Leaves 6-7 x 4 cm, ovate or orbicular, acute, irregularly crenate-serrate, densely bullate above, fulvous tomentose below, prominently reticulate below; petiole 1-3 cm long, 5 mm broad; central leaves sessile. Scapes few, to 12 cm long. Cymes glandular-hairy; pedicels 1 cm long. Flowers blue, subumbellate; sepals 2.5 x 1 mm, oblanceolate, obtuse, longhairy; corolla 11 mm long, glandular-hairy, lobes obovate to orbicular; staminodes straight, bristle-like; ovary densely glandular, hairy. Capsule 2 x 0.2 cm, linear, densely glandular hairy Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsula India. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram EPITHEMA Blume Epithema carnosum (G. Don) Benth. var. hispida Clarke in DC., Monogr. Phan. 5: & Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR E. ceylanicum Wight, Ic. t , non Gard Erect leafy herbs; stem succulent, pilose. Leaves opposite and alternate, 7-14 x 6-10 cm, ovate, rounded or cordate at base, obtuse at apex, upper ones sessile, hairy above and below; nerves 6-8 pairs. Flowers small, in terminal or axillary scorpioid cymes; pedicels 6 mm long, hairy; calyx 5 mm long, campanulate, lobes 5, acuminate, united above the middle; corolla 7 mm long, 2-lipped, lobes 5, subequal, white; stamens 2, free; staminodes 3 or 4; ovary ovoid, 1- celled, ovules many, placenta parietal; style 1, stigma minute. Capsule 5 x 3 mm, ovoid, circumscissile; seeds twisted, brown, ridged. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in moist shades of evergreen forests; PS Orukomban; Karimala RHYNCHOGLOSSUM Blume Rhynchoglossum notonianum (Wall.) Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 24: & Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: ; FPL ; FTSR Wulfenia notoniana Wall., Tent. Fl. Nepal Klugia notoniana (Wall.) A. DC. in DC., Prodr. 9: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Fleshy herbs. Leaves alternate and opposite, to 17 x 11 cm, ovate, acute at apex, cordate at base, inequilateral, acute on one side; nerves pairs, prominent below. Flowers in terminal racemes; bracts ovate, acute; pedicels to 5 mm long; sepals 8 mm long, lanceolate; corolla blue, cm long, bilabiate; stamens 4, anthers connate in pairs; ovary 1-celled, ovules many, on 2- parietal placentae; stigma oblique. Capsule 6 x 4 mm, ovoid, loculicidal; seeds reticulate. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in moist localities in all types of forests; PS Karimala RHYNCHOTECHUM Blume Rhynchotechum permolle (Nees) Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 24: ; FPL ; FTSR Isanthera permollis Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Young stem tawny, woolly-tomentose. Leaves oblanceolate, base attenuate, serrate at apex, woolly-tomentose when young, becoming glabrescent on maturity, to 18 x 8 cm; lateral nerves pairs; petiole to 2.5 cm long. Peduncle to 1 cm long. Calyx lobes lanceolate 5 mm long, woolly-tomentose. Corolla white, 5 mm long, lobes ovate, subequal. Fl. & Fr. August-March 222

247 Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Pezha BIGNONIACEAE 1. Leaves simple pinnate Leaves multi-pinnate Fruit linear angled or terete... Stereospermum 2. Fruit broadly flat Calyx spathaceous; flowers red... Spathodea 3. Calyx not spathaceous; flowers rose or pinkish white Leaflets to 20 x 12 cm, clearly oblique; capsule winged... Pajanelia 4. Leaflets to 7 x 3 cm, slightly oblique or not; capsule not winged... Heterophragma 5. Fruit with warty tubercles; 4 stamens fertile... Radermachera 5. Fruit compressed smooth; 5 stamens fertile... Oroxylum HETEROPHRAGMA A. P. de Candolle Heterophragma roxburghii DC., Prodr. 9: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Bignonia quadricularis Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Medium trees. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 7-11, opposite or sub-opposite, 4-5 x cm, elliptic, obtuse, margin crenate; petiole ca 4 mm. Panicle woolly, corymbose terminal; pedicel to 5 mm, stout; calyx to 2 cm, tubular, irregularly 5-lobed; corolla to 3.5 cm, floccose, bilipped, lobes crisped, pale rose; stamens 4, didymous, included; anthers elliptic, divaricate; ovary ovate, style to 3 cm, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule x cm, elongate-oblong compressed, 2-valved, dissepiments spongy; seeds on the central suture, ca 2 x 6 cm, winged. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Note: This species hitherto not reported from Tamil Nadu and Kerala has been collected from the sanctuary. OROXYLUM Ventenat Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Bignonia indica L., Sp. Pl Spathodea indica (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: Small to medium deciduous trees; bark grey, smooth, dull yellow inside. Leaves to 1 m long, pinnae opposite, leaflets 2-4 pairs per pinnae, to 12 x 9 cm, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, base rounded or cordate. Racemes cm long; pedicels 1-2 cm long. Calyx 2.5 cm long, coriaceous, glabrous. Corolla ca. 10 cm long, lobes 3 cm long, pale-purple streaked. Four stamens exserted, filaments hairy at base. Capsule x 5-8 cm, tapering at both ends; seeds 5-6 cm long, winged all around except at the base. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala PAJANELIA A. P. de Candolle Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Bignonia longifolia Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: Pajanelia rheedii Wight, Ic. tt. 1343, ; FBI 4: ; FPM Medium trees, usually unbranched. Leaves to 1 m long, leaflets 8-10 pairs, to 20 x 12 cm, ovate, inequilateral, oblique at base, subsessile, acute to acuminate at apex. Flowers in terminal racemose panicles; calyx 4.5 cm long, campanulate, rusty tomentose; corolla 9 cm long and 8 cm broad, tube broadly ventricose, lobes subequal, hispid, pinkish white; stamens 4, free, filaments 223

248 arching, anthers equal, oblong; ovary oblong, ovules many; placenta thin at centre; style 6 cm long, stigma spoon shaped. Capsule to 30 x 6 cm; winged; seeds flat, papery, winged. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. India and Myanmar. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu RADERMACHERA Zollinger & Moritzi Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Bignonia xylocarpa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Stereospermum xylocarpum (Roxb.) Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 2: ; FBI 4: Medium trees, bark grey-corky. Leaves to 60 cm long, bipinnate; leaflets opposite, to 8 x 5 cm, ovate, acute to acuminate, glabrous; nerves 5-7 pairs. Flowers in terminal panicled cymes, pedicelled, 5-8 together; calyx 1 cm long, campanulate, irregularly 5-lobed, corolla 4.5 cm long and 4 cm across, white, campanulate, bilabiate, lobes equal, obtuse, crisped; stamens 4, included, anthers divaricate; staminodes filiform; ovary oblong, glabrous; ovules multiseriate, style slender; stigma spoon-shaped. Capsule 40 x 2 cm, woody, warty tubercled, bivalved; seeds winged, 1.5 cm long. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala SPATHODEA Palisot de Beauvois Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Fl. Owar. 1: 47. tt ; FTSR Trees; twigs tomentose. Leaves 1-pinnate, to 40 cm long; leaflets many, opposite, to 12 x 7 cm, oblong-obovate, obtuse. Flowers large, few to many, in terminal cyme; calyx spathaceous, brown-tomentose; corolla scarlet to red, 5-8 cm across, campanulate, ventricose; stamens 4, anthers divaricate; ovary glabrous; stigma spoon-shaped. Capsule to 20 cm long, erect, compressed, woody; seeds flat, winged cm across, white. Fl. & Fr. November-May. Distr. Native in Tropical Africa. Planted in gardens; PS Parambikulam STEREOSPERMUM Chamisso Stereospermum colais (Buch.-Ham. ex Dillw.) Mabb., Taxon 27: ; FPL ; FTSR Bignonia colais Buch.-Ham. ex Dillw., Rev. Hort. Malab Stereospermum tetragonum DC., Prodr. 9: ; FPM S. chelonoides sensu Wight, Ic. t , non (L. f.) DC.1838; FBI 4: S. personatum (Hassk.) Chatter., Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 2: Dipterosperma personatum Hassk., Flora 25: Biebl Large trees, bark transversally rugose, grey. Leaves to 35 cm long, 1-pinnate; leaflets to 12 x 4.5 cm, 4-6 pairs, ovate, entire of serrate, caudate-acuminate, obtuse at base, slightly unequalsided, petiolulate; nerves 8-10 pairs. Flowers in terminal panicles; calyx 6 mm long, campanulate, shallowly lobed, lobes obtuse; corolla yellow, 2 cm long, 1.5 cm broad, bilabiate, lobes subequal, crisped; stamens 5, included, filaments pubescent at base; ovary sessile, oblong, 2-celled, ovules many, 1-seriate, style slender, stigmas 2, spoon shaped. Capsule to 35 x 0.7 cm, subtetragonous, spirally splitting; seeds 8 mm long, with membranous wings on both sides. Fl. & Fr. April-October Distr. Indo-China and Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli PEDALIACEAE SESAMUM Linnaeus 224

249 Sesamum orientale L., Sp. Pl ; FPL ; FTSR S indicum L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM Erect herbs, young shoots 4-angled, puberulus. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, basal leaves often 3-foliolate, elliptic-lanceolate, variable in size, pubescent on both sides. Flowers solitary, axillary, terminating into a leafy raceme above; calyx 5-lobed; lobes unequal; corolla purple, 3.5 x 2 cm, tube ventricose, 2-lipped above, lobes 5; stamens 4, included. Capsule to 1.8 x 0.5 cm, oblong, beaked, compressed, medianly grooved, pubescent; seeds compressed, black. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Tropical Africa and Asia. Fairly common in the marshy areas; PS Anakkalvayal ACANTHACEAE 1. Climbers; calyx reduced Erect or prostrate herbs or stragglers; calyx well developed Leaves petiolate; anthers glabrous or basally beard... Thunbergia 2. Leaves sub-sessile; anthers apically beard...meyenia 3. Flowers in axillary clusters or sub-capitate peduncled clusters Flowers in spike, racemes or panicles Flowers in axillary whorls, armed with sharp thorns at nodes... Hygrophila 4. Flowers in few flowered clusters or capitate peduncled clusters, unarmed Prostrate herbs; leaves sessile; fertile anther cell 1...Blepharis 5. Erect herbs; leaves petiolate; fertile anther cells 2... Dicliptera 6. Corolla lobes twisted to left in bud Corolla lobes imbricate in bud Placentas separating elastically from the base of the ripe capsule...phaulopsis 7. Placentas not separating elastically from the base of the ripe capsule Corolla tube short, ventricose... Strobilanthes 8. Corolla tube slender, not ventricose... Eranthemum 9. Ovules more than 3 in each cell; capsule more than 6 seeded Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell; capsule to 4 seeded Capsule sub-terete... Gymnostachyum 10. Capsule compressed at right angles to the septum Flowers in whorls among axillary cladodes...haplanthodes 11. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles...andrographis 12. Corolla lobes 5, equal or sub-equal Corolla distinctly two lipped Spike 4 angled; anthers one celled...crossandra 13. Spike terete or lax; anthers two celled Calyx 4-partite... Barleria 14. Calyx 5-partite Stamens 4; corolla tube cylindric below...asystasia 15. Stamens 2; corolla tube long and slender...pseuderanthemum 16. Bracts spinosus; stamens 4... Lepidagathis 16. Bracts not spinosus; stamens Bracteoles linear, setaceous; anthers 1-celled...Monothecium 17. Bracteoles otherwise; anthers 2-celled Spike one-sided; placenta separating elastically from the valve... Rungia 18. Spike otherwise; placentas not separating elastically from the valve Bracts large, on dense spikes; anther cells sub-equal... Ecbolium 19. Bracts smaller, absent on lax spike or panicles; anther cells one higher Corolla tube broad; anther cells with white appendage...justicia 20. Corolla tube slender; anther cells without white appendage Corolla white; bracts and bracteoles similar... Rhinacanthus 21. Corolla pink; bracteoles smaller than the bracts...peristrophe 225

250 ANDROGRAPHIS Wallich ex C.G.D. Nees 1. Panicle congested; staminal filaments glabrous...a. neesiana 1. Panicle lax; staminal filaments hairy...a. macrobotrys Andrographis macrobotrys Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect or scandent undershrubs; stem stout, glabrous. Leaves to 13 x 3 cm, elliptic, lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous; nerves to 10 pairs; petiole 6 mm long. Racemes to 19 cm long, upper axillary; calyx lobes 3 mm long, glandular hairy; corolla 20 mm long, tube ventricose; upper lip entire, midlobe of the lower lip broader than laterals, hairy; filaments bulged at base. Capsule 25 mm long, linear oblong, glandular hairy, retinacula acute; seeds 8, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in semi-evergreen and openings of evergreen forests; PS Vengoli Andrographis neesiana Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Unbranched herbs, cm high; branches strigose. Leaves 2-4 x 2 cm, ovate-elliptic, acute at both ends, glabrous, ciliate, nearly sessile; nerves 5 pairs. Panicle 2-5 x 4 cm, congested, terminal, strigose. Flowers densely arranged; calyx lobes 6 mm long, acuminate, glandular hairy, connate at base; corolla 14 mm long, tube not ventricose, upper lip emarginate; lobes of lower lip obtuse, hairy; filaments broaden below, anthers attenuate at base; style hairy. Capsule 16 x 3 mm, oblong, acute, hairy; seeds 6, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. September-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in grasslands; PS Karimala ASYSTASIA Blume Asystasia gangetica (L.) Anders. in Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 4: ; FPM Justicia gangetica L., Cent. Pl. 2: Asystasia coromandeliana Wight ex Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FPM Erect or diffuse herbs, cm high. Leaves to 5 x 3 cm, obovate, acuminate at apex, base rounded, pubescent; petiole 1 cm long, densely tomentose. Racemes terminal. Flowers distant; pedicels 3 mm long; calyx lobes 7 mm long, linear, acuminate, glandular hairy, free to the base; corolla 25 mm long, yellow; tube ventricose, lobes orbicular; anthers cuspidate at base. Capsule 25 mm long, puberulus; seeds 4, compressed, rugose. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, Arabia and Africa. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thekkady BARLERIA Linnaeus 1. Plants armed...b. mysorensis 1. Plants unarmed Branchlets tawny pubescent; corolla salver from Branchlets glabrescent; corolla infundibular Corolla white; leaf base truncate to rounded...b. acuminata 3. Corolla pink; leaf base acuminate... B. tomentosa 4. Inflorescence a terminal spike; stamens 4...B. courtallica 4. Inflorescence an axillary or terminal helicoids cyme; stamens 5... B. involucrata 226

251 Barleria acuminata Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR B. tomentosa Roth var. acuminata (Nees) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: Tawny pubescent shrubs. Leaves to 4-5 x cm, ovate, orbicular, apex acute, apiculate, base rounded, tomentose; petiole to 3.5 cm, pubescent. Racemes axillary and terminal; bracts 1.3 cm long, lanceolate, glandular, pubescent, acute; outer calyx lobes larger, 13 x 2 mm; inner smaller to 6 x 2 mm, lanceolate, pubescent; corolla tube to 3 cm, lobes 1 cm, obovate, obtuse, imbricate; filaments 7 mm; ovary 3 mm, ovoid, style 3.5 cm long, hairy at the base. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to South India. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS 30086, Kuchimudi Barleria courtallica Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: ; FPL ; FTSR Shrubs to 1 m high; branchlets glabrous. Leaves x 6-8 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, base attenuate, glabrous; nerves 7-9 pairs; petiole 1-4 cm long. Spike 3-10 cm long; bracts and bracteoles similar, 5 mm long, lanceolate. Flowers closely packed; outer sepals x 6.5 mm, elliptic, acuminate, pubescent; inner sepals 15 mm long, linear, acuminate, hairy; corolla 4-5 cm long, tube and throat yellow or white; lobes 1.5 cm long, obovate, blue; filaments villous at base. Capsule 2.3 x 0.9 cm, elliptic, glabrous; seeds 4, 5 x 5 mm, orbicular, hairy, brown. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Meenkara; Pandaravarai Barleria involucrata Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: , var. elata (Dalz.) Hook. f., FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL B. elata Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew. Gard. Misc. 3: Shrubs, 2-4 m high; branchlets quadrangular, tawny pubescent. Leaves x 4-6 cm, elliptic, acuminate at both ends, thinly pubescent above; nerves 7 pairs, prominent; petiole cm long. Cymes densely pubescent; bracts linear to oblanceolate. Flowers many, outer sepals x cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, densely tawny pubescent, one shortly bifid at apex, inner sepals 15 x 3 mm, lanceolate, pubescent; corolla 7-8 cm long, tube 4-6 cm long, cylindrical, thinly hairy out, lobes spreading, blue; filaments villous at base. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Meenkara; Koorankuzhi Barleria mysorensis Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 4: Spinescent silky pubescent shrubs. Leaves to 2.5 x 1.8 cm, obovate, elliptic, apex obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate, ca. 5 nerved; petiole 0.5 cm. Flowers solitary, axillary, subsessile, blue; outer two calyx lobes 1.2 x 0.8 cm, ovate, silky pubescent, inner 0.5 cm, lanceolate; corolla tube to 2 cm, lobes 1 cm, obovate; filaments 1 cm; ovary ovoid, acute at apex. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Pantropical. Fairly common in dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Barleria tomentosa Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 4: ; FPM Shrubs, branchlets pubescent. Leaves to 6 x 3 cm, ovate, acuminate, base acute, tomentose below; petiole to 3 cm. Flowers subsessile in short axillary racemes; bracts spathulate; calyx lobes 4, to 1.5 x 0.7 cm, subequal, obovate; corolla 3 mm across, salviform, pink, tube to 7 cm; stamens 2. Capsule 4-seeded; seed hairy. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli BLEPHARIS Jussieu 227

252 Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Acanthus maderaspatensis L., Sp. Pl Blepharis boerhaviifolia Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: Prostrate herbs. Leaves ternate, unequal, to 5 x 2.2 cm, obovate, apiculate, puberulus, margins distantly serrate; petiole to 3 cm. Flowers axillary; bracts 4 pairs, obovate, margins dentate with stiff elongated hairs, bracteoles 1.5 cm, spathulate; outer calyx lobes 1.3 cm and 1.8 cm, oblong, 2 and 3 veined, inner 8 mm; corolla tube urceolate, 5 mm, lower lip reduced, upper lip 3 lobed, 18 x 12 mm, white with pink nerves; filaments 4 and 5 mm, anthers 1-celled, apiculate, bearded; ovary 2.5 mm, oblong, style 1 cm, with a basal ring. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Tropical Africa to India. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi CROSSANDRA R. A. Salisbury Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Justicia infundibuliformis L., Sp. Pl Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb., Parad. Lond. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM C. axillaris Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Subshrubs, 1-2 m high. Leaves 6-9 x 2-4 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, usually crowded towards the apex; petiole to 4 cm long. Spike terminal or rarely axillary, dense, to 7 cm long; peduncle 5-10 cm long; bracts in 4 rows, 15 x 5 mm, lanceolate; bracteoles 15 x 3 mm, linear, acuminate, pubescent. Flowers many, densely packed; calyx lobes 5, unequal, to 9 mm long, glandular-hairy, outer one sometimes 2-fid at apex; corolla bluish green, tube 2.5 cm long, narrow, lobes 5, subequal, 1 cm long, oblong, spreading; stamens 4, inserted at the middle of corolla tube, included, filaments unequal, anthers bearded; ovary oblong, 4-ovuled; style narrow, stigma fimbriate. Capsule 10 x 5 mm, oblong; seeds 4, orbicular. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Planted in settlements; PS Thunakkadavu DICLIPTERA A. L. Jussieu Dicliptera cuneata Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Subshrubs. Leaves to 7 x 5 cm, elliptic, acuminate, base rounded or cuneate, hispid; petiole 2-3 cm long. Cymes sessile or shortly peduncled, subcapitate; bracts 18 x 12 mm, obovate, obtuse, mucronate, hispid; bracteoles 5 mm long, lanceolate, subulate. Flowers to 13 together; sepals 7 mm long, lanceolate, hispid; corolla pink, 8 mm long, tube slender; filaments hairy. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimala ECBOLIUM S. Kurz Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen, Kew Bull. 44: ; FTSR Justicia ligustrina Vahl, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 1: Ecbolium linneanum Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 40: ; FBI 4: , p. p.; FPM E. linneanum var. dentatum (Klein ex Link) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: E. linneanum var. laetevirens (Vahl) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPL E. viride (Forssk.) Alston var. laetevirens (Vahl) Raizada, Indian For. Rec. 84: ; FPL Glabrous shrubs; stem terete. Leaves to 22 x 6 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate on both ends; lateral nerves 7 pairs; petiole 3.5 cm long. Spikes terminal, to 12 cm long; bracts 23 x 12 mm, elliptic, glabrous; bracteoles filiform. Flowers many; sepals 5 mm long, linear, acuminate, hirtus, united at base, corolla bluish-green, bilabiate, tube 27 mm long, narrow, upper lip linear-oblong, shortly bifid; lower lip deeply 3-lobed; tube 25 mm long, narrow, hairy; stamens 2; style slender; stigma 2-lobed, clavate. Capsule 23 x 10 mm, clavate, thinly hairy; seeds one in each chamber, 8 x 8 mm, orbicular, compressed, white, rugulose. Fl. & Fr. January-May 228

253 Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Common in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; Vengoli ERANTHEMUM Linnaeus Eranthemum capense L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR E. montanum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FPM Justicia montana Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Daedalacanthus montanus (Roxb.) Anders. in Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Subshrubs; branchlets glandular-pubescent. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, elliptic, acuminate at both ends, entire, glabrous; nerves 5-7 pairs; petioles to 3 cm long. Spikes 3-7 cm long, terminal; bracts 20 x 5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, glandular hairy; bracteoles linear; sepals 5, united at the base, lanceolate, acuminate, hairy; corolla blue, tube 3 cm long, slender, glabrous, blue, lobes equal, 12 mm long, obovate, obtuse; stamens 2, anther cells subequal, parallel; staminodes 2, basely united; ovary 2-4-ovuled. Capsule oblong; seeds 2, orbicular, densely hairy. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu; PS Kothala GYMNOSTACHYUM C. G. D. Nees Gymnostachyum canescens (Nees) Anders., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Cryptophragmium canescens Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Subshrubs, stem hirsute. Leaves x cm, broadly elliptic, acute to acuminate at either ends. Cymes axillary, panicled, hirsute; bracts and bracteoles similar, 2 mm long, ovate. Flowers many, densely packed; sepals 5 mm long, glandular hairy; corolla greenish white, 15 mm long, tube 10 mm long, narrow, lobes obtuse, hispid; anthers unequal, glabrous. Capsule 16 x 2 mm, oblong, acute, hirsute; seeds many, orbicular, golden brown. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to South West India. Common in moist areas of evergreen forests; PS Kamamudi HAPLANTHODES O. Kuntze Haplanthodes neilgherryensis (Wight) Majumdar, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 25: ; FPL ; FTSR Haplanthus neilgherryensis Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM H. tentaculatus Nees. var. neilgherryensis (Wight) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: Profusely branched herbs, branches quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves to 7 x 3 cm, elliptic, acuminate at both ends, glabrous, attenuate and decurrent at base into a petiole of 4-9 cm long. Spikes terminal, to 5 cm long, cylindrical, densely covered with hairy cladodes; bracts and bracteoles minute. Flowers in whorls; calyx 2 mm long, lobes filiform, hairy; corolla 10 mm long; upper lip 2-lobed and lower lip 3-lobed, hairy; stamens 2, free, anthers unequal, appendaged; ovary oblong, ovule 4-6 in each cell, style slender, stigma linear. Capsule 7 mm long, oblong; seeds 6-12, thinly hairy. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola HYGROPHILA R. Brown Hygrophila schulli (Ham.) M. R. & S. M. Almeida, JBNHS 83(Suppl.): ; FTSR Bahell schulli Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: Barleria auriculata K. Schum. in Schum. & Thonn., Besker Guin. Pl Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum.) Heine, Kew Bull. 16: ; FPL

254 Subshrubs, strigose-hispid, with sharp thorns. Leaves in whorls of 8, unequal, linearlanceolate, base cuneate, margins dentate and wavy, larger pair to 10 x 2 cm, sessile. Thorns 2-3 cm long. Bracts and bracteoles leafy, 1.2 cm long. Calyx lobes 4, larger lobe 1 cm long. Corolla pink, 1.5 cm long, lobes obtuse, ciliate. Capsule 1 cm long; seeds orbicular, 3 mm across. Fl. & Fr. September-April Distr. India, Myanmar and Indo-China. Common in marshy areas; PS Thellikkal JUSTICIA Linnaeus 1. Shrubs Herbs Bracts white with green nerves... J. betonica 2. Bracts green Branchlets dark purple; capsule glabrous...j. gendarussa 3. Branchlets otherwise Branchlets obtusely 4 angled; corolla 2 cm long... J santapaui 4. Branchlets terete; corolla to 15 mm long... J. wynaadensis 5. Inflorescence cymose; flowers pedicelled...j. glabra 5. Inflorescence spicate Bracts longer than the calyx... J. tranquebariensis 6. Bracts as long as or shorter than the calyx Bracteoles similar; fruiting spike intact Bracteoles dissimilar; fruiting spikes not intact Petiole to 2 cm; bracteoles with bulbous based hairs...j. neesii 8. Petiole to 0.5 cm; bracteoles with simple hairs Spike to 2.5 cm long; bracts obovate...j. procumbens 9. Spike more than 4 cm long; bracts ovate... J. japonica 10. Bracts ovate; calyx lobes glabrescent...j. diffusa 10. Bracts lanceolate; calyx lobes ciliate...j. prostrata Justicia betonica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Adhatoda betonica (L.) Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Shrubs, 1-3 m high; stem terete, glabrous. Leaves 5-15 x 4 cm, elliptic, acuminate at either ends, glabrous; nerves pairs; petiole 4 cm long. Spike to 10 cm long, terminal and upper axillary; bracts x 5 mm, ovate, acuminate. Flowers bluish-white; calyx 5 mm long, lobes oblong, hairy, 3-ribbed; corolla white with bluish streaks, 12 mm long, hairy; style hairy. Capsule 14 x 5 mm, hairy; seeds 3 x 2 mm, orbicular. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Old World Tropics. Common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Karimala Justicia diffusa Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Rostellularia diffusa (Willd.) Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Herbs. Leaves to 5 x 3 cm, elliptic-ovate, subacute, base rounded; petiole to 1 cm. Spike axillary, to 6 cm; bracts and bracteoles to 2 cm, ovate, acute, calyx lobes to 4 mm, lanceolate, acute, subequal, margin ciliate; corolla ca 5 x 2 mm across; stamen 2; ovary 1 mm, style 3 mm, hairy. Capsule to 5 mm, hairy above; seeds ovate, papillose. Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. South and South East Asia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Justicia gendarussa Burm. f., Fl. Ind ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Gendarussa vulgaris Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3:

255 Shrubs, branches dark purple, terete, smooth. Leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, base acute, chartaceous, glabrous, to 10 x 1.8 cm; lateral nerves 5-7 pairs, bluish; petiole 2-3 mm long. Spikes terminal, to 8 cm long, narrow; bracts linear, 4 mm long. Flowers white; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 5 mm long; corolla white with purple streaks, 1.5 cm long. Ovary and style puberulus. Capsule 12 mm long, glabrous Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Tropical Africa and Asia. Planted in gardens; PS Parambikulam Justicia glabra Koen. ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Rhaphidospora glabra (Koen. ex Roxb.) Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Large herbs. Leaves to 10 x 6.5 cm, broadly ovate, apex acute, base rounded or cuneate, upper sessile; petiole 3 cm. Panicles axillary and terminal, to 15 cm long, glandular pubescent; bracts and bracteoles 1.5 mm, linear; calyx lobes 4 mm, lanceolate, puberulus; corolla tube to 4 mm, pubescent, bilabiate, upper 5 mm, lower 8 mm, white with reddish blotches; filaments 4 mm; ovary 1.5 mm, style 6 mm, hairy. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. India and Tropical Africa. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Justicia japonica Thunb., Fl. Jap ; FTSR Rostellularia japonica (Thunb.) Ellis in Bull. Bot. Surv. 22: (1982). Justicia simplex D. Don., Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 4: ; FPM Rostellularia mollissima (Nees) Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: Erect or decumbent herbs, branchlets strigose-hispid. Leaves ovate or linear, acute, to 2 x 1.5 cm, sparsely scabrous above and strigose below; lateral nerves 5-7 pairs; petiole to 2 mm long. Bracts and bracteoles ovate, scarious-margined, softly hairy, 4 mm long. Calyx lobes linear, margins scarious, ciliate, 4 mm long. Corolla 4 mm long, pink. Capsule pubescent, 4 mm long. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Indo-Malesia, East Asia and Tropical Africa. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Parambikulam Justicia neesii Ramam. in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FPL Rostellularia crinita Nees Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: , non Justicia crinita Thunb Justicia micrantha Wall. ex Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM Subshrubs, cm high; stem hispid. Leaves to 3.5 x 2 cm, ovate, acute at apex, round or acute at base, glabrous; nerves 4 pairs; petiole 7 mm long. Spikes 5 x 0.6 cm, terminal; bracts 4 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers densely packed; calyx lobes 5 mm long, linear, acuminate; corolla 6 mm long, lilac with pink spots. Capsule 6 mm long, oblong, acute, glabrous; seeds orbicular, rugose, brown. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Rockpoint Justicia procumbens L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Rostellularia procumbens (L.) Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: Diffuse herbs, profusely branched. Leaves 4-6 x 2-3 cm, ovate, acute at either ends, hispid; nerves 5 pairs; petioles 1 cm long, hirtus. Spikes x 1 cm, terminal, oblong; bracts 5 x 1.5 mm, oblanceolate, cuspidate, ciliate, with green midrib; bracteoles linear. Flowers many; calyx lobes 3.5 mm long, lanceolate, ciliate; corolla 7 mm long, hairy with pink lines, upper lip 2- lobed. Capsule 5 x 2 mm, glabrous; seeds 1 x 1 mm. orbicular, brown, striately rugose. Fl. & Fr. June-November Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Padippara 231

256 Justicia prostrata (Roxb. ex Clarke) Gamble, FPM J. diffusa Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: , var. prostrata Roxb. ex Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: Rostellularia prostrata (Roxb. ex Clarke) Majumdar, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 25: Erect or prostrate herbs; stem puberulus. Leaves to 1.7 x 1 cm, ovate, obtuse or acute, base rounded; nerves 4 pairs; petioles 7 mm long. Spikes 1.5 cm long, terminal, cylindrical to ovoid; bracts and bracteoles similar, 2 mm long. Flowers lax; calyx lobes 3 mm long, lanceolate, glabrous; corolla 4 mm long, white, glabrous; ovary glabrous. Capsule 3 mm long, glabrous; seeds triangular, rugose, puberulus, reddish brown. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in moist and dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Justicia santapaui Bennet, JBNHS 67: ; FPL ; FTSR J. montana (Nees) Wall. ex Anders., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: ; FPM Hemichoriste montana Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Justicia andersonii Ramam. in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist Shrubs, m high; branches terete or obtusely 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves x 7-10 cm, oblanceolate, acute at apex, base attenuate, glabrous; nerves 8 pairs, prominent; petioles 5-6 cm long. Spike 20 cm long, axillary, peduncled, simple or branched; bracts and bracteoles similar, 5 x 1.5 mm, oblong, pubescent. Flowers lax; calyx lobes 9 mm long, lanceolate, puberulus; corolla white with pink spots, villous at the base between the filaments; ovary densely hairy. Capsule 25 mm long, clavate, glabrous Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Meenkara; Kariamchola Justicia tranquebariensis L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM Gendarussa tranquebariensis (L. f.) Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Subshrubs. Leaves x 2 cm, obovate, orbicular, apex obtuse, base cuneate, membranous, pubescent; petiole 1.5 cm. Spikes terminal and axillary, to 10 cm; bracts 1 x 0.7 cm, broadly ovate; calyx teeth 5 mm, lanceolate, 3-nerved; corolla bilabiate, tube 5 mm, villous inside, upper lobe 7 x 5 mm, lower narrow, white with pink blotches; filaments dilated, 2 mm; ovary 1.5 mm, ciliate along the margins, style ciliate. Capsule 8 mm, widened above the middle, puberulus. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Justicia wynaadensis (Nees) Heyne ex Anders., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Gendarussa wynaadensis Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Adhatoda wynaadensis (Nees) Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: Erect subshrubs; stem terete, smooth. Leaves to 18 x 6 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at either ends, glabrous; lateral nerves 7 pairs; petioles cm long. Spike 10 cm long, axillary and terminal, slender; rachis pubescent, sometimes branched. Flowers in distant pairs; bracts 3 x 1 mm, hairy; corolla 12 mm long, throat hairy; ovary glabrous. Capsule 17 mm long, pubescent; seeds obovoid, oblique, minutely rugulose, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; Karappara LEPIDAGATHIS Willdenow 232

257 Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FTSR L. hyalina Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Prostrate herbs; stem angular, strigose. Leaves 6-8 x 3 cm, ovate, acute at apex, cuneate at base, hispid; nerves to 7 pairs. Spikes terminal and axillary, clustered; bracts and bracteoles similar, 3.5 x 2 mm, lanceolate, ciliate, hyaline. Flowers densely packed; sepals 5, 5 mm long, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, glandular-hairy at apex; corolla 6 mm long, bilabiate, tube short, slender, upper lip entire, lower lip 3-lobed, hairy outside; stamens 4, didynamous, anthers softly hairy; ovary ovoid, thinly hairy, style curved, stigma capitate. Capsule 4 mm long, ellipsoid, hairy at apex; seeds 4, compressed, rugose, brown. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. India, Myanmar and China. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Karimala MEYENIA C. G. D. Nees Meyenia hawtayneana (Wall.) Nees in Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 3: ; FPM Thunbergia hawtayneana Wall., Tent. Fl. Nap & Pl. As. Rar. 2: 52. t ; FBI 4: Climbers, branchlets tetragonous. Leaves to 9 x 4.5 cm, ovate acuminate, base 3-5 nerved, cordate, pedicles to 1.5 cm. Flowers solitary, axillary; bracteoles ca 1.5 x 0.5 cm, calyx to 2.5 cm, obscurely 5-lobed; corolla 5 x 4 cm across, violet, lobes ovate, to 1 cm, villous below the stamen; stamens 4, in pairs, included; filaments to 1.8 cm. Ovary ca 3 x 2 mm, conical; ovules 2 in each cell; style to 3 cm; stigma bilamellate, incurved. Capsule to 3 x 1.5 cm, globose, beaked; seeds 4, ca 4 mm across, orbicular. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in rocky areas of dry deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Note: Present collection is an addition to the flora of Kerala MONOTHECIUM Hochst Monothecium aristatum (Wall. ex Nees) T. Anders. in Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 4: ; FPM Justicia aristata Wall. ex Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Herbs; branchlets puberulus. Leaves 5-6 x 2.3 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, base acute; petiole to 2 mm. Spike to 4 cm, lax, terminal or on upper axils; bracts linear setaceous ca 1 cm; sepals 5, to 8 mm, linear, setaceous; corolla to 1.5 cm, white, brown spotted. Capsule ca 6 mm, oblong 4-seeded; seeds orbicular. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Note: Present collection is an addition to the flora of Kerala PERISTROPHE C. G. D. Nees 1. Branchlets terete, glabrous:...p. montana 1. Branchlets angled; hispid...p. paniculata Peristrophe montana Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect shrubs; stem quadrangular. Leaves to 17 x 6 cm, ovate, acuminate, glabrous; nerves 7 pairs; petiole to 6 cm long. Cymes axillary and terminal, trichotomous; bracts 2, opposite, 2.5 x 1.5 cm, ovate, obtuse; bracteoles 6 mm long, linear. Flowers pink; calyx lobes 5, 4 mm long, linear, united below the middle; corolla tube 30 mm long, slender, 2-lipped above; lower lip 3- lobed, upper 15 mm long, orbicular, emarginate; stamens 2, filaments hairy, attached at the 233

258 throat of corolla tube; anthers linear, curved, ovary glabrous, style filiform, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 13 mm long, stipitate, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. September-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala; Vengoli; Vengoli Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt, Kew Bull. 38: ; FTSR Dianthera paniculata Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Dianthera bicalyculata Retz., Acta Holm. 1775: 297, t Erect branched herbs. Leaves x cm, ovate, apex acute, hirsute. Panicles axillary; pedicels to 2 cm; bracts 2, unequal, 11 and 8 mm, bracteoles 4, 6 mm, linear, hirsute; calyx lobes 4 mm, linear; corolla tube 5 mm, hairy, lobes 7 mm; filaments 5 mm, hairy, cells muticous; ovary 1 mm, oblong. Capsule ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. India, Myanmar and Tropical Africa. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu PHAULOPSIS Willdenow Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet., Hort. Brit. (ed. 1) ; FTSR Ruellia imbricata Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab Micranthus oppositifolius Wendl., Bot. Beobacht Phaulopsis parviflora Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: P. dorsiflora (Retz.) Sant., Kew Bull. 2: ; FPL Diffuse herbs, branches glandular hairy. Leaves in unequal pairs, up to 5 x 2 cm, elliptic, acuminate at both ends; nerves 4 pairs; petiole 2.5 cm long. Spikes axillary, 2 x 1 cm, 1-sided; bracts paired, 6 x 7 mm, orbicular, hairy and long ciliate along the margins; bracteoles absent. Flowers small, scarcely seen above the bracts; calyx lobes 5, unequal; corolla 8 mm long, bilabiate, tube slender, lobes obtuse, white with pink spots; stamens 4, filaments united into an adnated sheath below. Capsule 3 mm long, glabrous; seeds 4, compressed. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Indo-Malesia, China and Africa. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu PSEUDERANTHEMUM Radlkfer Pseuderanthemum malabaricum (Clarke) Gamble, FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Eranthemum malabaricum Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: Shrubs; stem terete, white, smooth. Leaves to 10 x 4 cm, elliptic, acuminate to base and apex, glabrous, glaucous below; nerves 5 pairs; petiole to 2 cm long. Spike 3-8 cm long, terminal, slender; bracts and bracteoles similar, 3 mm long, linear. Flowers in small interrupted clusters; calyx 6 mm long, lobes united at base, acuminate; corolla tube 30 mm long, slender; lobes 10 mm long, obovate, equal; stamens 2, free, anthers oblong; stigma bilobed. Capsule 18 x 5 mm, clavate, basal portion solid; seeds 5 x 3 mm, compressed, reticulate. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Pezha RHINACANTHUS C.G.D. Nees Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 39: ; FPL ; FTSR Justicia nasuta L., Sp. Pl Rhinacanthus communis Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Erect shrubs; stem terete, tomentose. Leaves to 12 x 8 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, crenulate, minutely pubescent; nerves 7-10 pairs. Cymes terminal, panicled; flowers sessile; 234

259 bracts and bracteoles similar, 2 mm long, hispid; sepals 5, 5 mm long, linear-lanceolate, hispid; corolla white, tube 25 mm long, slender, hispid; upper lip entire, oblong, acuminate; lower lip broad, 3-lobed, obtuse; stamens 2, inserted near the throat of the tube, equal; one anther lobe lower than other, glabrous; ovules paired in each cell of the ovary, style slender. Capsule 2 cm long, clavate, with a lower solid slender stalk, glabrous; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, rugose. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. India, Sri Lanka, Java and Madagascar. Common in moist deciduous forests and road cuttings; PS Rockpoint RUNGIA C.G.D. Nees 1. Barren bracts and flowering bracts similar; stem zigzag... R. repens 1. Barren bracts and flowering bracts dissimilar; stem not zigzag Bracts prominently white scarious margined; glabrous...r. wightiana 2. Bracts narrowly hyaline on the margins; ciliate Subshrubs; corolla more than 1.5 cm long...r. laetas 3. Herbs; corolla to 0.5 cm long Floral bracts villous; leaves to 6 x 2.5 cm...r. pectinata 4. Floral bracts glabrous or glabrescent; leaves to 3 x 1.5 cm...r. muralis Rungia laeta Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM Stem terete, glabrous. Leaves 6-8 x 3-5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous; nerves 6-8 pairs; petiole 2 cm long. Spikes 3-6 x 2 cm, oblong, peduncled, floral bracts white, 16 x 7 mm, lateral ones empty, elliptic to obovate, acute, ciliate; bracteoles 10 x 2 mm, linear. Flowers white; sepals 7 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, aristate; corolla 18 mm long, white with brown spots, thinly hairy, upper lip emarginate; filaments glabrous. Capsule 9 mm long, pubescent; seeds 4, rugose, brown. Fl. & Fr. July-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Keerappadi Rungia muralis Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: Rungia parviflora Nees var. muralis (Nees) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM Herbs. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm, ovate-elliptic, acute, membranous. Spike to 2 cm, dense, terminal and axillary, barren bract 4-5 x 2.5 mm, ovate, acute, fertile x 2 mm, ovate, emarginate, mucronate, margin ciliate; bracteoles 2 mm, elliptic, acute; calyx 2 mm, lobes 5, linear, ciliate; corolla bluish-white, 5 mm; stamens 2, lower cell spurred. Capsule ca 2.5 mm, ovoid; seeds 4. Fl. & Fr. April-January Distr. India and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous and degraded forest areas; PS Karimala Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: ; FPL ; FTSR Justicia pectinata L., Amoen. Acad. 4: Rungia parviflora Nees var. pectinata (L.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM Profusely branched herbs; stem hairy. Leaves to 6 x 2 cm, ovate to linear-oblong or obovate. Spikes 2 x 0.7 cm, 2-5 together, axillary, sessile; sterile bracts 4 x 2 mm, elliptic, narrowly winged on one side; fertile bracts 3 x 2 mm, obovate, broadly winged on either sides, emarginate, pubescent; bracteoles similar to bracts. Flowers small, densely packed; sepals linear, acuminate, hyaline, hairy; corolla 4 mm long, upper lip entire, white; upper anthers hairy. Capsule 2.5 mm long, glabrous; seeds orbicular, rugose, brown. Fl. & Fr. November-February 235

260 Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thellikkal Rungia repens (L.) Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Justicia repens L., Sp. Pl Decumbent herbs. Leaves to 5 x 1.5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, puberulus; petiole to 0.5 mm. Spike to 6 mm, terminal; bracts 4-farious, 2 rows barren, similar to 7 x 3 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, thinly pubescent, margin scarious; bracteoles ca 4 x 0.7 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate; calyx 3.5 x 5 mm, lobes 5, subequal, lanceolate; corolla to 5 x 2 mm, pinkish with white striations; stamens 2, on the throat of the corolla tube; filaments puberulus; anthers cells unequal, appendaged; ovary globose, 1 mm, puberulus; style hairy; stigma hispid. Capsule to 5 mm, elliptic-oblong, pubescent; seeds suborbicular. Fl. & Fr. June-July Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests and marshy areas; PS Thellikkal Rungia wightiana Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Herbs, stem glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, elliptic, acute, glabrous; lateral nerves 6-7 pairs; petiole 3-4 cm long. Spikes 6-9 x 0.8 cm, terminal, 3-8 together, shortly peduncled or sessile, basal bracts lanceolate, acute; sterile bracts 7 x 5 mm, obovate, emarginate, cuspidate; fertile bracts 5 x 2 mm, acute, aristate; bracteoles linear, acuminate. Flowers pale blue; sepals 5 mm long, glabrous; corolla 11 mm long, upper lip bifid at apex, lower lip with brown transverse lines. Capsule 8-10 mm long, hairy; seeds brown with white tuberculations. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS 19924, 19156, Karimala STROBILANTHES Blume 1. Fertile stamens 2...S. lawsonii 1. Fertile stamens Stamens equal...s. luridus 2. Stamens unequal Seeds hairy when wetted Seeds glabrous Spikes sub-tetragonus, terminal and on old wood... S. dupenii 4. Spike not sub-tetragonus, terminal or axillary Flowers in deflexed heads with two pairs of large involucral bracts...s. tristis 5. Flowers in spikes without distinct involucral bracts...s. asper 6. Bracts and bracteoles glabrous Bracts and bracteoles variously hairy Spike solitary or paired Spike 3-6 together Spike closed, strobilate; stamens exserted...s. ciliatus 8. Spike spreading; stamens included... S. adenophorus 9. Leaves glabrous...s. heyneanus 9. Leaves covered with bulbous based hairs...s. asperrimus 10. Leaves coriaceous with bulbous based hairs...s. neilgherrensis 10. Leaves membranous; glandular hairy...s. anceps Strobilanthes adenophorus Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Didyplosandra lanceolata (Hook. ex Nees) Bremek., Verh. Acad. Wet. afd. 236

261 Natuurk. Sect 2, 41: Nilgirianthus beddomei Bremek., Verh. Acad. Wet. afd. Natuurk. Sect. 2, 41: ; FPL Shrubs, to 2 m tall, branchlets slender. Leaves linear or oblanceolate, caudate-acuminate, base cuneate, chartaceous, subentire or serrulate, to 10 x 2.5 cm; lateral nerves ca. 6 pairs; petiole to 3.5 cm long. Spikes axillary, to 3 cm; peduncle to 2 cm; bracts obovate, acute, to 1 cm long; bracteoles narrow. Corolla 2 cm long, funnel-shaped, pale lavender. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Kamamudi Strobilanthes anceps Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: ; FTSR Nilgirianthus punctatus (Nees) Bremek., Verh. Acad. Wet. afd. Natuurk. Sect 2, 41: Shrubs, m high; branches obscurely 4-angled; hairy along the angles. Leaves to 14 x 5 cm, elliptic, caudate-acuminate; nerves 6-7 pairs, glandular-pubescent; petiole 3-4 cm long. Spikes globose, cm across, peduncled; involucral bracts 6 x 6 mm, orbicular, ciliate; floral bracts 10 x 8 mm, orbicular, glandular-ciliate along margins; bracteoles 7 x 2 mm, oblanceolate. Flowers several, densely packed; sepals 5, 4 mm long, lanceolate; corolla white or blue, mm long, hairy outside, tube narrow below, ventricose above; staminal sheath glabrous. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam Strobilanthes asper Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM Nilgirianthus asper (Wight) Sant., Bot. Mem. Univ. Bombay 2: ; FPL Shrubs, branchlets softly hairy. Leaves ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, base cuneate, crenate, to 10 x 4.5 cm. Spikes axillary, oblong, to 3 cm; bracts obovate, to 1 cm long; bracteoles linear. Corolla pale blue, 2 cm long. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests and reed areas; PS Pooppara Strobilanthes asperrimus Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Stout bushy shrubs; branches hirtus. Leaves to 10 x 7 cm, broadly elliptic, bluntly acuminate at apex, attenuate to base, crenate, covered with bulbous based hairs; lateral nerves 8-9 pairs; petiole cm long. Spikes 3-4 together, 2 x 1.5 cm, axillary, on trichotomous peduncles, ovoid; involucral bracts 8 x 6 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse; floral bracts 13 x 10 mm, ovate, concave, obtuse, glabrous; bracteoles absent. Flowers few to many; sepals 6 x 2.5 mm, oblong, emarginate, connate a little above the base; corolla blue, 25 mm long; tube stout, with a patch of hairs inside above the stamens; staminal filaments and sheath hairy; style bulged below the stigma, hairy. Capsule 9 x 4 mm, glabrous; seeds winged. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek., Verh. Acad. Wet. afd. Natuurk. Sect 2, 41: Shrubs, 1-2 m high; branches terete, glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, acuminate at either ends, glabrous; nerves 5 pairs, raised above, scabrid; petiole 2 cm long. Spikes 1.5 cm long, axillary, solitary, peduncled; bracts 6 x 4 mm, obovate; bracteoles 5 x 1 mm, linear-oblong. Flowers 5-15; calyx 5 mm long, lobes oblong, connate below the middle; corolla 15 mm long, white with pink patches on lower lobes; staminal sheath hairy. Fl. & Fr. December-May 237

262 Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Strobilanthes dupenii Bedd. ex C.B. Clarke in Hook. f., FBI 4: ; FPM Shrubs. Leaves x cm, ovate, acuminate, base truncate or subcordate, crenate, pubescent, coriaceous; petiole to 4 cm. Spikes to 7.5 cm, sub-tetragonous, oblong, terminal and lateral on peduncle to 2 cm; bracts to 2.3 x 1.7 cm, ovate, obtuse, closely imbricate, decurrent at base, viscous, reddish; bracts lanceolate; calyx to 1.5 cm, 5-lobed, linear, acuminate, green; corolla 3-2 cm, blue; stamens 4, connate, margin free. Capsule to 1 cm, ellipsoid, beaked, sessile; seeds 4, ca 3 mm diameter, hairy. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in the rocky openings of evergreen forests; PS Kamamudi Strobilanthes heyneanus Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Nees) Bremek., Verh. Acad. Wet. afd. Natuurk. Sect. 2, 41: ; FPL Strobilanthes rugosus Wight, Ic. t Shrubs; branches glabrous. Leaves 8-13 x 6 cm, elliptic, acuminate, attenuate to the base, glabrous. Spikes 2 x 1.5 cm, axillary, 2-3 together on trichotomous peduncle, ovoid or globose; bracts 14 x 11 mm, orbicular or obovate, concave, glabrous. Flowers 4-10 in each spike; sepals 6 x 2 mm, united to the middle, glabrous; corolla 2.5 cm long, white; staminal sheath ciliate. Capsule 10 x 5 mm, glabrous; seeds 3 mm, biconvex, hairy along the margins. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to South West India. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Strobilanthes lawsonii Gamble, Kew Bull. 1923: & FPM ; FTSR Phlebophyllum lawsonii (Gamble) Bremek., Verh. Acad. Wet. afd. Natuurk. Sect. 2, 41: Shrubs; branches tawny-pubescent. Leaves to 11 x 6 cm, broadly elliptic, acuminate at either ends; lateral nerves 12 pairs. Spikes 8-10 cm long, slender, tawny villous, interrupted, axillary, solitary or panicled; bracts lanceolate, glabrous within. Flowers scattered; calyx tubular below the middle, lobes acuminate, villous; corolla 2 cm long, blue, glabrous; staminal filaments hairy. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Strobilanthes luridus Wight, Ic. t. 1515, ; FBI 4: ; FPM Didyplosandra lurida (Wight) Bremek., Verh. Acad. Wet. afd. Natuurk. Sect. 2, 41: Large shrubs; branchlets terete, grey-puberulus. Leaves to 25 x 15 cm, broadly elliptic, acute at both ends, hispid, serrulate; lateral nerves 8-9 pairs. Spikes 8-15 x 2-5 cm oblong, 2-3 together, axillary on old branches; peduncle deflexed; bracts 2.5 x 3 cm, orbicular, reddish brown; bracteoles 2 x 0.4 cm, linear. Flowers densely packed; calyx 23 mm long, lobes elliptic, ciliate along margins, white; corolla 35 mm long, campanulate, dark blue; lobes deflexed, orbicular; staminal filaments glabrous. Capsule 20 x 6 mm, glabrous; seeds 4 mm, orbicular, yellowish. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Strobilanthes neilgherrensis Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM Nilgirianthus neilgherrensis (Bedd.) Bremek., Verh. Acad. Wet. afd. Natuurk. Sect. 2, 41: ; FPL

263 Shrubs. Leaves to 11 x 7 cm, ovate, acuminate, base rounded, crenate, hispid above, sparsely pubescent below. Head to 3 cm, ovoid; bract to 2 cm, oblong; bracteoles 1.2 cm, linear, setaceous; calyx to 1 cm, lanceolate, scarious; corolla to 3 cm, cylindrical, pale violet; stamens 4, subequal, filaments pilose; style to 2.5 cm, hairy. Capsule to 1 cm, ellipsoid; seed 4 obovate. Fl. & Fr. May-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Strobilanthes tristis (Wight) Anders., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Goldfussia tristis Wight, Ic. t Shrubs; branchlets glabrous. Leaves x 4-10 cm, acuminate at either ends, glabrous; petiole 4-8 cm long. Spikes cm long, lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2-flowered, deflexed, in axillary clusters, glabrous; bracts 2.5 x 0.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate along the margins. Sepals 17 x 2.5 mm, acuminate, hairy; corolla 30 mm long, narrowed to the base, glabrous, white; staminal sheath glabrous. Capsule 11 x 3 mm; seeds orbicular. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala THUNBERGIA Retzius 1. Flowers in pendent racemes; corolla yellow...t. mysorensis 1. Flowers solitary; corolla white... T. fragrans Thunbergia fragrans Roxb., Pl. Corm. t ; FPL ; FTSR T. fragrans Roxb. var. laevis (Nees) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM T. laevis Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: Scabrous climber. Leaves to 8 x 6 cm, ovate, entire, acute, base truncate to subcordate, scabrid, 5-nerved from base; petiole 4 cm long. Flowers solitary; pedicels 3 cm long; bracteoles 1.5 cm long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate; sepals of 8-16 fibrils; corolla white, 4 cm across, tube 3 cm long, lobes 3.5 cm; filaments glandular hispid at base. Capsule 1 cm across, glabrous, beak 1.5 cm long, acute. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Peruvaripallam Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) Anders., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Hexacentris mysorensis Wight, Ic. t Climbers. Leaves to 14 x 8 cm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute to acuminate, base truncate or hastate, scabrid, coarsely nerved, dentate; petiole 1-5 cm long. Racemes axillary, to 50 cm long, drooping. Flowers many; bracteoles x 5-12 mm, ovate-oblong-lanceolate, pedicels 2-3 cm long, opposite; calyx obscure; corolla yellow, to 4 cm long, 6 cm across, tube ventricose, lobes obovate, glabrous; filaments ciliate, anthers spurred. Capsule 3 cm long. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala VERBENACEAE 1. Woody climbers; bracts forming an involucre...symphorema 1. Herbs, shrubs or trees; bracts not forming involucre Leaves palmately 3-5 foliolate... Vitex 2. Leaves simple

264 2. Inflorescence a spike Inflorescence a raceme, cyme or panicle Spikes capitate, axillary Spikes elongate, terminal Prostrate herbs; fruit dry...phyla 5. Strangling shrubs; fruit fleshy...lantana 6. Flowers embedded in excavations of dense spike; stamens 2...Stachytarpheta 6. Flowers free, spike lax; stamens 4... Priva 7. Corolla regular; young parts stellate hairy Corolla irregular; young parts not stellate hairy Inflorescence terminal panicle; flowers 6-merous...Tectona 8. Inflorescence an axillary corymbose cyme; flowers 4-merous...Callicarpa 9. Flowers in corymbose cymes; corolla less than 8 mm across...premna 9. Flowers in condensed paniculate racemes Calyx with glands; fruits with one pyrene...gmelina 10. Calyx without glands; fruits with four pyrenes...clerodendrum CALLICARPA Linnaeus Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Murr., Syst. Veg. (ed. 13) ; FPL ; FTSR Tomex tomentosa L., Sp. Pl Callicarpa arborea Miq. ex Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: , non Roxb C. lanata L., Mant. Pl. 2: ; FPM Small trees, branchlets densely grey-pubescent. Leaves to 25 x 15 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, entire, densely covered with stellate hairs below; nerves 7 pairs; petiole to 5 cm long. Flowers in axillary corymbose cymes, branched, densely tomentose; pedicels absent; calyx 2 mm long, campanulate, lobes 5, obtuse; corolla 4 mm long, tube short; lobes 4, spreading; stamens 4; filaments glandular, anthers sagittate; ovary pubescent; style slender, stigma capitate. Berry 3 mm across, globose, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Very common in secondary forests; PS Karimala CLERODENDRUM Burman ex Linnaeus 1. Leaves whorled; base acute...c. serratum 1. Leaves opposite; base cordate or rounded Corolla double; calyx red...c. philippinum 2. Corolla single; calyx green... C. viscosum Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer in DC., Prodr. 11: ; Sivar. & Manilal, JETB 3: ; FPL Volkameria fragrans Vent., Jard. Malm. t Clerodendrum fragrans Hort. ex Vent., Jard. Mal. 2: t pro syn; FPM C. japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet var. planiflorum Schauer in DC., Prodr. 11: Shrubs, branchlets angled, hirsute. Leaves x 8-20 cm, broadly ovate, acute, base cordate, margins serrate; petiole to 20 cm. Inflorescence terminal, conjested cymes; flowers double, fragrant; calyx campanulate, pinkish; corolla to 2 cm wide, white; stamens 4; filaments flattened; style 1 cm. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Native of China. Common in wastelands around the settlements; PS Parambikulam Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon, Cat. Pl. Ceylon 46. n ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Volkameria serrata L., Mant. Pl. 1: Shrubs; branchlets 4-angled. Leaves to 35 x 25 cm, obovate, acuminate at both ends, serrate, scabrous, nerves 8-10 pairs; petiole 1-3 cm long. Panicles terminal, to 30 x 10 cm, pubescent. 240

265 Flowers blue, shortly pedicelled; calyx 4 mm long, lobes obtuse, hairy; corolla mm long, hairy below, lobes round. Berry 1 cm across, 2-4-lobed, depressed globose; seeds 2-4, rugose, black. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. India, Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram Clerodendrum viscosum Vent., Jard. Mal. 1: t ; FPL ; FTSR C. infortunatum Wight, Ic. t , "infortunata", non L.; FBI 4: ; FPM C. petasites auct. non. (Lour.) S. Moore. Meeuse, Blumea 5: Large shrubs; stem sub-tetragonous, pubescent. Leaves to 20 x 20 cm, orbicular, cordate at base, acute at apex, densely glandular-pubescent, nerves 4-6 pairs; lower pairs basal; petiole to 8 cm long, pubescent. Flowers white, in large panicled cymes; calyx 12 mm long, lobes acuminate; corolla tube 2 cm long, slender, lobes 1 x 0.5 cm, obovate, pubescent; filaments hairy at base. Berry cm across, 1-3-lobed, black, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in secondary forests; PS Karimala GMELINA Linnaeus Gmelina arborea Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Trees; bark white, branchlets stout, tomentose. Leaves to 20 x 18 cm, broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, acute at apex, densely fulvous tomentose beneath, glabrous above; nerves 3-4 pairs, lowest pair from base; petiole 5-10 cm long, tomentose. Flowers in terminal racemes, subsessile; calyx 6 mm long, campanulate, 5-toothed, tomentose; corolla brownish-yellow, 3 cm across, bilabiate, tube ventricose, lobes subequal, obovate, obtuse, densely hairy; stamens 4, didynamous, anthers divaricate; ovary glabrous, globose, style 1, slender, glabrous. Berry 2 x 1.5 cm, ovoid, yellow, smooth. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala LANTANA Linnaeus 1. Armed shrubs; bracts lanceolate... L. camara 1. Unarmed shrubs; bracts ovate...l. indica Lantana camara L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: L. aculeata L., Sp. Pl ; FPM L. camara L. var. aculeata (L) Moldenke, Torreya 34: ; FBI 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Rambling shrubs; stem with retrorse prickles especially along the angles. Leaves to 6 x 3.5 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded or cordate at base, scabrous, rugose, crenate; petiole cm long. Spikes 1.5 cm across, globose, axillary, solitary, peduncled; bracts 8 x 3 mm, ovate, obtuse, floral bracts smaller. Flowers densely packed; calyx 1 mm long truncate, ciliate; corolla reddish, 4 mm broad, tube 8 mm long, curved, slender. Berry 4 x 4 mm, dark blue, smooth. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of Tropical America, widely naturalised in the tropics and subtropics. Very common in moist deciduous forests and degraded forests areas; PS Thunakkadavu Lantana indica Roxb., Fl. India 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Shrubs. Leaves to 5.5 x 3.5 cm, broadly ovate, acute, base truncate, crenate, puberulus above, tomentose below; petiole to 1.5 cm. Spikes axillary, to 2.5 cm; peduncles to 5 cm; bracts to 1 cm, broadly ovate, pubescent; calyx tube 1.5 mm, entire, ciliate; corolla tube to 7 mm, curved, lobes to 2.5 mm, violet. Berry 5 mm long, ovoid, enclosed by the bracts. Fl. & Fr. December-February 241

266 Distr. India, Nepal and Thailand. Rare in the rocky areas; PS Vengoli PHYLA Loureiro Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, Pittonia 4: ; FPL Verbena nodiflora L., Sp. Pl Lippia nodiflora (L.) A.Rich. in Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Prostrate herbs. Leaves x cm, orbicular to obovate-spathulate, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Flowers 5-merous, sessile; bracts broadly ovate, thick, concave; corolla purplish white, 2.5 mm across, salver-form; stamens 4, attached in 2 pairs at the throat of tube; filaments curved, 0.4 mm; anthers ovate, 0.2 mm; ovary globose, 0.5 mm; style 0.5 mm; stigma oblique. Drupe subglobose, 1 mm, endocarp hard, enclosing 2, 1-celled pyrenes; seeds minute. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Tropics and subtropics. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara PREMNA Linnaeus 1. Climbing shrubs; leaves coriaceous... P. coriacea 1. Erect shrubs or trees; leaves membranous Leaves densely stellately-tomentose; drupe subglobose... P. tomentosa 2. Leaves glabrous or softly pubescent; drupe globose Corolla greenish-yellow, lobes elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate... P. glaberrima 3. Corolla white, lobes broadly ovate to suborbicular...p. latifolia Premna coriacea Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Large climbing shrubs; branchlets pilose, lenticellate. Leaves to 18 x 10 cm, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate at apex, cordate at base, entire, glabrous; nerves 4-5 pairs, very prominent beneath. Cymes to 15 cm across, corymbose, terminal; branches pilose; peduncles to 12 cm long, erect; bracts 3 mm long, ovate. Flowers many, creamy white; pedicels 1 mm long hispid; calyx 1 mm long, truncate, pinkish brown, puberulus; corolla 3.5 mm long, hairy. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to South India. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Premna glaberrima Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; Pandurangan, & Nair, JETB 17: ; FTSR Erect shrubs; branchlets scandent, puberulus. Leaves to 15 x 6 cm, elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate, rounded at base, entire or distantly serrulate, glabrous; nerves 6-7 pairs; petiole 1.5 cm long. Cymes 5 x 5 cm, terminal, corymbose; pedicels 2 mm long, hairy; calyx 2 mm long, shortly bilipped, hispid; corolla greenish white or cream, 5 mm long, throat hairy. Drupes 3 x 3 mm, hispid; seed 1, rugose, brown. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in secondary forests; PS Kottayali; Pezha Premna latifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Trees. Leaves to 8 x 5 cm, ovate, apex abruptly acuminate, base rounded or cordate, entire or serrate; petiole cm long. Corymbs terminal, to 7 cm long; calyx obscurely 2-lipped, 1.5 mm; corolla tube 2 mm, densely villous inside; stamens exserted. Pyrenes 4 mm across. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. India and Bangladesh. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady; Kuchimudi 242

267 Premna tomentosa Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Cornutia corymbosa Lam., Encycl. 1: , non Burm.f Trees; young branchlets tomentose. Leaves 6-18 x 5-15 cm, ovate cordate, acuminate, thick, densely tomentose below. Corymbs axillary and terminal, to 7 cm long; flowers yellow; calyx 2 mm long, pubescent; corolla 4 mm long, hairy at throat, bilabiate; stamens 2 mm long; ovary hairy at apex, style 3 mm. Fruit 4 mm across, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in dry and moist deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi PRIVA Adans Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce, Bot. Exch. Club. Soc. Brit. Isles 4: ; FPL Buchnera cordifolia L.f., Suppl. Pl Priva leptostachya A.Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 7: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Streptium asperum Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Erect herbs; stem quadrangular. Leaves to 5 x 4 cm, broadly ovate, apex acute, base truncate, crenate, membranous, pilose; petiole to 4 cm. Racemes terminal, to 15 cm; bracts 2 mm, lanceolate; flowers white; calyx 6 mm, 5-ribbed, pubescent; corolla tube obscurely 2-lipped, 8 mm, curved, lobes 4 mm, orbicular; filaments subequal; ovary oblong,. Fruit enclosed in calyx tube, sticky, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India, Pakistan and Nepal. Fairly common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi STACHYTARPHETA Vahl Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: ; FPL Verbena jamaicensis L., Sp. Pl Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl var. jamaicensis (L.) Moon, Cat. Pl. Ceylon & Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: ; FPM S. indica sensu Clarke in Hook. f., FBI 4: ,p.p.; non (L.) Vahl Erect glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite, to 10 x 6 cm, ovate, acute, crenate, serrate, base cuneate; lateral nerves 5 or 6 pairs, reticulate, nervules impressed above; petiole 1-3 cm long. Spikes terminal, to 20 cm long, linear; bracts 6 mm long, linear-ovate; calyx tubular, 6 mm long, ridged; lobes acuminate; corolla blue, 7 mm long; tube cylindrical, lobes 5, obtuse, spreading, stamens 2, included; ovary glabrous, 2-celled; style slender, stigma globose. Fruit separating into 2, 1-seeded pyrenes; seeds oblong. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Parambikulam SYMPHOREMA Roxburgh Symphorema involucratum Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Woody climbers, stem with warty tubercles; branchlets yellow-tomentose. Leaves to 10 x 6 cm, elliptic or oblong, acute to acuminate, rounded at base, inequilateral, entire or serrate; lateral nerves 5-7 pairs, reticulate. Flowers 6 or 7, in peduncled capitate cymes; peduncle 2.5 cm long; involucral bracts 6, 7 x 2 mm, elliptic-oblong, enlarged in fruit; calyx 6 mm long, campanulate, 4-8-lobed, tomentose; corolla 6 mm long, white, campanulate, 6-8-lobed, sparsely hairy; stamens 6-8; ovary 2 or imperfectly 4-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. enclosed by the calyx. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi TECTONA Linnaeus f. 243

268 Tectona grandis L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Large trees; branchlets 4-angled, puberulus. Leaves to 45 x 35 cm, obovate, obtuse at apex; attenuate to the base, pubescent with minute red glands below; nerves 8-10 pairs, prominent; nervules parallel or scalariform; petiole 1-2 cm long. Cymes panicled, terminal, to 50 x 40 cm, puberulus. Flowers to 7 mm across, white; calyx 5 mm long, lobes 6, ovate, white, tomentose; corolla 6 mm long, lobes 6, oblong, spreading; stamens 6, equal, erect; ovary densely hairy, 4- celled; style slender, bifid at apex. Drupes cm across; globose, densely floccose hairy, covered by the inflated calyx. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. South and South East Asia. Very common in plantations and moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi Note: This species is spread over 90 km 2 plantation area in the sanctuary. VITEX Linnaeus 1. Leaves 3-foliolate, petiole winged... V. altissima 1. Leaves 5-7 foliolate, petiole not winged...v. leucoxylon Vitex altissima L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR V. alata Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 4: Large trees; bark grey, branchlets lenticellate, minutely tomentose. Leaflets sessile, to 15 x 5 cm, elliptic, acuminate, entire; lateral nerves 12 pairs; petiole to 10 cm long, winged. Panicles to 25 x 15 cm, branches tomentose. Flowers 3-10 together; calyx 3 mm long, campanulate, lobes ovate, white, tomentose; corolla 5 mm long, blue, throat villous, lobes obtuse; filaments hairy at base; ovary densely hairy. Drupes 5 x 5 mm, glabrous, blue. Fl. & Fr. May-July Distr. India, Indo-China, Malesia and Sri Lanka; cultivated in Europe and U.S.A. Common in all forest types; PS Vengoli; NS Orukomban Vitex leucoxylon L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 3: ; FPM ; FTSR Wallrothia leucoxylon (L. f.) Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Shrubs, branchlets glabrous. Leaflets to 14 x 4 cm, elliptic, acute at both ends, glabrous, lateral nerves pairs; petiolule 2 cm long; petiole to 8 cm long. Cymes axillary, dichotomous, long-peduncled, hispid; peduncle to 8 cm long. Flowers few to many; pedicels 5 mm long, calyx 5 mm long, sub-bilabiate, tomentose, lobes acute; corolla 14 mm long, lobes, oblong to orbicular, curved, white, throat hairy; filaments unequal, hairy at base. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common along the riverine areas; PS Thenkudippara; NS Muthuvarachal LAMIACEAE 1. Calyx lobes equal or subequal Calyx lobes distinctly bilipped Plants stellately pubescent; flowers yellow... Gomphostemma 2. Plants not stellately pubescent; flowers otherwise Leaves in whorls of three; calyx tube much shorter than the lobes... Colebrookea 3. Leaves opposite; calyx tube longer than lobes Flowers in axillary clusters, cymes or globose heads Flowers in elongated spikes, racemes or panicles Calyx 5-toothed; corolla blue...hyptis 244

269 5. Calyx 8-10 toothed; corolla white or orange Calyx teeth spinescent; corolla orange...leonotis 6. Calyx teeth not spinescent; corolla white... Leucas 7. Corolla 4-lobed; stamens equal or subequal...pogostemon 7. Corolla 5-lobed; stamens didynamous...anisomeles 8. Flowers in dense uninterrupted spike forming oblong or ovoid heads Flowers in interrupted whorls forming lax spike or thyrsus Disc entire; upper lip of corolla longer than the lower lip...acrocephalus 9. Disc lobed; upper lip of corolla shorter than the lower lip...anisochilus 10. Ovary 4-lobed; corolla 1-lipped...Teucrium 10. Ovary 4 partite; corolla 2-lipped Upper lip of the corolla equal to or longer than the lower lip Upper lip of the corolla shorter than the lower lip Stigma entire; corolla tube narrow... Orthosiphon 12. Stigma bifid; corolla tube broad...ocimum 13. Lips of calyx deeply saccate at base; flowers paired at nodes of racemes...scutellaria 13. Lips of calyx not saccate; flowers not paired at nodes... Plectranthus ACROCEPHALUS Bentham Acrocephalus hispidus (L.) Nicols. & Sivad., Taxon 29: ; FPL ; FTSR Gomphrena hispida L., Sp. Pl. 1: Prunella indica Burm.f.,Fl.Ind Acrocephalus indicus (Burm.f.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl ; FPM A. capitatus (Roth) Benth., Edward's Bot. Reg. 15. sub t ; FBI 4: Ocimum capitatum Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Erect or diffuse branched herbs. Leaves 2-3 x 1 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, crenate, glabrous. Inflorescence an ovoid head, 1.5 x 0.8 cm; basal bracts 2, foliar; floral bracts 3 mm across, deltoid. Flowers densely packed; calyx 5-6 mm long, bilabiate; upper lip entire, obovate; lower lip 4-toothed, scabrous; corolla white, 2.5 mm long, bilabiate; upper lip entire, lower lip 4- toothed, glabrous; stamens 4, didynamous; ovary 4-partite, glabrous; style slender, stigma 2- lobed. Nutlets 1 mm long, oblong, smooth; seeds yellowish white, smooth. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli ANISOCHILUS Wallich ex Bentham 1. Leaf base cordate; corolla pale purple...a. carnosus 1. Leaf base acute or attenuate; corolla yellow or white Leaf margins crenulate; lower lip of fruiting calyx obscurely toothed...a. scaber 2. Leaf margin entire; lower tip of fruiting calyx truncate...a. argenteus Anisochilus argenteus Gamble, Kew Bull. 1924: & FPM Stout herbs; stem silvery white tomentose. Leaves to 1.5 x 1 cm, obovate, acute at apex, entire, densely hairy, closely packed on stem, sessile. Spikes to 8 cm long, cm broad, cylindrical to tetragonous; bracts and calyx densely villous; corolla small, yellowish. Fl. & Fr. January-February Distr. Endemic to South India. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall. ex Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Lavandula carnosa L. f., Suppl. Pl Fleshy herbs; stem quadrangular, puberulus. Leaves to 5 x 4.5 cm, broadly ovate, obtuse, cordate at base, crenate scabrous; petiole 5 cm long. Spikes 2-4 x 1 cm, cylindrical, oblong, panicled; peduncle 5-7 cm long. Flowers densely packed; bracts minute; calyx 5 mm long, red 245

270 glandular, upper lip entire, declined, lower lip orbicular; corolla 5 mm long, blue, upper lip oblanceolate, lower lip obtusely 4-lobed; filaments glabrous. Nutlets triangular, smooth, brown. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. South India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests and wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Anisochilus scaber Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Herbs. Leaves to 6 x 4 cm, ovate, acute, base attenuate, margin crenate, puberulus; petiole to 2 mm. Spikes terminal to 2 cm; calyx tube ca 2 mm, bilipped, pubescent, lobes acute, lower lip reduced; corolla 5 mm, white-pinkish, bilipped, pubescent; stamens 4, filaments ca 3 mm in pair; ovary globose, style ca 6 mm. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. India and Myanmar. Occasional in grasslands; PS Kuchimudi ANISOMELES R. Brown Anisomeles indica (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl ; FPM Nepeta indica L., Sp. Pl ; FPL ; FTSR Anisomeles ovata R. Br. in Ait., Hort. Kew. (ed. 2) 3: ; FBI 4: Shrubs; stem densely woolly. Leaves to 13 x 7 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate at apex, densely woolly, unequally crenate; petiole 2-3 cm long. Racemes 5-12 x 3 cm, terminal; bracts foliar, 2 x 1 cm. Flowers closely packed in globose thyrse; calyx 10 mm long, lobes equal, acuminate, hispid; corolla violet or purple, 1.4 cm long, upper lip entire, acute, lower lip 4-lobed, white or lilac, covered with purple hairs, lobes obtuse; stamens 4, filaments erect, hairy; stigma 2-lobed; nutlets 2 x 1.5 mm, plano-convex, light brown. Fl & Fr.: June-September Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala COLEBROOKEA J. J. Smith Colebrookea oppositifolia Smith, Exot. Bot. 2: 111, t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR C. tenuifolia Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Large shrubs; stem and leaves densely tomentose. Leaves to 20 x 6 cm, elliptic, acuminate, crenulate, base acute to acuminate, nerves ca.10 pairs, oblique. Spikes to 10 x 0.5 cm, panicled, terminal, densely hairy. Flowers in close whorls; calyx 1.5 mm long; tube very short, densely white-hairy, lobes subulate; corolla 2 mm long, equally 4-lobed; stamens 4, exserted in male flowers, included in female flowers, filaments glabrous; style 2-fid at tip. Nutlets hairy at apex; fruiting calyx larger. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. South and South East Asia. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Karimala GOMPHOSTEMMA Wallich 1. Flowers in terminal cylindrical spikes; filaments glabrous... G. heyneanum 1. Flowers in axillary whorls; filaments hairy...g. keralensis Gomphostemma heyneanum Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FPM ; FTSR G. strobilinum Wall. ex Benth var. heyneanum (Benth.) Hook.f., FBI 4: Subshrubs; stem obtusely 4-angular, stellate tomentose. Leaves to 25 x 15 cm, broadly elliptic, acute at both ends, stellate tomentose below, sparsely hairy above, crenate, nerves 5-7 pairs; petiole 4-6 cm long. Racemes 18 x 2.5 cm. Flowers 10 to 20 together; bracts elliptic, acute. Calyx 12 mm long, lobes lanceolate; corolla 15 mm long, tube 7 mm broad, cylindric, midlobe of lower lip obtuse, emarginate; filaments unequal, glabrous. Nutlets glabrous. 246

271 Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. very common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Gomphostemma keralensis Vivek. et al., Kew Bull. 38: Subshrubs; stem quadrangular, stellately tomentose. Leaves 26 x 10 cm, ellipticoblanceolate, dentate, acuminate; petiole to 10.6 cm long. Flowers 10-15, sessile, axillary; bracts elliptic, acute; calyx 12 mm long, lobed to the middle; lobes ovate, subulate; corolla 8 mm long; upper lip ovate, rounded; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes oblong, rounded, midlobe smaller than the lateral lobes, filaments hairy. Nutlets oblong-ellipsoid, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. October-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara HYPTIS N. J. Jacquin Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 7: 472. t.27. f ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Ballota suaveolens L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) Shrubs; stem obtusely 4-angular, thinly hairy. Leaves ovate, acute, hispid below, glabrate above; petiole to 5 cm long. Flowers in clusters of 1-12; calyx tube 8 mm long, tubular, 10- ribbed, glandular hairy, teeth spinulose, 4 mm long; corolla 5 mm long, lobes short, glabrous inside, blue. Nutlets 4 x 2.5 mm, compressed, with a ridge on dorsal surface, pubescent, deep brown, mucilaginous when wet. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. Originally from America now Pantropical. Common in degraded areas; PS Vengoli LEONOTIS (Persoon) R. Brown Leonotis nepetiifolia (L.) R. Br., Prodr ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Phlomis nepetiifolia L., Sp. Pl Shrubs, pilose. Leaves to 11 x 8 cm, ovate, apex acute, base truncate, deeply crenate, minutely punctuate, pubescent, basally tri-nerved; petiole to 9 cm. Thyrsus axillary and terminal, 5 cm across; flowers red; bracts 1.5 cm, linear, spinescent, pubescent; calyx oblique, tube 1.3 cm long, 7-toothed, spinescent; corolla tube 1 cm long, lower lip 1.5 cm, concave, densely villous; filaments 3 and 4 mm, flattened; ovary 1 mm, style 2 cm. Fl. November-March Distr. Native of Tropical Africa; naturalised in many parts of the tropics. Occasional in dry deciduous forests and roadsides; PS Padippara LEUCAS R. Brown 1. Flowers to 4; not aggregated in verticals...l. biflora 1. Flowers 6 to many, aggregated in verticals Mouth of the calyx oblique; leaves to 1 cm broad...l aspera 2. Mouth of calyx not oblique; leaves more than 1.5 cm broad Verticils axillary; calyx throat naked... L. chinensis 3. Verticils terminal, calyx throat villous Leaves ovate; bracts glabrous... L. ciliata 4. Leaves oblong; bracts pubescent... L. hirta Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spreng., Syst. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Phlomis aspera Willd. in Link, Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 2: Leucas plukenetii 247

272 (Roth) Spreng., Linn. Syst. Veg. (ed.16) 2: Phlomis plukenetii Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Herbs, pubescent. Leaves to 5.5 x 0.8 cm, elliptic, apex obtuse, base cuneate, distantly serrate, membranous, pubescent. Whorls axillary and terminal, 2 cm across; flowers white; bracts 8 mm long, linear, ciliate, acute; calyx mouth oblique, 5 mm, 10-toothed, ciliate with bulbous based hairs at apex; corolla tube 8 mm, upper lobe 4 mm, lower 8 mm; filaments 4 and 5 mm, pubescent; ovary 1 mm, style 8 mm. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Leucas biflora (Vahl) R. Br., Prodr ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Phlomis biflora Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: Diffuse or scandent herbs; branches finely pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, acute, base obtuse, membranous, crenate, to 3.5 x 2 cm; petiole 0.5 cm long. Flowers solitary; calyx tubular, 7 mm long, finely strigose; corolla white, 1.4 cm long, annulate-villous inside at middle. Nutlets oblong, truncate. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in wet areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Leucas chinensis (Retz.) R. Br., Prodr ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Phlomis chinensis Retz., Obs. Bot. 2: Erect or scandent herbs, branches sericeus. Leaves ovate, obtuse, base truncate or obtuse, crenate, to 3.5 x 2.5 cm; petiole to 0.5 cm long. Calyx funnel-shaped, sericeus, 1 cm long. Corolla 1 cm long, obliquely annulate-villous inside; lower lip glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Peninsular India and China. Very common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Leucas ciliata Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL Subscandent herbs with few hispid branches. Leaves to 8 x 3 cm, ovate, acute at both ends, densely hispid; petiole 1 cm long. Heads terminal, 3 cm across, globose; bracts 15 x 1 mm, strongly ciliate. Flowers in a head; calyx tube 12 mm long, not ribbed, teeth 5 mm long, ciliate; corolla tube 10 mm long, upper lip obovate, concave, brown hairy, lower lip white, 10 x 8 mm, 3-lobed, midlobe orbicular, glabrous. Nutlets 3 x 1.5 mm, 3-angled brown, smooth. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. India and Himalayas. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram Leucas hirta (Heyne ex Roth) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Phlomis hirta Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Erect herbs; branches covered with reflexed hairs. Leaves 5-6 x 1.5 cm, elliptic, obtuse, acute at base, distantly crenate, hirsute above, densely tomentose beneath; petiole 8 mm long. Heads terminal; bracts 10 x 1 mm, linear, bristly. Flowers in a head; calyx tube 7 mm long, white, densely hairy outside; corolla tube 5 mm long, upper lip emarginate, white, hairy, midlobe of lower lip emarginate. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in grasslands; PS 19592, Karimalagopuram OCIMUM Linnaeus 1. Leaves to 10 x 5 cm; wet seed not mucilaginous...o. gratissimum 248

273 1. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm; wet seed heavily mucilaginous...o. americanum Ocimum americanum L., Cent. Pl. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR O. canum Sims, Bot. Mag. 51: t ; FBI 4: ; FPM Herbs, stem hirtus. Leaves elliptic, acute to acuminate, base truncate or obtuse, subentire, sparsely hairy or glabrous. Racemes 13 cm long, densely pubescent. Flowers 5-7 in each whorl; calyx 3 x 5 mm, upper lip 3 x 3 mm, orbicular, densely hairy, corolla white, 5 mm long, glabrous; filaments glabrous. Nutlets 1.5 mm long, sub-trigonous, minutely pitted, dark brown Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Paleotropics. Common in wet rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Anappadi Ocimum gratissimum L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Shrubs, glandular-scabrid. Leaves elliptic to obovate, base attenuate serrate, acuminate at apex; nerves 6-pairs; thinly tomentose below; petiole to 6 cm long. Racemes terminal, panicled; bracts oblanceolate. Flowers 4-6 at each node; pedicel 4 mm long; calyx 5 mm long, glabrous; upper lip ovate, obtuse, lobes of lower lip acuminate, glandular; corolla white, tube 2-3 mm long, lobes obtuse; filaments glabrous or villous at base. Nutlets 1.5 x 1 mm, pitted, brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu ORTHOSIPHON Bentham 1. Leaves glabrous; stamen much longer than the corolla... O. aristatus 1. Leaves puberulus along the nerves; stamen as long as the corolla...o. thymiflorus Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 2: ; FTSR Ocimum aristatum Blume, Bijdr Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Diffusely branched glabrous herbs. Leaves to 7 x 4 cm, broadly elliptic, obtusely acute or acuminate, base acute, serrate, glabrous, glaucous below; lateral nerves ca. 5 pairs; petiole to 3 cm long. Racemes to 8 cm long. Calyx tube 4 mm long, puberulus, lower lobes aristate. Corolla 1.8 cm long, linear, sparsely strigose, pale-lilac. Filaments 4 cm long. Nutlets oblong-orbicular or subtrigonous, smooth or tuberculate. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleensen, Reinwardtia 5: ; FPL ; FTSR Ocimum thymiflorum Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp O. tomentosus Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FBI 4: O. glabratus Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FPM O. viscosus Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FPM O. diffusus (Benth.) Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Erect herbs; stem hirtus. Leaves 5 x 3 cm, ovate, base rounded or cordate, acute at apex, thinly tomentose below; nerves 6-8 pairs. Racemes cm long, terminal, with distant whorls of flowers. Flowers 5-6 in a whorl; pedicels 2-3 mm long; calyx 6-7 mm long, deflexed, 2-lipped; upper lip broad, entire, lower lip 4-lobed, lobes subulate, hairy; corolla 13 mm long, 2-lipped, tube 9 mm long, cylindric, upper lip 4-lobed, lower lip cup-shaped; stamens 4, included, declinate, style slender, stigma terminal, capitate. Nutlets 2-4, orbicular, pitted. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in wet areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli PLECTRANTHUS L' Heritier 1. Filaments connate into a sheath around the style Filaments free

274 2. Leaves glabrous; flowers pedicellate...p. malabaricus 2. Leaves densely villous; flowers sessile...p. barbatus 3. Fruiting calyx densely woolly; wet nutlets mucilaginous... P. nilgherricus 3. Fruity calyx minutely scabrous; wet nutlets not mucilaginous...p. wightii Plectranthus barbatus Andr., Bot. Repos. t Coleus barbatus (Andr.) Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM C. forskohlii (Willd.) Briq., Pflanzenf. 4: ; FPL Plectranthus forskohlii Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: Stout herbs; stem densely villous. Leaves ovate, acute or obtuse, densely long-villous, usually folded. Spike cm long, terminal with distant whorls of flowers; bracts 10 x 8 mm, broadly ovate, acuminate. Flowers 8-12 in each whorl, sessile; calyx 5 mm long; upper lip entire; lower lip narrowly 4-lobed; corolla tube 6 mm long, exserted, lower lobe blue, boat-shaped, upper 4- lobed. Nutlets globose, black, smooth. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Tropical East Africa. Occasional in grasslands and evergreen forests; PS Pezha Plectranthus malabaricus (Benth.) Willemse, Blumea 25: Coleus malabaricus Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Herbs. Leaves broadly ovate, acute, base truncate or subcordate, crenate, puberulus, nerves 4 pairs; petiole to 10 cm long. Racemes in terminal to 30 cm long panicles, with distant whorls of flowers; bracts 5 x 3 mm, ovate. Flowers 5-10 in each whorl; calyx 8 mm long, striate, upper lip obtuse; lower lip unequally toothed, glabrous; corolla 1.5 cm long, pink; filaments glabrous. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in grasslands; PS Pooppara; 19706, Karimala; NS Pandaravarai Plectranthus nilgherricus Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Rabdosia nilgherrica (Benth.) Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 47: Shrubs; whole plant glandular hirtus. Leaves 5-10 x 3-6 cm, rounded or cordate at base, serrate; upper ones sessile, acuminate, densely hairy below; nerves 4 pairs; petioles 3-5 cm long. Panicle cm long. Flowers 3-5 together, pedicelled; calyx mm long, strongly ribbed, subequally 5-lobed, hirtus; corolla 7 mm long, white with red spot, glandular, lobes ciliate, midlobe larger than sidelobes; filaments glabrous. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Plectranthus wightii Benth., Labiat. Gen. Sp ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR P. pulneyensis Hook.f., FBI 4: P. nepetaefolius Benth. in DC., Prodr. 12: ; FBI 4: Robdosia wightii (Benth.) Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 47: ; FPL Subshrubs, branchlets glabrescent. Leaves ovate, acute, base cordate, deeply serrate, membranous, sparsely hispid, to 7.5 x 6 cm; lateral nerves ca. 5 pairs; petiole to 7 cm long. Thyrsus to 20 cm long. Calyx hirtellous, prominently red gland-dotted. Corolla lobes glabrous. Stamens exserted. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli POGOSTEMON Desfontaines 250

275 1. Inflorescence branched Inflorescence unbranched Inflorescence 1-sided; leaves glabrous or glabrescent...p. paniculatus 2. Inflorescence otherwise; leaves tomentose...p. benghalensis 3. Leaves orbicular; corolla lobes unequal...p. rotundatus 3. Leaves ovate; corolla lobes equal... P auricularius Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: Mentha auricularia L., Mant. Pl Dysophylla auricularia (L.) Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 4: ; FPM Herbs. Leaves 2-8 x 1-3 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, chartaceous, base truncate to attenuate, margin irregularly crenate-serrate, apex acute; petiole to 0.5 cm. Racemes dense, terminal; corolla violet, 2 mm across; stamens 4, subequal; filaments 5 mm; anthers 0.4 mm; ovary 0.2 mm; style 5 mm. Fl. & Fr. July-September Distr. South East Asia. Fairly common in marshy areas; PS Pillackalvayal Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm. f.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Origanum benghalense Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 128,t.38, f Pogostemon plectranthoides Desf., Ann Mus. Hist. Nat. 2: 156. t ; FBI 4: ; FPM Shrubs, to 2 cm high; stem hoary pubescent, subterete, reddish. Leaves x 6 cm, ovate to lanceolate, acute, base attenuate, nerves 3-5 pairs. Panicle large, cm long, with many congested and 1-sided cymes; bracteoles ovate, acute, hairy. Flowers many, densely packed; calyx 4 mm long, pubescent outside, glabrous inside; lobes acuminate; corolla pink, 7 mm long, lobes acute, hairy, pink; staminal filaments unequal. purple, bearded with moniliform hairs. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Endemic to India; Common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Karimala Pogostemon paniculatus (Willd.) Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Elsholtzia paniculata Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: Subshrubs. Leaves to 8 x 4 cm, ovate, acuminate at either ends, irregularly dentate, hirtustomentose; lateral nerves 3-4 pairs; petiole 2 cm long, tomentose. Panicle large, branches flowered, 1-sided; bracteoles 5 x 3 mm, oblique, falcate, imbricating. Flowers densely packed; calyx 4 mm long, 5-ribbed; lobes acuminate, hirtus; corolla purplish, 6 mm long; pubescent outside; filaments bearded. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Peninsular India and Myanmar. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Pogostemon rotundatus Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Profusely branched herbs; stem villous. Leaves 3 x 2.5 cm, villous above and below, crenate along the margins; nerves 3 pairs; petiole to 1 cm long. Spike 6-12 x 1 cm, terminal solitary, cylindrical, continuous; bracts and bracteoles minute. Flowers densely packed; calyx 4 mm long, densely hairy, lobes acuminate; corolla white or yellow, 6.5 mm long; lobes obtuse; filaments bearded. Nutlets biconvex, obovoid, minutely reticulate, brown. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in grasslands; PS 19151, NS Karimala SCUTELLARIA Linnaeus 251

276 1. Leaf base cordate; nutlets spinulose... S. violacea 1. Leaf base cuneate; nutlets tuberculate...s. colebrookeana Scutellaria colebrookeana Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: ; FPM S. violacea Heyne ex Benth. var. colebrookeana (Benth.) Hook.f., FBI 4: , 'colebrookiana'. Puberulus herbs. Leaves to 3 x 3 cm, deltoid, acute, base truncate, dentate, nerves 4 pairs; petioles 2.5 cm long. Racemes 12 cm long, bracts 3 x 1 mm, ovate, acute. Flowers paired, calyx 5 x 5 mm, upper lip and lower lip equal, white, glabrous; corolla 12 mm long, pale purple, lower lip broader; filaments glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Scutellaria violacea Heyne ex Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR S. violacea var. sikkimensis Hook.f., FBI 4: Erect herbs; stem hispid. Leaves to 7 x 5 cm, ovate, acute, crenate, base cordate, hispid; petiole 4-5 cm long. Racemes 15 cm long, glandular hispid; bracts ovate, 3 mm long. Flowers paired, long-pedicelled; calyx glabrous, upper lobe saccate; corolla pale blue, 15 mm long, lateral lobes of lower lip shorter, glabrous; filaments fimbriate at base; anthers bearded, confluent. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; NS Pooppara TEUCRIUM Linnaeus Teucrium tomentosum Heyne ex Benth. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Erect shrubs; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 11 x 6 cm, ovate, acute at apex, rounded at base, crenate, hairy along nerves; petiole 1-3 cm long. Racemes panicled, terminal and axillary; bracts 3 mm long, ovate, small. Flowers pedicellate; calyx 6 mm long, lobed near the apex, lobes acute, hairy; corolla yellow to white, 11 mm long, upper lip absent, lower lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes smaller; stamens didynamous, filaments glabrous; anthers reniform; stigma bifid. Nutlets 4, basely united, globular, reticulately pitted, glandular. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala NYCTAGINACEAE 1. Diffuse herbs; flowers bisexual...boerhavia 1. Scandent shrubs; flowers unisexual...pisonia BOERHAVIA Linnaeus 1. Flowers pedicelled; branchlets slender...b. chinensis 1. Flowers sessile; branchlets stout... B. diffusa Boerhavia chinensis (L.) Asch. & Schweinf. in Schweinf., Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 1: , "Boerhaavia". Valeriana chinensis L., Sp. Pl B. repanda Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Diffuse herbs with divaricate scandent glabrous branches. Leaves equal, ovate, acute, shallowly lobed, cordate at base, lineolate; petiole to 2.5 cm long. Flowers 1 cm long, 3-6 together in panicled umbel; pedicels 13 mm long, capillary; bracts 3 mm long, glandular; perianth 8 mm long, pink. Capsule 8 x 1.5 mm, oblanceolate, densely lineolate, glandular. Fl. & Fr. October-February 252

277 Distr. West Asia, India and Myanmar. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Boerhavia diffusa L., Sp. Pl ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR B. repens L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: B. procumbens Banks ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Herbs with long trailing branches; stem reddish, tomentose. Leaves unequal, ovate, obtuse, undulate along margins, truncate to subcordate at base, tomentose; petiole to 1 cm long. Flowers 4 mm long, 4-10 together, in axillary or terminal, peduncled umbels; bracts 5, ovate, glandular, perianth pink, stamens 3, capsule 3 x 1 mm, clavate, 5-ribbed, glandular. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Rockpoint; Thekkady PISONIA Linnaeus Pisonia aculeata L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Spines axillary, recurved, branchlets adpressed, pubescent. Leaves opposite and alternate, to 8 x 4 cm, ovate, obtuse, base cuneate, chartaceous; petiole to 2 cm. Umbels axillary; peduncles to 2 cm, pubescent; bracteoles 1 mm, ovate, pubescent; perianth 4 mm across, funnel shaped, 10-lobed, alternately long and short; stamens 4-5-8, filaments 5 mm; ovary 0.5 mm, seated on a disc, 1-celled, one ovuled. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Pantropical. Rare along the riverine areas; PS Keerappadi AMARANTHACEAE 1. Leaves opposite Leaves alternate Inflorescence an elongated, slender spike Inflorescence otherwise Flowers all fertile, solitary; bracteole spinescent...achyranthes 3. Flowers fertile and sterile, in groups; bracteoles not spinescent Sterile flowers with hooked hairs... Pupalia 4. Sterile flowers without hooked hairs...cyathula 5. Prostrate or decumbent herbs; anthers 1-celled...Alternanthera 5. Erect herbs; anthers 2-celled Leaves lanceolate, obovate or spathulate; style bifid at middle... Gomphrena 6. Leaves ovate or deltoid; style not forked...psilotrichum 7. Flowers in globose heads...allmania 7. Flowers in simple or paniculate spikes Spike simple, lax, glabrous... Celosia 8. Spike paniculate or in axillary clusters Spike in axillary clusters, white tomentose... Aerva 9. Spike paniculate; glabrous Spike dense; flowers unisexual...amaranthus 10. Spike lax; flowers bisexual...indobanalia ACHYRANTHES Linnaeus 1. Leaves linear-lanceolate to 16 cm, membranous; staminal tube truncate... A. bidentata 1. Leaves ovate-elliptic to 10 cm, coriaceous; staminal tube semicircular... A. aspera Achyranthes aspera L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Erect herbs; stem tomentose. Leaves to 10 x 6 cm, broadly elliptic to obovate, abruptly 253

278 acuminate, tomentose, nerves 6 pairs; petiole 5 mm long. Spike to 20 cm long, hispid; bracts 6 mm long, lanceolate, aristate; bracteoles entire, aristate. Flowers deflexed; tepals 7.5 x 2 mm, elliptic, acute, glabrous, equal; ovary truncate at apex. Achenes 3 mm long, ovoid, brown. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Bijdr ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect herbs; stem glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, thinly pubescent, nerves 7-9 pairs; petiole 5 mm long. Spike axillary and terminal, cm long, narrow, glabrous; bracts 4 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, long-aristate; bracteoles 3 mm long, entire, aristate. Flowers distant; tepals equal, 7 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. Achenes 3 x 1.5 mm, cylindrical, longitudinally striate, reddish-brown. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia and East Asia. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara AERVA Forsskal Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 11: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Achyranthes lanata L., Sp. Pl Aerva floribunda Wight, Ic. t Woolly herbs. Leaves to 3 x 2.5 cm, orbicular, ovate, apex obtuse, mucronate, pubescent above, densely woolly below, membranous; petiole 1 cm. Spikes axillary, to 1 cm, densely tomentose; bracts and bracteoles 1 mm, ovate; tepals 1.5 mm, oblong, woolly mucronate; filaments basally connate, 0.5 mm, staminodes subulate; ovary 0.4 mm, stigma 2 fid. Fl. November-March Distr. Widespread in tropic and subtropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Parambikulam ALLMANIA R. Brown ex Wight Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. ex Wight in Hook. J. Bot. 1: 226, t ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Diffuse herbs, stem puberulus. Leaves alternate, 2-6 x cm, elliptic-oblong, acute, entire, glabrous. Flowers in terminal and axillary globose congested cymes, pedicelled; bracts and bracteoles 4 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate with filiform tips; tepals 5, equal, 5 x 1 mm, lanceolate, acute, free to the base, 1-nerved, glabrous; stamens 5, filaments united below into a membranous cup, glabrous; ovary obovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style 1, slender; stigma 2-toothed. Achenes 3 x 2 mm, ellipsoid with a long beak, biconvex, black. Fl. & Fr. Almost throughout the year Distr. Tropical Asia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Pezha ALTERNANTHERA Forsskal 1. Bracts and bracteoles glabrous Bracts and bracteoles hairy Leaves reddish; pseudo-staminodes as long as the filaments...a. sessilis 2. Leaves greenish; pseudo-staminodes shorter than the filaments... A. pungens 3. Outer tepals mucronate; pseudo-staminodes shorter than the filaments... A. paronychioides 3. Outers tepals spinescent; pseudo-staminodes longer than the filaments... A. tenella 254

279 Alternanthera paronychioides A. St. Hill, Voy. Bres. 2: ; FTSR A. polygonoides sensu Standley, N. Amer. Fl. 21: , non L Prostrate herbs; stem sparsely covered with long crisped hairs. Leaves to 3 x 0.7 cm, oblanceolate to spathulate, acute, glabrous. Spike 5 x 3 mm, solitary, axillary, few-flowered, sessile; bracts and bracteoles similar, 1.5 mm long, hyaline, apiculate. Flowers densely packed; tepals 5, outer three larger, 2.5 x 1 mm, ovate, acute, inner smaller, all hairy; stamens 3-5; ovary obovoid, compressed, stigma bilobed. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Native of Tropical America, getting established in Tropical Asia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Parambikulam Alternanthera pungens Kunth in HBK, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: A. echinata J. E. Smith in Rees, Cyclop. 39: Prostrate herbs. Leaves to 1.5 x 1 cm, deltoid to obovate, obtuse, base narrowed, short, glabrous. Spikes to 10 x 6 mm, 2-3 together, axillary, sessile; bracts and bracteoles equal, 5 mm long, scarious, aristate. Flowers densely packed; tepals 5, outer three larger, 5 mm long, lanceolate, aristate, one oblong, obtuse, inner smaller, boat shaped, keeled, aristate, all 3- ribbed, barbed at base; stamens 5, filaments united at base; ovary obovoid; stigma capitate. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of American continent; now wide spread as a weed in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex. DC., Cat. Hort. 4: ; FPL Gomphrena sessilis L., Sp. Pl Alternanthera triandra Lam., Encycl. 1: ; FPM Erect or prostrate herbs; stem glabrous. Leaves to 4 x 1 cm, elliptic-oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse, crenate, attenuate at base into a petiole, glabrous. Spike 7-12 x 5 mm, sessile, solitary or 2-3 together; bracts and bracteoles similar, 1 mm long, broadly ovate, acute, glabrous. Flowers yellowish red; tepals equal, 2.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, acute, glabrous, 3-nerved at base; stamens 3. Achenes 2 x 2 mm, obovoid, emarginate at apex; seed orbicular, compressed, brown. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas; PS Thellikkal Alternanthera tenella Moq. in DC., Prodr. 13: Prostrate herbs, stem white villous. Leaves to 4.5 x 2 cm, elliptic-oblong, sub-acute, hairy above, subsessile, ovoid. Head axillary, to 4, ovoid, sessile; bracts and bracteoles ca 2.5 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, spinescent; Tepals outer 3 ca 4 mm, lanceolate, spinescent, inner two smaller. Fertile stamens 5; filaments 1.5 mm; anthers oblong, pseudostaminodes strap shaped, longer than the filaments; ovary ovoid; style short. Seeds brownish, discoid. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Tropics and subtropics. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu AMARANTHUS Linnaeus 1. Plants with axillary spines... A. spinosus 1. Plants unarmed...a. viridis Amaranthus spinosus L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Armed subshrubs, spines axillary, to 1.5 cm. Leaves to 7 x 3 cm, ovate, oblong, obtuse, base cuneate, mucronate, membranous; petiole to7 cm. Spikes axillary and terminal, dense, to 15 cm; bracts and bracteoles 1.5 mm, curved; male flowers-tepals 1.5 and 2 mm, lanceolate; stamens 5, female flowers-tepals 1.5 mm, oblong, subequal; ovary 0.6 mm, styles

280 Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Originally from America; now found throughout the warmer regions of the world. Common in degraded forest areas and roadsides; PS Thellikkal Amaranthus viridis L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Chenopodium caudatum Jacq., Coll. Bot. 2: , non Amaranthus caudatus L Amaranthus gracilis Desf., Tabl. Ecole Bot Glabrous herbs, stem green or sometimes reddish. Leaves 5-10 x 2-5 cm, alternate, ovate, acute, truncate at base; nerves 3-6 pairs. Spikes terminal and axillary, interrupted. Flowers unisexual, mixed, densely arranged; bracts and bracteoles similar, ovate, acuminate; tepals 3, 1.5 mm long, obovate, obtuse; stamens 3, free; ovary obovoid, styles 2, free. Achenes 2 x 1 mm, ovoid, acute, membranous; seeds biconvex, dark brown, shining with hexagonal epidermal cells. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas and roadsides; PS Anappadi CELOSIA Linnaeus Celosia pulchella Moq. in DC., Prodr. 13: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Erect glabrous herbs. Leaves to 9 x 5 cm, alternate, ovate, acuminate, base truncate and shortly cuneate; nerves 5 pairs; petioles 2-4 cm long. Spike terminal, 5-15 cm long, slender. Flowers clustered, all fertile; bracts and bracteoles similar, 1 mm long, ovate, acute, hyaline; tepals 5, 2.5 x 1 mm, ovate, acute, hyaline; stamens 5, filaments united at base; ovary globose, style absent; stigmas 2, curved, pilose. Utricles 4 x 3 mm, ovoid; circumscissile; seeds many, reniform, black, muricate. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in bamboo areas; PS Pandaravarai CYATHULA Blume Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 4: ; FPM ; FTSR Achyranthes prostrata L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: Desmochaeta prostrata (L.) DC., Cat. Hort. Monsp Decumbent herbs. Leaves opposite, 7 x 3.5 cm, rhomboid, acute at either ends, thinly pubescent; petiole 5-15 mm long. Spike terminal, to 18 cm long, slender, solitary. Flowers in groups of 3-5 of which one perfect and others neutor flowers; bracts and bracteoles similar, 1.5 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent; sepals 5, free, 3 x 1 mm, elliptic, acute, hooked awn like in neutor flowers; stamens 5, filaments united into a membranous truncate cup; staminodes membranous, alternate with stamens, fimbriate; ovary ovoid, style simple, stigma capitellate. Achenes 2 x 1 mm, obovoid, compressed, golden brown. Fl. & Fr. September-August Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu GOMPHRENA Linnaeus Gomphrena celosioides Mart., Beitr. Amar ; FPL G. decumbens sensu Gamble, FPM , non Jacq Prostrate herbs, younger parts woolly. Leaves to 3 x 1 cm, elliptic, obovate, apex acute, mucronate, spathulate, woolly beneath. Spikes terminal and sometimes axillary, to 8 cm long; bracts 3 mm, scarious, mucronate, ciliate at apex; bracteoles 2, 2.5 mm, ovate, mucronate; tepals 5, 4.5 mm, lanceolate, acute at apex, woolly at the back of the inner 3 tepals; stamens 5, tube to 2.5 mm; ovary 1 mm, 1-ovuled, style 0.4 mm, stigma 2-fid. Fl. December-February Distr. Originally from South America; now widespread in the tropics. Occasional in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli 256

281 INDOBANALIA A. N. Henry et R. Roy Indobanalia thyrsiflora (Moq.) Henry & Roy, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: ; FPL ; FTSR Banalia thyrsiflora Moq. in DC., Prodr. 13: ; FPM Erect herbs; stem glabrous, ribbed. Leaves alternate, to 10 x 5 cm, ovate, acuminate, cuneate at base, hairy below; lateral nerves 8 pairs; petiole 2 cm long. Spikes thyrsoid, panicled, narrow, terminal and axillary; bracts and bracteoles similar, broadly ovate. Flowers 2-3 together; sepals free, equal, 3 x 1 mm, 3-nerved, glabrous; stamens 5, filaments jointed into a tube; ovary ellipsoid, compressed, 1-ovuled, style-1, slender; stigmas 2, linear, papillose. Achenes globose; seed orbicular, black. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Kothala PSILOTRICHUM Blume Psilotrichum elliotii Baker & Clarke in Dyer, Fl. Trop. Africa 6: P. calceolatum Moq. ex Hook.f., FBI 4: P. nudum sensu Wight, Ic. t , non (Heyne ex Wall.) Moq Herbs. Leaves to 4 x 2 cm, ovate, acute at apex, obtuse at base, pubescent; petiole 3 mm. Spikes axillary, to 2 cm; bracts 1.5 mm, ovate, acute, pubescent; bracteoles 2, 1.5 x 1.2 mm, broadly ovate, acute, pubescent; tepals 5, 5 and 4 mm, prominently nerved, silky pubescent lanceolate, acute; stamens 5, connate at base, filaments 1.5 mm; ovary 0.5 mm, globose, 1- ovuled, style 0.5 mm, stigma capitellate. Utricle 2 mm long. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. South India and Tropical Africa. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady PUPALIA A. L. Jussieu Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 2: ; FBI 4: ; FPM Achyranthes lappacea L., Sp. Pl A. atropurpurea Lam., Encycl. 1: Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.) Moq. in DC., Prodr. 13: Straggling herbs; stem densely hispid. Leaves 2-5 x 2-3 cm, obovate, obtuse, fulvous tomentose; petiole to 1 cm long. Spike cm long, terminal, usually unbranched. Flowers sterile and fertile together in distant clusters; bracts 3 mm across, orbicular; bracteoles smaller; sepals 5, 5 x 2 mm, elliptic, acute, densely covered with hooked bristles, woody; stamens 5, filaments united into short tube at base; ovary obovoid, compressed; style simple; stigma capitate. Achenes 2 x 2 mm, biconvex, brown, smooth. Fl. & Fr. September-November Distr. India, Sri Lanka and East Africa. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi CHENOPODIACEAE CHENOPODIUM Linnaeus Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5:4.1886; FPM ; FPL Erect pungent smelling herbs, profusely branching. Leaves alternate, to 8 x 3 cm, elliptic to lanceolate, entire to deeply lobed, base attenuate, glabrous, membranous; upper leaves smaller. Flowers bisexual, minute, sessile, clustered in terminal and axillary cymes; perianth 5-lobed, herbaceous, green; stamens 5, free; ovary 1-celled, with solitary ovule; styles 3; stigmas 3. Fruit a utricle enclosed by the persistent perianth. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of Tropical America; widely introduced, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and Malesia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thenkudippara 257

282 BASELLACEAE BASELLA Linnaeus Basella alba L., Sp. Pl B. rubra L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM Twining fleshy herbs; stem terete, glabrous. Leaves to 5 x 4 cm, ovate, acute or obtuse, rounded at base, thick, fleshy, glabrous; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers in axillary, stout, erect, 3-10 cm long spikes; bracts ovate, bracteoles orbicular; perianth calycine, lobes 5, 4 mm long, united at base; stamens 5, antitepalous, free; ovary glabrous, 1-celled; ovule 1, styles 3, stigma linear. Utricle globose, 5 mm across, fleshy, white, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Native of Tropical Asia and Africa, often cultivated. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi POLYGONACEAE 1. Prostrate herbs; flowers in axillary clusters... Polygonum 1. Erect or scandent herbs; flowers in heads, racemes or spikes... Persicaria PERSICARIA P. Miller 1. Scandent herbs; flowers in heads... P. chinensis 1. Erect herbs; flowers in elongated spikes or racemes Ochrea truncate, glabrous at mouth... P. glabra 2. Ochrea obliquely clefted, long ciliate at mouth...p. barbata Persicaria barbata (L.) Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 1: Polygonum barbatum L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect stout herbs. Leaves 6-12 x 2-3 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at either ends, glabrate or pubescent, subsessile; nerves many, slender; ochrea 15 mm long, strigose, mouth oblique, shortly bristled, pubescent. Spike 2-4 cm long, shortly peduncled, stout, in cm long panicles; bracts obovate, obtuse, long-ciliate. Flowers white, 4-10 in each bracts, longpedicelled; pedicels persistent; tepals 5, free, 2.5 mm long, oblong, obtuse, glandular; stamens 8; styles 3. Nut trigonous, acute, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Paleotropics. Common in marshy areas; PS Vengoli Persicaria chinensis (L.) Gross., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 269,277, Polygonum chinense L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Trailing or scandent shrubs; stem glabrous. Leaves ovate, cordate at base, oblique, abruptly acuminate, punctuate, glabrous except the midrib below; nerves many; petiole 1.5 cm long; ochrea 2-3 cm long, membranous, ribbed, oblique at mouth, glabrous. Spike 7 x 7 mm, panicled, globose; peduncles glandular-hairy; bracts ovate, obtuse, 1-flowered. Flowers pedicelled; tepals 4, white, 5 x 2.5 mm, oblong, obtuse, glabrous; stamens 8, styles 3. Nut 5 x 2.5 mm, trigonous, glabrous, acute, brown. Fl. & Fr. July-January Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in secondary forests; PS Karimala Persicaria glabra (Willd.) Gomez, Ann. Inst. Segunda Ensef. Habana 2: Polygonum glabrum Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Stout erect herbs, glabrous, to 100 cm high. Leaves to 16 x 3 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, punctuate.; petiole 2 cm long; ochrea tubular, mouth truncate, glabrous. Racemes stout, long peduncled; bracts obovate, obtuse, glabrous. Flowers few-several 258

283 in each bract; tepals 4, oblong, obtuse, eglandular; stamens 8; style 2-fid. Nuts 2 x 1.5 mm, biconvex, acute, brown. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India, Africa, Eastward to Malesia. Occasional in marshy areas; PS Thunakkadavu POLYGONUM Linnaeus Polygonum plebeium R. Br., Prodr "plebejum; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR P. indicum Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Prostrate woody herbs with radiate branches; stem glabrous. Leaves to 10 x 4 mm, oblong, sessile, acute, glabrous; ochrea chartaceous, white, ciliate. Flowers 3-7 together, sessile, axillary; tepals 5, ovate, acute, glabrous; stamens 5. Nut 1.5 mm long, trigonous, acute, glabrous, brown. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Pantropical. Common in reservoir beds; PS Vengoli PODOSTEMACEAE 1. Secondary shoots thread like, free floating... Indotristicha 1. Secondary shoots otherwise, appressed, erect or free floating Secondary shoots erect with 4 ranked leaves... Willisia 2. Secondary shoots not erect, without 4 ranked leaves Secondary shoots appressed, crustaceous; capsule anisolobous...zeylanidium 3. Secondary shoots free floating, ribbon like or filiform; capsule isolobous... Polypleurum INDOTRISTICHA van Royen Indotristicha ramosissima (Wight) van Royen, Acta Bot. Neerl., 8: ; FTSR Dalzellia ramosissima Wight, Ic. t f Terniola ramosissima (Wight) Willis, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 1: 208, 293, 306 tt. 5-9, f ; FPM Tristicha ramosissima (Wight) Willis, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 1: & 1: ff ; FPM Stem free floating, branched, to 60 cm long, attached to rock by base, stem with cm long ramuli and scale leaves. Flowers 1-6 mm long, axillary along the stem; pedicels cm long, slender, erect; perianth 3, free, 2 mm long, ovate; stamens 3; ovary 2.5 mm long, ellipsoid, stigma 3-lobed. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common along the riverine areas; PS Kanthalppara POLYPLEURUM Warming 1. Secondary shoots filiform...p. filifolium 1. Secondary shoots ribbon like, branched or unbranched Thallus narrow; pedicels to 2 cm long...p. dichotomum 2. Thallus broad; pedicels to 4 cm long...p. stylosum Polypleurum dichotomum (Gard.) Hall, Kew Bull. 26: ; FPL Podostemon dichotomum Gard., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 7: ; FBI 5: Dicraea dichotoma (Gard.) Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 3. 2: ; FPM Thallus to 20 x 0.5 cm, branched, ribbon like, free floating, base attached on rocks; secondary shoots marginal. Leaves to 3 x 0.5 mm, 2, unequal; floral bracts 6, distichous, keeled; flowers solitary on secondary shoot; stamens 2, monadelphous, staminodes ca. 3 mm long, 2, linear; style ca 1 mm long, lanceolate. Fruit ca 3 mm, ellipsoid, 8-ribbed, isolobous. 259

284 Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in streams of evergreen forests; PS Karappara Polypleurum filifolium (Ramam. & Joseph) Nagendran et al., Pl. Syst. Evol ; FPL Dicraea filifolia Ramam. & Joseph, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: Thallus crustaceous, reddish or green; secondary shoots filiform to cm, 3 pairs. Leaves decussate, spathulate, upper most leaves with filaments. Flowers terminal, subsessile; stamens 2, ca 1.5 mm, subequal with pistil, staminodes ca 1.5 mm, filiform; ovary 1.5 mm, ellipsoid, style absent, stigma two papillate. Fruit to 2.5 x 1 mm, ellipsoid, 8-ribbed, isolobous. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Common in Parambikulam river; PS Orukomban Polypleurum stylosum (Wight) Hall, Kew Bull. 26: ; FPL ; FTSR Dicraea stylosa Wight, Ic. t f ; FPM Podostemon stylosus (Wight) Benth. ex Hook.f., FBI 5: P. algaeformis (Bedd.) Benth. ex Hook.f., FBI 5: Dicraea algaeformis Bedd., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 25: 223. t Thallus ribbon like, branched, cm long; attached at base; bracts 4-6, alternate, distichous. Spathella splitting into 4 or 5 lobes; pedicel 10 mm long. Tepals 2 mm long; stamens and andropodium 4 mm long; ovary 3 x 1 mm, 6-ribbed, stigma lobes subequal. Capsule 3 x 1.5 mm, ovoid, 6-ribbed, pedicel cm long; seeds many. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in streams of evergreen forests; PS Karappara; NS Pooppara WILLISIA Warming Willisia selaginoides (Bedd.) Warming ex Willis, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 1: ; FPM ; FPL Mniopsis selaginoides Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. ser.3, Podostemon selaginoides Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3: ; FBI 5: Thallus crustaceous, secondary shoot erect 5-10 cm, covered with 4 rows of triquetrous scales, crowded on the dorsal surface. Flowers sessile, solitary on a secondary shoot; stamens 2, ca 5.5 mm, equal or longer than ovary; ovary ca 4 mm, ellipsoid, style absent, stigma 2. Capsule 4-5 x 2.5 mm, smooth, sessile, anisolobous. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in streams of evergreen forests; PS Karappara ZEYLANIDIUM Engler Zeylanidium lichenoides (Kurz) Engl. in Engl. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzenf. (ed. 2) 18a: Podostemon acuminatus Wedd. in DC., Prodr. 17: ; FBI 65: P. microcarpus Wedd. in DC., Prodr. 17: ; FBI 5: Hydrobryum lichenoides Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 42: ; FPM Thallus ribbon like, lower smaller; upper larger. Spathella 2 x 1 mm, prostrate. Flowers 2.5 x 1 mm, zygomorphic; tepals 2, 1 mm long, scarious, subulate; stamens 2, monadelphous, andropodium 1.2 x 0.3 mm; anthers bilobed, lobes unequal; ovary 1.5 x 0.9 mm, ellipsoid, smooth; stigma bilobed, lobes unequal, smooth. Capsule 2 x 1 mm, anisolobous, ellipsoid, ribs 8; one lobe persistent, stalk 2 mm, long. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Very common in streams; PS Karappara ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 260

285 1. Erect shrubs; flowers actinomorphic... Thottea 1. Climbers; flowers zygomorphic...aristolochia ARISTOLOCHIA Linnaeus 1. Leaves deeply cordate at base, to 18 x 10 cm... A. tagala 1. Leaves subcordate or truncate at base, to 13 x 6 cm... A. indica Aristolochia indica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR A. lanceolata Wight, Ic. t Twiners; stem glabrous. Leaves to 13 x 6 cm, ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex, 5-ribbed from the flat or subcordate base, midrib with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral nerves; petiole 2 cm long. Flowers to 4.5 cm long, 3-5 together in axillary cymes, greenish-brown; pedicels 1.5 cm long, perianth tube 1.5 cm long, globose at base, hairy inside, glabrous outside, limbs obovate, brown, glabrous; stamens 6, filaments short, anthers adnate to the columnar style; ovary 6-celled. Capsule obovoid, glabrous; seeds to 10 x 7 mm, brown, samaroid. Fl. & Fr. July-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Aristolochia tagala Cham., Linnaea 7: 207. t. 5. f ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR A. roxburghiana Klotzsch, Monatsber Koenigl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin ; FBI 5: A. acuminata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: , non Lam Twiners; stem glabrous. Leaves to 18 x 10 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, glabrous, 5-7- nerved from deeply cordate base; petiole 4-5 cm long. Flowers 6.5 cm long, in axillary raceme; bracts 5 mm long, ovate; perianth tube 1 cm long, hairy inside, glabrous outside; limb 4.5 cm long, 1 cm broad, brown, tomentose; stamens 12, biseriate; connective broad, anthers oblong; style 6-7-fid, short. Capsule obovoid, stalked, 6-celled. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara THOTTEA Rottboell Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou., Blumea 27: ; FPL ; FTSR Apama siliquosa Lam., Encycl. 1: ; FPM Bragantia wallichii R. Br. ex Wight & Arn., Edinb. New Phil. J. 15: ; FBI 5: Shrubs; branchlets angled. Leaves to 25 x 8 cm, elliptic-oblong, inequilateral, acuminate at apex, tomentose below; nerves 5-8 pairs, basal pair rib-like, extending above the middle, nervules parallel; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers in axillary fascicles, 1-5 together, 1.5 cm across; perianth lobed, united into a cup, acute, yellow or brown, lined inside; stamens 12, united in 3 groups; stigma peltate, many-lobed. Capsule to 12 cm long, 5 mm broad, cylindrical; seeds 2 mm long, trigonous, rugose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Very common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara PIPERACEAE 1. Climbers with nodal roots; spike leaf opposed... Piper 1. Erect herbs or shrubs without nodal roots; spike terminal or axillary Spikes in axillary umbels... Lepianthes 2. Spikes terminal, solitary or panicled... Peperomia LEPIANTHES Rafinesque 261

286 Lepianthes umbellata (L.) Raf., Sylva Tellur ; FPL ; FTSR Piper umbellatum L., Sp. Pl P. subpeltatum Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: ; FBI 5: Hackeria subpeltata (Willd.) Kunth, Linnaea 13: ; FPM Pothomorphe subpeltata (Willd.) Miq., Comm. Phyt Erect herbs, to 1.5 m high; stem ridged. Leaves cm, orbicular, rounded at apex, cordate at base, entire, pubescent above and below; nerves palmately radiating from base; petiole sheathing at base, to 20 cm long. Spikes 8-15 x 0.3 cm, cylindric, 3-7 together, umbellate, peduncled, axillary, bracts peltate, triangular, ciliate. Flowers densely packed; stamens 3, filaments short; ovary obovoid, truncate, stigmas 3, sessile, curved out. Berry trigonous, minute. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Paleotropics. Common in secondary forests; PS Karimala PEPEROMIA Ruiz & Pavon 1. All leaves in whorls of 4; spike pubescent...p. tetraphylla 1. Leaves otherwise; spikes glabrous Spikes to 10 cm long; nutlets black punctate...p. thomsonii 2. Spikes to 5 cm long;; nutlets not black punctate Leaves cordate at base, 5-7 ribbed, membranous...p. pellucida 3. Leaves cuneate or rounded at base, thickly coriaceous Leaves rounded at base; nutlets rugose and scurfy... P. heyneana 4. Leaves cuneate at base; nutlets minutely scaly... P. portulacoides Peperomia heyneana Miq., Syst. Piperac P. wightiana Miq. in Hook. s London J. Bot. 5: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic herbs, to 20 cm high. Leaves to 2 x 1.75 cm, orbicular, obtuse or shortly acute at apex, rounded at base, 5-ribbed, usually alternate; petiole 3 mm long. Spike 5 cm long, terminal or upper axillary, slender, glabrous, usually 2 or 3 together; bracts ovate, peltate. Nutlets 1 x 0.5 mm, ellipsoid, rugose, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in rocky areas of evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: ; FPM ; FPL Piper pellucidum L., Sp. Pl Peperomia exigua (Blume) Miq., Syst. Piperac ; FBI 5: Fleshy herbs, to 20 cm high. Leaves alternate, to 3 x 2 cm, ovate, cordate at base, acute, glabrous, 5-ribed, fleshy, shortly petioled. Spikes axillary, solitary, to 3 cm long, slender. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year except the dry seasons Distr. Native of Tropical America; now Pantropical. Common in openings of moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu Peperomia portulacoides (Lam.) Dietr., Sp. Pl. (ed. 6) 1: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Piper portulacoides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: Glabrous terrestrial herbs, cm high. Leaves to 3.5 x 2.5 cm, obovate-rhomboid, obtuse at apex, cuneate at base, glabrous, upper opposite; lower alternate, smaller, 3-nerved from base. Spike terminal and axillary, 5 cm long, slender, glabrous; peduncle 2 cm long; bracts orbicular, sessile, margins white. Nut partially embedded in the rachis. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Madagascar and South West India. Common in wet rocky areas of evergreen forests; PS Orukomban 262

287 Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst.) Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beech Voy ; FPL Piper tetraphylla Forst., Prod Peperomia reflexa (L. f.) Dietr., Sp. Pl. 1: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Piper reflexum L.f., Suppl. Pl Epiphytic herbs; branches diffuse to procumbent; stem and leaves thinly pubescent. Leaves 7-10 x 5-7 mm, orbicular, obtuse. Spike 1.5 cm long, erect, stout; peduncle 0.8 cm long; bracts peltate, sessile, with white margins. Flowers densely arranged; stamens 2; stigmas 3-toothed. Nutlets 0.8 x 0.4 mm, ovoid, beaked, brown, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Africa, India, Sri Lanka, China, Indo-China, Malesia and America. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Peperomia thomsonii Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM Epiphytes on rock or tree crevices to 25 cm high. Leaves to 5 x 2 cm, elliptic, acute, base cuneate, petiole to 1.5 cm, 5 nerved from base. Spike terminal, to 6 cm, slender, flowers lax. Nutlets ca 1 x 1.5 mm, globose, scurfy. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in the wet shades of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola PIPER Linnaeus 1. Spike erect Spike pendulous Leaves obliquely cordate at base; female spike to 3 cm long... P. longum 2. Leaves acute at base; female spike to 1 cm long... P. mullesua 3. Leaves penninerved; peduncles more than 7 cm long...p. barberi 3. Leaves 3-7 nerved from base; peduncles to 5 cm long Branchlets and leaves pubescent; berries ovoid... P. hymenophyllum 4. Branchlets and leaves glabrous; berries otherwise Spikes more than 15 cm long...p. argyrophyllum 5. Spikes less than 12 cm long Bracts cupular Bracts otherwise Receptacle distant; spikes glabrous...p. galeatum 7. Receptacle close; spikes minutely pubescent...p. trichostachyon 8. Cupular bract hooded on one side; berry more than 0.5 cm across...p. wightii 8. Cupular bract not hooded; berry less than 0.5 cm across... P. nigrum Piper argyrophyllum Miq., Syst. Piperac ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Climbing shrubs. Leaves 8-13 x 5-6 cm, ovate or elliptic, acuminate at apex, acute or rounded at base, oblique, lower side usually covered with white scales, glabrous, basely 7 nerved; petiole 1 cm long; stipule to 1.5 cm long, lanceolate. Spikes slender, leaf-opposed, drooping; peduncle 2-3 cm long; bracts oblong, adnate to the rachis with free margins, ciliate; stamens 2. Berry 3 x 3 mm, globose, stigma 4, curved. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Sri Lanka and Western Ghats. Common in semi-evergreen forests;; PS Orukomban Piper barberi Gamble, Kew Bull & FPM ; FTSR Slender climbing shrubs. Leaves x 2-6 cm, oblong-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate at apex, acute or obtuse at base; lateral nerves 6-pairs, looped below the margins, glabrous and 263

288 glossy above; petiole 1 cm long; stipule 1.5 cm long, lanceolate. Spike to 15 cm long, glabrous, slender, pendulous; peduncles puberulus; bracts peltate, orbicular, entire. Flowers densely arranged; stamen 1. Berry 3.5 x 3.5 mm, globose; stigma 3-lobed. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Note: This endangered species was considered restricted to the evergreen forests of Kannikatty in Tamil Nadu. It has been recently reported from Shenduruny, Achencoil, Thekkady and Thrissur. The present collection from the sanctuary demonstrates the continuous distribution up to the Palghat gap of Western Ghats. Piper galeatum Cas. in DC., Prodr. 16: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Stout climbing shrubs, glabrous. Leaves x 3-6 cm, elliptic, acuminate, acute at base, 5- ribbed; petiole cm long. Spike to 9 cm long, leaf-opposed, drooping, slender, male spike longer and slender; peduncle 1 cm long, reddish, glabrous; bracts formed into a fleshy globose cup. Flowers distant; stamens 2. Berry 8 x 8 mm, globose, smooth, yellow. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara; NS Kariamchola; PS Karimala Piper hymenophyllum Miq. in Hook. s. Lond. J. Bot. 5: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Piper nilghirianum C. DC. in DC., Prodr. 16: Slender climbers. Leaves to 13 x 6 cm, ovate, rounded to subcordate at base, often unequal sided, acuminate at apex, 7-ribbed, membranous; petiole 1 cm long. Spike 20 cm long, slender, drooping; male spike shorter; bracts oblong, adnate to the rachis with free margins, hairy; stamens 2 or 3. Berry 5 mm long, ovoid, beaked; stigma 3-lobed. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in semi-evergreen forests;; PS Pooppara Piper longum L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Chavica roxburghii Miq. Syst. Piperac Scandent or straggling shrubs, sometimes ascending and climbing. Leaves to 8 x 4 cm, ovate, acute at apex, cordate and strongly oblique at base, 7-nerved, membranous, shining above; nerves impressed; petiole 1-3 cm long. Female spike stout, erect; peduncle 1.5 cm long; bracts peltate, orbicular. Male spike to 7 cm long, erect, slender; stamens 2. Berry 2 mm across, glabrous, black or deep red. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Muthalakkuzhi Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep P. brachystachyum Wall. ex Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM Chavica sphaerostachya Miq., Syst. Piperac Slender climbers. Leaves to 9 x 4 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, acute at base, 3-5 ribbed from base, secondary nerves prominent, glabrous. Female spike to 7 x 4 mm, erect, oblong; peduncle 3 mm long; male spike to 4 cm long, erect, slender; bracts peltate, orbicular; stamens 3. Berry 1.5 mm across, red; stigmas 3, spreading. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS 30273, Pooppara 264

289 Piper nigrum L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Glabrous climbers. Leaves to 16 x 10 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, acute, rounded or truncate at base, 7-nerved, nervules subparallel; petiole to 2.5 cm long. Spikes to 12 cm long, slender; peduncles to 2.5 cm long; bracts united forming a cup below the flower. Flowers closely placed; stamens 2. Drupes 5 mm across, globose, smooth, deep red; stigmas 3-5, recurved. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C. DC. in DC., Prodr. 16: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Muldera trichostachyon Miq. in Hook. s London J. Bot. 5: Stout climbers. Leaves 8-12 x 3-6 cm, elliptic-ovate, acuminate at apex, oblique and acute at base, 3-5-ribbed; petiole 1-2 cm long. Spikes to 10 cm long, stout, drooping; bracts pubescent, formed into a fleshy cup; stamens 2. Berry 6 x 6, globose, yellowish red; stigmatic lobes 3. Fl. & Fr. March-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Piper wightii Miq. in Hook.'s London J. Bot. 5: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Stout glabrous climbers. Leaves x 6-8 cm, ovate, acuminate at apex, round to subcordate at base, 3-5-ribbed, coriaceous, midrib with 2-3 lateral nerves similar to ribs, nervules reticulate; petiole 2 cm long. Spike 8 cm long stout, drooping; peduncle 2 cm long; bracts curved and hooded at one side. Flowers distantly arranged; stamens 2. Berry reddish, to 7 mm across, globose, smooth; stigmatic lobes 3 or 4. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala CHLORANTHACEAE SARCANDRA Gardner Sarcandra chloranthoides Gard., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 6: ; FPL ; FTSR Chloranthus brachystachya sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: ,p.p., non Blume 1829; FPM Sarcandra grandifolia (Miq.) Subram. & Henry, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: Chloranthus grandifolius Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1: Evergreen shrubs; branchlets glabrous, terete. Leaves opposite, to 17 x 6.5 cm, elliptic, acute at base and apex, serrate, glabrous; nerves 7 or 8 pairs. Flowers in terminal, trichotomous to 10 cm long spike, unisexual, clustered; bracts yellow, petalloid, 6 mm long, perianth absent; stamen 1, filaments and connectives broad, thick; ovary 1-ovuled; stigma sessile, truncate. Berry 8 x 4 mm, ovoid, purplish-black, smooth. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pooppara MYRISTICACEAE 1. Staminal column peltate, reddish...knema 265

290 1. Staminal column not peltate, yellowish... Myristica KNEMA Loureiro Knema attenuata (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Warb., Monogr. Myris ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Myristica attenuata Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook.f., FBI 5: M. corticosa Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t Trees with radiating branches and reddish exudation; bark greyish black; branchlets rusty tomentose. Leaves to 20 x 7.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate at apex, rounded at base; fulvous tomentose below; nerves to 18 pairs, parallel; petiole to 1 cm long. Cymes axillary, peduncled, densely fulvous-tomentose; pedicels 7-8 mm long. Male flowers 7 mm across; perianth 3-lobed to the base; lobes triangular; spreading; stamens 12-14, arranged along the rim of the stipitate disc, anthers vertical; ovary 1-celled; style short; stigmas 2, laciniate. Capsule 4 x 2 cm, ellipsoid, cuspidate at apex, 2-valved; seed 1, ellipsoidal. Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; NS Kottayali; PS Orukomban MYRISTICA Gronovius Myristica dactyloides Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 195, t. 41. f ; FPL ; FTSR M. laurifolia Hook. f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind ; FBI 5: M. laurifolia var. lanceolata Hook.f., FBI 5: M. beddomei King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: 291, t f.1-8,1891; FPM M. contorta Warb., Monogr. Myris ; FPM Medium trees; bark brownish black, often with grey blotches, smooth with linear pustular lenticels, reddish inside, exudation red, scanty. Branches nearly horizontal. Leaves oblong, acute, base acute, coriaceous, glabrous above and glaucous below, to 25 x 7 cm; lateral nerves pairs; petiole to 2 cm long. Perianth 6 mm long, yellow, tomentose outside. Anthers Female flowers usually solitary. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala LAURACEAE 1. Leaves 3-ribbed at base or little above from the base Leaves penninerved Leaves alternate; flowers in axillary or extra-axillary umbellules... Neolitsea 2. Leaves opposite or sub-opposite; flower in cymes or panicles...cinnamomum 3. Leaves in whorls or pseudo-whorls...actinodaphne 3. Leaves alternate sometime crowded at apex Flowers in axillary or extra-axillary simple or compound racemose umbels...litsea 4. Flowers in racemes or panicles Anthers 2 celled Anthers 4 celled Drupe with persisting perianth tube; branchlets rusty puberulus... Cryptocarya 6. Drupe without perianth tube; branchlets glabrous... Beilschmiedia 7. Leaves alternate, equidistant; panicles many flowered...persea 7. Leaves alternate fascicled at apex of branchlets; panicles few flowered Staminal glands stipitate... Phoebe 8. Staminal glands sessile...alseodaphne 266

291 ACTINODAPHNE Nees 1. Flowers in sessile clusters nervules of leaves prominent...a. tadulingamii 1. Flowers in racemes; nervules of leaves obscure...a. malabarica Actinodaphne malabarica Balakr., JBNHS 63: ; FPL ; FTSR A. hirsuta Hook.f., FBI 5: , non Blume 1851; FPM A. hookeri sensu Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t p.p., non Meisner Medium trees; branchlets densely dark hispid. Leaves to 18 x 6 cm, elliptic, acuminate, base acute; nerves pairs, obscure towards margins; nervules parallel, obscure, densely hispid below, glabrous above; petiole 2 cm long. Racemes 2.5 cm long, densely tomentose; bracts 10 x 7 mm, orbicular. Flowers pedicelled; tepals 4 mm long, oblong, obtuse, densely hispid; filaments 2-glandular at base. Female flowers in short racemes; pedicels 12 mm long, slender. Berry 1 cm across, globose; fruiting calyx entire. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common evergreen forests and riverine areas; PS Thellikkal;19163 Karimala Actinodaphne tadulingamii Gamble, Kew Bull. 1925: & FPM ; FPL ; Pandurangan, & Nair, JETB 17: Medium trees; branchlets rusty tomentose. Leaves to 20 x 5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, base acute; nerves to 15 pairs, nervules parallel, prominent, densely hispid below, glabrate above; petiole to 1.5 cm long. Female flowers 3-5 together on lateral tubercles, sessile. Fl. December-February Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; NS Kottayali ALSEODAPHNE Nees Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees var. parvifolia Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR A. semecarpifolia sensu Wight, Ic. t , non Nees Small trees, branchlets stout. Leaves 7-15 x 3-7 cm, obovate, obtuse, attenuate to base, glabrous; nerves 7 pairs. Panicle 5 x 3 cm, axillary; peduncle to 5 cm long, slender. Flowers 3-4 mm across, bisexual, pedicellate; tepals 6, obovate, glabrous without, densely rusty tomentose inside; stamens 9, in 3 rows; anthers of inner most row extrorse; filaments rusty tomentose; staminodes cordate, stalked; ovary ovoid, glabrous. Drupes 23 x 18 mm, ellipsoid to globose. Fl. & Fr. April-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Vengoli; NS Kottayali BEILSCHMIEDIA Nees 1. Leaves alternate; panicle to 3 cm long... B. bourdillonii 1. Leaves opposite or subopposite panicle more than 10 cm...b. wightii Beilschmiedia bourdillonii Brandis, Indian Trees ; FPM ; FTSR B. fagifolia Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t , non Nees Large trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, elliptic, acute at base and apex, glabrous; nerves 8-10 pairs, irregular, nervules reticulate; petiole 1.5 cm long. Panicles to 3 cm across, axillary, tomentose; bracts many, ovate, pubescent. Flowers bisexual, 3 mm across, shortly pedicelled; perianth lobes 6, equal, 2 x 1 mm, ovate, tomentose outside; stamens 9, in 3 rows; outer filaments with 2 glands at the base; anthers of innermost row extrorse, staminodes 3, inner to stamens; ovary tomentose. Fl. & Fr. January 267

292 Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Haasia wightii Nees, Syst. Laurin Medium trees; branchlets rough, glabrous. Leaves to 10 x 6 cm, broadly ovate, obtusely acuminate at apex, acute at base, coriaceous; nerves to 8 pairs, nervules, coarsely reticulate, glabrous; petiole to 1 cm long; panicles axillary and terminal, branches slender. Berry 3 x 2 cm, ovoid, smooth. Fl. & Fr. January-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pandaravarai CINNAMOMUM Schaeffer 1. Leaves yellowish brown tomentose below... C. sulphuratum 1. Leaves glabrous Leaves more the 15 cm long, ribs reaching to apex... C. malabatrum 2. Leaves to 12 cm long, ribes not reaching to apex Panicles glabrous or glabrescent; petiole to 2.5 cm long... C. keralaense 3. Panicles fulvous tomentose; petiole to 1.5 cm long...c. wightii Cinnamomum keralaense Kosterm., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25: C. litseaefolium sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: Medium trees. Leaves to 11 x 5 cm, ovate, acute-acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, ribes from 1 cm above the base; nervules not prominent, subparallel; petiole 2.5 cm long. Panicle 5-10 cm long, axillary; peduncle 7 cm long, slender. Flowers 6 mm across; pedicels 4 mm long, slender, pubescent; tepals 5, ovate, obtuse, densely tomentose; fertile stamens in second and fourth whorls, filaments sparsely tomentose; staminodes in first and third whorls, hairy. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Pandaravarai Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm. f.) Blume, Bijdr ; FPL ; FTSR Laurus malabatrum Burm. f., Fl. Ind Cinnamomum iners sensu Gamble, FPM Small to medium trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 22 x 8 cm, oblong, acute at base and apex, ribbed from or 1.5 cm above the base; petiole 2 cm long. Panicle x 3-5 cm, upper axillary, densely yellow-tomentose. Flowers 3-4 mm across; pedicels 3 mm long; tepals ovate, acute; stamens in first and forth whorls; filaments tomentose; staminodes in second and third whorls; ovary glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in moist deciduous and evergreen forests; PS Karimthalappara; Anakkalvayal Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Medium trees; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 8-15 x 2-5 cm, elliptic to linear-elliptic, acute at either ends, yellowish-tomentose below; ribs from the base reaching the apex; nervules regular, sub-parallel; petiole 7-15 mm long. Panicle 3 x 3 cm, axillary, tomentose; peduncle ca. 7 cm long. Flowers 5 mm long; pedicels hairy; sepals 5, oblong, densely hairy; stamens in 3 whorls; glands globose; staminodes triangular. Fl. & Fr. March-June 268

293 Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala; Pandaravarai Cinnamomum wightii Meisner in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Small trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 9 x 4 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, glabrous, glaucous below; ribs 1 cm above the base, nervules parallel, regular, distinct; petiole 12 mm long, stout, glabrous. Cymes to 3 cm long, to 10-flowered. Flowers 6 mm long, closely packed; pedicels 5 mm long; tepals oblong, obtuse. Fl. & Fr. May-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pandaravarai CRYPTOCARYA R. Brown 1. Leaves to 10 cm long; drupe oblong, puberulus... C. beddomei 1. Leaves more than 10 cm long; drupe globose, glabrous... C. bourdillonii Cryptocarya beddomei Gamble, Kew Bull. 1925: & FPM Medium trees; branchlets rusty puberulus. Leaves to 12 x 6.5 cm, ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate at apex, rounded at base, glabrous; nerves 9 pairs, nervules sub-parallel, pinkish brown beneath; petiole 1 cm long, stout. Panicle to 12 x 4 cm, axillary, rusty puberulus; peduncles short. Drupes 10 x 6 mm, puberulus. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Thelliyalimattukkal Cryptocarya bourdillonii Gamble, Kew Bull. 1925: &, FPM ; FTSR C. wightiana sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: Large trees; branchlets rusty puberulus. Leaves to 16 x 7 cm, abruptly acute to acuminate, glabrous; nerves 9 or 10 pairs; nervules sub-parallel, prominent beneath; petiole 2 cm long, tomentose. Panicle 5-7 cm across, axillary, rusty tomentose. Flowers 3-4 mm across, shortly pedicelled; perianth lobes 6, 3 mm long, ovate, tomentose; stamens 12, filaments pubescent, outer ones with glands; ovary glabrous. Drupes globose with an obtuse beak, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS 30008, 30434, Karimala LITSEA Lamarck 1. Branchlets and leaves glabrous Branchlets and leaves hairy Umbellules solitary or fascicled Umbellules in racemes Leaves pseudoverticillate; umbellules peduncled... L. quinqueflora 3. Leaves equidistant; umbellules sessile... L. coriacea 4. Berry depressed globose, to 2.5 cm across, deep red...l. oleoides 4. Berry ellipsoid or ovoid, to 1.5 cm long, reddish-brown or green Leaves white-glaucous beneath; perianth tube cup shaped...l. stocksii var. glabrescens 5. Leaves not as above; perianth tube obscure...l. glabrata 6. Umbellules solitary...l. deccanensis 6. Umbellules in fascicles, cymes, spikes or racemes Umbellules sessile... L. bourdillonii 7. Umbellules peduncled

294 8. Leaves to 10 cm long, margins recurved...l. wightiana 8. Leaves to 20 cm long, margins not recurved... L. floribunda Litsea bourdillonii Gamble in Kew Bull. 1925: & FPM ; FTSR Medium trees; branchlets dark brown-tomentose. Leaves to 20 x 9 cm, obovate, abruptly acute at apex, cuneate at base; nerves to 15 pairs, parallel, pale white beneath, punctate below; petiole 1.5 cm long, stout, tomentose. Umbellules 2-5 together, axillary, fascicled; bracts orbicular, densely white-tomentose. Flowers 4-6 in an umbellule, densely hairy; stamens 12, filaments glabrous, outer ones with short glands at base. Fl. December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pezha Litsea coriacea (Heyne ex Meisner) Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Tetranthera coriacea Heyne ex Meisner in DC., Prodr. 15: Small to medium trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 16 x 5 cm, elliptic to obovate, acute at base, acuminate at apex, coriaceous; nerves 4-6 pairs; intercostae faint; petiole 1 cm long. Umbellules 3-6 together, sessile, axillary on leafscars. Flowers 8-10 in an umbellule; perianth lobes oblong, finely hirsute; stamens 12. Fl. February-May Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in evergreen and occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala; Thellikkal; Kuriarkutty Litsea deccanensis Gamble, FPM L. tomentosa Heyne ex Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: , non Blume 1826; FBI 5: Tetranthera tomentosa Roxb. ex Wight, Ic. t Small trees; young branchlets and leaves fulvous tomentose. Leaves to 20 x 9 cm, ovate, elliptic, apex acute, base cuneate; petiole to 4 cm. Umbellules solitary, axillary; peduncles to 1.5 cm; involucral bracts 4, concave, tomentose outside; female flowers 6-8 per umbellule; pedicels 3 mm, pubescent, perianth absent, staminodes many, linear; ovary 1 mm, 1-ovuled, style 3 mm. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Litsea floribunda (Blume) Gamble, Hook. f., FBI ; FPL ; FTSR Cylicodaphne floribunda Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1: Tetranthera wightiana sensu Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t , non Nees Litsea wightiana Hook.f., FBI 5: Tall trees; branchlets tomentose. Leaves to 18 x 9 cm, obovate, obtuse, acute at base, fulvoustomentose below; nerves to 13 pairs, prominent below, nervules subparallel; petiole 1 cm long. Racemes to 4 cm long, axillary. Umbellules few, peduncle 8 mm long; bracts orbicular, densely tomentose. Flowers 6-8 in an umbellule; perianth lobes silky tomentose; stamens 12. Female umbellules panicled. Drupes 1 cm across, obovoid; fruiting calyx 1 cm across, cupular. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali; Pooppara Litsea glabrata (Wall. ex Nees) Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Tetranthera glabrata Wall. ex Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: Medium trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 18 x 5 cm, elliptic to linear oblong, acute at base and apex, coriaceous; nerves 7 pairs; petiole 1.5 cm long. Racemes 2-6 cm long, axillary. Flowers 3-6 together; tepals ovate, hispid outside, filaments glandular hairy. Berry ovoid; fruiting perianth obconic. Fl. & Fr. January-June 270

295 Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Litsea oleoides (Meisner) Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Tetranthera oleoides Meisner in DC., Prodr. 15: Large trees; branchlets angled, glabrous. Leaves to 18 x 6 cm, oblong, acute at both ends, pale beneath; nerves ca. 12 pairs, not prominent; petiole 2.5 cm long. Umbellule 6 mm across, in long axillary raceme, peduncles 6 mm long; bracts orbicular, pubescent. Flowers 3-6 in an umbellule, pedicelled; stamens 9, all filaments with sessile glands at base, filaments hairy. Staminodes in female flowers 3-seriate, glandular at base. Berry glabrous, cm across, red with white spots. Fl. & Fr. August-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Litsea quinqueflora (Dennst.) Suresh in Nicols. et al., Interpr. Hort. Malab Darwinia quinqueflora Dennst., Schluss. Hort. Malab. 12, 20, Tetranthera ligustrina Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: Litsea ligustrina (Nees) Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM Small trees; branchlets densely tomentose. Leaves to 20 x 9 cm, obovate, obtuse at apex, acute to the base; nerves 9-11 pairs, reticulate; petiole 2.5 cm long. Peduncle cm long. Umbellules mm across; bracts orbicular, densely tomentose outside. Flowers to 25 in an umbellule, pedicels 4 mm long; perianth lobes 3-5 or absent, 2 mm long, densely hairy; stamens 25-30, filaments bearded. Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in stream sides of evergreen forests; PS Pezha Litsea stocksii (Meisner) Hook. f. var. glabrescens (Meisner) Hook. f., FBI 5: ; FPM Cylicodaphne wightiana Nees var. glabrescens Meisner in DC., Prodr. 15: Medium trees. Leaves to 13 x 5 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute, lateral nerves obscure, white glaucous below; petiole to 1 cm. Racemes to 5 cm, umbellule to 5 mm; flowers pedicelled; fruiting calyx ca 10 mm across, crenate. Drupe 10 x 6 cm, ellipsoid, reddish-brown. Fl. December-February Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Litsea wightiana (Nees) Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 3: ; FPM Cylicodaphne wightiana Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: Large trees. Leaves to 11 x 4 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, cuneate at base, coriaceous, reddish brown beneath, tomentose, later becomes glabrous; nerves ca. 8 pairs, transverse nervules faint, margins thick; petiole to 2 cm. Racemes axillary, to 7 cm; umbellules 8 mm across, globose, ferrugineus, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Karimalagopuram; NS 19918, PS Karimala NEOLITSEA (Bentham) Merrill 1. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate; fruiting calyx to 3 mm across... N. cassia 1. Leaves ovate; fruiting calyx to 7 mm across...n. scrobiculata 271

296 Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm., J. Sci. Res.(Jakarta) 1: ; FTSR Laurus cassia L., Sp. Pl Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. Suppl. 1: ; FPM ; FPL Litsea zeylanica Nees, Amoen. Bot. Benn. Fasc. 1: 58. t ; FBI 5: Large shrubs to small trees; branchlets slender, glabrous. Leaves to 9 x 3 cm, ellipticlanceolate, acuminate at apex, attenuate to the base, glaucous beneath, thin, subcoriaceous; ribs from above the base, nervules indistinct; petiole 8 mm long. Umbellule 6-8 mm across, sessile, in fascicles of 3-5; bracts 4 mm long, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Berry 1.5 x 1 cm, ellipsoid, smooth, black; calyx cup toothed. Fl. & Fr. March-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara; Kariamchola Neolitsea scrobiculata (Meisner) Gamble, FPM ; FPL Litsea scrobiculata Meisner in DC., Prodr. 15: L. zeylanica sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: , p.p., non Nees Medium trees; branchlets glabrous, black. Leaves to 9 x 6 cm, ovate, abruptly obtusely acute or acuminate, attenuate at base, densely scrobiculate, 3-ribbed from the base, midribs with 1-3 pairs of lateral nerves. Peduncle 8 mm long. Berry 12 x 10 mm, obovoid to globose; calyx cup obconic, entire. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS 30116, 30438, 30441, Karimala; NS Kariamchola; PS Pandaravarai PERSEA P. Miller Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 6: ; FPL ; FTSR Machilus macrantha Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: ; FBI 5: ; FPM M. glaucescens Wight, Ic. t Large trees; bark granular, smelling; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 20 x 10 cm, ovateoblong, obtuse or obtusely acute, glaucous beneath; nerves pairs; petiole 3-4 cm long. Panicle to 20 x 10 cm, axillary or terminal; branches white, thinly pubescent. Flowers 8-10 mm across, shortly pedicelled; perianth lobes 6, greenish white, 6 mm long, ovate; stamens 9, 3- seriate, innermost row with extrorse anthers, filaments pubescent; ovary conical, 1-celled, pubescent. Drupes 1.2 cm across, globose, black, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. March-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimala PHOEBE Nees 1. Branchlets densely rusty tomentose...p. wightii 1. Branchlets glabrous...p. lanceolata Phoebe lanceolata Nees, Syst. Laurin ; FBI 5: ; FPM Small trees; branchlets slender. Leaves to 18 x 6 cm, oblanceolate, long-acuminate, attenuate to the base; nerves 9-11 pairs; nervules subparallel; petiole 1.5 cm long. Peduncle 6-8 cm long, slender, axillary; pedicels 5-10 mm long, glabrous. Flowers 5 mm across; perianth lobes 2.5 mm long, ovate, glabrous, connate at base; stamens 9; filaments 1.5 mm long, pubescent with two reniform appendages at base. Berry 15 x 8 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous, black. Fruiting perianth lobes 5 x 3 mm. Fl. & Fr. October-December 272

297 Distr. India and Myanmar. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala; Kothala; NS Pooppara Phoebe wightii Meisner in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FPM P. paniculata Hook.f., FBI 5: , non Nees Small to medium trees; branchlets stout. Leaves to 15 x 6 cm, obovate, shortly acuminate, acute at base, glabrous above, tomentose below; nerves 9-11 pairs, prominent beneath, nervules subparallel; petiole 1 cm long, stout. Peduncle 5 cm long, axillary, slender, pubescent, flowered. Flowers 6 mm across; perianth lobes 3 mm long, ovate, densely hairy; ovary thinly pubescent; stamens 12, outer filaments 2-glandular at base; ovary thinly hairy. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. India and Myanmar. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola HERNANDIACEAE GYROCARPUS N.J. Jacquin Gyrocarpus asiaticus Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: G. jacquinii Roxb., Pl. Corom. t p.p.; FBI 5: G. americanus sensu Gamble, FPM , non Jacq Deciduous trees, bark silver coloured, shining. Leaves mostly crowded at apex of branches, sometimes lobed, to 15 x 15 cm, broadly ovate, apex acuminate, base subcordate or truncate; petiole to 15 cm. Panicles of cymes subterminal, to 4 cm, tomentose; flowers polygamous, greenish-yellow; tepals 7, to 1.5 mm, ovate, concave, pubescent; stamens 4, filaments 2 mm; staminodes glandular, obtuse, fleshy; ovary inferior. Fruit 1 x 0.8 cm, ovoid, pubescent, wings 2, spathulate, to 5 cm. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Tropical West and East Africa, Tropical Asia and Polynesia. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi; NS Pandaravarai THYMELEACEAE GNIDIA Linnaeus Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg, Bot. Jahrb. 19: Lasiosiphon glaucus Fresen., Flora 21: Gnidia eriocephala Meisner in Denkschr., Koenigl.-Baier. Bot. Ges. Regensburg 3: Lasiosiphon eriocephalus (Meisner) Decne. in Jacq., Voy ; FBI 5: ; FPM Small trees or large shrubs; branchlets glabrous. Leaves spiral, to 9 x 1.5 cm, oblong, acute at apex, rounded at base, entire, glabrous, penninerved; petiole 2-3 mm long. Flowers many, in terminal heads surrounded by leafy bracts; pedicels 3 mm long; perianth 15 mm long, tubular, silky hairy at the middle, lobes 5, short; stamens 10, biseriate, free, filaments attached to the perianth tube; ovary 1-celled, ovule solitary; stigma capitate. Capsule 4 x 1 mm, ellipsoid, thinly hairy, covered by the persisting base of the perianth tube. Fl. & Fr. January-June Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Africa. Common in rocky areas at higher altitudes; PS Vengoli ELAEAGNACEAE ELAEAGNUS Linnaeus Elaeagnus indica Serv., Bull. Herb. Boiss. (Ser.2) 8: ; FPM Thorny climbers, densely covered with silvery scales; thorns axillary, straight, 1-2 cm long. Leaves to 14 x 7.5 cm, ovate, acute, glabrous above, silvery-white below; nerves 5-7 pairs, 273

298 indistinct. Flowers bisexual, 3-6 in axillary fascicles, pedicelled; perianth greenish white, 1 cm long, urceolate, gamotepalous, lobes 4, ovate; stamens 4, filaments free, broadened below; anthers transverse; ovary 1-celled; inferior; ovules solitary; style filiform, stigma lateral. Fruit a nut covered with thickened perianth base, 2.6 x 1.2 cm, reddish, fleshy. Fl. & Fr. November-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Erumappara LORANTHACEAE 1. Leaves alternate...taxillus 1. Leaves opposite or sub-opposite Petals Petals 5 or Flowers in cymes or fascicles; corolla gamopetalous...scurrula 3. Flowers in spikes or racemes; corolla polypetalous...helixanthera 4. Flowers bracteate and bracteolate...macrosolen 4. Flowers ebracteolate Flowers sessile; leaves 3-5 ribbed from base...helicanthes 5. Flowers pedicelled; leaves penninerved... Dendrophthoe DENDROPHTHOE C. F. P. Martius 1. Branchlets trigonous; leaves fleshy... D. trigona 1. Branchlets terete; leaves coriaceous Bracts and calyx pubescent; leaves acute at base...d. falcata var. pubescens 2. Bracts and calyx glabrous; leaves obliquely cordate at base...d. falcata var. falcata Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Etting., Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 32: 52,53,58. t , var. falcata; FPL ; FTSR Loranthus falcatus L. f., Suppl. Pl L. longiflorus Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM L. longiflorus Desr. var. falcata (L. f.) Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 2: ; FBI 5: ; FPM L. longiflorus Desr. var. amplexifolia (DC.) Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 5: ; FPM Branches stout, smooth. Leaves to 20 x 10 cm, ovate-falcate, acute or obtuse at apex or orbicular, cordate at base, glabrous, coriaceous. Racemes to 8 cm long, axillary, drooping, glabrous. Flowers many, closely packed; pedicel 3 mm long; calyx cupular; corolla 5 cm long, pink with greenish lobes; style glabrous, stigma slightly wider than style. Berry 10 mm across, ovoid, crimson, smooth. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Common parasite on deciduous trees; PS Vengoli Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Etting. var. pubescens (Hook. f.) Chandrab. in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: Loranthus longiflorus Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: , var. pubescens Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM Branches stout, smooth. Leaves 6-15 x 2-4 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtusely acute, base truncate to sub-cordate, glabrous; nerves 3-5 pairs, sub-prominent; petiole 2-3 mm long, flattened. Racemes 2-3 cm long, pubescent; pedicel 3 mm long. Flowers many; corolla pink, 3 cm long, pubescent outside, lobes 7 mm long, curved; tube inflated above the middle, white below, pink middle and green above. Fl. & Fr. January-June 274

299 Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common parasite on deciduous trees; PS Padippara; Orukomban; Anappadi Dendrophthoe trigona (Wight & Arn.) Danser ex Sant., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: Loranthus trigonus Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 5: ; FPM Parasitic shrubs; branches to 15 mm thick, rugose, glabrous. Leaves to 20 x 13 cm, ovate, obtuse, acute at base, coriaceous; petiole 1.5 cm long, flattened or winged. Racemes to 3 cm long; bracts cup shaped. Flowers pink; calyx cupular, truncate, glabrous; corolla mm long, split to the middle. Berry 1 x 0.5 cm, obovoid. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common parasite on deciduous trees; PS Vengoli HELICANTHES Danser Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser, Verh. Akad. Wet. afd. Natuurk. Sect : ; FPL ; FTSR Loranthus elasticus Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM L. euphorbiae Wight, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 6: & Ic. t Dendrophthoe elasticus (Desr.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 10: Branches woody, thickened at nodes, glabrous. Leaves to 10 x 5 cm, opposite, ovate, obtuse, ribbed from base; base obtuse or truncate, glabrous. Flowers axillary, fascicled, 1-3 together, sessile; bracts minute; calyx tube cupular, truncate; corolla 2.5 cm long, lobes 5, spirally twisted, pale pink, tube lined with vertical pubescence inside; stamens 5; filaments and style slender, crimson; stigma globose. Berry 5 mm across, globose, red. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal HELIXANTHERA Loureiro 1. Leaves to 12 cm long; petals to 7 mm long...h. wallichiana 1. Leaves to 7 cm long; petals to 18 mm long...h. intermedia Helixanthera intermedia (Wight) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 10: ; FPL Loranthus intermedius Wight, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 6: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Glabrous shrubs. Leaves ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, base obtuse, truncate, or sub-cordate; petiole 1 cm long. Racemes 7 cm long, axillary, many-flowered; pedicel 7 mm long, slender, glabrous. Flower buds 4-angled and curved; corolla lobes 4, straight, purplish pink, free to the base; stamens 4; filaments attached below the middle of the corolla; stigma globose. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common parasites on evergreen trees; PS Thellikkal; NS Shekkalmudi Helixanthera wallichiana (Schult.) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 10: ; FPL ; FTSR Loranthus wallichianus Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 7: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Branchlets rugose or lenticellate. Leaves ovate, obtuse, base acute or rounded glabrous; nerves 2 or 3 pairs; petiole 5 mm long. Racemes 3 cm long, slender, glabrous; pedicel 3 mm long, corolla reddish, terete in bud, lobes 4, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. April-August Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common parasite on evergreen trees; PS Thellikkal; NS Pooppara; PS Thekkady MACROSOLEN (Blume) Blume 275

300 Macrosolen capitellatus (Wight & Arn.) Danser, Blumea 2: ; FPL Loranthus capitellatus Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 5: Elytranthe capitellata (Wight & Arn.) Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3: ; FPM Branches 2-angulr, glabrous. Leaves 5-8 x 2-3 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, cuneate at base, coriaceous; nerves 2 or 3 pairs, obscure; petiole to 7 mm long. Peduncle to 10 mm long; bracts and bracteoles similar, ovate to orbicular, keeled. Flowers few together; calyx tube 4 mm long, truncate with short rounded lobes; corolla yellow to white or pale scarlet with base and apex green, split below the middle. Berry 6 x 5 mm, beaked with persistent calyx tube. Fl. & Fr. April-June Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common parasite on evergreen trees; PS Vengoli SCURRULA Linnaeus Scurrula parasitica L., Sp. Pl ; FPL ; FTSR Loranthus buddleioides Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FPM L. scurrula L., Sp. Pl. (ed. 2) 1: ; FBI 5: Parasitic shrubs; branches erect, tomentose. Leaves 5-9 x 3-5 cm, ovate, rounded at base and apex; golden tomentose below; petiole to 1 cm long. Flowers in axillary fascicles or shortly peduncled cymes, together; bract ovate, densely tomentose; calyx cupular; corolla 15 mm long, slender, densely tomentose; lobes 4, ovate, acute; stamens 4, filaments glabrous; stigma clavate. Berry obovoid, densely hairy. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. South and South East Asia. Common parasite on evergreen trees; PS Kuriarkutty; NS Karimala TAXILLUS van Tieghem 1. Branchlets, corolla and young leaves reddish-brown tomentose... T. tomentosus 1. Branchlets, corolla and young leaves glabrous...t. cuneatus Taxillus cuneatus (Heyne ex Roth) Danser, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 10: ; FTSR Loranthus cuneatus Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 5: ; FPM Branches slender, rugulose, glabrous. Leaves to 3 x 1.5 cm, obovate, rounded or retuse at apex; nerves obscure; petiole 2-4 mm long. Racemes axillary, shortly peduncled; bracts 1 mm long, obovate. Flowers few; calyx 1.5 mm long, irregularly toothed, pubescent; corolla 2 cm long, tube inflated at middle, curved, greenish-white. Berry 8 mm long, ovoid, crimson. Fl. & Fr. Almost throughout the year Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common parasite on deciduous trees; PS Kuchimudi; Thekkady Taxillus tomentosus (Heyne ex Roth) Tieghem, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: ; FPL ; FTSR Loranthus tomentosus Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 5: ; FPM Branches lenticellate, young shoots fulvous tomentose. Leaves to 5 x 2.5 cm, obovate to oblong, obtuse, glabrous above; nerves 4-5 pairs. Flowers 3-8, fascicled; pedicels 2 mm long; calyx 2 mm long, lobes triangular; corolla greenish white, pink at base, to 16 mm long, densely hairy, tube gibbous, lobes spreading; stigma hemispheric. Berry sub-globose, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Common parasite on evergreen trees; PS Karimala 276

301 VISCACEAE VISCUM Linnaeus 1. Stem leafy Stem leafless Flowers sessile; leaves obovate...v. orientale 2. Flowers pedicelled; leaves elliptic...v. heyneanum 3. Branchlets quadrangular, internodes uniform...v. angulatum 3. Branchlets flattered, internodes broad above...v. articulatum var. dichotomum Viscum angulatum Heyne ex DC., Prodr. 4: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Branches 4-angled, drooping, slightly broadened near the apex of the internode, smooth. Flowers solitary or 3-together, axillary, all female, all male or middle one female and laterals male; perianth lobes in male flowers 4, triangular, connate below; stamens 4, epiphyllous; anthers sessile; ovary obovoid, style short or absent. Berry 5 x 5 mm, globose, yellowish. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common parasite on deciduous trees; PS Pandaravarai Viscum articulatum Burm. f. var. dichotomum Kurz, Forest. Fl. Burma 2: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Subshrubs, internodes to 4.5 cm, flattened upwards. Flowers in axillary clusters, tepals 4, 1.5 mm ovate; stamens 4, filaments 1 mm; female flowers-tepals 4, 1 mm, ovate. Berry 0.4 mm across, ovoid, glossy. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Viscum heyneanum DC., Prodr. 4: V. verruculosum Wight & Arn., Prodr ; FBI 5: ; FPM V. orbiculatum Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM V. heyneanum DC. var. liocarpum Danser, Blumea 4: Branchlets terete, suberect. Leaves 4 x 1-2 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, tip rounded, 3-5-nerved from base, glandular, narrowing into a small petiole. Flowers in peduncled cymes. Peduncles 5 mm long, 3-flowered, 3-8 in the axils, slender. Flowers in each triad all male, all female, or middle one female and laterals male, sessile. Berry 5 x 2 mm, ellipsoid, acute. Fl. & Fr. June-September Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common on deciduous trees; PS Puliyala Viscum orientale Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Branchlets erect or drooping; internodes terete, angled towards apex. Leaves to 4 x 2.5 cm, obovate, acute at base, 3-5-ribbed, shortly petioled. Flowers sessile or sub-sessile, axillary, 3- together, middle one female, laterals male; bracts cupular. Berry obovoid, truncate, smooth. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Fairly common on deciduous trees; PS Vengoli SANTALACEAE SANTALUM Linnaeus Santalum album L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR

302 Small trees. Leaves opposite, to 7 x 4 cm, elliptic, acute at apex, rounded at base; nerves pairs; petiole to 1.5 cm long. Inflorescence of panicled cymes, 5 cm across, terminal and axillary. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, 6 mm across, perianth lobes equal, connate into a campanulate tube; mouth with 5 fleshy appendages, pink; stamens free, inserted on the mouth of perianth tube; ovary half inferior, 1-celled; ovules 2 or 3 pendulous; stigma 3-lobed. Drupe 1 x 0.8 cm, obovoid, smooth, black. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Peninsular India and Malesia. PS Karimthalappara BALANOPHORACEAE BALANOPHORA J.R. Forster et J.G.A. Forster Balanophora fungosa J. R. & G. Forst., Char. Gen. Pl t , ssp. indica (Arn.) Hansen in Dansk., Bot. Ark 28: 100. ff. 20 & ; FPL B. indica (Arn.) ex Griff., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Langsdorffia indica Arn., Ann. Nat. Hist. 2: Herbs; root parasite, fleshy; root stock globular; peduncle stout, to 15 cm long, 2 cm thick, yellowish inside; covered by imbricating sheathing leaves. Flowers dioecious, densely packed in globose or oblong, heads; male and female flowers dissimilar. Male perianth lobes 5, valvate, erect, yellowish; stamens 5, filaments united into a column; anthers horse-shoe-shaped. Female perianth absent; ovary 1-celled; style long, slender, ovules solitary. Fruit a 1-seeded capsule. Fl. & Fr. February-March Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara EUPHORBIACEAE 1. Herbaceous climbers Herbs, shrubs, trees or lianas Leaves entire; flowers in spikes... Tragia 2. Leaves 3 or 5-lobed; flowers in involucral clusters...dalechampia 3. Leaves 3-foliolate...Bischofia 3. Leaves simple Flowers in cyathea; stamen 1... Euphorbia 4. Flowers not in cyathea; stamens 2 or more Racemes densely clustered on trunk...baccaurea 5. Inflorescence axillary or terminal Leaves apposite...excoecaria 6. Leaves alternate Leaves distichous Leaves spirally alternating, rarely sub-distichous Leaves with white patches; tepals gland dotted... Sauropus 8. Leaves without white patches; tepals not gland dotted Filaments and anthers free Filaments and anthers connate Trees; monoecious...cleistanthus 10. Shrubs; dioecious... Securinega 11. Branchlets zigzag... Glochidion 11. Branchlets phyllanthoid Fruiting perianth accrescent; disc absent...breynia 12. Fruiting perianth not accrescent; disc present... Phyllanthus 13. Cells of ovary 2-ovuled

303 13. Cells of ovary 1-ovuled Perianth biseriate...bridelia 14. Perianth uniseriate Branchlets phyllanthoid...meineckia 15. Branchlets otherwise Flowers solitary or in fascicles Flowers in elongated racemes, spikes or cymes Fruits dry dehiscent... Margaritaria 17. Fruits fleshy indehiscent...drypetes 18. Fruit dehiscent; ovary 1-celled...Antidesma 18. Fruit capsular; ovary 2-4-celled... Aporusa 19. Plant with milky latex; petiole glandular... Sapium 19. Plant without milky latex; petiole eglandular Perianth in male flowers uniseriate Perianth in male flowers biseriate Leaves with sessile or stalked glands at base of the lamina...croton 21. Leaves without glands at the base Male flowers in umbels... Blachia 22. Male flowers not in umbels Female sepals enlarged in fruit...dimorphocalyx 23. Female sepals not enlarged in fruit Leaves sessile or subsessile... Agrostistachys 24. Petioles to 7 cm long...paracroton 25. Plants monoecious Plants dioecious Stamens to Stamens 8 or more Capsule cocci with two rows of echinate processes...sebastiana 27. Capsule without echinate process Shrubs; raceme to 12 cm long...claoxylon 28. Herbs; raceme to 7 cm long...micrococca 29. Trees... Epiprinus 29. Herbs or sub shrubs Disc absent...acalypha 30. Disc present... Baliospermum 31. Capsule wall echinate or glandular hairy Capsule wall without appendages or hairy Shrubs...Ricinus 32. Trees Leaves sub-orbicular; ovary 1-locular... Macaranga 33. Leaves otherwise; ovary 3-locular Drupe fulvous tomentose; perianth biseriate...givotia 34. Drupe echinate or red glandular; perianth uniseriate... Mallotus 35. Trees Shrubs Fruit fleshy, unlobed... Trewia 36. Fruit capsule, bilobed... Cleidion 37. Leaves penninerved, cordiform or peltate...jatropha 37. Leaves penninerved, linear-lanceolate...homonoia ACALYPHA Linnaeus 279

304 1. Racemes unisexual Racemes bisexual Female spike branched; bracts smaller than the flower...a. racemosa 2. Female spikes unbranched; bracts larger than the flower...a. alnifolia 3. Petiole shorter than the lamina...a. fruticosa 3. Petiole longer than the lamina Bracts 3-5 fid... A. brachystachya 4. Bracts entire Bracts aciculate; capsule glabrous... A. ciliata 5. Bracts dentate; capsule hispid... A. indica Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Shrubs, branchlets densely hispid. Leaves x cm, ovate, acute, base cuneate, margin crenate to serrate. Male flowers in axillary cylindric spike to 8 cm, anthers vermiculiform, sessile; female spike to 1.5 cm, upper axillary, bracts cupular, dentate, enclosing the ovary, ovary ca 2 mm across, tomentose, styles 3, to 7 mm with filiform bases. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in secondary forests; PS Karimala Acalypha brachystachya Hornem., Hort. Hafn ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Prostrate or procumbent herbs; stem striate, puberulus. Leaves ovate, acute, rounded to cordate at base, 3-5-nerved from base, sparsely hairy; petiole cm long. Racemes to 1.5 cm long, bisexual, axillary. Female flowers 1-4 at the base of the raceme, sessile, sepals 3-5, oblong, glandular-ciliate; styles 3, bifid above. Male flowers many, towards the upper part of raceme; perianth lobes glandular pubescent; stamens 8, free, on a dome-shaped receptacle. Capsule 2 x 2 mm, hispid; seeds ovoid with hilum at one end. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and West Asia. Common in rocky areas; PS Vengoli Acalypha ciliata Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Subshrubs, branches pubescent. Leaves to 7 x 4 cm, ovate, cuneate, membranous, acuminate at apex, base rounded, puberulus, margin ciliate. Spikes axillary, to 2 cm; sepals 4, pubescent; female flowers crowded below; bracts 5 mm, campanulate, pubescent ca toothed, ciliate, ovary 1.5 mm; male flowers on the upper half minute. Capsule 3 mm across, smooth Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Paleotropics. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Acalypha fruticosa Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Subshrubs, branchlets tomentose. Leaves to 4 x 2 cm, ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base oblique, crenate, puberulus above, tawny pubescent and yellow glandular below; petiole 1.5 cm, tomentose; Spikes axillary, pubescent; sepals 4, 1.5 mm, tomentose; ovary 0.6 mm. Capsule 2 mm across. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Paleotropics. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Acalypha indica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM

305 Herbs. Leaves to 5 x 4 cm, ovate, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate, serrate, pubescent; petiole 4 cm. Spikes axillary, to 3.5 cm; female flowers below; bracts 3 x 5 mm, campanulate, folded, many nerved, pubescent; male flowers minute. Capsule 2 mm across, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. July-September Distr. Indo-Malesia and Tropical Africa. Occasional in dry and moist deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Acalypha racemosa Heyne ex Baill., Etud. Gen. Euphorb ; FPL ; FTSR A. paniculata Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Large herbs or subshrubs, stem pubescent. Leaves to 7 x 5 cm, ovate, apex acuminate to acute, base rounded to cordate, serrate, membranous, puberulus; petiole to 5.5 cm. Male flowers in axillary spikes, to 9 cm, pubescent; tepals 4, stamens minute; female flowers in terminal panicles; bracts minute; ovary 5 mm, style branches Capsule 2.5 mm across, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. June-August Distr. Indo-Malesia and Tropical Africa. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli AGROSTISTACHYS Dalzell Agrostistachys borneensis Becc., Nelle For. Borneo ; FPL ; FTSR A. longifolia (Wight) Benth. ex Hook.f., FBI 5: p.p. Sarcoclinium longifolium Wight, Ic. tt. 1887, p.p. Agrostistachys meeboldii Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenf. 57: ; FPM Small to medium trees with white latex. Leaves to 30 x 7 cm, oblanceolate, acute, base longattenuate, coriaceous; nerves to 14 pairs, regular, nervules indistinct; petiole flat. Male racemes axillary, slender; bracts broadly ovate, ciliate; sepals 3 mm long, ovate; petals smaller, oblong; stamens 8, pistillode present. Female flowers lax in shorter racemes; sepals and petals similar to male flowers. Capsule 15 mm across; cocci globose, reddish; seeds globose, brown, smooth. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Indo-Malaya. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala ANTIDESMA Linnaeus 1. Leaves rotund to elliptic; densely pubescent below... A. ghaesembilla 1. Leaves otherwise, glabrous or glabrescent Leaves to 6 cm long, obtusely acute apex; stamen 2... A. acidum 2. Leaves 8-15 cm long, apex acuminate; stamens Female flowers sessile in close clusters...a. alexiteria 3. Female flowers pedicellate in distant clusters...a. montanum Antidesma acidum Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 24: Stilago diandra Roxb., Pl. Corom. 2: 35, t & Fl. Ind. 3: Antidesma diandrum (Roxb.) Roth., Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 5: ; FPM Shrubs; branchlets glabrous. Leaves x 2-4 cm, broadly elliptic, hispid below; nerves 5-7 pairs, looping; petioles 2-3 mm long; stipule minute. Male racemes simple or branched, 3-5 cm long; tepals 4, to 1.5 mm long, free; disk prominent; stamens 5. Flowers closely packed, sessile. Female racemes 2-4 cm long. Flowers many; pedicels 3 mm long; sepals 2 mm across, ovate, fimbriate, greenish yellow. Drupes 5 mm across, oblong, red, smooth. Fl. & Fr. July-November Distr. Indo-Malesia and South China. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Kothala; NS Vengoli 281

306 Antidesma alexiteria L., Sp. Pl p.p., Hook. f., FBI 5: ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 24: A. zeylanicum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1: ; FPM Small trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 10 x 4 cm, elliptic-oblong, long-acuminate, mucronate at apex, acute at base, glabrous; nerves 7-9 pairs, sub-prominent, shining above; petiole 5 mm long, stipule ovate, hairy. Female spikes 3 cm long, axillary, densely hairy; bracts ovate, acute. Flowers closely packed; sepals 4, ovate, acute, hispid; ovary beaked, stigma recurved, glabrous. Fl. March-September Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Kottayali Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn., Fruct. 1: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 24: A. pubescens Roxb., Pl. Corom. 2: 35, t A. paniculatum Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Small trees, branchlets pubescent. Leaves 4-8 x 4-6 cm, rotund to ovate, obtuse, base truncate, densely pubescent below; male spike terminal to 7 cm, woolly, flowers 2 mm across; female spike terminal and upper axillary, flowers 1.5 mm across. Tepals 5 or 6 ca 4 mm, ovatelanceolate, basally connate, acute, ciliate; stamens 4, filaments 1 mm, inserted within disc, pistillode 1 mm, linear; ovary globose ca 2 mm. Drupe 4 mm across, globose. Fl. & Fr. January-December Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Thekkady Antidesma montanum Blume, Bijdr A. pubescens Blume, Bijdr , non Roxb A. pubescens Roxb. var. menasu Tul., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser : A. acuminatum Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: A. moritzii (Tul.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: & in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FBI 5: A. menasu (Tul.) Miq. ex Muell.- Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: p.p., Hook. f., FBI 5: p.p,; FPM ; FPL A. menasu var. linearifolia Hook.f., FBI 5: Small trees. Leaves to 17 x 8 cm, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate at apex, acute to the base; nerves 7-9 pairs, regular, looping, prominent; petiole 5 mm long, hispid. Female racemes 7-12 cm long, terminal, usually branched, minutely hispid. Flowers 2 mm across; sepals ovate, free, concave, hispid. Male racemes shorter, axillary or terminal. Flowers sub-sessile; stamens 3. Drupes 5 x 3 mm, glabrous, reddish. Fl. & Fr. January-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and East Himalayas. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala APORUSA Blume 1. Male spikes to 2 cm lon; capsule sparsely villous...a. acuminata 1. Male spikes 3-4 cm long; capsule glabrous...a. lindleyana Aporusa acuminata Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 17: ; FTSR Slender shrubs with weak branchlets. Leaves to 12 x 4 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute at base, entire, glabrous; nerves 7 or 8 pairs, irregular; intercostae reticulate; petiole 1 cm long, stipule 2 mm long, ovate, tomentose. Male flowers in 1.5 cm long spike, densely packed; stamens 3. Female flowers 1-3 together, axillary, fascicled; bracts ovate, tomentose; sepals 4, 1 mm long, ovate, tomentose; styles bifid. Capsule 12 x 10 mm, ovoid, glabrous or hairy; seeds 7 x 6 mm, obovoid; glabrous; aril red. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Kottayali; NS Pooppara 282

307 Aporusa lindleyana (Wight) Baill., Etud. Gen. Euphorb ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 17: ; FTSR Scepa lindleyana Wight, Ic. t Small to medium trees. Leaves to 18 x 8 cm, ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex, acute at base, coriaceous; nerves 7 pairs, prominent; petiole 2 cm long. Male spike solitary or fascicled; bracts ovate, ciliate; flowers 1-3 in each bract; sepals 4, ovate, ciliate; stamens 2. Female flowers 3-15, in small racemes, densely tomentose, pedicellate; sepals ovate, ciliate; ovary thinly hispid. Capsule 10 mm across, aril orange-yellow. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Very common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam BACCAUREA Loureiro Baccaurea courtallensis (Wight) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FBI 5: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 21: Pierardia courtallensis Wight, Ic. t Baccaurea sapida Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t Trees, bole uneven with tubercles. Leaves alternate, often clustered towards the branch tips, to 17 x 7 cm, oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, base acute; nerves 4-6 pairs; petiole 1-3 cm long. Flowers dioecious, in densely clustered to 15 cm long slender racemes, on old stem. Male flowers 2 mm across; sepals 5, ovate, obtuse, ciliate; stamens 5, free. Female flowers larger, sepals oblong, tomentose; ovary 3-celled, conical, fulvous tomentose, style absent, stigmas stout. Capsule cm across, globose, 3-valved, tomentose, red; seeds 3, oblong, arillate. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Very common in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali BALIOSPERMUM Blume Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chakra. & Balakr., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 32: Jatropha montana Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.f.) Suresh in Nicols. et al., Interp. Hort. Malab ; FTSR B. axillare Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 5: B. polyandrum Wight, Ic. t Subshrubs, to 1.5 m tall. Leaves broadly ovate, or 3-lobed, acute or acuminate, base rounded, glabrous or sparsely hispid above and tomentose along the nerves beneath, inciso-crenate, with a pair of glands at base of lamina, to 10 x 15 cm; basally 3-5 nerved with 7-8 other lateral nerves; petiole to 6 cm long. Perianth lobes 4, concave, 1.5 mm long, pubescent. Ovary densely tomentose; style 2-fid. Capsule 3-lobed, 1.2 cm long; seeds ovoid. Fl. & Fr. August-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Peruvaripallam BISCHOFIA Blume Bischofia javanica Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Microelus roeperianus Wight & Arn., Edinb. New Phil. J. 14: Large trees with reddish exudations; bark thinly peeling, red inside, fibrous. Leaves 3- foliolate; leaflets to 16 x 9 cm, equal, ovate, acuminate, serrate or entire; petiole to 15 cm long. Flowers dioecious, in axillary panicled cm long racemes; sepals 5, 1 mm long, recurved; stamens 5, free; ovary 3-celled, globose, glabrous, styles 2, hairy, spreading. Fruit a globose berry, 7 mm across; seeds 3, trigonous. Fl. & Fr. March-October 283

308 Distr. Indo-Malesia to Pacific Islands. Occasional in evergreen and moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala; NS Kariamchola BLACHIA Baillon 1. Peduncle more than 3 cm long... B. umbellata 1. Peduncle to 2 cm long... B. reflexa Blachia reflexa Benth., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Large shrubs. Leaves to 15 x 6.5 cm, elliptic, acuminate, base acute; nerves pairs, irregular, intercostae reticulate; petiole 0.5 cm long. Female flowers in terminal peduncled umbel; pedicel 1 cm long, glabrous; sepals 5, 4 x 1 mm, oblong, acute, glabrous; styles 3 mm long. Capsule 1 cm across, glabrous; seeds 6 x 5 mm, globose, smooth, mottled with red. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kuriarkutty Blachia umbellata (Willd.) Baill., Etud. Gen. Euphorb t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Croton umbellatus Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Shrubs; branchlets slender. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, elliptic, acuminate at apex, base acute; nerves pairs, irregular, looping; petiole 1 cm long. Male flowers 5 mm across, 5-10 together in a terminal umbel; pedicel 1.5 cm long; sepals 2.5 x 2 mm, ovate, acute, glabrous; stamens Female flowers 8 mm across; 3-5, on stout peduncle, sepals 5, 4 x 2 mm, oblong, acute, glabrous; ovary glabrous; styles 3, 8 mm long, bifid. Capsule 18 mm across, 3-lobed. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali; Vengoli BREYNIA J. R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster 1. Leaves to 4.5 x 2.5 cm; capsule to 1.5 cm across...b. vitis-idaea 1. Leaves to 2 x 1.3 cm; capsule to 0.5 cm across...b. retusa Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 11: ; FPL ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: ; FTSR Phyllanthus retusus Dennst. Schluss Breynia patens (Roxb.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 11: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Phyllanthus patens Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Glabrous shrubs. Leaves ovate, glaucous below, base rounded, black when dried; nerves 6 pairs; petiole 3 mm long; stipule ovate, cordate at base. Female flowers 3 mm across, solitary; pedicels 5 mm long; sepals 6, obovate, obtuse, united with disk into a glandular tube; styles united at base, stigma bifid. Male flowers solitary, axillary; sepals 6, retuse or bilobed at apex; stamens 3. Capsule globose, pink; seeds 6, 5 x 3 mm, trigonous, white. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Sri Lanka to Indo-China; Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) Fischer, Kew Bull. 1932: ; FPL ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: ; FTSR Rhamnus vitis-idaea Burm. f., Fl. Ind Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Phyllanthus rhamnoides Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: Shrubs. Leaves ovate, rounded at base, glabrous; nerves 5-8 pairs, reticulate, black when dried; petiole 3 mm long; stipule ovate, obtuse. Female flowers axillary; pedicels 4 mm long; perianth 2 mm across, lobes ovate, acute. Male flowers 2-5 together, fascicled; perianth lobes 1.5 mm long. Capsule globose, red; seeds 6, 4 x 2 mm, trigonous, white, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-May 284

309 Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; Karimala BRIDELIA Willdenow 1. Trees; flowers fascicled in terminal paniculate spikes...b. retusa 1. Scandent shrubs; flowers in axillary fascicles... B. scandens Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. in L., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 3: , non A. Juss. 1824; FBI 5: p.p.; FPM ; FPL ; Chakrab. et al., JETB 26: Bridelia airyshawii P. T. Li, Acta Phyt. Sin. 20: ; FTSR Cluytia retusa L., Sp. Pl C. spinosa Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Bridelia spinosa (Roxb.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Medium trees; branchlets thinly hairy. Leaves to 22 x 11 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute, obtuse or retuse at apex, round or cordate at base, tomentose, below; nerves pairs, prominent, dichotomous near the margins; nervules parallel. Flowers grouped in terminal branched spikes, monoecious, 6 mm across; sepals 5, reddish brown, 3 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, acute, hispid outside; petals small, yellow, obovate; styles 3, dichotomous. Capsule 8 mm across, glabrous, black. Fl. & Fr. May-September Distr. Indo-Malaya. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Bridelia scandens (Roxb.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Cluytia scandens Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 5: ,p.p.; FPM Scandent shrubs; branchlets hispid. Leaves to 11.5 x 7 cm, ovate-oblong, obtuse, hispid, below; nerves 8-10 pairs, prominent, dichotomous near the margins. Flowers 8 mm across, in axillary sessile clusters passing into terminal spike, pinkish; sepals 5, triangular, acute, hispid outside; petals obovate to orbicular, retuse, hispid; staminal column, slender; stamens 3-5; ovary depressed globose, styles 3, bifid at apex. Capsule 7 x 6 mm, obovoid; seeds 2, with a large depression on one side and a deep furrow on the other side. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Kariamchola; Vengoli CLAOXYLON A. Jussieu Claoxylon beddomei Hook.f., FBI 5: Micrococca beddomei (Hook.f.) Prain, Ann. Bot. (London) 25: ; FPM ; FTSR Slender herbs, glabrous. Leaves to 17 x 5 cm, elliptic-oblong, serrate; petiole 3-6 cm long, slender. Flowers dioecious. Male flowers in distant clusters on slender racemes, pedicellate with many imbricating bracts; sepals 5, orbicular, pubescent; stamens many, free. Female flowers 1- few on axillary raceme; bracts few; sepals 5, 2 x 1 mm, ovate, ciliate; ovary densely bristled hairy; styles 3, free, radiating. Capsule 3-lobed, 5 mm broad. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara CLEIDION Blume Cleidion javanicum Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR C. spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amb ; FPL Small to medium dioecious trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 6 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtusely acuminate at apex, acute at base, serrate, penninerved; petiole to 4 cm long; stipule ovate, acute, entire. Male flowers in axillary 16 cm long slender racemes; sepals 3, ovate, acute; stamens 30-50, free. Female flowers axillary, solitary; pedicel 4-5 cm long, slender; ovary 2-285

310 celled, styles 2, connate at base, 2-fid above, linear. Fruit a 2-lobbed capsule, lobe 1 x 1 cm, globose; seeds 1 in each cell, globose. Fl. & Fr. January-July Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; Kariamchola CLEISTANTHUS J.D. Hooker ex Planchon Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. ex Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Cluytia collina Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Medium trees; bark dark brown, rough, flaking off in rounded thick scales, reddish inside. Leaves obovate or orbicular, obtuse or retuse, base rounded or obtuse, to 6.5 x 4 cm; lateral nerves 5-8 pairs, slender; petiole 0.3 cm long. Corolla lobes unequal, ovate lanceolate, 5 mm long, yellow. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 2 cm long; seeds globose, smooth. Fl. & Fr. December-November Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi CROTON Linnaeus 1. Herbs...C. bonplandianum 1. Shrubs or small trees Leaves silvery white beneath Leaves not silvery white beneath Leaves opposite or whorled...c. zeylanicus 3. Leaves alternate...c. malabaricus 4. Small trees; capsule to 1 cm across...c. laccifer 4. Scandent shrubs; capsule cm across... C. caudatus var. obovoideus Croton bonplandianum Baill., Adansonia 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Croton sparsiflorus Morong. in Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: ; FPM Erect undershrubs; branches stellate-scaly. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at apex, base rounded, glabrous; nerves 10 pairs. Racemes to 7 cm long, terminal. Female flowers basal few, 3 mm across; sepals 5, triangular, glabrous; petals oblong, longer than sepals; torus densely villous; ovary densely hairy, styles 3, divided, lobes curled. Male flowers above the female ones in the raceme; stamens Capsule obovoid, stellate hairy; seeds 4.5 x 2.5 mm, minutely pitted. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of South America; now naturalised in Old World Tropics. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Parambikulam Croton caudatus Geisel. var. obovoideus Balakr. & Chakrab., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25: ; FTSR Large scandent shrubs; bark rough, brown, branchlets stellate tomentose. Leaves ovate, caudate-acuminate, base cordate, margin toothed and stalked glandular, stellate pubescent on both sides, leaf base with ca. 5 stalked glands on either side to 12 x 8 cm; basally 3-5-nerved; petiole to 3 cm long. Racemes to 22 cm long, stellate pubescent. Calyx lobes ovate-acute 5 mm long, white tomentose. Capsule oblong, apically depressed, scabrid, 2 x 1.5 cm. Fl. & Fr. March-August Distr. Endemic to South India. Common along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Croton laccifer L., Sp. Pl , lacciferum ; FPM ; FTSR C. aromaticus sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: ,p.p. non L. 1753; FPL Shrubs, branchlets stellate, brown tomentose. Leaves to 12 x 6 cm, ovate, acuminate, cordate at base, 3-ribbed from base, glands 2 pairs; upper leaves with acute base; petiole 2-3 cm long. 286

311 Racemes 10 cm long, solitary or paired, densely stellate hairy; female flowers 7 mm across; sepals ovate, acute; petals obovate, ciliate; styles 3, each dichotomously divided, glabrous. Male flowers many, similar to female flowers; stamens 20, filaments bearded. Capsule 1 cm across, globose, densely stellate hairy. Fl. & Fr. March-September Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Croton malabaricus Bedd., Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Small to medium trees, stellately scaly. Leaves to 18 x 12 cm, ovate, rounded at base, acuminate, silvery white, below; nerves 7 or 8 pairs; glands sessile; petiole 6-8 cm long; stipule 15 mm long, filiform. Racemes 10 cm long, terminal. Female flowers pedicelled, 10 mm across; sepals ovate, obtuse, silky tomentose; petals obovate; ovary stellate hairy. Male flowers smaller; stamens 10, filaments bearded. Capsule 2 x 2 cm, obovoid, emarginate, densely brown scaly; seeds 13 x 8 mm, oblong, mottled with brown. Fl. & Fr. April-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Pezha Croton zeylanicus Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: & in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FPL ; FTSR C. reticulatus Heyne ex Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Shrubs, densely covered with brown, fimbriate scales. Leaves to 20 x 6 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, white-scaly below; lateral nerves 6-10 pairs, glands 1 pairs, sessile; petiole 1-3 cm long. Racemes to 6 cm long. Female flowers pedicelled, 4 mm across; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals obovate, smaller, tomentose; ovary brown stellate hairy; styles 3, glabrous. Male flowers smaller; stamens many, filaments glabrous Capsule 1.3 x 1 cm, ovoid; seeds 8 x7 mm, oblong, mottled with brown. Fl. & Fr. August Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pooppara; Kariamchola DALECHAMPIA Linnaeus Dalechampia scandens L., Sp. Pl , var. velutina (Wight) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: D. velutina Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Climbers with stinging hairs. Leaves tri-lobed, base cordate, thinly pubescent, middle lobe 6-10 x 3-5 cm, obovate, acute, margin entire or serrulate, lateral ones small and oblique, yellowish green, petiole to 7 cm. Flowers in peduncled clusters to 10 cm. Involucral bracts to 5 x 4 cm, trilobed, distinctly veined, membranous; male flowers ca 5 mm across, tepals 3 or 4, ca 3.5 mm, obovate, acute, filaments to 7 mm, connective apiculate; female flowers 6 mm across, tepals 6, to 5 mm, oblong, pinnatifid, pilose, ovary 5 mm across, style to 1 cm. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in rocky areas; PS Vengoli Note: Present collection is an addition to the flora of Kerala DIMORPHOCALYX Thwaites Dimorphocalyx lawianus (Muell.-Arg.) Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Trigonostemon lawianus Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: p.p. Dimorphocalyx glabellus Thw. var. lawianus (Muell.-Arg.) Chakrab. & Balakr., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Pl. Sci.) 100:

312 Trees, branchlets slender, white. Leaves to 16 x 7 cm, elliptic, acuminate, base acute; nerves 13 pairs, petiole 2 cm long; stipule ovate, acute. Male flowers in 5 cm long axillary raceme, 8-10 mm across; calyx 5-toothed above; petals 5, 10 x 5 mm, obovate, white; stamens many, combined into a branched column. Female flowers few, in short racemes; sepals 5, 2.5 cm long, oblanceolate; corolla similar to male flowers; ovary 3-celled, densely hispid; styles 3, connate at base, bifid, spreading. Capsule 3-lobed, to 20 x 22 mm. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS 19803, Kariamchola;19509 Orukomban DRYPETES Vahl 1. Ovary 3-celled...D. roxburghii 1. Ovary 1-celled Leaves to 15 cm long Leaves more than 20 cm long Branchlets and petiole tomentose...d. wightii 3. Branchlets glabrous... D. venusta 4. Female flowers pedicelled, 3-20 together... D. malabarica 4. Female flowers sessile, 1 or 2 together...d. oblongifolia Drypetes malabarica (Bedd.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: ; FTSR ; Chakrab. et al., JETB 21: Cyclostemon malabaricus Bedd., For. Man. Bot ; FBI 5: ; FPM Medium trees with horizontal branches; branchlets angled, densely villous. Leaves to 26 x 8.5 cm; oblong, unequally obtuse at base, abruptly acuminate at apex; nerves 8 pairs, reticulate; petiole 1 cm long, hispid. Female flowers 18 mm across, clustered on old wood; pedicels 14 mm long, stout, densely fulvous tomentose; sepals 4, 7 x 4 mm, oblong, densely tomentose outside; ovary globose, densely hispid; stigma 4-lobed, peltate, black. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS 30625, NS Thekkady Drypetes oblongifolia (Bedd.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23: ; FPL ; FTSR ; Chakrab. et al., JETB 21: Laneasagum oblongifolium Bedd., Madras J. Lit Sci. 6: Cyclostemon macrophyllus Blume, Bijdr ; FPM C. macrophyllus Blume var. sessiliflora Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t C. macrophyllus Blume var. peninsularis Hook.f., FBI 5: Medium trees with horizontal branches; branchlets scabrous. Leaves to 23 x 10 cm, oblong, rounded at base, acuminate at apex; nerves 9-11 pairs, prominent below, strongly reticulate. Female flowers 6.5 mm across, sessile, solitary or paired; bracts minute, orbicular; sepals 4, 6.5 mm across, orbicular, densely fulvous hairy outside; ovary globose, densely hairy; stigma discoid, shortly lobed, glabrous. Male flowers subsessile; sepals ovate; stamens many. Drupes 2 x 1.5 cm, obovoid, densely hispid, rind hard. Fl. & Fr. April-June Distr. Indo-Malesia. Very common in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam; PS Kottayali Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurusawa, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3. Bot. 6: ; Chakrab. et al., JETB 21: Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., Tent. Fl. Nap ; FBI 5: ; FPM Small trees; branches drooping. Leaves 8-12 x cm, elliptic-oblong, apex obtuse, base slightly oblique, coriaceous, shining; petiole 0.5 cm. Female flowers axillary, in groups of 3-4; 288

313 sepals 5, 2 x 1.5 mm, ovate, ciliate; ovary 3 mm, ovate, 3-celled, densely pubescent, style 7 mm, tomentose, dilated at apex. Drupe ovoid, 2 x 1 cm. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in the sides of streams in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Drypetes venusta (Wight) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenf. 81: ; Chakrab. et al., JETB 21: Astylis venusta Wight, Ic. t Hemicyclia venusta (Wight) Thw. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 7: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Drypetes elata (Bedd.) Pax. & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenf. 81: ; FPL ; FTSR Hemicyclia elata Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Trees with fluted bole and drooping branches; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 9 x 3.5 cm, elliptic, abruptly acuminate, base acute; nerves 7-10 pairs, reticulate; petiole 5 mm long. Male flowers 8 mm across, fascicled, axillary; pedicels 3-6-together, 5-8 mm long, slender, minutely hispid; tepals 4, 4 x 2 mm, oblong, obtuse, hispid outside; stamens 10, filaments 3 mm long, glabrous; disk densely villous. Fl. January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Drypetes wightii (Hook. f.) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenf. 81: ; Chakrab. et al., JETB 21: Hemicyclia wightii Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM Small trees; bole fluted; branches drooping; bark white, smooth; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 4-7 x 2.5 cm, elliptic, acuminate, glabrous; nerves many, irregular, prominently reticulate; petiole 5 mm long, tomentose. Male flowers sub-sessile, solitary or fascicled; calyx lobes 4, ovate, acute, 2 mm long, densely hispid, connate at base; stamens few, filaments glabrous. Female pedicel 1 cm long, densely hispid. Capsule 13 x 0.8 cm, obovoid, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala;19441 Pooppara EPIPRINUS Griffith Epiprinus mallotiformis (Muell.-Arg.) Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: ; FPL ; FTSR Symphyllia mallotiformis Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: ; FPM Adenochlaena indica (Bedd.) Bedd. ex Hook.f., FBI 5: Small trees; tender parts stellate-tomentose. Leaves to 17 x 8 cm, elliptic, acute; nerves 6 pairs, prominent, nervules reticulate; petioles unequal, to 6 cm long, upper leaves nearly sessile. Flowers in long axillary raceme. Female flowers 2-4, at basal parts of the raceme; sepals 5, 3 mm long, lanceolate, densely tomentose; ovary densely hairy, styles 3, to 15 mm long, twice bifid, glandular. Male flowers many, densely clustered along the upper part of the raceme; sepals 5, ovate, acute, thinly tomentose; stamens 5, free. Capsule 2.5 cm across, 3-lobed, lobes globular, densely stellate hairy; seeds 3, globose. Fl. & Fr. April-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara; Pezha; Pandaravarai EUPHORBIA Linnaeus 1. Shrub or small trees; leaves reduced and early caduceus Herbs; leaves well developed Branchlets cylindric...e. nivulia 2. Branchlets 3 angled... E. trigona 289

314 3. Leaves alternate below; opposite to whorled above... E. rothiana 3. Leaves opposite only Erect herbs Prostrate herbs Cyathia stalked; leaves glaucous below... E. indica 5. Cyathia subsessile; leaves not glaucous below... E. hirta 6. Leaf margins serrulate; involucre campanulate... E. thymifolia 6. Leaf margins entire; involucre tubular...e. prostrata Euphorbia hirta L., Sp. Pl ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millisp., Publ. Field Columb. Mus. Bor. Ser. 2: Euphorbia pilulifera L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: Erect herbs; stem villous, white or reddish. Leaves opposite, to 4 x 1.5 cm, ovate, unequal at base, acute at apex, serrate, hirsute below, 3-ribbed from base; petiole 3 mm long. Cyathea together, 1-2 mm across, densely packed in shortly peduncled cymes, involucral bracts obconical, hispid, glands 5, reddish. male florets 4-6; ovary glabrous; styles 3, bifid from the base. Capsule 1 x 1.5 mm, 3-lobed, lobes acute, hispid; seeds 1 x 0.5 mm, 3-angular, rugose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Native of Tropical America; now Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu Euphorbia indica Lam., Encycl. 2: Euphorbia hypericifolia sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: , non L. 1753; FPM Erect herbs, hispid. Leaves to 2 x 1.5 cm, oblong, ovate, apex obtuse, base, oblique, crenulate, glaucous beneath; petiole 3 mm, pubescent. Cyathia in stalked clusters, ca. 15, axillary; stalk to 1.5 cm, pubescent. involucre campanulate, 8 mm long, pubescent; glands 5, minute, appendages 0.5 mm long; male flowers 4-5; stalk 0.5 mm; female laterally pendulous; ovary 8 mm, pubescent. Capsule 2 x 1.5 mm, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. July-September Distr. Tropics of both hemispheres except Australia and Pacific Islands. Fairly common in the reservoir beds; PS Parambikulam Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Euphorbia neriifolia L., Sp. Pl Deciduous trees, to 6 m tall. Spines paired, short. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong or obovate, obtuse, base cuneate, glabrous, subsucculent, to 15 x 5 cm; lateral nerves obscure. Cyathia paired in subterminal lax cymes. Involucre broadly cupular, 0.5 x 1 cm; glands 5, oblong. Male florets in five fascicles. Female laterally pendulous; style stout, erect, branched, stigma broad, fimbriate. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. India and Myanmar. Occasional in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli Euphorbia prostrata Ait., Hort. Kew 2: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Prostrate herbs, branchlets pubescent. Leaves distichous, to 6 x 4 mm, elliptic-obovate, obtuse, base obliquely rounded, margin crenulate, stipulate. Cyathia axillary, involucre ca 1 x 0.7 mm, tubular glands 4; male ebracteolate, subsessile, anthers 1 mm, dehiscence transverse; female laterally pendulous, ovary 5 mm across, style 3.5 mm, forked from base, stigma obtuse. Capsule prominently beaked angles with spreading hairs; seeds 4-angled. Fl. & Fr. March-June 290

315 Distr. Native of West Indies; now Pantropical weed. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu Euphorbia rothiana Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM E. laeta Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp , non Ait Subshrubs, to 2.5 m tall, stem glaucous, glabrous. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, to 10 x 1.5 cm, acute at apex, entire, glabrous, glaucous below; base attenuate into a short petiole. Cyathium 2 x 2 mm, in terminal panicled cymes, 5-glandular around the rim of involucre. Male florets many, filaments glabrous; ovary long-stalked. Capsule 3 x 3 mm, cocci 3, globular, smooth; seeds 2.5 x 2 mm, obovoid, smooth. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala; PS Karimalagopuram Euphorbia thymifolia L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bor. ser. 2: Prostrate herbs; branches radiating, slender, reddish, pubescent. Leaves opposite, oblong, obtuse, obliquely cordate at base, serrate, ciliate, subsessile, nervules aeriolate. Cyathium axillary, solitary or 2-5 together, 0.5 mm across; involucre 0.8 mm long, campanulate, 4- glandular. Male flowers 1-4; ovary tomentose, styles 3, Capsule 1.5 mm across, minutely adpressed pubescent; seeds 1 x 0.5 mm, 3-angled, transversally rugose. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Tropical Asia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Thunakkadavu Euphorbia trigona Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) 1768; FBI 5: E. hermentiana Lem., Ill. Hort. Misc. 5: Armed succulents with milky latex, branchlets 3-angled, spines 2 mm, divergent, cauducous. Leaves to 2.5 mm, ovate, cauducous. Cyathia solitary or in groups, bracts paired to 3.5 x 4 mm, ovate, obtuse, dentate, glands 5 to 2.2 mm, bracteoles ca 2.5 mm, obovate, apex fringed; stamens numerous, filaments jointed, 2.6 mm; female flowers erect, ovary ca 3.7 mm across, 3- celled, style 3, ovule 1. Capsule to 7 mm, 3-lobed, 3.5 mm, obovoid. Fl. & Fr. December-June Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in rocky areas in moist and dry deciduous forests; PS Vengoli EXCOECARIA Linnaeus Excoecaria oppositifolia Griff. var. crenulata (Wight) Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 18: E. crenulata Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL E. robusta Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM E. borneensis Pax & Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. (Euphorb.-Addit.) 5: Large shrubs; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 20 x 6 cm, oblanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the base; nerves pairs, regular; petiole 3 cm long; stipules 15 mm long, lanceolate. Male racemes 8 cm long, slender, bracts orbicular, 3 mm across, ciliate. Flowers solitary; sepals 3, 1 mm long, oblong; stamens 3, free, anthers sessile, pistillode present. Female flowers 2-5 on short terminal raceme; bracts similar to male flowers; sepals larger; styles 3-fid, recurved. Capsule 12 mm across, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; NS Kottayali FLUEGGEA Willdenow 291

316 Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill., Etud. Gen. Euphorb ; FPM Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill., Adansonia 6: ; FPL ; FTSR Phyllanthus virosus Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Flueggea microcarpa Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 5: Branched shrubs, unarmed; branchlets often thorny. Leaves alternate, x 2.5 cm, obovate, obtuse, glabrous; nerves 5-7 pairs, reticulate; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers dioecious, in axillary fascicles, 5-20 together, pedicels 6 mm long, slender; calyx lobes 5, 1.5 x 1 mm, oblong, white; stamens in male flowers 5, free, disk 5-lobed, staminode-like; ovary in female flowers conical, glabrous; styles 3, free, 2-fid; pistillode in male flowers 3 fid. Capsule 4 x 4 mm, depressed globose, glabrous, 3-valved; seeds 3, trigonous, rough. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. Tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. Common in the moist localities of moist deciduous forests; PS 30348, NS Vengoli GIVOTIA Griffith Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem., Taxon 24: ; Matthew, Kew Bull. 46: Croton moluccanum L., Sp. Pl Givotia rottleriformis Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Medium trees; branchlets densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves alternate, 17 x 15 cm, broadly ovate, acute, cordate at base, dentate, glabrous above, densely stellate tomentose below; petiole to 10 cm long. Male flowers in axillary to 20 cm long, paniculate cymes; sepals 5, obovate, obtuse; stamens 20, free. Female flowers few in shorter panicles; styles 3, spreading, 2-fid. Capsule 3 cm across, globose, densely tomentose; seeds 3, oblong. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist and dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi GLOCHIDION J. R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster 1. Leaves cordate at base; anthers 4 or more Leaves acute at base; anthers Leaves densely tomentose below... Glochidion zeylanicum var. tomentosum 2. Leaves glabrous below...glochidion zeylanicum var. zeylanicum 3. Branchlets and leaves glabrous... G. ellipticum 3. Branchlets and leaves densely tomentose Terminal leaves to 9 x 3 cm... G. heyneanum 4. Terminal leaves to 15 x 6 cm... Glochidion hohenackeri var. johnstonei Glochidion ellipticum Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 19: ; FTSR G. malabaricum Bedd., For. Man. Bot ; FBI 5: ; FPM Small glabrous trees. Leaves to 11 x 3.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate, acute and oblique at base; nerves 5-7 pairs, narrow; petiole 5 mm long. Female flowers 2 mm across, 6-10 together in an axil; pedicels 6 mm long; sepals 6, 2 mm long, obovate, obtuse, hispid inside; ovary densely hispid, 8-celled; style column 1 mm long, 5-toothed at apex. Capsule 1 cm across, depressed above; hirsute; seeds 8, glabrous, brown. Fl. & Fr. December-June Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common along the sides of vayals; PS Parambikulam Glochidion heyneanum (Wight & Arn.) Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 19: Gynoon heyneanum Wight & Arn., Edinb. New Phil. J. 14: & in Dietr., Syn. Pl. 5: Glochidion velutinum Wight, Ic. t f ; FBI 5: ; FPM

317 Small trees. Leaves elliptic, acute at both ends, densely velutinous-tomentose; nerves 7 pairs, nervules subparallel; petiole 5 mm long, tomentose. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, pedicels 5 mm long; female sepals 5, ovate, acute, densely tomentose; ovary ovoid, style 1 mm long, 5-toothed at apex. Male flowers 4 mm across, 2 or 3 together; stamens 3. Capsule 8 mm across, tomentose; seeds 5-7, 2 x 2.5 mm, grey, smooth. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. India, Himalaya, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Glochidion hohenackeri (Muell.-Arg.) Bedd. var. johnstonei (Hook. f.) Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 19: G. johnstonei Hook.f., FBI 5: Small trees, branchlets villous. Leaves to 15 x 6 cm, ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex; unequal at base, thinly tomentose below, especially along the midrib; nerves 6-8 pairs, nervules prominently reticulate; petiole 2-3 mm long. Flowers in axillary clusters, densely tomentose. Fl. March Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) Juss., Euphorb. Gen. Tent , var. zeylanicum; FBI 5: ; FPM ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 19: ; FTSR Small glabrous trees. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, ovate, obtusely acuminate, base round or cordate; nerves 8 pairs, nervules prominently reticulate; petiole 5 mm long. Flowers 3-5, in axillary umbels, peduncle 8 mm long, adnate to the stem; pedicels 4 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, obtuse, connate at base; style toothed at apex. Capsule 7 mm across, glabrous, beaked. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common along the sides of vayals; PS Vengoli Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) Juss. var. tomentosum (Dalz.) Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 19: G. tomentosum Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Small trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, ovate-oblong, acute, base round to cordate, glabrous above; nerves 8 pairs, nervules parallel, prominent; petiole to 5 mm long. Flowers 4-6 together, in axillary umbel, peduncles adnate to the stem; pedicels 6-8 mm long; sepals 5, 3 x 2 mm, ovate, acute, tomentose, shortly toothed at apex; style 3 mm long, densely hispid. Capsule 10 mm across, depressed globose, beaked, hispid. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam; Anakkalvayal; Rockpoint HOMONOIA Loureiro Homonoia riparia Lour., Fl. Cochinch ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Adelia neriifolia Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Large shrubs; branchlets pubescent, reddish. Leaves spiral, closely packed, to 18 x 2 cm, linear-oblong, acute at either ends, penninerved, covered with yellow scales below and pubescent along nerves; petiole 1 cm long, tomentose; stipule filiform. Flowers in axillary cm long racemes. Male flowers 3 mm across, sepals 2-5, glabrous, ciliate along the margins, yellowish red; stamens many, free. Female flowers sessile, densely packed; bracts ovate; sepals 2 mm long, lanceolate, ciliate; ovary densely hairy; styles 3, spreading, linear. Capsule 5 mm across, globose, hairy. Fl. & Fr. December-May 293

318 Distr. Indo-Malesia and South China. Common along the riverine areas; PS Parambikulam JATROPHA Linnaeus 1. Leaves glandular hairy, young leaves dark brownish...j. glandulifera 1. Leaves eglandular, young leaves not brownish... J. villosa Jatropha glandulifera Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Shrubs. Leaves deeply 3-5 lobed, 6-10 x 6-8 cm, base cordate, margins serrate, gland tipped, apex shortly acuminate; petiole 6-10 cm, stipules filiform, branched, to 1.5 cm. Cymes to 12 cm; bracts 1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, glandular hairy; flowers unisexual, 8 mm across; tepals villous at base; stamens 8 (5+3), filaments 3 mm. Capsule 3-lobes, 2 x 1.5 cm. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Peninsular India, Sri Lanka and Tropical Africa. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Jatropha villosa Wight, Ic. t J. wightiana Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FBI 5: ; FPM J. peltata Wight, Ic. t Undershrubs, white tomentose. Leaves to 10 x 11 cm, broadly ovate, orbicular, lobes shallow, linear, basally 3-5 nerved, puberulus above, densely white tomentose below. Cymes terminal, to 5 cm; bracts 3 mm, linear, pubescent; calyx tube 1 mm, lobes 5 mm, oblong, imbricate, pubescent; corolla tube 4 mm, lobes 5 mm, oblong, pubescent; stamens 7-8, filaments connate, 3 mm, branched above, anthers 2 mm, oblong; disc of 5 glands, 0.5 mm, oblong. Fl. & Fr. December-April Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi MACARANGA Du Petit-Thouars Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Osyris peltata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Mappa peltata (Roxb.) Wight, Ic. t Macaranga roxburghii Wight, Ic. t. 1949, f ; FBI 5: M. tomentosa Wight, Ic. t. 1949, f Medium trees; bark brown, reddish inside, exudation red, gummy; branchlets thick, terete. Leaves ovate-orbicular, acuminate, peltate, to 20 x 15 cm; lateral nerves 8-10, radiating from the centre, puberulus below; petiole, to 18 cm long. Panicles to 5 cm long, tomentose; bracts concave 3 mm long. Stamens 3, free, filaments 5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. January-February Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Andamans. Common in moist deciduous and secondary forests; PS Karimala MALLOTUS Loureiro 1. Capsule smooth Capsule echinate or muricate Capsule prominently red glandular... M. philippensis 2. Capsule not red glandular Leaves fulvous tomentose below...m. distans 3. Leaves glabrous below... M. atrovirens 4. Leaves alternate, peltate...m. tetracoccus 4. Leaves opposite, not peltate...m. aureo-punctatus 294

319 Mallotus atrovirens Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Small trees; bark ash-grey, dull yellow inside; branchlets glabrous. Leaves opposite, elliptic to obovate, acute to shortly acuminate, base acute, glabrous, yellow glandular, densely below, entire or subentire, to 12 x 6 cm; lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, basal pair opposite, sessile glands absent; petiole cm. Racemes to 10 cm long, pedicels 0.5 cm long, yellow glandular. Perianth lobes ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm long. Ovary glabrescent, densely glandular; stigma sessile, 2, plumose. Capsule 2-lobed, 5 x 7 mm, smooth, yellow glandular; style deciduous; seeds 2, plano convex or hemispherical, 3.5 x 4 mm; smooth. Fl. & Fr. January-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common along the riverine areas; PS Muthalakkuzhi Mallotus aureo-punctatus (Dalz.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FPM ; FTSR Rottlera aureo-punctata Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: Mallotus lawii Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: ; FBI 5: p.p. Large shrubs; branchlets minutely pubescent. Leaves opposite, oblong or obovate, acuminate, base obtuse or subtruncate, shortly sinuate crenate, margin recurved, to 15 x 5 cm; lateral nerves 7-10 pairs, prominently reticulate; petiole to 1.5 cm long. Male racemes to 8 cm long, pubescent; female to 7 cm, flowers few, distant. Perianth lobes of male broadly ovate, obtuse, densely tomentose, 2 mm long. Ovary with soft echinate processes; style short, stigma 2, plumose. Capsule to 1 cm across. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pezha; Orukomban Mallotus distans Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Shrubs to small trees, branchlets pubescent. Leaves opposite and alternate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate, base rounded, sessile glands at base prominent, pubescent or glabrous above, fulvous tomentose below, to 18 x 8 cm; lateral nerves 5-7 pairs, basal pair opposite; intercostae, scalariform; petiole to 5 cm, densely tomentose. Flowers sessile, fascicled on spikes. Perianth tomentose. Capsule 3-lobed, 1 cm across, brown stellate-tomentose. Fl. & Fr. July-March Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Karimala Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Small trees; branchlets rusty tomentose. Leaves to 18 x 8 cm, ovate, acuminate, 3-ribbed from the obtuse base, densely red-glandular beneath; nerves 6 pairs, nervules parallel, prominent; petiole 3-6 cm long, densely rusty puberulus. Flowers in terminal rusty puberulus panicle. Male flowers 4 mm across, sepals 3, ovate, acute, hairy; stamens many. Capsule 7 mm across, globose, densely red-glandular; seeds 1-4, globose, glabrous, brown. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Indo-Malesia and Australia. Common in deciduous forests; PS Rockpoint; Keerappadi; Kariamchola Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 16: ; FPL ; FTSR Rottlera tetracocca Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: R. peltata Wight, Ic. t Mallotus albus sensu Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: excl. basionym. Rottlera albus var. occidentalis Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM

320 Small trees; branchlets tomentose. Leaves to 18 x 16 cm, broadly ovate to orbicular, entire or shortly toothed; nerves 7 pairs, prominent, nervules parallel, brownish beneath; petioles unequal, to 20 cm long. Female flowers in branched terminal panicles; sepals 5-6, ovate, stellate-tomentose; ovary globose, densely hairy, styles 3, bifid, spreading. Capsule 15 mm across, 4-lobed, densely stellate hairy. Male flowers in groups of 3-6, sessile, sepals 4 or 5, orbicular, densely hairy; stamens many, free. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. India, Sri Lanka and China. Common in secondary forests; PS Karimala MARGARITARIA Linnaeus f. Margaritaria indica (Dalz.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20: ; FTSR Prosorus indicus Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: ; FPM Phyllanthus indicus (Dalz.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32: ; FBI 5: Deciduous dioecious trees, bark brown, smooth. Leaves bifarious, to 10 x 5 cm, obovate, obtusely acuminate, glaucous beneath, membranous. Male flowers fascicled, many together; perianth lobes 4, ovate, acute; stamens 4, free; pistillode clavate. Female flowers solitary or a few together, axillary; pedicels 8-10 mm long, slender; perianth 1-seriate; lobes 4, 2 mm long, ovate, acute; capsule 8 mm across, depressed globose, 3-lobed; seeds trigonous, arillate. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; Kariamchola MEINECKIA Baillon Meineckia parvifolia (Wight) Webster, Acta Bot. Neerl. 14: ; FTSR Peltandra parvifolia Wight, Ic. t Neopeltandra suberosa (Muell.-Arg.) Gamble, FPM Phyllanthus suberosus Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32: ; FBI 5: Leaves ovate, acute, base truncate or rounded, membranous, glabrous, to 3 x 2.5 cm; lateral nerves 3-4 pairs, slender; petiole to 2.5 cm long. Perianth lobes ovate or obovate, obtuse, margins hyaline. Capsule 3 mm across; seeds brown. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Padikkundu MICROCOCCA Bentham Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth. in Hook., Niger. Fl ; FPM ; FTSR Tragia mercurialis L., Sp. Pl. (ed. 3) Claoxylon mercuriale Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 5: ; Susila et al., Rheedea 5: Annual herbs. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base acute, serrate, puberulus, to 4 x 2.5 cm; lateral nerves ca. 4 pairs; petiole to 2 cm. Spikes lax, slender, to 5 cm long; bracts minute. Perianth lobes of male ovate; of female 3, lanceolate. Capsule 3-lobed, 5 mm across, glabrescent; seeds 1.2 mm across. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Tropical Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Muthuvarachal PARACROTON Miquel 1. Leaves and racemes to 15 cm long, erect or suberect... P. integrifolius 1. Leaves and racemes more than 20 cm long pendulous...p. pendulus var. zeylanicus 296

321 Paracroton integrifolius (Airy Shaw.) Balakr. & Chakrab., Kew Bull. 48: Ostodes integrifolius Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 16: O. zeylanicum var. minor sensu Gamble, FPM , non (Thw.) Hook.f Fahrenheitia integrifolia (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20: Medium trees. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, broadly elliptic, acuminate, distantly serrulate or entire. Racemes pubescent to 20 cm, flowers fascicled, male tepals ovate ca 2 mm, biseriate; stamens 10-20, filaments partially united, ca 2 mm; female tepals equal, ovary glabrous 4 mm across, strigose, styles 2, short. Capsule to 2 cm across, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq. ssp. zeylanicus (Thw.) Balakr. & Chakrab., Kew Bull. 48: ; FTSR Desmostemon zeylanicus Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Ostodes zeylanica (Thw.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Fahrenheitia zeylanica (Thw.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20: ; FPL Medium trees. Leaves to 12 x 5 cm, obovate, acuminate, glabrous; nerves 6 pairs, nervules horizontal. Flowers in elongate pendulous racemes; male flowers 3-8 together, clustered, shortly pedicellate; bracts ovate, ciliate; sepals 5, equal, 2 mm long, ovate, glabrous, acute; petals 5, longer than calyx lobe, white; stamens many, filaments free; ovary 3-celled, ovule one in each cell; styles 3. Fruit a globose capsule, 3 cm across, rusty tomentose. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Vengoli; Pooppara PHYLLANTHUS Linnaeus 1. Fruits baccate Fruits capsular Trees; stamens 3...P. emblica 2. Erect or scandent shrubs; stamens 5...P. reticulatus 3. Annuals; stem single Perennials with woody rootstock; stem branched Leaves oblong-lanceolate; perianth 5-lobed...P. virgatus 4. Leaves broadly elliptic; perianth 6-lobed...P. gardnerianus 5. Leaves reddish; capsule densely muricate...p. urinaria 5. Leaves green; capsule smooth...p. amarus Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn., Kongel. Danske Vidensk.-Selsk Skr. 4: ; FPL ; FTSR P. fraternus Webster, Contr. Gray. Herb P. niruri sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: , non L. 1753; FPM Erect glabrous herbs; leafy branchlets to 4 cm long. Leaves to 8 x 3 mm, oblong, obtuse, chartaceous; nerves indistinct, glaucous beneath, stipule not peltate, lanceolate. Female flowers solitary; pedicels 2 mm long; sepals 5, oblong, obtuse with hyaline margins, glabrous; stamens 3, filaments connate. Capsule 2 x 2 mm, smooth; seeds 6, 1 x 1 mm, trigonous, prominently 6- ridged on outer face, rugose along concentric lines on lateral faces. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Originally from America; now naturalised in the tropics. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam; NS Thunakkadavu Phyllanthus emblica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPL ; FTSR Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Fruct. 2: ; FPM

322 Small to medium trees; leafy branchlets 8-18 cm long, villous. Leaves to 1 x 0.25 cm, numerous on lateral branchlets, oblong, obtuse, shortly apiculate, glabrous; nerves indistinct; stipules lanceolate, ciliate. Flowers densely clustered in leaf axils, pedicelled; sepals 6, 2 mm long, oblong, glabrous; stamens 3, filaments combined into a column. Capsule cm across, subglobose, fleshy with 1 nut, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Throughout the tropics. Common in deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wight) Baill., Etud. Gen. Euphorb ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Macraea gardneriana Wight, Ic. t f Phyllanthus simplex Retz. var. gardneriana (Wight) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32: ; FBI 5: Erect herbs or subshrubs, without short leafy lateral branchlets. Leaves to 4 x 1.5 cm, oblong, obtuse at both ends, glabrous; nerves 6-9 pairs, reticulate; petiole 1 mm long, stipule peltate, acuminate, chartaceous. Female flowers axillary, solitary; sepals 4, 2 x 1 mm, ovate, acute. Male flowers 2-3 together, shortly pedicelled, 2 mm across; stamens 3, free, erect. Capsule 5 x 5 mm, depressed globose, glabrous; seeds trigonous, minutely reticulate. Fl. & Fr. November-May Distr. Paleotropics. Occasional in grasslands; PS Pezha; NS Karimalagopuram Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 5: ; FBI 5: ; FTSR Kirganelia reticulata (Poir.) Baill., Etud. Gen. Euphorb ; FPM Densely branched shrubs, branchlets rough, villous, reddish brown. Leaves to 3 x 1.3 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtusely acute, entire, glabrous, shortly petiolate; stipule lanceolate, sometimes spinescent. Flowers fascicled on leaf axils; pedicels 5-8 mm long; male sepals 5, 2 mm long, orbicular, reddish; stamens 5, outer filaments free, inner ones combined. Capsule 4 mm across, fleshy; seeds 1.5 x 1 mm, trigonous, brown, reticulate. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. Paleotropics. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam Phyllanthus urinaria L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR P. leprocarpus Wight, Ic. t f Erect herbs, leafy branchlets scabrid, to 7 cm long. Leaves to 1.5 x 0.7 cm, oblong, obtuse, pinkish, serrulate, sessile; nerves 4-6 pairs, stipule ovate, cordate at base, acuminate. Flowers subsessile, axillary, fascicled; sepals 5 or 6, oblong or orbicular, obtuse; disk in male flowers 6- lobed, entire in female flowers. Capsule 2.5 mm across, depressed globose, coarsely verrucose; seeds 6, 1 mm long, transversally prominently ridged. Fl. & Fr. January-June Distr. Native of Tropical East Asia; now a Circumtropical weed. Fairly common in moist localities; PS Thunakkadavu Phyllanthus virgatus Forst. f., Ins. Austr. Prod ; FPL ; FTSR P. simplex Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: ; FBI 5: ; FPM P. oblongifolia Wight, Ic. t. 1902, f Erect herbs, glabrous; leafy branchlets scabrous. Leaves to 18 x 6 mm, pairs on lateral branchlets, oblong, acute at either ends, serrulate; nerves 8-10 pairs; petiole to 1 mm long; stipule ovate, cordate at base, decurrent on either sides. Female flowers sessile, solitary; sepals 5 or 6, 1 mm long, ovate, acute. Male flowers solitary, subsessile; sepals ovate. Capsule 3 x 3 mm, rugose; seeds 6, 2 x 1.5 mm, trigonous, transversally strongly ridged connected with minute parallel crossbars. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia to Polynesia and China. Occasional in grasslands; NS 5639 Karimala Hills 298

323 RICINUS Linnaeus Ricinus communis L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Shrubs, stem glaucous. Leaves to 40 cm across, peltate, palmately 6-9-lobed, lobes lanceolate, serrate; nerves palmate, strongly reticulate; petiole to 20 cm long; stipule sheathing, large. Flowers in long terminal racemes. Male flowers at the base of the raceme, 7 mm across; sepals 9, ovate; stamens many, free. Female flowers terminal in the racemes, many, sepals similar to male flowers; ovary densely bristly; styles 3, free, bifid. Capsule 12 mm across, 3- valved; seeds oblong, carunculate, mottled with white and brown. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Native of Tropical Africa; now cultivated throughout tropics. Fairly common near settlements; PS Rockpoint SAPIUM Jacqumount Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Falconeria insignis Royle, Ill t.98. f F. malabarica Wight, Ic. t Small trees; branchlets stout, latex milky. Leaves alternate, 18 x 7 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, crenate, serrate, base with 2-sessile glands; nerves to 15 pairs, parallel; petiole to 5 cm long. Flowers monoecious; male and female flowers on separate spikes. Male spike to 25 cm long, stout, glandular; bracts distinct, ovate. Male flowers 5-10 together in each bracts, 1 mm across; sepals orbicular, stamens 2 or 3, free. Female spike shorter; flowers solitary in the bract; stigmas 3, sessile. Capsule 3-celled, subglobose; seeds 3, globose. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala SAUROPUS Blume 1. Leaves to 2.5 x 1.5 cm, obtuse at apex...s. quadrangularis 1. Leaves more than 5 x 2.5 cm, acuminate at apex Fruits cm across...s. saksenianus 2. Fruits 1 cm across... S. androgynus Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr., Bull. Bur. Forest. Philipp. Islands 1: ; FPM ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: Clutia androgyna L., Mant. Pl. 1: Sauropus albicans Blume, Bijdr ; FBI 5: S. indicus Wight, Ic. t f Erect shrubs; branchlets glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, truncate at base, glaucous below, glabrous; nerves 4-6 pairs, prominent below; petiole 2 mm long, slender; stipules lanceolate, 3 mm long. Female flowers solitary, axillary; pedicel 1 cm long. Capsule 1 cm across, violet, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Indo-Malaya. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Orukomban Sauropus quadrangularis (Willd.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 32: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: ; FTSR Phyllanthus quadrangularis Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: Glabrous shrubs. Leaves ovate-obtuse, emarginate at apex, glaucous below, black when dried; nerves 5 pairs, prominent; petiole 2 mm long; stipules cordate at base. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedicelled. Male flowers 3 mm across; sepals ovate, acute; stamens 3, anthers sessile on erect staminal column. Female sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, emarginate, united by the disk; styles 3, 2-fid at apex. Capsule 1.2 cm across, smooth, glabrous. 299

324 Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. India, China and Indo-China. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Kannimara; Padippara Sauropus saksenianus Manilal et al., J. Indian Bot. Soc. 64: ; Chakrab. & Gangop., JETB 20: ; FTSR Shrubs to 2 m tall. Leaves shortly petiolate, ovate or oblong lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, base obtuse or rounded, glabrous, glaucous below, to 13 x 4.5 cm; lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, slender; stipules lanceolate, 5 mm long. Flowers solitary. Perianth lobes oblong, unequal, alternate long, obovoid, larger lobe 3 mm long; smaller ones 2 mm long. Fruits depressed obovoid, creamy white, to 2.2 x 2.5 cm; pericarp 5 mm thick; seeds 6, trigonous, smooth, 8-10 x 5 mm; fruit pedicels 1.5 cm long, perianth scarcely enlarged. Fl. & Fr. March-October Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara SEBASTIANA Sprengel Sebastiana chamaelea (L.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Tragia chamaelea L., Sp. Pl Erect herbs with milky latex. Leaves to 6 x 0.7 cm, linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, lineolate along the margins, glabrous. Male flowers in short axillary raceme; bracts ovate, carries 1-3 flowers; sepals 4 or 5, ovate, ciliate; stamens 4 or 5, free. Female flowers solitary, axillary; sepals 4 or 5, larger than male flowers, oblong, ciliate; styles 3, recurved, glabrous. Capsule 6 x 6 mm, 3-lobed, cocci with 2 vertical rows of tubercles; seeds 3, oblong. Fl. & Fr. Almost throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Common in rocky areas of deciduous forests; PS Vengoli TRAGIA Linnaeus 1. Leaves cordate at base... T. hispida 1. Leaves not cordate at base...t. involucrata Tragia hispida Willd., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM T. involucrata sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: , p.p. Climbers with stinging hairs. Leaves to 15 x 10 cm, ovate, acuminate, base acute, margin serrate. Spike axillary to l5 cm; female flowers 3 mm across 1 or 2 at base and male above; male tepals 3, 2 mm, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, stamens 3, free; female tepals 6-lobed, hispid; style 3- gonous, stout, stigma 3. Capsule 3-lobed; seed glutinosa, glandular papillose. Fl. & Fr. January-July Distr. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forest; PS Parambikulam Tragia involucrata L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ,p.p.; FPM ; FTSR Leaves ovate or elliptic, caudate-acuminate, base acute or rounded, serrate, hispidulous to 10 x 6.5 cm; lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, basal pair opposite; petiole to 3 cm long. Spikes to 2 cm long; bract of male flowers spathulate; female flowers ebracteate. Capsule 0.6 x 1 cm, hispid. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu 300

325 TREWIA Linnaeus Trewia nudiflora L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Medium trees; bark yellowish-grey, smooth; branchlets glabrous. Leaves opposite, to 18 x 12 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate at apex, cordate at base, nerves 3 from the base; petioles unequal, 3-12 cm long. Male flowers in 15 cm long racemes, appears along with new leaves, 5 mm across, sepals 5, united; stamens many, free. Female flowers axillary, solitary or paired, long-pedicels 4-5 cm long; calyx lobes truncate, tomentose; ovary densely stellate-tomentose; styles 3, connate below, 2 cm long, papillose. Capsule 2 cm across, globose, tomentose; seeds 3, ovoid. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous and river banks; PS Rockpoint BUXACEAE SARCOCOCCA Lindley Sarcococca coriacea (Hook.) Sweet, Hort. Brit ; FTSR Pachysandra coriacea Hook., Exotic Fl. 2: t Scandent shrubs. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, caudate-acuminate, base acute, coriaceous, to 12 x 5 cm; lateral nerves many, joining intramarginally, slender. Racemes to 1.5 cm long, bract ovate, 1.5 mm long; bracteoles 4. Perianth lobes 4, unequal pairs, 1.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala URTICACEAE 1. Leaves 3-7 lobed; stipule foliaceous... Girardinia 1. Leaves not lobed; stipules lanceolate or inconspicuous Plants with stinging hairs Plants without stinging hairs Shrubs or small trees; leaves penninerved...dendrocnide 3. Herbs or sub-shrubs; leaves 3-ribbed at base...laportea 4. Female flowers aggregated on fleshy receptacle Female flowers not aggregated on fleshy receptacle Leaves opposite; receptacle long peduncled...lecanthus 5. Leaves alternate; receptacle sessile or shortly peduncled Male and female flowers on fleshy receptacle...elatostema 6. Male flowers in cymes; female aggregated on receptacle... Procris 7. Leaves opposite or opposite and alternate Leaves alternate Fruiting perianth wingless...pilea 8. Fruiting perianth winged... Pouzolzia 9. Leaf base unequally cordate, three ribbed, entire... Pellionia 9. Leaf base equal, penninerved, dentate, serrate or sub-entire Leaves white tomentose below... Debregeasia 10. Leaves not white tomentose below Flowers in sessile globose clusters...boehmeria 11. Flowers in short cymes... Oreocnide BOEHMERIA N. J. Jacquin Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. in Zoll., Syst. Veg. Ind. Archip. 101, ; FPL ; FTSR B. malabarica Wall., Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 8: ; FBI 5: ; FPM

326 Shrubs; stem pilose. Leaves to 15 x 8 cm, ovate, acuminate, serrulate, base rounded, pubescent below, glabrous above; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs, lowest pairs opposite, rib-like; petiole to 5 cm long. Flowers together, axillary; male flowers 2 mm across; perianth lobes 4, united below, glabrous; stamens 4, free. Female perianth lobes 4 or 5, hispid. Achenes 1.2 x 1 mm, obovoid, glabrous, stigma 2 mm long, persistent. Fl & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist localities of evergreen forests; PS Karimala;19312 Kothala DEBREGEASIA Gaudichaud-Beaupre 1. Leaves orbicular; spikes lateral paniculate...d. wallichiana 1. Leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate; spike lateral cymose...d. longifolia Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd. in DC., Prodr. 16: ; FPL ; FTSR Urtica longifolia Burm. f., Fl. Ind Debregeasia velutina Gaud., Voy. Bonite Bot. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Shrubs; branchlets slender, densely shaggy-pubescent. Leaves to 16 x 5 cm, ovate to oblonglanceolate, acuminate, base acute or obtuse, serrulate, 3-ribbed, midrib with 4 pairs of lateral nerves, nervules reticulate, densely white tomentose below, scabrous above; petiole 3 cm long; stipules linear-lanceolate. Spike 4 mm across; peduncles 5 mm long; bracts and bracteoles ovate, ciliate; male perianth lobes 4, free, 1 mm long, ovate, densely woolly; stamens 4, free. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala Debregeasia wallichiana (Wedd.) Wedd., Monogr. Utric. 464, t ; FBI 5: Missiessya wallichiana Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. 1: Debregeasia ceylanica Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Small trees; branchlets stout. Leaves to 25 cm across, subentire, densely white-tomentose beneath, base rounded, 3-ribbed, secondary nerves 8-11 pairs, curved below the margins, nervules prominent, parallel, regular; petiole to 15 cm long; stipule ovate, bifid above. Spike 6 mm across, globose; peduncled. Female flowers densely packed; perianth tubular, narrowed at apex, 3-5 toothed. Achenes 0.5 mm long, ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Pezha DENDROCNIDE Miquel Dendrocnide sinuata (Blume) Chew, Gard. Bull. s.s. 21: ; FTSR Urtica sinuata Blume, Bijdr Urtica crenulata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Laportea crenulata (Roxb.) Gaud. in Freye., Voy. Bont. Bot ; FBI 5: ; FPM Large shrubs to small trees; branchlets terete, white, covered with soft stinging hairs. Leaves to 20 x 10 cm, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute at either ends, entire or crenate, lateral nerves 9 pairs; petiole to 6 cm long. Inflorescence axillary, peduncled cymes, branches dichotomous, to 20 x 20 cm. Male perianth lobes 4 or 5, ovate, cupular; female perianth lobes 4, ovate, free, pubescent; stamens 4, free; pistillode clavate; ovary 1-celled, ovules solitary; style 4 mm long, puberulus, persistent. Achenes 6 mm, ovoid, white, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala ELATOSTEMA J. R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster 1. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, base slightly oblique...e. acuminatum 1. Leaves asymmetrically elliptic, base very oblique Branchlets glabrous; leaves to 15 x 5 cm...e. Lineolatum var. lineolatum 302

327 2. Branchlets yellowish tomentose; leaves to 7 x 1.5 cm... E. lineolatum var. falcigera Elatostema acuminatum (Poir.) Brongn. in Duper., Voy. Bot ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Procris acuminata Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 5: Glabrous herbs with elongated stem. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, base rounded, slightly oblique, coarsely crenate-toothed, to 15 x 3 cm; lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, slender, archingly joining along margin. Receptacle sessile, solitary; bracts obovate-obtuse; bracteoles linear. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Elatostema lineolatum Wight, Ic. t , var. lineolatum; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Subshrubs; branches scandent, pilose. Leaves to 7 x 2.5 cm, linear, acuminate at apex, gibbous at one side, crenate, 3-ribbed from base, sessile, shortly hispid; lateral nerves 4 pairs from the midrib; cystolith scattered. Receptacle cm across, 2-3 together, axillary. Male flowers pedicellate; bracteoles 3 mm long, oblanceolate; perianth lobes 4, 1.5 x 1 mm, hairy at apex, red-glandular; stamens 4, anthers deeply cleft at base. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Occasional along the sides of streams in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara Elatostema lineolatum Wight var. falcigera Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Perennial herbs, branchlets yellowish tomentose. Leaves unequally elliptic, to 7 x 1.5 cm caudate acuminate, base oblique, variously crenate, cystolith scarce. Receptacle solitary or few together, sessile. Achenes ribbed, ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in the moist localities of evergreen forests; PS Pooppara GIRARDINIA Gaudichaud-Beaupre Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis, Kew Bull. 36: ; FPL ; FTSR Urtica diversifolia Link, Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 2: Girardinia heterophylla Decne. in Jacq., Voy. 4: 151. t ; FBI 5: incl. var. palmata. G. leschenaultiana Decne. in Jacq., Voy. 4: ; FPM G. zeylanica Decne. in Jacq., Voy. 4: ; FPM G. heterophylla Decne. var. zeylanica (Decne.) Hook.f., FBI 5: Erect shrubs with sharp stinging hairs and prickles. Leaves alternate, to 18 x 22 cm, deeply palmately lobed, irregularly dentate, densely pubescent below; petiole to 12 cm long, prickly; stipule 15 x 6 mm, connate, lanceolate. Spikes simple or branched of 6 x 6 cm, curved. Female perianth lobes 2, opposite, 2 x 2 mm, keeled, bristled, male perianth lobes 4 or 5, free, valvate; stamens 4 or 5; ovary 1-celled, ovule solitary; stigma penicillate, papillose, 10 mm long. Achenes 2.5 x 2.5 mm, biconvex, orbicular, yellow, smooth. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Tropical Asia. Fairly common in the openings of evergreen forests; PS Kothala LAPORTEA Gaudichaud-Beaupre 1. Inflorescence paniculate; pedicels broadly winged...l. bulbifera 1. Flowers in interrupted clusters in long spike; pedicel wingless... L. interrupta 303

328 Laportea bulbifera (Sieb. & Zucc.) Wedd., Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 9: Urtica bulbifera Sieb. & Zucc., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Koenigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen 4: Laportea terminalis Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Prickly herbs. Leaves x 5-8 cm, ovate, acute at apex, cordate at base, serrate, densely bristled above; nerves to 4 pairs, reticulate; petiole to 8 cm long. Cymes terminal to 10 cm across; pedicels flattened. Achenes 2 mm across, compressed, obovoid, black. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pooppara Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew, Gard. Bull. s.s. 21: ; FPL ; FTSR Urtica interrupta L., Sp. Pl Fleurya interrupta (L.) Gaudich., Voy. Uranie 12: 497. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Herbs with stinging hairs. Leaves 9-15 x 7-10 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, coarsely serrulate; nerves 6 pairs, reticulate; petiole 6 cm long. Spikes to 22 cm long, interrupted, axillary; erect or horizontal. Female perianth lobes 1 mm long, ovate, hispid, keeled; ovary compressed; style 1 mm long; ovary compressed; male perianth lobes 4, 1 mm long, curved, hirtus; stamens 4. Achenes 1.5 x 1 mm, ovate, acute, rugose at margins. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Paleotropics. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Orukomban LECANTHUS Weddell Lecanthus peduncularis (Wall. ex Royle) Wedd. in DC., Prodr. 16: ; FPL ; FTSR Procris peduncularis Wall. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. t.83. f Lecanthus wightii Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4, 1: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Fleshy herbs, sometimes rooting at nodes. Leaves in unequal pairs, 4 x 1.5 cm and 1 x 0.5 cm, ovate, base oblique, serrate, membranous, pilose; petiole to 1 cm, slender. Receptacle to 1 cm across; peduncles to 1.5 cm; female flowers-perianth of 3 unequal lobes, one hooded, to 2 mm and the rest small, flat. Achenes oblong, red, flat. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Paleotropics. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Karimala OREOCNIDE Miquel Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaud.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Villebrunea integrifolia Gaud., Voy. Bonite Bot. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Small trees. Leaves to 17 x 6 cm, oblong-oblanceolate, entire, acuminate, base acute; nerves 4-6 pairs, lowest pairs basal, punctate, glabrous; stipule 1 cm long, lanceolate. Flowers in axillary fascicles; male perianth 1.5 mm long, 4-lobed, united below; female perianth 2 mm long, tubular, narrowed above, toothed; stamens 3-5; pistillode obovate; ovary adnate to perianth tube, 1-celled, ovule basal; style absent; stigma discoid, fimbriate. Achenes adnate to the perianth, embraced by fleshy bracteoles, to 4 mm across. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Karimala; 19435, Pooppara PELLIONIA Gaudichaud-Beaupre Pellionia heyneana Wedd., Monogr. Urtic t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Herbs; stem arched, angled, densely lineolate. Leaves distichous, lamina to 20 x 6 cm, falcate-elliptic, inequilateral, acuminate, acute at base, 3-ribbed; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers in axillary peduncled cymes; peduncles to 15 cm long. Male flowers pedicelled, perianth reddish, lobes 4, equal, 2 mm long, oblong; stamens 4, free. Female flowers pedicelled, in short lateral 304

329 congested cymes; peduncle to 1.5 cm long; perianth reddish, lobes 5, unequal, oblong to 1.5 mm long. Achenes 0.6 x 0.5 mm, obovate, acute, biconvex, tubercled. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara PILEA Lindley 1. Flowers obovate lanceolate, more the 1.5 cm long...p. melastomoides 1. Leaves elliptic obovate, less than 1 cm long...p. microphylla Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Urtica melastomoides Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 4: Pilea trinervia (Roxb.) Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Urtica trinervia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Dioecious glabrous herbs. Leaves to 19 x 9 cm, ovate, acuminate, rounded at base, serrate, 3- ribbed, nervules parallel, pubescent along nervules below; lineoles crowded; petiole unequal in opposite pairs, to 10 cm long. Male panicle 10 cm across, axillary; flowers sessile, 4 mm across; perianth lobes 4, ovate, acute; stamens 4. Female panicle 2 cm across, shortly peduncled. Flowers smaller than male flowers; perianth lobes 1 mm long, stigmas 3-fid. Achenes 1 mm across, biconvex. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm., Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 5: ; FPM Parietaria microphylla L., Syst. Nat. (ed.10): Pilea muscosa (L.) Lindl., Coll. Bot. t ; FBI 5: Herbs. Leaves to 0.4 x 0.2 mm, elliptic-ovate, subsucculent, 1-nerved, base acute, margin entire, apex subacute to obtuse; petiole to 1 mm. Flowers in stalked, umbellate clusters; tepals 4, free, concave, 0.7 mm, obtuse; stamens 4; filaments 0.7 mm; anthers 0.3 mm; ovary ellipsoid, 0.5 mm. Achenes ellipsoid, 1 mm. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. South America; introduced into other tropical countries. Common on the wet rocks in degraded forests; PS Thunakkadavu POUZOLZIA Gaudichaud-Beaupre 1. Flowers in axillary clusters Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes Leaves 3-ribbed from base; flowers 4-merous... P. zeylanica 2. Leaves 5-ribbed from base; flowers 5-merous... P. auriculata 3. Racemes axillary...p. meeboldii 3. Racemes terminal Leaves glabrous...p. wightii var. caudata 4. Leaves variously hairy Leaves scabrid... P. wightii var. scabra 5. Leaves hispid or pubescent Leaf apex acute... P. wightii var. nilghirensis 6. Leaf apex acuminate... P. wightii var. wightii Pouzolzia auriculata Wight, Ic. tt. 1980, ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Erect herbs; stem adpressed scabrous. Leaves alternate, to 5 x 2 cm, lanceolate, acute at base and apex; midrib with 2 pairs of lateral nerves, densely pilose below; petiole to 1.5 cm long; 305

330 stipule 7-10 mm long, lanceolate with filiform tip. Cymes dense, sessile. Male and female flowers together; bracteoles filiform; male perianth lobes 1.5 mm long, oblanceolate, hispid above; filament 2 mm long, glabrous. Female flowers sessile; perianth tube 2-toothed at apex, pubescent; ovary 2-winged; stigma 3-4 mm long. Achenes 1.5 x 1 mm, ovoid, polished. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in moist localities of deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi; NS Vengoli Pouzolzia meeboldii W. W. Smith & Ramaswami, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Erect shrubs; stem glaucous. Leaves ternate, to 18 x 4 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, base rounded or cordate, sessile; intercostae parallel. Racemes to 12 cm long, axillary. Flowers 3-5 together; bracts 6 x 3 mm, ovate. Male flowers 2 mm across, truncate at apex; perianth lobes 4, transversally plicate. Female flowers smaller; perianth lobe 0.5 mm long, ciliate at apex, stigma 2 mm long. Achenes 1 mm long, ridged, brown. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Pouzolzia wightii Bennet var. caudata (Bennet) Fischer in Gamble, FPM ; FPL P. caudata Bennet Pl. Jav. Rar ; FBI 5: P. courtallensis Wight, Ic. t Glabrous herbs. Leaves to 14 x 4 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, base acute, sessile or sub sessile. Spike slender, paniculate, axillary and terminal, bracts to 5 x 3 mm, ovate. Male flowers hemispherical. Achenes 2 winged. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Pouzolzia wightii Bennet var. nilghirensis (Wight) Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM P. nilghirensis Wight, Ic. t Memoralis neilgherrensis (Wight) Wedd., Monogr. Urtic Subshrubs, branchlets and leaves pubescent. Leaves to 5 x 3 cm, broadly ovate, lanceolate, apex acute, base truncate to cordate, pubescent below, reduced to bracts towards the apex, subsessile. Flowers in axillary clusters, transferred to terminal spikes; male flowers-tepals 4, incurved at the middle, 2.5 mm, obovate, mucronate, pilose above; stamens 5, filaments 2 mm, anthers oblong. Fl. December-March Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in the margins of grasslands; PS Karimala Pouzolzia wightii Bennet, Pl. Jav. Rar , var. scabra (Wight) Fischer in Gamble, FPM Pouzolzia scabra Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: Scabrous herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled, to 10 x 2.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acute, base rounded. Spike terminal and axillary, pedunculate, bracts to 6 x 3 mm, ovate, acuminate base cordate. Male flowers ovate, perianth lobes 4, to 3mm. Achenes winged. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Endemic to South India. Occasional along the margins of grasslands; PS Karimala Pouzolzia wightii Bennet, Pl. Jav. Rar. 1: , var. wightii Wight, Ic. t f ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Herbs; stem pilose. Leaves to 6.5 x 2.5 cm, ovate to elliptic, acuminate, 3-ribbed, hispid; stipule 8 x 6 mm, ovate. Spike to 35 cm long, terminal; bracts 12 x 8 mm, ovate, cordate at base. 306

331 Flowers 3-6 together in the axils of bracts. Male and female flowers mixed. Male flowers hemispherical, truncate above, shortly pedicelled; perianth lobes 4, 2.5 mm long, ciliate; filaments puberulus. Female flowers sessile; perianth tube striate, hispid. Achenes 1.5 x 1 mm, ovoid, wingless. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in opening of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Bennet, Pl. Jav. Rar. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Parietaria zeylanica L., Sp. Pl Parietaria indica L., Mant. Pl. 1: Pouzolzia indica (L.) Gaud., Voy. Uranie 12: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Slender procumbent herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, to 5 x 2.5 cm, ovate or elliptic, acute to acuminate, base rounded, entire, membranous; lateral nerves 3 or 4 pairs, basal pairs opposite; petiole to 2 cm. Flowers in axillary clusters; bracts 2, concave, scarious. Tepals 4, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5 mm long, sparsely villous. Achenes 2-winged. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Tropical Asia. Common in deciduous forests; PS Kannimara; Peruvaripallam PROCRIS Commerson ex Jussieu Procris crenata Robins., Philipp. J. Sci. 5: ; FTSR P. wightiana Wall. ex Wedd., Monogr. Urtic ; FPM P. laevigata sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: , non Blume Succulent herbs, usually epiphytic, stem erect or scandent. Leaves to 8 x 2.5 cm, ellipticlanceolate, crenate, penninerved, cystolith linear; petiole 3 mm long; lower part of the stem with small orbicular nanophylls. Flowers in axils of leaf scars; male flowers in small cymes; female flowers in peduncled receptacle; male perianth lobes 5, free, fleshy; female perianth lobes 3-5, free, fleshy, cucullate; stamens 5; ovary 1-celled, ovoid; ovule 1, basal; stigma sessile, globose. Achenes 1 mm long, ovoid, apiculate, rugose. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Karimala ULMACEAE 1. Flowers fascicled in axils of leafscars; fruit winged... Holoptelea 1. Flower s in axillary cymes; fruit not winged Leaves entire, base rounded...celtis 2. Leaves serrulate, base obliquely cordate... Trema CELTIS Linnaeus Celtis philippensis Blanco var. wightii (Planch.) Soep. in Steenis, Fl. Males. ser. 1. 8: ; FTSR C. wightii Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 3, 10: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Trees; bark grey, white with black streaks inside; branchlets lenticellate, pubescent. Leaves to 9 x 5 cm, ovate, long-acuminate, entire, base rounded, coriaceous, pubescent along the nerves, reddish brown below when dry, petiole 7-15 mm long. Cymes 3 x 2 cm, axillary, usually on new shoots. Flowers few to many; sepals 2 x 1 mm, ovate, ciliate; disk villous; ovary ovoid, style 8 mm long, pubescent; male sepals same as female sepals; stamens 5, free. Drupes 7 x 5 mm, ovoid, smooth. Fl. & Fr. April-July 307

332 Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia and Tropical Africa. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Karimala HOLOPTELEA Planchon Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 3, 10: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Ulmus integrifolius Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Deciduous polygamous trees. Leaves to 10 x 6 cm, ovate, entire, abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded or subcordate at base, punctate below, nerves 9 pairs; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers appear before leaves, in axillary congested 12 mm long cymes, monoecious or bisexual; sepals 4 or 5, free, 2 mm long, oblong, hispid; stamens 5, free; anthers pubescent. Female flowers with longer pedicels; ovary compressed, long-stipitate, 2-winged; 1-celled; ovule 1, style 2-fid. Fruit 3 cm across, samaroid, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi TREMA Loureiro Trema orientalis (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Celtis orientalis L., Sp. Pl Small dioecious trees; branchlets scabrous to adpressed pubescent. Leaves to 15 x 5 cm, alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrulate, cordate at base, 3-5-ribbed from base, tomentose below, scabrous above; lateral nerves 5 or 6 pairs; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers in axillary fascicles or cymes. Male flowers usually sessile; sepals 4 or 5, equal, 2 mm long, curved; stamens 5. Female flowers in cymes; sepals unequal, ciliate; ovary ovate, 1-celled, style 2-fid, curved, stigmas plumose. Fruit a drupe, 3 mm across, globose. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. Fairly common in secondary forests; PS Karimthalappara; Parambikulam MORACEAE 1. Herbs; female flowers aggregated in fleshy receptacle...dorstenia 1. Trees, stranglers or woody climbers Flowers enclosed in syconia... Ficus 2. Flowers not enclosed in syconia Male flowers on globose or oblong beads; fruits sorosis... Artocarpus 3. Male flowers on disciform receptacle or cylindrical spike; fruit otherwise Female flowers solitary... Antiaris 4. Female flowers on globose heads... Broussonetia ANTIARIS Leschenault Antiaris toxicaria Lesch., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 478,t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR A. innoxia Blume, Rumphia 1: 172,t A. saccidora Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: Lofty deciduous trees with large buttresses, exudation sticky; bark greyish white, smooth pale white inside, strongly fibrous. Leaves bifarious, to 15 x 5 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtusely acuminate, base rounded or cordate, entire or distantly crenulate, subsessile; lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, coarsely reticulate below. Male flowers 3-5, crowded on an axillary peduncled 1.5 cm broad receptacle surrounded by imbricating bracts; sepals 3 or 4, oblanceolate to spathulate; 308

333 stamens 3-8. Female flowers solitary in an involucre of few connate bracts; sepals absent; ovary 1-celled, uni-ovulate. Drupes x 1-2 cm, pyriform or obovoid, fleshy, scarlet. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Paleotropics. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban ARTOCARPUS J. R. Forster & J. G. A. Forster 1. Fruit smooth, to 5 cm long... A. gomezianus ssp. zeylanicus 1. Fruit echinate, more than 10 cm long Male spike more than 10 cm long; leaves below and young shoots hirsute... A. hirsuta 2. Male spike to 5 cm long; leaves and young shoots glabrous... A. heterophyllus Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul ssp. zeylanicus Jarrett, J. Arnold Arbor. 41: ; FPL ; FTSR A. lakoocha sensu Fischer in Gamble, FPM , non Roxb Medium to large trees, bark brownish black, pinkish inside; twigs grey adpressed tomentose. Leaves to 16 x 8 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, base truncate or subcordate, subscabrous below; lateral nerves 9-15 pairs, regularly arching below the margins, intercostae reticulate; petiole cm long. Male spike globose, 8 mm across, peduncles 1 cm long. Syncarp subglobose, uneven, fleshy, greenish yellow. Fl. & Fr. February-June Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FPL ; FTSR A. integrifolius Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: , non L.f. 1781; FPM Large trees with white sticky sap, bark dark greyish-brown, trunk with warty tubercles; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, obovate or oblong-obovate, acute or obtuse, base cuneate, entire (seedling and coppice leaves often lobed); nerves 6-8 pairs, prominent, nervules reticulate; petioles 1-2 cm long; stipules 3-5 cm long, ovate-lanceolate. Spikes enclosed by spathe-like bracts; male from young branches; female from the trunk and mature branches. Perianth fleshy in fruit. Sorosis to 30 x 25 cm; seeds oblong, smooth. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Widely cultivated in the tropics, origin is probably South India. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimthalappara Artocarpus hirsuta Lam., Encycl. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Very large trees with white sticky latex; bark brownish-black. Leaves to 18 x 12 cm, broadly ovate or elliptic, acuminate, base truncate or rounded, entire, coriaceous; nerves 8-12 pairs, prominent, regularly arched below the margins; nervules parallel; petiole cm long; stipule 3-5 cm long, lanceolate, densely hirsute. Male spikes linear-oblong, to 15 cm long, cylindrical; peduncle to 4 cm long. Syncarp echinate, tomentose, to 12 x 8 cm, yellow when ripe. Fl. & Fr. November-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara BROUSSONETIA Ventenat Broussonetia papyrifera Vent., Table Regne Veg. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPL Small trees. Leaves to 20 x 11 cm, ovate, acuminate, base truncate, serrate, tomentose below, scabrid above, petiole to 10 cm, stipule ca 1.5 cm, ovate acuminate. Male spike axillary, 309

334 cylindric, perianth 4-lobed; stamens 4; female heads to 2.5 cm across, perianth tubular 1 cm; style slender feathery. Achenes pendulous. Malesia, China and Japan; introduced in India Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Malesia, China and Japan, introduced in India. Common along the sides of reservoir; PS Kuriarkutty DORSTENIA Linnaeus Dorstenia indica Wall. ex Wight, Ic.t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Herbs. Leaves alternate, to 9 x 2.5 cm, obovate or oblanceolate, acute, base attenuate or cuneate, membranous, distantly toothed, sparsely hirsute along the nerves beneath; petiole 1 cm long. Receptacle axillary, solitary, discoid, 5-angled, to 1.5 cm across, marginal lobes to 0.5 cm long; peduncles to 2 cm long. Male flowers towards the periphery of the receptacle; perianth connate and adnate with receptacle; stamens 3. Female flowers grouped at the centre; ovary sunken in the tissue of the receptacle; style lateral, stigmas 2. Fruit an achene. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Karimala FICUS Linnaeus 1. Climbers or scandent shrubs Independent or epiphytic trees Branchlets triangular; receptacles in axillary pairs... F. rigida var. bracteata 2. Branchlets terete; receptacles fascicled on the naked branches... F. amplocarpa 3. Figs cauliflorus or on trailing leafless branches Figs not cauliflorus Leaves opposite, hispid pubescent... F. hispida 4. Leaves alternate, glabrous...f. racemosa 5. Receptacle more than two per axil... F. tsjahela 5. Receptacle solitary or paired Receptacle sessile Receptacle peduncled Leaves beneath and branchlets densely tomentose Leaves and branchlets glabrous Fig solitary, more than 1.5 cm across... F. drupacea var. pubescens 8. Fig paired or clustered, to 1 cm across...f. mollis 9. Leaves broadly ovate, cusp more than 4 cm long...f. religiosa 9. Leaves otherwise, cusp to 2 cm long Leaves cordate at base... F. arnottiana (p.p.) 10 Leaves rounded or acute at base Leaves strongly nerved above the base, obtuse at apex...f. microcarpa 11. Leaves without such nerves, acuminate to caudate at apex...f. talbotii 12. Leaf base asymmetric, one side gibbose or rounded other side cuneate Leaf base equal Leaf apex obtuse or acute, minutely glabrous... F. tinctoria ssp. parasitica 13. Leaf apex cuspidate; glabrous on both surface...f. tinctoria ssp. gibbosa var. cuspidifera 14. Upper surface of leaves very glabrous, margin serrate or sub-entire... F. exasperata 14. Upper surface of leaves glabrous or glabrescent, margins entire

335 15. Peduncle to 2 mm long; figs to 6 mm across... F. arnottiana (p.p) 15. Peduncle more than 5 mm long; figs more than 8 mm across Figs with three persistent bracts at base Figs without persistent bracts Leaves to 13 x 6 cm; petiole to 5 cm long Leaves more than 18 x 12 cm; petiole more than 10 cm long Figs reddish; basal bracts glabrous...f. beddomei 18. Figs yellow; basal bracts tomentose...f. dalhousiae 19. Receptacle to 15 mm across; leaf base rounded...f. virens var. wightiana 19. Receptacle to 7 mm across; leaf base subcordate...f. costata 20. Figs solitary, green, more than 2 cm across... F. callosa 20. Figs paired, red, less than 1.5 cm across...f. nervosa Ficus amplocarpa Govindarajalu & Masilamoney, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Pl. Sci.) 91: Pogonotrophe macrocarpa Miq., London J. Bot. 7: Ficus macrocarpa (Miq.) Wight ex King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1: 166, t & in Hook. f., FBI 5: , non Bl., 1825: Gamble, FPM Large climber; stem rounded, rooting; branchlets subglabrous. Leaves to 15 x 10 cm, ovate, cordate but sometimes unequal at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, 3-nerved from base, hispid below; lateral nerves 2 or 3 pairs, minutely hispid; petiole 7 cm long. Receptacle many together on lateral tubercles on old stem, globose, mottled with pink, pubescent; peduncle 1 cm long, bracteolate at the middle. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen and moist deciduous forests; PS Orukomban Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FTSR Urostigma arnottiana Miq., London J. Bot. 6: Small trees; bark grey, reddish inside; branchlets glabrous, slender. Leaves to 17 x 10 cm, ovate, caudately acuminate at apex, acumen 4 cm long, deeply cordate at base; margins sometimes uneven; lateral nerves 10 pairs; intercostae reticulate; petiole 6-10 cm long; stipules 6 mm long, ovate, acuminate. Receptacle 6 mm across; sessile or very shortly peduncled, in axils of leaf scars or axillary, yellowish brown; bracteoles at the base of the fig. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Kuchimudi Ficus beddomei King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1: 26. tt. 24 & 81 M. 1887; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Tall trees; bark smooth, brown; branchlets with prominent stipular scars. Leaves to 18 x 12 cm, ovate, abruptly sharply acuminate, rounded to truncate at base; nerves 15 pairs, parallel, regularly looped below the margins, lowest pairs from base, nervules joined at the middle into a median vain; petiole 6 cm long; stipule 5 cm long, lanceolate, glabrous. Peduncle 1.5 cm long, stout, angled; bracteoles 6 x 3 mm, ovate. Receptacle globose, glabrous, green. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Pooppara; Velayudhankai Ficus callosa Willd., Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Hist. (Berlin) ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Medium trees; bark dark grey, pale white inside; branchlets scabrous. Leaves to 20 x 12 cm, elliptic-oblong, obtusely acute at apex, rounded to cordate at base, minutely scabrous beneath, coriaceous, glossy above; nerves 10 pairs, prominent, regularly arched below the margins; 311

336 petiole 3-7 cm long; stipule 1 cm long, broadly ovate. Receptacle 2.5 cm across, axillary, globose, scabrous, yellow; peduncle 2.5 cm long, slender; bracteoles below the apex. Fl. & Fr. March-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Ficus costata Ait., Hort. Kew. 3: ; Sasidh. & Jomy, Rheedea 9: F. caudiculata Trimen, J. Bot. 23: ; FBI 5: F. mooniana King in Hook.f., FBI 5: Medium trees, rarely epiphytic; branchlets slender, glabrous. Leaves to 13 x 6 cm, ovateoblong, abruptly, sharply acuminate at apex, acumen 1 cm long, subcordate at base, reddish brown when dry, subcoriaceous; lateral nerves pairs, joined below the margin into a narrow intramarginal vain, intercostae reticulate; petiole 3 cm long. Receptacle 8 mm across, smooth, yellowish; peduncle 5 mm long, glabrous; bracteoles 3, at apex of the peduncle. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in rocky areas of deciduous forests; PS Thekkady; Pezha Note: This species was considered endemic to Sri Lanka, recently reported from Thrissur and Periyar Tiger Reserve. Present collection from the sanctuary extends its range of distribution in Kerala. Ficus dalhousiae Miq. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Medium trees, young parts pubescent. Leaves x cm, broadly ovate-oblong, apex acute, base cordate, basally 5-nerved, nerves pairs, subcoriaceous; petiole 4-10 cm, stipules 2 cm. Receptacles in pairs, axillary, 1 x 0.8 cm, obovoid, pubescent; peduncles to 8 mm, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. October-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Ficus drupacea Thunb. var. pubescens (Roth) Corner, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 17: & 21: ; FPL ; FTSR F. mysorensis Heyne ex Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: ; FBI 5: ; FPM F. mysorensis Heyne ex Roth var. pubescens Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Large trees; bark dark brown, branchlets thick, fulvous tomentose. Leaves to 17 x 10 cm, ovate, acute; rounded to subcordate at base; lateral nerves to 17 pairs, parallel, looping below the margins forming an intramarginal vain; lowest pair narrow; petiole 3 cm long; stipule 2 cm long, glabrous towards the apex. Receptacle 2 cm across, paired, densely fulvous pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, yellow; bracteoles 3, ovate, tomentose towards the apex. Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Laos. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam Ficus exasperata Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR F. asperrima Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Small trees; bark thick, greyish brown; branchlets scabrous. Leaves to 20 x 12 cm, ovate to obovate, acute to acuminate at apex, base acute to round, coarsely scabrous; lateral nerves 4 pairs, basal pair opposite, intercostae coarsely reticulate; leaves of saplings and coppice often lobed; petiole 5 cm long. Receptacle solitary, 15 mm across, globose, yellow, deep pink when ripe, coarsely scabrid; peduncle 1 cm long, bracteoles 6 or 7, above the base, ovate. 312

337 Fl & Fr. January-March Distr. East Africa, Arabia, India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in the streams of deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam Ficus hispida L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Small trees; branchlets hollow, cylindrical. Leaves to 18 x 10 cm, ovate-oblong or obovateoblong, abruptly acuminate; base round to subcordate; lateral nerves 5 pairs, lowest pairs opposite, basal; intercostae subparallel; petiole 2 cm long; stipule 1.5 cm long, ovate, acute. Receptacles 2 cm across, many, fascicled, on slender drooping long leafless branches, obovoidglobose, hispid, greenish yellow; peduncles very short or absent Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal Ficus microcarpa L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FPL ; FTSR F. retusa King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1: 50. tt.61 & 84 P.1887, non L. 1767; FBI 5: ; FPM F. retusa var. nitida sensu Hook. f., FBI 5: , non Thunb ; FPM Medium trees with few aerial roots; bark smooth; branchlets angled, glabrous. Leaves 4-10 x 2-4 cm, elliptic to obovate, acute at base, coriaceous; lateral nerves to 11 pairs, lowest pair above the base, rib-like; petiole 1 cm long; stipule 1 cm long, ovate, glabrous. Receptacle 8 mm across, paired, sessile, globose, smooth, yellow; bracteoles 3, ovate, obtuse. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. Indo-Malesia to Pacific Islands and South China. Occasional in moist deciduous forests and grasslands; PS Vengoli; Kariamchola Ficus mollis Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: Ficus tomentosa Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FBI 5: ; FPM Large trees. Leaves to 11 x 6 cm, elliptic-ovate, apex obtuse, base cordate, densely tomentose, beneath with a gland at the base of the midrib, basally 5-nerved, nerves ca. 6 pairs; petiole 3.5 cm, densely fulvous tomentose, later glabrous, stipules 2.5 cm, lanceolate, tomentose. Receptacles in pairs, axillary, sessile, 0.5 cm across, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. December-June Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR F. angustifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Large trees; bark greyish brown to black; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 15 x 7 cm, ovateoblong, obtusely shortly acuminate, rounded at base, coriaceous; lateral nerves to 12 pairs, lower ones opposite, forming an intramarginal vein; petiole 2.5 cm long; stipule 1 cm long, lanceolate. Receptacle 1.5 cm across, paired, axillary, reddish-brown, smooth; peduncle 1 cm long, bracteoles minute at the base of the peduncle. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Occasional in secondary forests; PS Puliyala Ficus racemosa L., Sp. Pl ; FPL ; FTSR F. glomerata Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Small trees without aerial roots; branchlets puberulus, slender. Leaves to 15 x 6 cm, ellipticoblong to lanceolate, acute at apex; acute to rounded at base; lateral nerves 8 pairs, lowest pair from the base, opposite, ribbed; intercostae reticulate; petiole 3 cm long; stipule 15 mm long, 313

338 glabrous. Tubercles branched, drooping, to 20 cm long; receptacles 2 cm across, globose, ashypuberulus; peduncles 7 mm long; bracteoles 3, at the base of the peduncle. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Rare in the riverine areas; PS Kuriarkutty Ficus religiosa L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Urostigma religiosum (L.) Gasp. Ric. Caprifico 82. t. 7. ff Strangles. Leaves to 13 x 11 cm, broadly ovate, caudate, cusp to 8 cm, base truncate, 3- nerved; petiole to 12 cm, stipule to 1.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acute; figs, ca 8 mm across, monoecious, axillary paired; basal bract ca 4 mm, cupular, puberulus, apical bract 3; tepals 4, linear lanceolate; ovary 1 mm, ovoid-oblong. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. East Himalayas; planted and naturalised in India and neighbouring countries. Planted as avenue tree; PS Peruvaripallam Ficus rigida Jack, Malay. Misc. 2: , var. bracteata (Corner) Bennet, Indian J. For. 5: ; FPL F. glaberrima Blume var. bracteata Corner, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 17: (1960). F. travancorica King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1: 28. tt.26 & ; FBI 5: ; FPM Large scandent epiphytic shrubs; branchlets angled, glabrous, stipular scars prominent. Leaves to 20 x 6 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, reddish when dry; lateral nerves pairs, prominent, regularly looping below the margins; lowest pair from the base, rib-like; petiole 3 cm long; stipule 4 cm long, glabrous. Receptacle 8-12 mm across, axillary, paired, globose, glabrous; peduncle 5 mm long; bracteoles 3, ovate, at the apex of the peduncle. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to South India. Common in evergreen forests; PS Thenkudippara, Kariamchola Ficus talbotii King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1: 51. tt.63 & ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Large trees; branchlets glabrous, reddish. Leaves to 10 x 5 cm, ovate, acuminate to shortly caudate, acute to cuneate at base; lateral nerves pairs, regularly looping below the margins, reddish brown when dry; petiole 2 cm long; stipule 6 mm long, ovate, pubescent. Receptacle paired, 6 mm across, obovoid, sessile; bracteoles ovate, obtuse, at base of the fig. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Indo-China. Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Ficus tinctoria Forst. f. ssp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner var. cuspidifera (Miq.) Chithra in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu 2: F. cuspidifera Miq., London J. Bot. 7: ; FBI 5: F. gibbosa Blume var. cuspidifera (Miq.) King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1: 6. t.2a.1887; FPM Epiphytic or independent trees; aerial roots many, interlacing; bark smooth, white; branchlets slender, scabrous. Leaves 6-8 x 3-5 cm, elliptic-ovate or oblanceolate, gibbous to one side, acute at apex and base, scabrous; lateral nerves 3-5 pairs, distinct; petiole 6 mm long; stipule lanceolate, glabrous. Receptacle paired, 7 mm across, orange-yellow, globose, scabrous; peduncle 6 mm long, slender; bracteoles 3, at the base of the peduncle. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. India, China and Sri Lanka. Occasional in all forest types at higher altitudes; PS Karimala 314

339 Ficus tinctoria Forst.f. ssp. parasitica (Koen. ex Willd.) Corner, Gard. Bulll. s.s. 17: ; FPL ; FTSR F. parasitica Koen. ex Willd., Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci Hist. (Berlin) 2: F. gibbosa Blume var. parasitica (Koen. ex Willd.) King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1: t.2, ; FBI 5: ; FPM Large shrubs to small trees. Leaves 6-11 x cm, ovate, acuminate or obtuse at apex, base acute, oblique, coriaceous, scabrid, nerves 4-7 pairs; petiole 1 cm. Receptacles in pairs or in clusters, axillary; peduncles 8 mm, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. April-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in the rocky areas at higher altitudes; PS Kuchimudi; Kuchimudi Ficus tsjahela Burm. f., Fl. Ind ; FBI 5: , "tjakela"; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Large deciduous trees, sometimes epiphytic; bark black, smooth, light pink inside, fibrous; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 18 x 7 cm, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate, rounded at base, shining above, coriaceous; lateral nerves pairs, regular, lowest pair opposite, very oblique, rib-like, nervules coarsely reticulate; petiole to 7 cm long; stipule to 6 cm long, lanceolate, yellowish red. Receptacle 5 mm across, in clusters of 3-6, sessile, globose, yellow; bracteoles 3, glabrous, yellow. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam Ficus virens Ait. var. wightiana (Miq.) Chithra in Henry et al., Fl. Tamil Nadu ser 1, 2: Urostigma wightianum Miq., London J. Bot. 6: F. infectoria Roxb. var. wightiana (Miq.) King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1: 63. t ; FPM F. wightiana (Miq.) ex Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3: ; FBI 5: Medium trees; branchlets glabrous. Leaves to 12 x 6 cm, ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminate at apex, rounded at base; lateral nerves 10 pairs, parallel, indistinct towards the margins, lowest pairs from the base, opposite, erose; petiole 3.5 cm long; stipule to 8 mm long, ovate. Receptacle 14 mm across, white; peduncles 5 mm long; bracteoles 3, at the apex of the peduncle, ovate. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola SALICACEAE SALIX Linnaeus Salix tetrasperma Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Small trees, bark fissured, reddish; young shoots silky pubescent. Leaves to 15 x 3.5 cm, ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, crenate; petiole to 2.5 cm, stipules subulate. Catkin axillary, to 8 cm, silky villous; bracts ovate; female flowers-disc yellow, clasping the pedicel at the base; ovary ovoid, 4-6 ovuled, stigma 2, branched again. Capsule to 4 mm; seeds with long deciduous hairs. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Indo-Malesia and South China. Fairly common in the riverine areas; PS Orukomban BURMANNIACEAE 1. Perianth lobes uniseriate, hairy... Haplothismia 1. Perianth lobes biseriate, glabrous...burmannia 315

340 BURMANNIA Linnaeus 1. Perianth tube winged; flowers violet or purplish-blue...b. coelestis 1. Perianth tube not winged; flowers greyish white...b. championii Burmannia championii Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 5: ; Hajra, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: ; FPL B. dalzieli Rendle, J. Bot. 40: [Figure 9]. Saprophytes to 10 cm, stem simple or branched. Scales to 5 x 2.5 mm, lanceolate, spirally alternating. Cymes terminal, flowers to 7, ca 1 cm long, white, subsessile, bracts 4-5 x 2 mm, triangular, lanceolate, acute, perianth tube trigonous, lobes biseriate, outer lobe lanceolate, x 1.5 mm, inner lobe spathulate or ligulate, acute, 1 x 0.5 mm; stamens 3, opposite to inner perianth lobe; ovary trigonous ellipsoid, style branched at apex, stigma funnel shaped. Fl. & Fr. September-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in evergreen forests; NS 19736, PS Parambikulam Note: In India, this species was first reported from Silent Valley. The present collection from Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary is a new distribution locality. Burmannia coelestis D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; Hajra, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: ; FPL ; FTSR Gonyanthes pusilla Wall. ex Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 18: 537. t. 38. f Burmannia pusilla (Wall. ex Miers.) Thw., Encycl ; FBI 5: B. coelestis var. pusilla (Miers) Trimen, Fl. Ceylon 4: Autophytes, to 30 cm high, stem much reduced. Leaves absent. Flowers regular, on long terminal peduncle, 1-3 together; calyx tube 3-winged, 1 cm long, retuse at apex, bright pink; petals absent; stamens 3, anthers sessile, ovate, erect; ovary winged, ovules many, style 3-lobed. Fruit a winged capsule; seeds numerous, minute, reticulate. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in grasslands; PS Pezha HAPLOTHISMIA Airy Shaw Haplothismia exannulata Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 1952: ; Hajra, Fasc. Fl. Ind. 19: ; Sasidh. & Sujanapal, Rheedea 10: [Figure 10]. Saprophytic herbs, stem 7-15 cm long, slender, simple or branched, muddy brown coloured; roots tuberous, clustered, up to 3.5 cm long, thickened towards the apex; leaves reduced to scales, many, more or less sheathing the stem, distichous, membranous, lower ones smaller and glabrous, ca. 0.5 x 0.4 cm, ovate, upper ones to 1.2 x 0.5 cm, puberulus, spathaceous, membranous; inflorescence pseudo-recemose, puberulus, 2-6 flowered; pedicels cm long, from the axils of upper scales; flowers 1.5 cm long, perianth tube infundibular, base adnate to the ovary, 1 cm across at mouth, free at apex, limbs uniseriate up to 0.7 cm, persistent; stamens 6, opposite to the perianth segments; filaments basally attached to the perianth-hypanthium tube and free at apex, mm long, incurved towards the base of the flower, alternate with teeth like projections and small ciliate structures on either side; anthers 1 mm, pendulous, ovate, basifixed, extrorse; ovary 0.5 cm, inferior, obovate, unilocular; ovules numerous, anatropous, placentae three, parietal; style very short, ca. 2 mm long; stigma trilobed, papillate, 4 mm long, base of the lobes slightly upcurved; fruit a capsule, loculicidal; seeds many, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. October Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in evergreen forests; PS 30387, NS Parambikulam Note: Present collections from the type locality dispels the view on its existence. This narrow endemic species was considered as extinct due to habitat lose. 316

341 Figure 9. Burmannia championii Thw. A. habit; B. perianth tube split open; C. stigma; D. stamen without anther cells; E. cross section of ovary 317

342 Figure 10. Haplothismia exannulata Airy Shaw. a. Habit; b. Scale; c. Single flower; d. Longitudinal section of flower; e. Anther; f. Stigma; g. Cross section of ovary 318

343 ORCHIDACEAE 1. Epiphytic or lithophytic Terrestrial Leaves equitant...oberonia 2. Leaves not equitant Leaves terete Leaves flat Lip spurred... Papilionanthe 4. Lip not spurred...luisia 5. Lip spurred Lip not spurred, sometimes saccate Spur double...diplocentrum 6. Spur single Plants leafless during flowering Plants leafy during flowering Column without foot...taeniophyllum 8. Column with distinct foot bearing lateral sepals...chiloschista 9. Column foot present Column foot absent Inflorescence paniculate, racemes many-flowered... Aerides 10. Inflorescence unbranched, racemes to 4-flowered... Pteroceras 11. Spur longitudinally septate...cleisostoma 11. Spur not longitudinally septate Inflorescence dense, drooping; spur distant from the base of the lip... Rhynchostylis 12. Inflorescence otherwise; spur at the base of the lip Mouth of the spur closed by a horizontal plate...trichoglottis 13. Mouth of the spur open Midlobe of the lip ending in a backwardly pointed knob...xenikophyton 14. Midlob of the lip not ending in a knob Leaf apex 3-toothed, teeth acute... Vanda 15. Leaf apex unequally 2 lobed, lobes rounded Stem elongated to 30 cm long; flowers in leaf opposed corymbs...acampe 16. Stem under 3 cm long; flowers in terminal in axillary racemes Leaves articulated at base; spur conical...smithsonia 17. Leaves not articulated at base; spur saccate...gastrochilus 18. Flowers with a mentum Flowers without a mentum Midlobe of lip with two awns at base... Kingidium 19. Midlobe of the lip not awned Rhizome long; flowers 1-3 terminal...flickingeria 20. Rhizome short; flowers in racemes or in lobed fascicles...dendrobium 21. Column foot present Column foot absent Lip clawed, joined to the foot Lip sessile...eria 23. Scape lateral, racemose or umbellate Scape terminal, flowers panicled...polystachya 24. Flowers to 2 or in racemes... Bulbophyllum 24. Flowers in umbels... Cirrhopetalum 25. Bracts imbricating, convolute, concealing the flower... Pholidota 25. Bracts not imbricating, not concealing the flowers

344 26. Scape terminal; column long, curved... Liparis 26. Scape lateral; column very short Pseudobulb absent Pseudobulb present; ovoid or subglobose Small plants; leaves basal, not keeled...sirhookera 28. Robust plants; leaves equidistant on stem, keeled...cottonia 29. Sepals and petals similar; pinkish brown... Cymbidium 29. Sepals and petals unequal; white...coelogyne 30. Plants leafless; saprophytes...epipogium 30. Plants leafy; autophytes Plants without pseudobulbs or underground rhizome and tubers Plants with pseudobulbs or underground rhizome Stem up to 1 m high; leaves plaited... Corymborkis 32. Stem to 50 cm; leaves not plaited Stem woody...tropidia 33. Stem fleshy Lip spurred; spur exerted beyond the base of the sepals...anoectochilus 34. Lip saccate; spur not exerted beyond the base of the sepals...zeuxine 35. Plants with pseudobulb Plants with underground tubers; rhizome erect or creeping Inflorescence few flowered, lateral, to 10 cm long...acanthephippium 36. Inflorescence many flowered, terminal Racemes cm long; lip spurred...calanthe 37. Racemes to 20 cm long; lip not spurred Midlobe of the lip pectinate; side lobes obscure...seidenfia 38. Midlobe of the lip not pectinate; side lobes will developed... Crepidium 39. Leaf one or two; leafless during flowering Leaves 2-many; leafy during glowering Leaves linear, acute...pachystoma 40. Leaves cordate, orbicular...nervilia 41. Spur absent; lateral sepals connate... Disperis 41. Spur present; lateral sepals free Flowers pink; lip obcordate...brachycorythis 42. Flowers white, cream or greenish; lip otherwise Stigma lobes free; ovary and capsule spreading... Habenaria 43. Stigma lobes confluent; ovary and capsule appressed to flowering axis... Peristylus ACAMPE Lindley 1. Leaf apex with a mucro between the lobes; flowers yellow with reddish brown bands...a. praemorsa 1. Leaf apex without a mucro; flowers yellow...a. ochracea Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr., Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: Saccolabium ochraceum Lindl., Bot. Reg. Misc ; FBI 6: Leaves x 2 cm, oblong, keeled, obliquely bilobulate at apex. Panicles racemose, to 10 x 20 cm long; flowers yellow, 1.5 x 1.5 cm; dorsal sepal 7 x 2 mm, obovate, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals 6 x 1-2 cm, obliquely oblong, acute, 3-veined; petals 7 x 1-2 mm, obovate-oblong or spathulate, 6-veined; lip 4 x 2 mm, triangular, obtuse, papillate, with 5 x 1 mm, cylindrical spur. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Velayudhankai 320

345 Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann, JBNHS 35: ; FPL ; FTSR Epidendrum praemorsum Roxb., Pl. Corom. 34, t Saccolabium praemorsum (Roxb.) Hook. f., FBI 6: Vanda wightiana Lindl. ex Wight, Ic. t Acampe wightiana (Lindl. ex Wight) Lindl., Folia Orch. Acampe ; FPM Saccolabium wightianum (Lindl. ex Wight) Hook.f. Hook. f., FBI 6: Leaves to 20 x 3 cm, linear, thick, coriaceous; midrib impressed above. Corymbs leafopposed, to 6 cm long; flowers 1 cm across. Sepals and petals creamy yellow with reddish-brown transverse bands. Lip creamy white with narrow red streaks; midlobe ovate-obtuse, margins crispate, lateral lobes small, entire, spur short. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Vengoli ACANTHEPHIPPIUM Blume ex Lindley Acanthephippium bicolor Lindl., Bot. Reg. 20: t. 1730; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Pseudobulbs ovoid, 5-14 x 2-5 cm. Leaves 2 or 3, x 6-12 cm, broadly lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers yellow with purplish red, 3.5 cm across, in 2-5-flowered racemes from the top of new pseudobulbs; bracts 3.5 x 3, cymbiform; sepals fused to form gibbous tube; dorsal sepals 3.2 x 1.1 cm, oblong, obtuse; lateral sepals as long as or broader than dorsal sepal, fused with the foot along their inner edges forming the base of the pitcher, obtuse, recurved at apex; petals 3.1 x 1.5 cm, spathulate, obtuse; lip 3-lobed, 1.5 x 2 cm, lateral lobes erect, rounded; midlob recurved, oblong-spathulate, obtuse, disc 3-lamellate. Fl. June-July Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban AERIDES Loureiro Aerides ringens (Lindl.) Fischer, Kew Bull. 1928: & FPM ; FTSR Saccolabium ringens Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch Aerides radicosa A. Rich., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser.2, 15: ; FBI 6: A. linearis Hook.f., FBI 6: Saccolabium rubrum Wight, Ic. t , non Lindley. Leaves x 0.5 cm, linear, keeled, obliquely bilobulate. Flowers white with pink shades, 2 x 1.5 cm, in about 20 cm long, lax racemes; dorsal sepal 8 x 3 mm, oblong-ovate, acute, 5-veined; laterals 5 x 3.5 mm, broadly ovate, acute, 5-veined; petals 6 x 3 mm, oblong, obtuse, 5-veined; lip 6 x 2 mm, ovate, acute, side lobes oblong or orbicular small, midlobe linear-oblong, acute; disc with fleshy callus; spur 6 x 2 mm, cylindrical. Fl. & Fr. June-July Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Kuchimudi ANOECTOCHILUS Blume Anoectochilus elatus Lindl., Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 1: ; FBI 6: 'elatior'; FPM ; FTSR Rhizome creeping. Leaves to 5 x 4 cm, ovate or elliptic, acute, dark maroon with golden netted veins; petiole 1.5 cm long. Flowers white, 2.5 x 1 cm, in about 20 cm long raceme; dorsal sepal ovate, acuminate, 1-veined; lateral sepals obovate-oblong, subacuminate, 1-veined; petals obliquely oblong, acuminate, 1-veined, connate with dorsal sepal; lip 3-lobed, 20 x 20 mm, side lobes 10 x 3 mm, oblong, retuse, curved, mesochile with 5-7 pairs of long fimbriate epichile, bilobed; spur bilobulate with spindle-shaped gland. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pooppara 321

346 BRACHYCORYTHIS Lindley Brachycorythis iantha (Wight) Summerh., Kew Bull. 10: ; FPL Platanthera iantha Wight, Ic. t P. affinis Wight, Ic. t Habenaria galeandra Benth. in Hook. f., FBI 6: Phyllomphax obcordata (D. Don) Schltr., Report 16: ; FPM Unbranched herbs. Leaves x cm, elliptic-oblong, acute, 3-nerved, well spaced. Flowers pink, 1.5 x 1 cm; dorsal sepal 4.5 x 2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; lateral sepals 7 x 2.5 mm, falcate, ovate-oblong, acute, 3-veined; petals 5 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, obliquely acute at apex, 1 or 2-veined; lip 14 x 12 mm, obcordate with a large sinus, sac ovate, obtuse, 2 x 2 mm, biparted. Fl. June-August Distr. India and China. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala BULBOPHYLLUM Du Petit-Thouars 1. Inflorescence racemose... B. neilgherrense 1. Inflorescence umbellate... B. aureum Bulbophyllum aureum (Hook. f.) J.J. Sm., Bull. Buitz. 2, 8: ; FTSR Cirrhopetalum aureum Hook. f., FBI 5: ; Fischer in Gamble, FPM Pseudobulb ovoid, 1.5 x 1 cm, tapering towards apex, ridged, distantly placed on stout rhizomes. Leaves solitary, to 5 x 1.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, base subacuminate to form 1 cm long petiole, apex obtuse-emarginate. Flowers 1 or 2, golden yellow, 3 x 1 cm, in about 4 cm long slender peduncle; bract 4.8 x 1.6 mm, lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; dorsal sepals elliptic, obtuse at apex, 5-veined; lateral sepals oblong, lanceolate, acute, 5-veined; petals ovate, oblong, broad at base, 3-veined; lip ovate-oblong, obtuse, curved, fleshy. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimalagopuram Bulbophyllum neilgherrense Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR B. sterile (Lam.) Suresh in Nicols. et al., Interpr. Hort. Malab Epidendrum sterile Lam., Encycl. 1: Pseudobulb ovoid, ridged, to 3.5 x 2 cm. Leaves solitary, to 16 x 4 cm, oblong, base subacute with 1 cm long petiole, apex acute. Flowers brownish-yellow to brown, 12 x 8 mm, in cm long dense raceme; dorsal sepal 5 x 1.1 mm, ovate, acute-apiculate, 5-veined, hooded; lateral sepals falcately elliptic-acuminate, 5-veined; petals ovate, acute, apiculate, 1-veined, glandular; lip 4 x 1-2 mm, acute, side lobes falcate. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Puliyala CALANTHE R. Brown Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch Centrosis sylvatica Thouars, Aust. Afri. t. 35, Bletia masuca D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal Calanthe masuca (D. Don) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR C. emarginata (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl Robust herbs to 40 cm tall. Leaves to 35 x 15 cm, puberulus, broadly elliptic, acuminate. Flowers pale blue, 3-4 cm across, in large terminal racemes, scape to 40 cm long, tomentose. Sepals oblong, acute, to 2 x 1.2 cm. Petals little smaller than the petals. Lip white with purple shades, spur 4 cm long. Fl. October-November Distr. Widespread from in Africa, Madagascar and Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Kanthalppara 322

347 CHILOSCHISTA Lindley Chiloschista glandulosa Blatt. & McCann, JBNHS Small leafless epiphytes, roots to 2 mm thick. Scape 5 cm long, narrowed to base, thickening upwards, glandular pubescent. Flowers 3 or 4, brownish yellow; bracts 2.5 x 2 mm, ovate, apiculate; dorsal sepal 5 x 2 mm, obovate-oblong, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals 4 x 2.5 mm, oblong, subacute; petals 5 x 3 mm, ovate, acute; lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes 3 x 3, oblong acute; mid lobe 1.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, acute. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in deciduous forests; PS Muthalakkuzhi CIRRHOPETALUM Lindley Cirrhopetalum gamblei Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM C. macraei sensu Wight, Ic. t , non Lindl Bulbophyllum gamblei (Hook. f.) J.J. Smith, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 2, 8: , non Hook. f B. fischeri Seidenf., Dansk Bot. Ark. 29: ; FPL ; FTSR Rhizomes stout, pseudobulbs ovoid. Leaves to 5.5 x 1.5 cm, oblong. Scape slender, to 7.5 cm long, flowers dull maroon, 1.2 cm long, to 8 in umbels. Lateral sepals to 1.2 x 0.25 cm, papillose, dorsal sepal 0.5 cm long. Petals oblong 3 mm long. Lip spathulate, recurved. Fl. & Fr. October-November Distr. South India, Sri Lanka and Laos. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala CLEISOSTOMA Blume Cleisostoma tenuifolium (L.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard 23: ; FTSR Epidendrum tenuifolium L., Sp. Pl Sarcanthus pauciflorus Wight, Ic. t S. peninsularis Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Pendulous epiphytes, cm long. Leaves x 0.5 cm, linear, strongly keeled, acute. Flowers yellow, in 3-6 cm long, leaf-opposed racemes; dorsal sepal 4.5 x 1.2 mm, obovate-oblong, lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; lateral sepals 3 x 1 mm, elliptic, acute, 3-veined; petals 3 x 0.8 mm, falcately-oblong, truncate, 1-veined; lip 2 x 4 mm, 3-lobed, side lobes 1.5 x 1 mm, ovate, apiculate, midlobe, 2 x 1 mm, ovate, with 2 fleshy calli; spur 3 x 1 mm, oblong-ovoid. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. South West India and Thailand. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola COELOGYNE Lindley 1. Pseudobulbs subglobose, corrugated... C. nervosa 1. Pseudobulbs ovoid, not corrugated...c. breviscapa Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl., Fol. Orch. Coelogyne ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Coelogyne angustifolia Wight, Ic. t Pseudobulb ovoid, ridged, 4 x 1 cm, tapering towards apex. Leaves 2 per pseudobulb, x cm, linear, acute. Flowers white, in cm long, 4-6-flowered, raceme from the rhizome; floral bracts 2-3 x 1 cm, lanceolate, acute; dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-veined; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-veined; petals linear, acute, 3-veined; lip 12 x 7-8 mm, 3- lobed, middle ovate. Fl. & Fr. March-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Pezha 323

348 Coelogyne nervosa A. Rich., Ann. Sci. Nat. (ser. 2) 15: ; FPM ; FTSR C. corrugata Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: Pseudobulb, wrinkled. Leaves 2 per pseudobulb, 6-15 x cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute; petiole 2-3 cm long. Flowers white, in 8-12 cm long, 3-4-flowered raceme from the middle of leaves; bracts 12 x 19 mm, ovate, acute; dorsal sepal oblong or elliptic, acute, to apiculate, 9- veined; lateral sepals oblong-elliptic, acute, apiculate, 9-veined; petals elliptic, acute at both ends, 5-veined; lip 24 x 7-15 mm, ovate, acute, trilobed, side lobes, obliquely ovate. Fl. & Fr. June-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala CORYMBORKIS Du Petit-Thouars Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume, Coll. Orch. Arch. Ind Pl ; FPM Hysteria veratrifolia Reinw., Nov. Pl. Ind. Gen.-Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: Corymbis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Reichb. f., Flora 48: ; FBI 6: Terrestrial, monopodial herbs. Leaves to 40 x 8 cm, plaited, elliptic-lanceolate, caudateacuminate, sessile. Panicles axillary, to 12 cm, bracts ovate-lanceolate, to 1 cm; flowers ca 2.5 cm across, white, sepals and petals ca cm, linear-lanceolate, lip unguiculate; column elongate, terete, rostellum bifid, foot absent, pollinia 2, clavate. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India to Samoa. rare in evergreen forests; PS Padikutty COTTONIA Wight Cottonia peduncularis (Lindl.) Reichb. f., Cat. Orch. Schiller ; FPL ; FTSR Vanda peduncularis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch Cottonia macrostachya Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM Epiphytes, cm tall. Leaves few, spiral, closely packed, 8-10 x 1 cm, oblong, keeled, bilobed at apex. Flowers brown, in cm long peduncle; dorsal sepal 9 x 4 mm, obovateoblong, obtuse, 7-veined; lateral sepals 8 x 4.5 mm, obovate-oblong, obtuse, 7-veined; petals 8 x 3 mm, linear-oblong, obliquely truncate, 3-veined; lip 1.2 x 10 mm, subpanduriformis, 2-auricled at base with interposed calli, lateral lobes orbicular, midlobe trifid, lateral lobules orbicular. Fl. March-May Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in deciduous forests; PS Kottayali CREPIDIUM Szlachetko Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach., Syst. Orch Malaxis acuminata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FPL ; FTSR Microstylis wallichii Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI 5: ; FPM Plants without distinct pseudobulbs. Leaves 3-5, to 12 x 5, elliptic, glabrous. Scape to 10 cm long; bracts linear, 6 mm long, deflexed. Flowers 1.2 cm across, greenish-yellow, confined to the upper half of the scape. Lateral sepals ovate, acute, 3 mm long; dorsal oblong acuminate, 4 mm long. Petals linear, obtuse, 4 mm long. Midlobe of the lip 2-lobuled. Fl. & Fr. February-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in wet areas of evergreen forests; NS 5634 Karimala Hills CYMBIDIUM Swartz Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw., Nov. Act. Sc. Upsal. 6: ; FBI 6: p.p.; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Epidendrum aloifolium L., Sp. Pl E. pendulum Roxb., Pl. Corom. 1: 35. t Cymbidium pendulum (Roxb.) Sw. & Lindl., Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 6: ; FPM

349 Robust epiphytes; roots numerous, densely covering the base. Leaves x 1.5 x 2 cm, oblong, obtuse at apex. Flowers in cm long, pendulous, lax slender racemes; sepals similar, 25 x 5 mm, linear-lanceolate, acute, 7-veined; petals 20 x 6 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-veined; lip 17 x 10 mm, trilobed, lateral lobes obliquely oblong, obtuse, less than column; midlobe ovate, acute, disc with 2 fleshy calli at the mouth of the small saccate base. Fl. April-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in deciduous forests; PS Kariamchola; Thoothanppara DENDROBIUM Swartz 1. Stem short reduced to single pseudobulb... D. nanum 1. Stem long with many nodes Inflorescence terminal... D. heyneanum 2. Flowers on leafless nodes Flowers fascicles on short tubercles on nodes Flowers racemose Stem clavate; operculum hairy...d. heterocarpum 4. Stem not clavate; operculum not hairy... D. macrostachyum 5. Stem many branched; lip unlobed...d. herbaceum 5. Stem unbranched; lip 3-lobed...D. ovatum Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl., Bot. Misc ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. ramosissimum Wight, Ic. t Stem cm long, branched, terete, leafless when flowering. Leaves 3-8 cm long, narrowly linear. Flowers white, in 4-6-flowered, cm long, slender racemes; dorsal sepal oblonglanceolate, acute, 3-veined; lateral sepals oblong, subacute, apiculate, falcate, 3-veined; petals subfalcately oblong, apiculate, 1-veined; lip 3 x 2 mm, side lobes ovate-orbicular; midlobe thick, orbicular, obtuse. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS 30139, NS Karimala Dendrobium heterocarpum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL D. aureum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch Stem cm, clavate. Leaves 8-10 x 2 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2 or 3 towards the tip. Flowers white, in short, 2-4 flowered raceme on leafless stem; dorsal sepal 23 x 9 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals obliquely ovate-oblong, lanceolate, subacute, 7-veined; petals obliquely elliptic, apiculate, 7-veined; lip 21 x mm, quadrately ovate, apiculate, hairy within; side lobes ovate, obtuse; midlobe ovate, acute, apiculate, margins, crenulate. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare on trees in the margins of grasslands; PS Kuchimudi Dendrobium heyneanum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Stem cm long. Leaves 8-10 x cm, linear, acute, sessile, sheathed at base. Flowers white, in 8-10 cm long, flowered, slender axillary or terminal racemes; dorsal sepal 9 x 2 mm, oblong-lanceolate; acute, 5-veined; lateral sepals 9 x 2.5 x 3 mm, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals oblanceolate-linear, acute; lip 12.5 x mm, obovate, side lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute; midlobe, ovate, subacute, apiculate, margins dentate. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in deciduous forests; PS Pooppara 325

350 Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl., Gen., Sp. Orch ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Stem pendulous, terete, cm long. Leaves sessile, 6-7 x cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Flowers on short tubercles of leafless nodes; pedicel 2 cm long; dorsal sepal x 3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-veined; lateral sepals obliquely oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-veined; petals 14 x 4 mm, lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; lip 17 x 9-10 mm, quadrate, crenulate, ciliate, apiculate at apex. Fl. April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. March-April. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Kariamchola; NS Thellikkal; PS Kottayali Dendrobium nanum Hook.f., Ic. Pl. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL D. mabelae Gammie, JBNHS 16: Small herbs; pseudobulbs ovoid, covered with basal portion of leaves. Leaves 3 or 4, 3 x 1.2 cm, lanceolate-elliptic. Racemes to 8 cm; flowers 6-8, pinkish white; bracts 0.5 cm, lanceolate; sepals to 8 mm; mentum to 5 mm; lip tri-lobed, narrowed to a short stalk; lateral lobes narrow, shortly pectinate; ovary with pedicels to 1 cm. Fl. & Fr. April-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in the evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Kuchimudi; NS Orukomban Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kranz. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 45: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Epidendrum ovatum L., Sp. Pl. 2: Dendrobium chlorops Lindl., Bot. Reg. Misc ; FBI 5: D. barbatulum Wight, Ic. t , non Lindl Stem cm long; leafless when flowering. Flowers white, in cm long terminal and axillary racemes; dorsal sepal 10 x mm, oblong, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals ellipticoblong, acute, subfalcate, 5-veined; petals 11 x 7.5 mm, obovate, orbicular, 3-veined; lip 13 x mm, obovate; side lobes falcately ovate-orbicular; midlobe obovate, acute; disc with a tuft of green hairs. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in the margins of evergreen forests; PS Pezha DIPLOCENTRUM Lindley 1. Lip oblong, rounded; petals oblong, truncate...d. recurvum 1. Lip lanceolate, truncate; petals ovate, subacute... D. congestum Diplocentrum congestum Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Stem 2-4 cm long. Leaves x 0.4 cm, linear, keeled, bilobed at apex. Flowers pink, in cm long, rarely branched racemes; dorsal sepal x 2 mm, elliptic, bimucronate at apex, 3-veined; lateral sepals broadly obovate, acute, 3-veined; petals 3 x 1.5 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, 3-veined; lip 6 x 3 mm, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 5-veined, with 2 collateral spurs. Fl. April-May Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Diplocentrum recurvum Lindl., Bot. Reg. sub t & Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI 6: ; FPM D. longifolium Wight, Ic. t Stem 6-8 cm long. Leaves linear, x 0.4 cm, keeled, or subterete, obtuse, mucronate. Flowers pink, in branched cm long racemes; dorsal sepal 3 x 1.1 mm, oblanceolate, bimucronate, 3-veined; lateral sepals 4 x 2 mm, falcately oblong, lanceolate, obtuse, 3-veined; 326

351 petals 3 x 1.5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, 3-veined; lip 6.9 x 3 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 7-veined, with 2 collateral spurs; disc with a fleshy ridge, forking at apex. Fl. May-June Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common in deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi DISPERIS Swartz Disperis neilgherrensis Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM D. zeylanica Trimen, J. Bot. 23: ; FBI 6: ; FPL D. monophylla Blatt. ex Fischer in Gamble, FPM Terrestrial herbs with a tuber, stem cm tall. Leaves to 10 x 9 mm, ovate, cordate, acute, sessile. Flowers pale-pink or rose, one or two in terminal raceme. Dorsal sepal and petals connate to form a hood over the column; dorsal sepal 9 x 2 mm, linear-lanceolate, 3-veined; lateral sepals obliquely obovate, obtuse, many-veined; petals 10 x 6 mm, obliquely obovate or elliptic, subacute, 3-veined; lip 5 x 5 mm, anchor shaped, bifid, with two long linear recurved arms with yellow papillae. Fl. May-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola EPIPOGIUM R. Brown Epipogium roseum (D. Don) Lindl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Limodorum roseum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal Epipogium nutans Reichb. f., Bonplandia 5: ; FBI 6: ; FPM 'Epipogum'. Podanthera pallida Wight, Ic. t Saprophytic tuberous herbs, cm tall; tuber 2-3 x 2 cm, ovoid or oblong. Flowers white, speckled with pink spots, racemose; dorsal sepal 9 x 1.4 mm, linear, subacute, obtuse, 3-veined; lateral sepals 10 x 1 mm, linear, subacute, 3-veined; petals 9.5 x 2 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. disc with 2 rows of tubercles; spur 3 x 2 mm, saccate; column 4 x 1.2 mm; ovary 3.5 x 1.2 mm. Fl. April-May Distr. Africa through Asia to Australia and New Guinea. Common in evergreen forests; PS Karimthalappara; NS Pooppara ERIA Lindley 1. Stem reduced to small discoid or globular pseudobulbs Stem elongate, plurinodal pseudobulb...e. pauciflora 2. Inflorescence one-flowered; lip 3-lobed...E. reticosa 2. Inflorescence many flowered; lip unlobed Flowers second... E. dalzellii 3. Flowers not second...e. tiagii Eria dalzellii (Hook.) Lindl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Dendrobium dalzellii Hook. ex Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew. Gard. Misc. 4: D. fimbriatum Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: Pseudobulbs 1.5 cm in diameter. Leaves 3 or 4, 7 x 1 cm, oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronate. Racemes to 10 cm long. Flowers greenish-yellow; sepals subsimilar, lanceolate, acuminate, margins with stalked glands, 3-veined; petals slightly, narrower than sepals; lip 3 x 1 mm, falcate panduriform, minutely papillate; disc with 2 thick yellowish orange ridges. Fl. September-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kothala 327

352 Eria pauciflora Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Stem clavate, 8-10 cm tall. Leaves 2, 4-6 x 1 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Flowers white, in cm long, 2-flowered, terminal raceme; dorsal sepal 7.5 x 2.8 mm, obovate-oblong, acute, 3- veined; lateral sepals 10 x mm, obliquely ovate, acute; petals 8.5 x 2 mm, oblonglanceolate, subacute-obtuse, 3-veined; lip 6.5 x 3.6 mm, quadrate, emarginate at apex; disc with fleshy bilobed calli; midlobe with 3 fleshy ridges. Fl. August-September Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Eria reticosa Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPL ; FTSR E. braccata sensu Fischer in Gamble, FPM , non Lindl. Pseudobulbs discoid, 6-10 mm diameter, reticulated. Leaves 2 per pseudobulb, 2-7 x cm, oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute-apiculate, membranous. Flowers white, tinged with pink, solitary on 2-4 cm long slender scape from the pseudobulb; dorsal sepal x 6-7 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 7-veined; lateral sepals x 6-11 mm, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acute, 7-veined; petals x 6 mm, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, 5-veined; lip x 5-9 mm, elliptic-oblong or ovate, obtuse emarginate at apex; disc with 2 white ridges reaching subapically. Fl. May-October Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pezha Eria tiagii Manilal et al., JETB 5: Pseudobulbs compressed, ca 4 mm, dia. often sheathed. Leaves 2 or 3, to 2.5 x 0.5 cm, oblanceolate, apiculate sessile. Racemes zigzag to 5 cm, terminal, bracts ca 2 mm, acuminate. Flowers white, ca 6 mm, sepals lanceolate ca 5 x 2.5 mm, petals 4 x 2 mm, lanceolate, lip 3 x 1 mm, base clawed; disc with two linear calli at base,distal end crenulate. Fl. & Fr. May-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pezha FLICKINGERIA Hawkes Flickingeria nodosa (Dalz.) Seidenf., Dansk Bot. Ark. 34: ; FTSR Dendrobium nodosum Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: D. macraei Hook. f. in Hook.f., FBI 5: , non Lindl Desmotrichum fimbriatum Fischer in Gamble, FPM , non Blume Ephemerantha macraei sensu Joseph, Orch. Nilgiris , (Lindl.) Hunt & Summerh Tufted epiphytes with creeping root stock and sympodially branched stem, cm long, each branch ends in a fusiform pseudobulb. Leaves one per pseudobulb, 7-10 x 2 cm, oblonglanceolate, obtuse. Flowers white, 1-3 from the tip of a pseudobulb; bracts 1.8 x 2.5 mm, ovate, acuminate, 3-veined; dorsal sepal 10.5 x 3.5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-veined; lateral sepals 10 x 4.5 mm, obliquely oblong-lanceolate, acute, 7-veined; petals 9.5 x 2.5 mm, lanceolate, acute, 3-veined; lip 12 x 6 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes oblong, obtuse; midlobe sub quadrate, recurved, crenulate. Fl. March-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Kottayali; NS Pandaravarai GASTROCHILUS D. Don Gastrochilus flabelliformis (Baltt.&McCann) Sald., Fl. Hassan Dist Saccolabium flabelliformis Blatt. & McCann, JBNHS 35:

353 Leaves to 4.5 x 1 cm, falcate with purple tinges, unequally bilobed at apex. Racemes to 1.5 cm long; flowers ca 5 mm across, sepals ca 1.5 x 1 mm, ovate, petals ca 1 x 0.5 mm, spathulate yellow with red spots, lip 3-lobed, saccate, 3 x 2 mm, side lobes obtuse, midlobe fan shaped, crenate, white; column ca 1 mm dia, winged purple coloured, rostellum bifid, pollinia 2, glandular, 0.1 mm, stipe narrow. Fl. & Fr. October-November Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola HABENARIA Willdenow 1. Petals 2-paritite Petals entire Leaves basal; inflorescence 1 or 2 flowered... H. rariflora 2. Leaves cauline; inflorescence many flowered... H. multicaudata 3. Inflorescence secund or subsecund; bracts cucullate...h. barnesii 3. Inflorescence not secund; bracts not cucullate Sidelobes of lip linear-oblong...h. ovalifolia 4. Sidelobes of lip semi-ovate to recurved, cuneate or fimbriate Ovary long pedicelled; flowers H. longicorniculata 5. Ovary sessile; flowers more than Sidelobes of lip obovate, oblong... H. longicornu 6. Sidelobes of lip ovate, obtuse... H. plantaginea Habenaria barnesii Summerh. ex Fischer in Gamble, FPM ; FTSR Stem to 20 cm high. Leaves to 2.5 x o.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Flowers in secund spikes; bracts 2.5 x 1 cm, cucullate, foliaceous, almost concealing flowers; dorsal sepal 3.5 x 2 mm, ovate, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals 5 x 2.5 mm, falcately ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 5- veined; petals 4 x 1.5 mm, falcately linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 2-veined; lip 10 x 15 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes linear; midlobe oblong, obtuse; spur 1.5 cm long, cylindric, obtuse, shorter than ovary. Fl. August-September Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in wet areas of grasslands; PS Karimala Habenaria longicorniculata Grah., Cat. Bombay Pl ; FPL ; FTSR H. longicalcarata A. Rich., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Ser. 2) 15: 71, t. 3B. 1841; FBI 6: ; Fischer in Gamble, FPM Stem cm high. Leaves clustered towards base of stem, to 15 x 2 cm, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute. Scape to 40 cm long. Flowers white, 2.5 cm across; sepals 1 x 0.6 cm, obliquely ovate; dorsal sepal concave; petals 1 x 0.3 cm, spathulate, obtuse; lip 3-partite, side lobes 1 x 0.6 cm, oblong, subcuneate, oblique at apex, subentire, 1 x 0.6 cm; midlobe linearoblong, little shorter than the side lobes, narrower; spur to 12 cm long, linear, subclavate, to 12 cm long. Fl. July-August Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in wet areas of grasslands; PS Vengoli Habenaria longicornu Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR H. montana A. Rich., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 15: t. 4A Stem cm high. Leaves to 12 x 2.5 cm, clustered towards the middle of the stem, linearoblong, lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Scape to 25 cm tall. Flowers to 8, 2.5 cm across; bracts shorter than the 2.5 cm long ovary; sepals ovate, acute; petals linear-oblong, narrower; lip 3-329

354 partite; side lobes 1.2 x 0.5 cm, cuneate, apex obliquely truncate, fimbriate; midlobe linear, shorter; spur to 10 cm long, apex clavate. Fl. September-October Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Fairly common in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Habenaria multicaudata Sedgw., Rec. Bot. Surv. India 6: ; FPM ; FPL Stem 2-30 cm high. Leaves cauline, 6-20 x 2-5 cm, elliptic-oblong, clustered near the middle of the stem. Flowers greenish-white, in many flowered, 30 cm long racemes; bracts shorter than ovary, sheathing; lateral sepals falcate; petals bilobed, lobes filiform; lip 3-lobed, lobes filiform; lateral lobes arched; midlobe shorted; spur shorter than the ovary, curved, swollen at apex. Fl. August-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Habenaria ovalifolia Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Stem cm high, robust. Leaves x cm, elliptic-oblong, acute, clustered to the middle of the stem. Flowers greenish-white, in cm long, lax raceme, peduncle cm long; bracts x mm, lanceolate, acuminate; dorsal sepal 4 x 5 mm, broadly elliptic, obtuse; lateral sepals 4 x 2.5 mm, obliquely elliptic-oblong, subacute to obtuse, 3-veined; petals 5 x 2.5 mm, obliquely oblong-obtuse; lip, 6 x 11 mm, 3-lobed; lobes unequal, lateral lobes 6 x 1 mm, obliquely oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; spur 16 x 8 mm, cylindrical, subacute. Fl. July-August Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Habenaria plantaginea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI 6: ; Fischer in Gamble, FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Stem 6-20 cm high. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute, adpressed to the ground. Flowers white, lax raceme; dorsal sepal 5 x 4 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse, hooded; lateral sepals 6 x 3.5 mm, obliquely elliptic, obtuse; petals 4 x 2 mm, obliquely elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 1- veined; lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes 6 x 7 mm, ovate, subacute, crenate; midlobe 6 x 2 mm, spathulate, subacute; spur 33 mm long, cylindric, acute. Fl. September-October Distr. India, Burma and Sri Lanka. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Velayudhankai Habenaria rariflora A. Rich., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Ser. 2) 15: 70, t. 2 D. 1841; FBI 6: ; Fischer in Gamble, FPM Stem cm high. Leaves x 0.4 cm, linear, acute. Flowers white, 1 or 2, in 5-10 cm long, terminal raceme; dorsal sepal 6 x 6 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals 7.5 x 3 mm, obliquely elliptic-oblong, subacute; petals 6 x 3 mm, unequally biparted, larger lobe 6 x 3 mm, ovate, acute; smaller lobe 11 x 0.5 mm, linear acute; lip 15 x 3 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes 11 x 0.5 mm, linear, acute, midlobe, 6 x 1 mm, oblong, obtuse; spur 40 x 2 mm, cylindric, obtuse. Fl. July-September Distr. Peninsular India. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala KINGIDIUM P. F. Hunt Kingidium niveum Sathish in Sathish & Manilal, Cat. India Orch. 53. t ; FTSR Leaves to 7 x 2 cm, oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, acute. Flowers white, 2-4, in 3-5 cm long, slender raceme; dorsal sepal 6 x 3.5 mm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals 5 x 4.5, 330

355 ovate, obtuse; petals 4.5 x 3 mm, obovate, obtuse; lip 4.5 x 6.5 mm, 3-lobed; side lobes, 2 x 1.5 mm, obovate, toothed along margins, fleshy, bilobulate, lamellate; midlobe 4 x 6.5 mm, triangular, base with fleshy callus, margins subentire, disc with 2 pairs of unequal antennae. Fl. October-November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola LIPARIS L.C. Richard 1. Leaves linear or linear-oblong; pseudobulbs elongated...l. viridiflora 1. Leaves elliptic; pseudobulbs small Lip obovate-orbicular, 3-lobed... L. elliptica 2. Lip sub-pandurate, emarginate, 2-lobed... L. wrayii Liparis elliptica Wight, Ic. t ; FTSR L. viridiflora sensu Hook.f., FBI 5: , non Lindl. 1830; FPM Pseudobulb 2 x 1.5 cm, ovoid, laterally compressed, 2-leaved. Leaves x cm, linearelliptic, acute; petiole 1 cm long. Flowers white, in about 20 cm long, terminal raceme; dorsal sepal elliptic, obtuse, 1-veined; lateral sepals elliptic-oblong, apiculate, 1-veined; petals linear, subacute; lip 3 x 2 mm, ovate, subacuminate, with an ear like folding subapically. Fl. April-May Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in evergreen forests; NS 5748 Karimala Hills Liparis viridiflora (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FPL ; FTSR Malaxis viridiflora Blume, Bijdr Liparis longipes Lindl. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 31,t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Pseudobulb 8 x 2 cm, tapering towards apex. Leaves 2 per pseudobulb, x 2 cm, linear, acuminate. Flowers creamy, in 20 mm long raceme; dorsal sepal oblong acute, 1-veined; lateral sepals obliquely oblong, obtuse, 1-veined; petals linear, acute, 1-veined; lip 2.5 x 2 mm, oblong, acute, obtuse. Fl. September-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara Liparis wrayii Hook.f., FBI 6: L. indiraii Manilal & Sathish Kumar, Pl. Syst. Evol. 145: Terrestrial herbs, base swollen. Leaves 3 or 4 to 8 x 3 cm, elliptic, acute, sessile, margin undulate. Racemes terminal, bracts 3 mm, deltoid, flowers creamy-yellow, sepals ca 5 x 2 mm, lanceolate, acute, petals to 5 x 1 mm, linear, lip 5 x 3 mm, subpandurate, emarginate, apex shortly pectinate; disc with two calli at base, column ca 3 x 2 mm, covered, foot absent, pollinia ovoid, waxy. Fl. & Fr. June-July Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban LUISIA Gaudichaud-Beaupre 1. Slender pendent herbs; lip apex with two divergent lobes...l. evangelinae 1. Erect tufted herbs; lip apex ovate-acute... L. zeylanica Luisia evangelinae Blatt. & McCann, Rev. Fl. Pres. Bombay 16: ; FTSR L. tenuifolia Blume var. evangelinae (Blatt. & McCann) Sant. & Kapad., Orch. Bombay

356 Stem pendent, to 20 cm long. Leaves 15 x 0.2 cm. Peduncle short, to 1.5 cm long. Flowers 3 cm long. Sepals creamy white, oblong, 1.2 x 0.4 cm. Petals linear, creamy white with purple blotches, 2 x 0.2 cm. Lip pandurate, 2.2 x 1 cm, white with purple blotches. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Luisia zeylanica Lindl., Fol. Orch. Luisia ; FTSR Cymbidium triste Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. t & t C. tenuifolium sensu Wight, Ic. t , non Willd Luisia teretifolia Hook.f., FBI 6: , Gaud. 1826; FPM Stem erect, to 20 cm tall. Leaves to 15 cm long, linear, obtuse. Flowers yellow, in short leafopposed clusters; dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals oblong, obtuse, keeled, 5-veined; petals oblong, acute, 5-veined; lip 6 x 2-4 mm, 3-lobed; side lobes small, obliquely ovate, obtuse; midlobe 4 x 2.5, cordately ovate, obtuse, saccate at base. Fl. March-August Distr. South Asia. Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli NERVILIA Commerson ex Gaudichaud-Beaupre 1. Petiole long; leaves raised above the ground; scape more the 5-flowered... N. aragoana 1. Petiole small; leaves adpressed to the ground; flowers 1-3 on scape Leaves green; scape one flowered...n. crociformis 2. Leaves green with purple blotches; scape two flowered...n. plicata Nervilia aragoana Gaud., Freyc. Voy. Bot. 422, t ; FPM ; FTSR Pogonia carinata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI 6: P. flabelliformis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI 6: Tubers ca. 2 cm across, subglobose, white. Leaf 12 x 8 cm, cordate, broadly ovate, acuminate, with cm long petiole. Scape 20 cm tall, lax-flowered. Flowers greenish; sepals 20 x 4 mm, oblanceolate, acute; petals 20 x 5 mm, similar to sepals; lip 22 x 5 mm, 3-lobed, obovate; lateral lobes oblong, acute; midlobe ovate, acute, crenulate, crimped, incurved, 8 mm long. Fl. April-May Distr. Indo-Malesia, China to Australia and the Pacific. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Nervilia crociformis (Zoll. & Mor.) Seidenf., Dansk. Bot. Ark. 32: Bolborchis crociformis Zoll. & Mor. in Moritzi, Syst. Verg. Pl. Zoll Nervilia crispata (Blume) Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. 45: Pogonia crispata Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1: Nervilia monantha Blatt. & McCann, JBNHS 35: N. prainiana (King & Pantl.) Seidenf., Dansk. Bot. Ark. 32: ; FTSR Pogonia prainiana King & Pantl., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (Pt. 2) 65: Tubers ca. 2 cm across, subglobose. Leaves green, 6-7 x 7 cm, orbicular, cordate, velvety with short greenish white hairs on upper surface. Flowers pink, solitary; scape 10 cm long; sepals and petals similar, 30 x 5 mm, linear-oblanceolate, acute; petals slightly narrower; lip 20 x 15 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes oblong, obtuse; midlobe truncate, crisped; disc with purplish hairs. Fl. May-June Distr. Indo-Malesia, China, New Guinea and Australia. Fairly common in evergreen and deciduous forests; PS Kariamchola; Karimala Nervilia plicata (Andr.) Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. 45: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Arethusa plicata Andr., Bot. Rep. 5. t Cordyla discolor Blume, Bydr Epipactis plicata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Pogonia plicata (Roxb.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI 6: P. discolor (Blume) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1: 332

357 Nervilia discolor (Blume) Schltr. In Engl., Bot. Jahb. 45: Pogonia biflora Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: Nervilia biflora (Wight) Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. 45: ; FPM Tubers 1.5 x 2 cm across, subglobose, white. Leaf green with purple blotches, 7 x 6 cm, sessile, cordate, orbicular, obtuse, hairy, margins wavy. Scape to 16 cm long, 2-flowered; bracts 5 x 2 mm, ovate-lanceolate; sepals and petals brownish, similar, 20 x 4 mm, oblong, lanceolate, acute; lip dark violet, 18 x 10 mm, elliptic, obtuse, margin wavy. Fl. February-March Distr. India to Thailand. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS 19570, Kariamchola OBERONIA Lindley 1. Flowers non-resupinate, opening inwards...o. tenuis 1. Flowers resupinate, opening outwards Leaves not articulated at base Leaves articulated at base Petals toothed... O. brachyphylla 3. Petals entire...o. recurva 4. Scape terete, not winged laterally... O. verticillata 4. Scape flattened or two winged laterally Leaves dull brown, oblong, obtuse... O. santapaui 5. Leaves green or yellowish-green, ensiform Disc of lip saccate... O. sebastiana 6. Disc of lip not saccate... O. mucronata Oberonia brachyphylla Blatt. & McCann, JBNHS 35: ; Ansari & Bal., Orch. Monogr. 4: ; FPL Leaves to 4 x 0.6 cm, oblong-ensiform, acuminate. Scape terete. Spike to 7 cm long. Flowers 2 x 1 mm, greenish-orange yellow, scattered; dorsal sepals ovate, acute; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, subacuminate; petals oblong, obtuse, dentate; lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes ear-like, dentate; midlobe obovate, 2-lobuled; lobules oblong, dentate at apex, sinus without any protuberance; disc obovate-orbicular, concave. Fl. January-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common evergreen and deciduous forests; PS Orukomban; NS Kannimara; PS Kariamchola Oberonia mucronata (D. Don) Ormerod & Seiden. in Seiden., Contrib. Orchid. Fl. Thailand 13: Stelis mucronata D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal Oberonia iridifolia Lindl. var. denticulata (Wight) Hook.f., FBI 5: ; FPM O. denticulata Wight, Ic. t ; Ansari & Bal., Orch. Monogr. 4: ; FPL ; FTSR Leaves to 20 x 2 cm, oblong-ensiform, acute. Scape flattened. Spike to 30 cm long. Flowers brownish yellow, 2.5 x 1 mm, in verticils; bracts 1.3 x 0.8 mm, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate; sepals similar, ovate, acute; petals ovate, acute, denticulate; lip 1.5 x 1.5 mm, quadrate, 3-lobed; lateral lobes oblong, dentate; midlobe 2-lobuled; lobules oblong-ovate, acute, deeply dentate, diverging; disc ovate, indistinct. Fl. November-December Distr. Indo-Malesia to Pacific. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS 19826, NS 19828, PS Kannimara Oberonia recurva Lindl., Bot. Reg. 25, & Fol. Orch. Oberonia ; FBI 5: ; Ansari & Bal., Orch. Monogr. 4: ; FTSR O. lingmalensis Blatt. & McCann, JBNHS 35:

358 Leaves to 2.5 x 0.6 cm, linear-ensiform, acute. Scape terete. Spike to 6 cm long. Flowers 1.5 x 1 mm, orange-yellow, in verticils; dorsal sepal oblong or ovate, obtuse; lateral sepals ovate, acuminate; petals oblong-ovate or oblanceolate, acute; lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes ear-like, curved upwards; midlobe oblong, 2-lobuled; lobules oblong-ligulate, diverging, sinus narrow, without any protuberance; disc obovate, concave. Fl. April-May Distr. India to Thailand and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha Oberonia santapaui Kapad., JBNHS 57: ; Ansari & Bal., Orch. Monogr. 4: ; FPL ; FTSR O. lindleyana Wight, Ic. t , non Brongn. ex Duperr. 1834; FBI 5: ; FPM Leaves to 17 x 2.5 cm, oblong, obtuse, dull brown. Scape flattened. Spike to 19 cm long, thick. Flowers 3 x 1.5 mm, reddish-brown, in verticils; dorsal sepal oblong, obtuse; lateral sepals oblong-ovate, subacute; petals linear, truncate, reflexed; lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes longitudinally elongated, subcrenate; midlobe 2-lobuled; lobules oblong, crenate, converging, sinus broad, with a conical protuberance; disc ovate, crescent-shaped, cushion like band. Fl. November-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pandaravarai; NS Kuchimudi Oberonia sebastiana Shetty & Vivek., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17: ; Ansari & Bal., Orch. Monogr. 4: Leaves to 20 x 1.5 cm, ensiform, acute. Scape flattened. Spike to 30 cm long. Flowers 2.5 x 1 mm, yellow, subverticillate; dorsal sepal oblong, obtuse; lateral sepals ovate, subacute; petals oblong, obtuse; lip semi-orbicular, 3-lobed; lateral lobes oblong-obovate, wing-like; midlobe, 2- lobuled; lobules obovate, cuneate, diverging; disc crescent-shaped, saccate. Fl. October-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Velayudhankai Oberonia tenuis Lindl., Fol. Orch. Oberonia ; FBI 5: Malaxis tenuis (Lindl.) Reichb. f., Walp. Ann. 6: Iridorchis tenuis (Lindl.) Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: Leaves to 6 x 8 cm, sub-falcate, linear-lanceolate, acute. Inflorescence to 12 cm terete, scape to 5 mm, bracts 3 mm, small subulate, gland dotted. Flowers ca 3 mm, brownish-red, sepal ca 1 x 0.5 mm, lanceolate, ovate, acuminate, subequal, gland dotted, petals ca 1 x 0.3 mm, linear, gland dotted, lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes erect, surrounding the column, gland doted, midlobe obscurely 3-lobulate, column short, pollinia 4. Fl. & Fr. May-July Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Oberonia verticillata Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; Ansari & Bal., Orch. Monogr. 4: O. verticillata var. longibracteata Blatt. & McCann, JBNHS 35: O. spiralis Blatt. & McCann, JBNHS 35: , non Griff. 1851, nec. Lindl Leaves to 15 x 1.2 cm, oblong-ensiform, acute. Scape terete; spike to 27 cm long. Flowers orange-yellow, 4.5 x 2 mm, in verticils; dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, obtuse; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, acute; petals oblong or ovate, obtuse; lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes rounded, auricled; midlobe 2-lobuled; lobules orbicular or obovate, serrate, overlapping each other, sinus narrow; disc indistinct. Fl. September-January Distr. Endemic to South India. Occasional in evergreen and moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli 334

359 PACHYSTOMA Blume Pachystoma pubescens Blume, Bijdr ; FTSR Apaturia senilis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch Pachystoma senile (Lindl.) Reichb. f., Bonplandia 3: ; FBI 5: ; FPM ; FPL Terrestrial herbs, with 'V'-shaped tuber, leafless when flowering. Leaves 1 or 2, linear, to 20 x 1.5 cm; scape above ground portion cm long. Flowers 3-8, towards the apex of scape, pink-purple; bracts x 4 mm, ovate, acuminate; sepals pubescent outside, subsimilar, elliptic-oblong, acute, 5-veined; petals 13 x mm, oblanceolate-oblong, obliquely acute, 3-5- veined; lip 11 x 4-8 mm, 3-lobed; side lobes obliquely ovate, obtuse; midlobe 4.5 x 4 mm, oblong, obtuse; disc ridged, base saccate. Fl. January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in grasslands ; PS Karimala PAPILIONANTHE Schlechter Papilionanthe cylindrica (Lindl.) Seidenf., Descr. Epidendr. Koing 1791: ; Aerides cylindricum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FBI ; FPM Papilionanthe subulata auct. non (Willd.) Garay: Pradhan, Indian Orch ; FPL Epiphytes, to 40 cm high; stem woody. Leaves scattered, 6-8 x 0.3 cm, linear, terete, acute. Flowers white, one or two in cm long, short, leaf opposed racemes; dorsal sepal 11 x 8 mm, ovate, obtuse, 5-7-veined; lateral sepals 13 x 8 mm, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 7-veined; petals 11 x 9 mm, ovate, obtuse, 7-veined; lip 15 x 12 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes oblong, obtuse; midlobe tongue-shaped, recurved, obtuse; disc with 2-longitudinal calli. Fl. April-May Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in semi-evergreen forests; PS Karimala PERISTYLUS Blume 1. Side lobes of lip filiform, distinct from the midlob...p. aristatus 1. Side lobes of lip not filiform, similar to the midlob...p. plantagineus Peristylus aristatus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FPM ; FPL Habenaria aristata (Lindl.) Hook. f. in Trimen, Cat. Ceylon Pl ; FBI 6: , non King & Pantl, Leaves 4-7 x 2 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, subacuminate. Flowers white, in cm long, lax spike, peduncle cm long; bracts lanceolate, margins finely erose; dorsal sepal 5 x 1.8 mm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse; lateral sepals 4.1 x 1.8 mm, obliquely ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals 5.5 x mm, oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse; lip 5 x 2 mm, 3-lobed; lobes very unequal; lateral lobes x 0.5 mm, linear, acute, midlobe 2.5 x 0.9 mm, oblong, obtuse; spur 3.2 x 1.5 mm, ellipsoid, acute, with cylindric stalk. Fl. August-September Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Pezha Peristylus plantagineus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FPM ; FTSR Habenaria wightii Trimen, Cat. Pl. Ceylon ; FBI 6: Leaves to 16 x 4.5 cm, oblong or broadly elliptic, acute, glabrous and glossy. Flowers creamy, many, in cm long spikes; bracts 8-10 x 2 mm, linear-lanceolate; sepals pale brown, oblong, obtuse; petals 2.5 x 2 mm, orbicular; lip white, 2 x 2 mm, obscurely 3-lobed, broadly ovate-oblong. Fl. July-August Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in deciduous forests; PS Velayudhankai PHOLIDOTA Lindley ex W. J. Hooker Pholidota imbricata Hook., Exot. Fl. t ; FPM P. pallida Abraham & Vatsala, Intr. Orch , non Lindl. 1836; FPL ; FTSR

360 Epiphytes, to 35 cm long. Pseudobulb 5 x 2 cm, sheathed, ovoid, subtetragonal smooth, crowded. Leaves to 40 x 5.5, solitary, oblanceolate-oblong, acute, coriaceous, shallowly plicate. Flowers creamy orange, in cm long, terminal, pendulous racemes; bracts 6-9 x 5-6 mm, ovate or orbicular, acute, imbricating distichous; dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse, 3-5-veined; lateral sepals ovate, cymbiform, connate at base, acute, 3-5-veined; petals linear, subacute, 1-veined; lip 8 x 8.4 mm; saccate 5-veined; midlobe bifid, lobules rounded. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in deciduous forests and plantations; PS Muthuvarachal POLYSTACHYA W. J. Hooker Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay & H.R. Sweet, Revista Soc. Colomb. Orquideol. 9: ; FTSR Epidendrum concretum Jacq., Enum. Pl. Carib Polystachya purpurea Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM P. wightii Reichb. f. in Walp., Ann. 6: ; Fischer in Gamble, FPM Onychium flavescens Bl., Bijdr P. flavescens (Bl.) J. J. Sm., Fl. Buitenz. 6: 284, f ; FPL Epiphytes, to 15 cm high with globose pseudobulb, 1 x 1 cm. Leaves 6-10 x cm, linearlanceolate, obtuse, 3-4 per pseudobulb. Flowers pinkish-brown, in cm long dense terminal raceme, flowers bearing portion about 2-3 cm long; dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 3-veined; lateral sepals ovate, acute, basally connated and jointed with the column foot, 3-veined; petals linear, obtuse, apiculate, 1-veined; lip 2 x mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes obliquely oblong, acute; midlobe orbicular-ovate, truncate at apex; disc with a longitudinal callus; column short continued into a long foot; pollinia 2, globose. Fl.: July-August Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Karimala PTEROCERAS Hasskarl Pteroceras monsooniae Sasidh. & Sujanapal sp. nov. (in press) [Figure 11]. Epiphytic herbs, stem to 2 cm tall erect, unbranched, Leaves 3(4), distichously alternate, to 4-8 x 1-2 cm, sessile, articulate, linear or elliptic-lanceolate, slightly wider towards the apex, unequally bilobed, lobes rounded; leaf sheath imbricate, glabrous, covering the internodes. Inflorescence racemose, from the axils of older leaf sheath, 2-7, unbranched, at right angles to the stem, 1-3 cm long; peduncle terete, ca. 4 mm diameter, grey, densely covered with soft brown prickles; bracts ca. 6 mm long, persistent, broadly ovate, spinulose at apex, prickly on abaxial side; base 6 mm wide, more or less sheathing the peduncle; flowers 2-4, sessile, spirally alternating (one opens at a time). Sepals and petals free, spreading, sparsely prickly on abaxial side, greyish-white; median sepal ca. 1.8 x 1 cm, laterals adnate to the column foot, ellipticobovate, apex acute; petals ca. 1.4 x 0.8 cm, oblong-obovate, apex rounded, glabrous or slightly muricate on abaxial side. Labellum to 6 mm long, distinctly stalked, stalk ca. 4 mm long, side lobes 4 x 3 mm, embracing the column before anthesis and spreading (open) after anthesis, apical part widened, apex obliquely rounded, midlob small, with a porrect spur. spur sac like, ca. 3 mm across and 2 toothed at mouth, apex rounded with 2 dorsal ridges, lower ridge yellowish ca. 2 mm; rostellum ca. 3, mm deeply bifid 3 mm, clinandrium 3 mm diameter, apiculum 2 mm long. Anther terminal, triangular with a caudate apex, strongly incumbent, dehiscing ventrally, to form 2 flaps; pollinia 2, obovoid, x 1 mm, cleft deeply, L shaped, stipe ca. 2 mm long, narrowed to the base, bilobed at apex, lobes rounded, viscidium obovate, to 1 mm long, broader than the stipe. Ovary ca. 1 cm, terete, twisted to left, faintly 6-ribbed, sparsely echinate. Capsule ellipsoid, to 2.8 x 1.6 cm, 6 ribbed depressed at apex. Fl. & Fr. May-June Distr. Known only from the type locality. Rare in the margins of deciduous forests at higher altitudes; PS 30407, NS Kuchumudi 336

361 Figure 11. Pteroceras monsooniae Sasidharan & Sujanapal. A. habit; B. flower; C. & D. column with lip (dorsal and ventral view); E. flower L.S. (sepals and petals removed); F. column; G. bract; H. sepal; I. petal; J. & K. stipe with viscidium (dorsal and ventral view); L. & M. pollinia 337

362 RHYNCHOSTYLIS Blume Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bl., Bijdr. 286, t ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Epidendrum retusum L., Sp. Pl Epiphytes, to 40 cm tall; stem stout, woody. Leaves to 30 x 2 cm, lorate, obliquely bilobed at apex with a mucro in between, lobules rounded. Flowers violet pink, closely packed in cm long, stout, compact, pendulous axillary raceme; sepals and petals similar; dorsal sepal ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse; lateral sepals 8 x 7 mm, obliquely ovate, subacute; petals 6 x 3 mm, oblong-ovate, obtuse; lip entire, oblong, pink; clawed; claw deflexed, deeply inflexed, cuneiform; disc 2-lobed; spur 5 mm long, laterally compressed, tip emarginate; puberulus inside; column short; foot very short; pollinia 2, globose, with long caudicle. Fl. June-July Distr. India to Philippine Islands. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Sungam SEIDENFIA Szlachetko Seidenfia rheedei (Sw.) Szlach., Syst. Orch Malaxis rheedei Sw., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: ; FTSR Microstylis versicolor Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch ; FPM M. rheedei (Sw.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch p.p.; FBI 5: Malaxis versicolor (Lindl.) Abeywickr., Ceylon J. Sci. Biol. Sci. 2: ; FPL Terrestrial herbs, to 40 cm tall. Leaves x 5-6 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers orange-yellow, turning purplish, 8 x 3.5 mm, in about cm long terminal dense racemes; dorsal sepal linear, obtuse, 3-veined; lateral sepals linear, obtuse, 3-veined; petals lanceolate, obliquely truncate, 1-veined; lip 1.6 x 3 mm, subquadrate, pectinate, 9-10 toothed. Fl. July-September Distr. India to Thailand, China and Sri Lanka. Common in moist localities of evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS 18989, Orukomban; NS Karimala SIRHOOKERA O. Kuntze Sirhookera latifolia (Wight) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl ; FPL ; FTSR Josephia latifolia Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 5: ; FPM Epiphytes with very short stem and vermiform roots. Leaves 9-10 x cm, oblong, acute. Flowers white, in cm long branched racemes; dorsal sepal obovate, obtuse, 3-veined; lateral sepals elliptic-oblong, obtuse, 3-veined; petals oblong, obtuse, 1-veined; lip 4 x 2 mm, 3- lobed; lateral lobes smaller, oblong, obtuse, incurved; midlobe ovate, obtuse or acute. Fl. August-September Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Pezha SMITHSONIA Saldanha 1. Inflorescence longer than leaves; lip sac with tuft of hairs... S. maculata 1. Inflorescence shorter than leaves; lip sac naked within...s. straminea Smithsonia maculata (Dalz.) Sald., JBNHS 71: Micropera maculata Dalz., Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: Saccolabium maculatum (Dalz.) Hook.f., FBI 6: Gastrochilus maculatus (Dalz.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: Leaves 2 or 3, to 10 x 3 cm, oblanceolate, apex unequally bilobed, base sheathed. Racemes lateral; flowers ca 10 x 8 mm, sessile, yellowish with purple bands; bracts ca 2.5 x 2 mm, persistent, broadly ovate, sepals and petals 5-6 x 3.5 mm, obovate, oblong rounded, lip fleshy, 3- lobed, lateral lobes ca 2.5 mm long, midlobe ca 2.5 x 2 mm, obscurely 3-lobed, rounded; spur conical ca 5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. June-July Distr. Endemic to South India. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara; Kariamchola 338

363 Smithsonia straminea Sald., JBNHS 71: & in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FPL ; FTSR Leaves to 4 x 0. 6 cm, oblong, unequally lobed at apex. Racemes to 1.5 cm long; flowers to 5, pale yellow; sepals 3 x 1 mm; dorsal ovate-acute concave, laterals obovate-acute. Lip white, 2.5 x 1 mm; midlobe with short lateral wings; spur purple, 1.5 mm long. Fl. May Distr. Endemic to South India. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha TAENIOPHYLLUM Blume Taeniophyllum scaberulum Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FPM ; Rajesh et al., Rheedea 7: Leafless epiphytic herbs, roots subterete, 5-8 x 0.1 cm. Flowers creamy white, 4 x 2 mm, in cm long, flexuous spikes; bracts 0.9 x 1 mm, ovate, acute, persistent; sepals and petals united into a 6 toothed tube; lobes ovate, acute; lip ovate, acute, tip recurved, base saccate. Fl. February-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal Note: This endangered tiny orchid was recently rediscovered after 140 years from Periyar Tiger Reserve. The present collection from the sanctuary is a new distribution locality. TRICHOGLOTTIS Blume Trichoglottis tenera (Lindl.) Reichb.f., Gard. Chron ; FTSR Oeceoclades tenera Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch Cleisostoma tenerum (Lindl.) Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FPM Scandent epiphytes. Leaves 3 x cm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse. Flowers yellow, in fewflowered, stout raceme; dorsal sepal elliptic, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals oblanceolate, falcate, obtuse, 3-veined; petals smaller than sepals, oblong, obtuse, 5-veined; lip adnate to the base of column, 7 x 7.5 mm, 3-lobed; lateral lobes oblong, lanceolate, obtuse; midlobe ovate, obtuse, 3-lobuled, rounded; spur 3 x 1 mm, cylindrical. Fl. April-May Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare along the margins of evergreen forest at higher altitudes; PS Karimala TROPIDIA Lindley Tropidia angulosa (Lindl) Blume, Coll. Orch. Arch. Ind ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Cnemidia angulosa Lindl., Bot. Reg. t Govindooia nervosa Wight, Ic. t Terrestrial woody herbs, to 30 cm tall; stem sheathed below the leaves. Leaves 2 or 3, towards apex, 10 x 6 cm, elliptic, acute, sessile, membranous. Flowers white, in 8-10 cm long, in many-flowered terminal spike; bracts 21 x 1 mm, linear, 3-veined, spreading; dorsal sepal narrowly oblong, acute; lateral sepals oblong, acute, connate nearly to the apex forming a mentum enclosing the lip; petals oblong, obtuse; lip 20 x 1 mm, obpanduratus, obtuse; spur cylindric; column short; pollinia 2, clavate. Fl. August-September Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Pezha VANDA Jones ex R. Brown 1. Flowers to 5 cm long; petals tessellated...v. tessellata 1. Flowers to 2 cm long; petals not tessellated...v. testacea 339

364 Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex D. Don in Loud., Hort. Brit ; FPM Epidendrum tessellatum Roxb., Pl. Corom. t Vanda roxburghii R.Br., Bot. Reg. 6. t ; FBI 6: Scandent epiphytic shrubs. Leaves 2-ranked, to 15 x 2.2 cm, oblong, recurved conduplicate, 2-lobed at apex, with a central acute tip, base sheathing, coriaceous, closely packed. Racemes axillary; flowers 5 cm across, white outside, inner tessellate with brown spots; petals to 5 cm; lip bluish dotted with purple, 3-lobed, side lobes 7 mm; spur 5 mm, conical; column 5 mm. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. India, Myanmar, China and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in dry deciduous forests; PS Kuchimudi Vanda testacea (Lindl.) Reichb. f., Gard. Chron. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Aerides testacea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch Vanda parviflora Lindley, Edward's Bot. Reg. 30: Misc ; FBI 6: ; FPM Stout herbs. Leaves 9-16 x 1 cm, strap-shaped, keeled, unequally lobed at apex. Flowers pinkish, in cm long, raceme; dorsal sepal obovate-oblong or spathulate, obtuse, 5-veined; lateral sepals elliptic-subacute, 5-veined; petals spathulate, obtuse, 5-veined; lip 10 x 5 mm, 3- lobed; lateral lobes 3 x 1.5 mm, oblong, obliquely lanceolate, obtuse; midlobe 6.5 x 5 mm, obconical, emarginate, margins finely close-dentate, with 2 parallel fleshy ridges; spur cylindrical. Fl. April-May Distr. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Common in deciduous forests and plantations; PS Kannimara; Parambikulam XENIKOPHYTON Garay Xenikophyton smeeanum (Reichb. f.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 23: Saccolabium smeeanum Reichb. f., Gard. Chron. ser 3, 2: Rhynchostylis latifolia Fischer, Kew Bull. 1927: ; FPM Erect epiphytes. Leaves x cm, oblong, apex unequally bilobed, channelled above. Raceme simple or branched to 10 cm long; bracts ca 2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sepal and petal ca 3 x 2 mm, ovate-oblong, obtuse, lip obscurely 3-lobed, arched, base spurred, column short, pollinia 2. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Pandaravarai ZEUXINE Lindley 1. Lobules of lip irregularly toothed... Z. longilabris 1. Lobules of lip not toothed...z. flava Zeuxine flava (Wall ex Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook.f., FBI 6: Etaeria flava Wall. ex Lindl., Wall. Cat A & B, non c, nom nud. Monochilus flavum Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. & Sp. Orch Stem to 36 cm high, rhizome creeping, 5-10 cm long. Leaves 5 x 2 cm, elliptic, acute; petiole 2 cm long, sheathed. Flowers white with orange base, in 5-10 cm long, dense spike; peduncle cm long; bracts 10 x 45 mm, ovate, acuminate; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1- veined; lateral sepals elliptic, obtuse, 3-veined; petals subfalcate, oblong, obtuse, 1-veined; lip 3 x mm; midlobe 2-lobuled, each 1.5 x mm, `T' shaped on spreading, squarish; hypochile saccate, with backwardly curved glands; margins of mesochile incurved. Fl. February-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban 340

365 Zeuxine longilabris (Lindl.) Benth. ex Hook. f., Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Monochilus longilabris Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch Monochilus affine Wight, Ic. t , non Lindl. Stem to 30 cm tall, rhizome creeping, 5-10 cm long. Leaves x cm, ovate or elliptic, acute with sheathing base. Flowers white, in cm long, lax spike; peduncle cm long, hairy; bracts 8 x 3 mm, ovate, acuminate, pubescent outside; dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 3-veined; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, slightly oblique, obtuse, 3-veined; petals subfalcate, oblong, elliptic, acute, 2-veined; lip 12 x mm, saccate at base with, bilobed, backwardly curved glands inside; epichile 8 x 3.5 mm, 2-lobuled, each elliptic-oblong, falcate, with dentate margins. Fl. March-April Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola ZINGIBERACEAE 1. Flowers in racemes or panicles Flowers in spike Inflorescence terminal on leafy stem... Alpina 2. Inflorescence lateral from the rhizome... Elettaria 3. Leaves spirally alternating; strobilus bright red...costus 3. Leaves distichous; strobilus otherwise Bracts pouched, basally connate...curcuma 4. Bracts not as above Spike terminal on leafy stem Spike lateral from the rhizome Ovary unilocular with parietal placentation... Globba 6. Ovary trilocular with axile placentation Inflorescence enclosed by the leaf sheath; flowers few and exerted...boesenbergia 7. Inflorescence not enclosed in the leaf sheath; flowers many with distinct imbricating bracts... Hedychium 8. Anther connective broad crest-like...amomum 8. Anther connective produced into long tail at apex... Zingiber ALPINIA Roxburgh Alpinia smithiae Sabu & Mangaly, Edinb. J. Bot. 48: ; Sabu & Mangaly, Rheedea 2: ; FTSR Leafy stem to 3 m tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base oblique, densely pubescent below and glabrous above, to 60 x 10 cm; ligule to 1 cm long, entire. Panicle to 20 cm long; pedicels cm long, densely pubescent. Bracts towards the apex, 3.5 x 1.2 cm; bracteoles white, larger than the bracts. Corolla white, tube 1 cm long; dorsal lobe 2.5 x 1.5 cm; laterals 2.5 x 1 cm. Lip orange-yellow with dark red veins, x 3.5 cm, orbicular, slightly narrowed towards base; lateral lobes subulate. Anther 1.2 cm long, hairy at back; crest rounded, 4 x 3 mm. Fl. March-April Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Thoothanppara AMOMUM Roxburgh 1. Leaves silvery silky below; inflorescence to 3 flowered... A. hypoleucum 1. Leaves not silvery silky below; inflorescence more than 8 flowered Ligule bifid; ovary and capsule ribbed...a. pterocarpum 2. Ligule entire; ovary and capsule echinate Capsule muricate; calyx lobes strongly cuspidate...a. muricatum 3. Capsule echinate; calyx lobes obtuse... A. cannicarpum 341

366 Amomum cannicarpum (Wight) Benth., Gen. Pl. 3: ; FBI ; FPM ; FTSR Elettaria cannicarpum Wight, Ic. t Leafy stem 2-3 m high, erect, straight, loosely clumped; rootstock horizontal, much branched, reddish outside, light pink inside. Leaves 50 x 8 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, nearly sessile, lower leaves smaller; ligule 1 cm long, orbicular, reddish. Spike 1-few, to 16 cm long, obovoid; peduncles covered with imbricating bracts; basal empty bracts 3.5 cm long, ovate, obtuse, formed into sheath at base, reddish brown; bracteoles 2 cm long, tubular. Flowers one or two in a bract; calyx lobes obtuse; corolla lobes equal, 2 x 1 cm, obtuse, glabrous. Capsule 1.5 cm across, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Fairly common in evergreen and moist deciduous forests PS Parambikulam Amomum hypoleucum Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 6: ; FPM Leafy stem to 2 m tall, rhizome creeping. Leaves petiolate, to 65 x 11 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, silvery pubescent below, ligule short. Inflorescence on creeping runners; peduncle to 7 cm, spike to 5 cm, narrow, to 3 flowered; bracts to 3 x 1 cm, oblong, glabrous; bracteoles longer than bracts; calyx trilobed; corolla white; labellum yellow, lateral stamens reduced, filaments to 8 mm long; anthers to 1 cm, connective prolonged, epigynous glands 2. Capsule globose, to 2 cm diameter, with 7-8 ridges; seeds 5 x 3 mm, ovate, black, aril white. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Amomum muricatum Bedd., Madras J. Sci. ser. 3, 1: ; FPM ; FTSR Leafy stem m high, densely clumped, erect, straight. Leaves 30 x 7 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, sessile, glabrous; ligule 3 mm long, truncate, Spike 2-5-together, cm long, shortly peduncled; floral bracts 3.5 x 1.5 cm, obovate, obtuse, ciliate; yellow with brown lines; bracteoles 2 cm long, lobes obtuse. Flowers densely packed; calyx tube 2.5 cm long, lobes obtuse, cuspidate; corolla tube 2.8 cm long, lobes unequal, to 3 x 1.8 cm, oblong, obtuse, yellow with red lines; anthers 9 mm long, crest, 15 mm broad, auriculate; lip 4 x 3 cm; middle lobes emarginate, yellow, with brown streaks. Capsule cm across, brown. Fl. & Fr. January-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimalagopuram Amomum pterocarpum Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 6: A. microstephanum Baker in Hook. f., FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Leafy stem to 2 m high, clumped, erect; rhizome to 4 cm thick, old ones blue inside. Leaves to 50 x 12 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute at either ends, glabrous, usually clustered towards the apex; petiole 3 cm long; ligule 3 mm long, whitish. Spikes 5-15 cm long, 3-4 together, bracts 6-7 x 4 cm, broadly elliptic, obtuse, pale pink. Flowers solitary in a bract; lip 4 x 3 cm, obovate, white with yellow centre. Capsule 3 cm long, glabrous; wings 3-8 mm broad, entire. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Rare in moist deciduous forests; NS Kuchumudi BOESENBERGIA O. Kuntze Boesenbergia pulcherrima (Wall.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR Gastrochilus pulcherrima Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 22,t ; FBI 6: Leafy stem to cm long. Leaves few, scattered, to 13 x 6 cm, broadly elliptic, acute at both ends, thinly tomentose beneath; petiole to 2 cm long; sheath saccate. Spike to 5 cm long, terminal, one sided; bracts 20 x 8 mm, obovate, obtuse; bracteoles tubular, deeply cleft to the 342

367 base. Flowers solitary in each bracts; calyx tube short, truncate; corolla tube 15 mm long; lobes equal, 10 x 4 mm, oblong; lip 20 x 15 mm, obovate, acute, white with brown spots; lateral staminodes 10 x 5 mm obovate; filaments 2 mm long; anthers parallel, not crested; ovary 3- celled, oblong; ovules few; style filiform. Fruit an oblong capsule. Fl. & Fr. July-November Distr. Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Orukomban COSTUS Linnaeus Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 1: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Banksea speciosa Koenig in Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: Costus nepalensis Rosc., Monandr. Pl. t Leafy stem 1-2 m tall, fleshy; rhizome horizontal, cylindrical. Leaves spiral, to 25 x 6 cm, oblong, acute, sessile, glabrous. Spike strobilioid, terminal, to 10 x 7 cm; bracts 3 cm long, oblong, mucronate, bright red. Flowers solitary in each bract, calyx 2 cm long, tubular; corolla 3- lobed, pinkish-white; lip 5 cm across, orbicular, white with yellow centre, entire; staminal filaments petalloid; anthers parallel. Capsule globose, reddish; seeds few, angled. Fl. & Fr. December-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Vengoli CURCUMA Roxburgh 1. Inflorescence both lateral and terminal Inflorescence either terminal or lateral Pseudostem more than 30 cm tall; rhizome yellow in centre white towards periphery......c. pseudomontana 2. Pseudostem to 15 cm tall; rhizome either yellow or white Inflorescence without a coma; rhizome yellow... C. oligantha var. lutea 3. Inflorescence with a coma; rhizome white...c. nilghirensis 4. Inflorescence terminal Inflorescence lateral Leaves glabrous; rhizome orange coloured...c. vamana 5. Leaves pubescent below at least on tip; rhizome yellow coloured Sessile tubers absent; anther lobes without a spur... C. ecalcarata 6. Sessile tubers many, branched; anther lobes with a spur...c. longa 7. Leaves with a purple patch along the midrib... C. zedoaria 7. Leaves without a purple patch along the midrib Rhizome aromatic; lateral staminodes without a patch of glandular hair...c. aromatica 8. Rhizome not aromatic; lateral staminodes with a patch of glandular hairs at the centre...c. haritha Curcuma aromatica Salisb., Parad. Lond. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; Jose & Sabu, Rheedea 3: C. zedoaria sensu Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11: , non (Christm.) Rosc. Rhizome orange yellow inside. Leaves to 65 x 20 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends; petiole to 30 cm long; ligule membranous, obtuse. Spike x 7 cm; crown purplish blue; bracts 4 x 3 cm, orbicular or obovate, yellowish green, tomentose. Flowers brownish-yellow; calyx 1.5 cm long, lobes obtuse, corolla lobes 1.2 x 0.8 cm, glabrous, brownish; anthers 4 mm long; tail 3.5 mm long, divaricating; lip yellowish, 1.5 x 1.5 cm, shallowly 3-lobed; midlobe emarginate; lateral staminode 1.2 x 1 cm. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. India, Sri Lanka and China. Rare in moist localities of moist deciduous forests; PS Pooppara 343

368 Curcuma ecalcarata Sivar. & Indu Balachandran, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 41: ; Jose & Sabu, Rheedea 3: ; FTSR Rhizome branching, yellow inside. Leaves elliptic oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, to 20 x 8 cm; ligule acute. Spike from the centre of the leaves; lower bracts green, oblong-obtuse; coma yellow or yellowish-white. Calyx truncate at apex, 1 cm long. Corolla about 2 cm long, dorsal lobe, larger, concave, hooded. Staminodes bright yellow. Lip 3-lobed, midlobe larger. Anthers not spurred. Fl. July-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Very common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Vengoli Curcuma haritha Mangaly & Sabu, Rheedea 3: Rhizome pale yellow or white inside, branching with root tubers. Leaves cm long, elliptic, acuminate, pubescent beneath. Spikes lateral, x 4 cm, appearing before the leaves; peduncle ca. 14 cm long; bracts 4 x 2.5 cm, rounded at apex, pubescent, corona purple. Flowers few in each bracts; calyx 1.4 cm long, pubescent, lobes acute; corolla tube 3 cm long, glabrous, lobes 1.5 x 0.9 cm, oblong, obtuse, hairy, pale yellow; lip 2 x 1.7 cm, emarginate, or very obscurely 3-lobed, glabrous; lateral staminodes 2 x 1 cm, oblong, with a patch of glandular hairs at centre; anthers 6 mm long, glandular hairy; spur 3 mm long, acute, curved; ovary pubescent. Fl. & Fr. April-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara Curcuma longa L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; Jose & Sabu, Rheedea 3: ; FTSR Curcuma domestica Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser : Rhizome conical, deep yellow inside, sessile tubers many, shoots to 130 cm tall. Leaves 4-6, to 50 x 15 cm, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at both ends. Inflorescence terminal, to 30 cm, white or greenish, fertile bracts to 30, compactly arranged; flowers to 5 cm; bracteoles 3-2 cm, ovateoblong; calyx truncate, 3-lobed, labellum trilobed, yellow, lateral staminodes linear, style filiform, stigma bilipped; ovary 5 mm. Fl. September Distr. Cultivated throughout the tropics. Cultivated in settlements; PS Vengoli Curcuma neilgherrensis Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; Jose & Sabu, Rheedea 3: C. angustifolia sensu Dalz. & Gibs., Bombay Fl , non Roxb. Rhizome to 3 x 1 cm, conical, white inside, roots ending in fusiform tubers, shoots to 25 cm. Leaves 6-9, to 18 x 8 cm, ovate-elliptic, acute, sparsely pubescent. Inflorescence lateral, to 15 x 5 cm; coma oblong-lanceolate, pink; flowers to 5 cm long, light yellow; labellum 2 cm across, yellow with medium cleft; lateral staminodes longer than corolla, connective prolonged, glandular hairy, style filiform, stigma bilipped; ovary 4 mm. Fl. April-June Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala; NS Pandaravarai Curcuma oligantha Trin. var. lutea (Ansari et al) Bhat, Indian J. For. 10: ; Jose & Sabu, Rheedea 3: C. cannanorensis Ansari et al var. lutea Ansari et al., Curr. Sci. 51: Rhizome yellow inside, conical, shoots to 30 cm. Leaves to 15 x 8 cm, ovate-elliptic, acuminate, glabrous or glabrescent. Inflorescence lateral, to 15 cm; fertile bracts lanceolate, 344

369 pinkish-green; flowers to 5 cm; labellum to 2 x 1.5 cm, shortly 3-lobed, orange yellow; lateral staminodes 2 x 1 cm, tip acute. Fl. May-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Curcuma pseudomontana Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay ; FPM ; FPL ; Mangaly & Sabu, Rheedea 3: ; FTSR C. montana sensu Baker in Hook.f., FBI 6: p.p., non Rosc Rhizome small, roots without tubers. Leaves 3-5, oblong, acuminate, base narrowed, to 28 x 8 cm; petiole and sheath to 18 cm long. Spikes terminal, to 13 cm long; bract ovate-oblong, obtuse, 4 cm long. Coma purple. Flowers exserted, to 3.5 cm long, yellow; calyx tube 1.5 cm long; corolla lobes lanceolate, to 1.2 cm long; staminodes oblong, to 2 cm. Lip broadly ovate, to 3 cm. Fl. July-August Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in the margins of evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola Curcuma vamana Sabu & Mangaly, JETB 10: ; Jose & Sabu, Rheedea 3: ; FTSR C. peethapushpa Sasidh. & Sivar., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 45: Rhizome short, roots fibrous, some of them terminating in tubers. Leaves 3-5, oblongacuminate, glabrous, x 4-8 cm; petiole above sheath 8-12 cm. Spikes terminal, peduncle 4-5 cm, 5-7 bracteate; bracts ovate-orbicular, 2 cm across. Calyx glabrous, tube 3-4 mm long, lobes subequal. Corolla funnel-like, dorsal lobe concave; laterals ovate-oblong. Lateral staminodes spathulate, pale yellow, 5 x 4 mm. Lip yellow, fan-shaped, crenulate along margins, shortly 2- fid apex, pubescent below. Filaments 2 cm long, anther white, basal appendage short and straight. Fruits oblong, 1 cm long; seeds 8-10, smooth, aril white, laciniate. Fl. & Fr. July-October Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; Jose & Sabu, Rheedea 3: ; FTSR Amomum zedoaria Christm. in Chrstm. & Panzer, Linn. Pflanzenf. Syst. 5: Curcuma zerumbet Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11: Rhizome orange yellow inside; tubers ellipsoidal. Leafy stem cm high. Leaves to 35 x 15 cm, elliptic, acute at both ends, deep blue patches along the midrib on both surfaces; petiole obscure; ligule 1 mm wide, membranous; sheath round. Spike lateral, cm long, with a purple corona; peduncle to 10 cm long; bracts 5 x 3.5 cm, obovate, obtusely acute, deep purple at apex, glabrous; crown with acute bracts. Calyx 1.2 cm long, lobes obtuse; corolla lobes apiculate, pale yellow; lip 1.5 x 1.5 cm, orbicular, emarginate. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Cultivated and naturalised in Indo-Malaya. Rare along the margins of vayals in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam ELETTARIA Maton Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Amomum cardamomum L., Sp. Pl. 1: Alpinia cardamomum (L.) Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11: & Pl. Corom. 3: 19. t Rhizome branched, thick. Leafy shoots to 2 m high, tufted. Leaves bifarious, to 60 x 10 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute at either ends. Flowers in prostrate or erect, cm long, panicles; bracts scarius, 3-4 cm long, carrying 2-7 flowers; calyx tubular, 1 cm long, split on 1 side; corolla 345

370 white, lobes unequal, to 2 cm long, oblong; labellum 1 x 0.5 cm, obovate, white with red lines; anther cells parallel, shortly spurred; staminodes short; style filiform, stigma funnel shaped. Capsule ca. 13 x 8 mm, ellipsoid, striate; seeds many, angular, fragrant. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Occasional in evergreen forests at higher altitudes, also cultivated; PS Pooppara GLOBBA Linnaeus 1. Leaves glabrous; bracts persistent... G. marantina 1. Leaves pubescent; bracts deciduous...g. ophioglossa Globba marantina L., Mant. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FTSR G. bulbifera Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11: ; FBI 6: ; FPM G. marantinoides Wight, Ic. t. 6: 15. t Stem to 50 cm high, usually solitary, stem slender. Leaves bifarious, to 20 x 5 cm, oblonglanceolate, acute at apex, sessile, glabrous. Spike terminal, to 10 cm long, often with bulbils towards the base; bracts 1-2 cm long, broadly ovate, greenish. Flowers solitary in each bracts; calyx 5 mm long, funnel shaped, 3-lobed; corolla 14 mm long, lobes short, yellow; lip as long as the corolla, deeply 2-lobed; anthers broadly winged; lateral staminodes oblong; ovary 1-celled; ovules many on 3-parietal placentas; stigma turbinate. Capsule 1 x 6 mm, oblong, glabrous, coarsely rugose. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thellikkal Globba ophioglossa Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Stem to 60 cm tall. Leaves linear or ovate-lanceolate, finely caudate-acuminate, to 18 x 5 cm. Panicles to 8 cm long; oblong, 5 x 2 cm, deciduous. Calyx 4 mm long. Corolla yellow, 1.5 cm long, tube narrow, 8 mm long. Lobes ovate-acute. Lip obovate. Filaments unappendaged. Fl. & Fr. July-September Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Orukomban; NS Kariamchola HEDYCHIUM Koenig 1. Bracts ciliate on margin, sparsely pubescent; stamens longer than the lip...h. flavescens 1. Bracts not ciliate on margin, glabrous; stamens shorter than the lip...h. coronarium Hedychium coronarium Koenig in Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Stem to 1.5 m high, robust, densely clumped; rhizome horizontal. Leaves to 30 x 10 cm, oblong, acuminate, glabrate; ligule 2 cm long, acuminate. Spike 15 x 7 cm, ovoid; bracts 5 x 2 cm, oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Flowers 2-4 in each bracts; calyx 4 cm long, not split, glabrous; corolla tube 9 cm long, narrow, glabrous, lobes 3.5 cm long, slender, glabrous; lip 6 x 6 cm; lobes emarginate, white; anthers 1.5 cm long, filaments shorter than lip. Fl. & Fr. All the season Distr. Widely cultivated and naturalised in the tropics. Occasional in the sides of streams in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Rosc., Monandr. t ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR H. coronarium Koenig var. flavescens Baker in Hook.f., FBI 6: H. subditum Turrill, Kew Bull. 1914:

371 Stem to 1.5 m high, robust, densely clumped. Leaves x 8 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apex, glabrous above; ligule acute, sparsely hairy. Spike 17 x 11 cm, ovoid; bracts 5 x 2.5 cm, closely imbricating. Flowers 2-6 in each bracts; calyx 4.5 cm long, split along one side; corolla tube 8 cm long, narrow, lobes linear oblong; anther curved; lip 6 x 6 cm, lobes emarginate, sulphur yellow; lateral staminodes 5-6 x 2 cm, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. August-September Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in the sides of streams in evergreen forests; PS Pezha ZINGIBER Boehmer apud Ludwig 1. Peduncle less than 5 cm long or sessile Peduncle over 10 cm long Leaves linear, to 30 x 5 cm; outer bract ovate... Z. wightianum 2. Leaves broad, to 40 x 15 cm; bracts linear-oblong...z. cernuum 3. Spike globose or oblong, to 5 cm diameter...z. zerumbet 3. Spikes narrowly cylindric, to 2 cm diameter Leaves glabrous; rhizome fragrant...z. officinale 4. Leaves pubescent; rhizome not fragrant...z. neesanum Zingiber cernuum Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: ; FBI 6: ; FTSR Z. nimmonii Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Leafy stem cm high, erect; rhizome erect and branching, violet inside. Leaves to 30 x 8 cm, elliptic, acuminate, pubescent below, sessile; ligule 7 x 5 mm, ovate. Spikes 2-3, 7-12 cm long, ovoid; floral bracts 5-6 x 1.5 cm, oblong, obtuse, curved, green or white with red lines, glabrous. Flowers densely packed; calyx 2 cm long, lobes truncate, ciliate; corolla tube 5 cm long, white; lobes 3.5 x 1.5 cm, lanceolate, white with red lines; anthers 1.5 cm long; lip 4 x 3 cm, yellow with reddish brown lines, side lobes very short, rounded; ovary densely hairy. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in semi-evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Zingiber neesanum (Graham) Ramam. in Sald. & Nicols., Fl. Hassan Dist ; FTSR Alpinia neesiana Graham, Cat Pl. Bombay Zingiber macrostachyum Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Leafy stem cm high, solitary or 2-4 together, erect, rhizome creeping, yellow inside. Leaves x 3.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, acute at base, sessile; ligule 8 mm long, ovate. Spikes to 25 cm long, enlarging in fruit, terete on erect peduncle of cm long; floral bracts 3 x 1.4 cm, obtuse, reddish. Flowers solitary in each bract; calyx 2 cm long, glabrous; corolla tube 2 cm long, lobes unequal, larger lobe 3.5 x 1.5 cm, elliptic, acute, glabrous; lip 3.5 x 3.5 cm, 3-lobed; lobes obtuse, glabrous, middle lobe emarginate; ovary glabrous. Capsule 3-4 cm long, ellipsoid, smooth, red inside, 3-valved. Fl. & Fr. July-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Kariamchola Zingiber officinale Rosc., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Amomum zingiber L., Sp. Pl. 1: Leafy stem to 60 cm high, rhizome thick, dull yellow. Leaves to 25 x 2 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate. Peduncles to 30 cm long, erect; spike 3-5 x 3 cm, obovoid; bracts 2.5 x 2 cm, obovate, green. Flowers few; calyx 2 cm long; corolla white, tube small; labellum 3 x 2.5 cm, white, obovate. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Cultivated in Tropical countries. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli 347

372 Zingiber wightianum Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Z. squarrosum Wight, Ic. t , Roxb Leafy stem to 1 m tall, rhizome thick, fleshy, white to pale yellow inside. Leaves oblonglanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, to 30 x 6 cm; ligule to 5 mm long. Peduncle to 3 cm long, sheath membranous, deciduous. Spikes to 8 x 5 cm, bracts lanceolate, acuminate, to 5 x 1 cm. Calyx tubular, 2 cm long. Corolla greenish-yellow, 2.5 cm long. Lip obovate, yellow with purplered streaks, 3 cm long; lateral lobes oblong, 1 cm long. Fl. September-October Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common in the rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, Exot. Bot. 2: 105,t ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Amomum zerumbet L., Sp. Pl Leafy stem cm high, rhizome thick, fragrant, yellowish inside. Leaves 30 x 8 cm, oblong, acute at either ends, sessile, pubescent below. Spike to 15 cm long, cylindrical, on erect peduncle cm long, floral bracts 3.5 x 3 cm, obovate, thinly pubescent above, green, changing to red. Flowers white, solitary in each bract; corolla 2-3 cm long; lip 2.5 x 2 cm, white or pale yellow; midlobe orbicular. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thunakkadavu MARANTACEAE 1. Shrubs; inflorescence a terminal panicle...schumannianthus 1. Herbs; inflorescence a small spike from the rhizome...stachyphrynium SCHUMANNIANTHUS Gagnepain Schumannianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 14: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Phrynium virgatum Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11: Maranta virgata (Roxb.) Wall. ex Wight, Ic. t Clinogyne virgata (Roxb.) Benth. ex Baker n Hook.f., FBI 6: Erect shrubs, to 3 m high; stem thickened at nodes. Leaves bifarious, to 40 x 18 cm, ovateoblong, cuspidate at apex, rounded at base; petiole to 1 cm long. Panicle to 50 cm long, branches slender, dichotomous; bracts 3-5 x 0.6 cm, lanceolate. Flowers paired in each bract; corolla white, tube short; lobes oblong; stamens 1, outer staminodes petalloid, white, to 1.5 cm long; inner staminodes smaller; ovary densely hairy. Berry obovoid, rugose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Common along the moist areas in moist deciduous and evergreen forests; PS Pooppara STACHYPHRYNIUM Schumann Stachyphrynium spicatum (Roxb.) Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 11: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Phrynium spicatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Herbs, rhizome creeping, nodose. Leaves 2-5 together, lamina to 20 x 7 cm, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded at base; petiole to 30 cm long, sheathing at base. Spike 1 or 2, basal, 3-5 cm long, sessile or shortly peduncled. Flowers 3-8, sessile; bracts 15 x 7 mm, ovate; corolla dull white, 2.5 cm long; lobes oblong; stamen 1, petalloid; anthers adnate on the margin; staminodes obovate, clawed. Capsule 8 x 6 mm, ovoid; seeds wrinkled. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to South India. Common in moist deciduous and evergreen forests; PS Orukomban 348

373 MUSACEAE ENSETE Bruce ex Horan Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman., Kew Bull. 3: ; FPL ; FTSR Musa superba Roxb., Pl. Corom. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM Erect shrubs with unbranched globose leafsheaths formed into a pseudostem of cm diam. Leaves spirally arranged, to 3 x 0.8 m, oblong, entire with channelled midrib. Spadix cm long, with 3-5 spathes at base; bracts several, to 20 x 14 cm, ovate, obtuse, brown. Flowers many on each bracts; unisexual, female flowers towards the base and male flowers above; sepals and 2 petals united into a sheath, 3.5 cm long, 5-lobed; third petals forms into a membranous sheath; stamens 5, perfect. Fruit oblong; seeds few, subglobose, black. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Peninsular India. Occasional in rocky areas of grasslands; PS Karimala HAEMODORACEAE 1. Leaves linear flat; filaments free... Ophiopogon 1. Leaves elliptic plicate; filaments united...peliosanthes OPHIOPOGON Ker-Gawler Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don, D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR O. indicus Wight, Ic. t Densely tufted scapigerous perennial herbs; rootstock rhizomatous. Leaves clustered, x 0.7 cm, linear-oblong, ribbed, narrowed to the base into a petiole. Scape to 35 cm long. Flowers 4-10 in raceme, pedicel 5 mm long; tepals 6, white with pink shades, 6 x 4 mm, oblong, obtuse; stamens 6, filaments free, shorter than tepals; anthers sagittate at base; ovary 3-celled; ovules one in each cell. Berry 7 mm across, globose, glabrous, blue; seeds 1-3, globose or trigonous. Fl. & Fr. August-March Distr. Endemic to India. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola PELIOSANTHES Andrews Peliosanthes teta Andr. ssp. humilis (Andr.) Jessop, Blumea 23: & in Steenis, Fl. Males. I. 9: ; FTSR P. humilis Andr., Bot. Rep. 10,t P. neilgherrensis Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM P. courtallensis Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM Scapigerous perennial herbs; stem solitary or loosely tufted. Leaves few, clustered, to 32 x 10 cm, elliptic, acute at either ends, plicate; petiole to 38 cm long. Racemes to 20 cm long, manyflowered; bracts 1 cm long, lanceolate. Flowers purple, many, 6-8 mm across, 1-few in each bract; tepals 6, oblong, connate at base; stamens 6, filaments shorter than tepals, united at base into a ring. Berry 8 x 8 mm, top-shaped, glabrous, bluish black; seeds 1-3, globose. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Kothala DIOSCOREACEAE DIOSCOREA Linnaeus 1. Leaves simple Leaves 3-7 foliolate Leaves opposite or sub-opposite, base truncate or rounded, coriaceous Leaves alternate, base cordate, membranous

374 3. Inflorescence brown pubescent...d. oppositifolia var. oppositifolia 3. Inflorescence glabrous...d. oppositifolia var. dukumensis 4. Leaves to 30 cm across; perianth lobes linear-oblong... D. bulbifera 4. Leaves to 14 cm across; perianth lobes ovate-obtuse... D. wallichii 5. Stem unarmed...d. tomentosa 5. Stem prickly Leaves with prominent ribs; fertile stamens 6...D. hispida 6. Leaves without prominent ribs; fertile stamens 3... D. pentaphylla Dioscorea bulbifera L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. sativa sensu Hook.f., FBI 6: , non L Stem ridged, twining to left, glabrous. Leaves to 20 x 15 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate, 11- nerved from the base; intercostae parallel; petiole cm long; lower leaves much larger, to 32 cm across. Spike 4-8 cm long, slender, pendulous, 2-3 together or solitary; peduncle to 20 cm long, axillary. Flowers distant; bracts lanceolate, subulate at apex; tepals 1.5 x 0.5 mm, oblong, acute, glabrous; stamens 6, free. Fl. November-January Distr. Paleotropics. Common in deciduous forests; PS Pezha Dioscorea hispida Dennst., Schluss ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. daemona Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 6: Stem twining to the left, glabrous. Leaflets subequal, to 17 x 12 cm, obovate, abruptly sharply acuminate at apex, cuneate to the base, shortly petiolulate, ribs 5, prominent intercostae coarsely reticulate, thinly hispid; lateral leaflets gibbous at base; petiole 12 cm long. Panicles to 45 cm long, axillary. Racemes fascicled, shortly peduncled, to 1 cm long. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. South and South East Asia. Common in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Sp. Pl , var. oppositifolia; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. oppositifolia L. var. linnaei Prain & Burkill, Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: Stem turning to right, glabrescent. Leaves opposite or sub-opposite, to 13 x 4 cm, ovate or rounded, abruptly acuminate, base rounded. Spike pubescent, to 10 cm, male tepals ovate, obtuse, pubescent, female tepals orbicular, pubescent. Capsule 2 x 3 cm, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Kuchimudi Dioscorea oppositifolia L. var. dukumensis Prain & Burkill, J. & Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: ; FPM ; FBI 6: Stem terete, twining to right, glabrous. Leaves 8-15 x 2-5 cm, opposite, elliptic, ovate or oblong, rounded or acute at base, 3-5 nerved; margins coriaceous; petiole to 3 cm long. Spike 2-6 cm long, slender, 3-6 together along the peduncle; peduncle cm long; bracts lanceolate. Male tepals ovate, obtuse; stamens 6. Female Flowers distant; tepals 1mm long, orbicular, glabrous. Capsule 20 x 30 mm, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. September-March Distr. Indo-Malesia. Rare in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Dioscorea pentaphylla L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. pentaphylla L. var. linnaei Prain & Burkill, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: ; FPM Stem twining to the left, terete, glabrous. Leaves 5-foliolate, alternate, middle leaflets larger, to 10 x 4 cm, elliptic, acute at both ends, rusty tomentose or glabrous; petiole 6-7 cm long. Spike cm long; bracts minute. Female tepals 2 x 1.5 mm, acute, tomentose. Male spike slender, 350

375 panicled; flowers closely packed; tepals 1 mm long, oblong; stamens 3. Capsule 25 x 13 mm, oblique at base, truncate at apex. Fl. & Fr. January Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Kuchimudi Dioscorea tomentosa Koen. ex Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Stem twining to the left, terete, tomentose. Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets subequal, to 13 x 10 cm, broadly ovate, oblique at base, abruptly acuminate; petiole cm long. Spikes to 30 cm long, densely tomentose, distantly flowered fascicles at nodes on long peduncle. Female flowers sessile; bracts 4 mm long, ovate; tepals 2 x 1 mm, oblong, acute, hairy. Capsule 25 x 15 mm, oblong, tomentose. Fl. & Fr. October-May Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in the deciduous forests; PS Pooppara Dioscorea wallichii Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR D. aculeata L., Sp. Pl p. p.; FBI 6: Stem twining to the right, smooth or scarcely prickly towards the base. Leaves to 12 x 12 cm, orbicular, bluntly acuminate, widely cordate at base; nerves 12 pairs from the base, glabrous, intercostae parallel; petiole to 14 cm long. Spikes 7-10 cm long, 3-6 together at nodes on cm long peduncle; bracts and bracteoles ovate, acuminate. Male tepals 1 x 1 mm, ovate, acute; stamens 6. Fl. November-January Distr. India, Myanmar and Thailand. Common in deciduous and semi-evergreen forests; PS Vengoli SMILACACEAE SMILAX Linnaeus 1. Peduncles to 10 cm long; berry globose... S. wightii 1. Peduncles to 4 cm long; berry ovoid... S. zeylanica Smilax wightii A. DC., Monogr. Phan. 1: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Branchlets terete, armed with prickles. Leaves to 15 x 13 cm, broadly ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, cordate at base, 5-ribbed; petiole 1-3 cm long, sheath narrow, flagellate. Peduncle to 10 cm long; umbels alternate, 2 or 3. Flowers many; pedicels 1.5 cm long, 2 cm in fruit. Berry 7 x 7 mm, globose. Fl. & Fr. November-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; Pezha Smilax zeylanica L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR S. macrophylla Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: ; FBI 6: S. ovalifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: Branchlets angular. Leaves x 3-15 cm, ovate, oblong, orbicular, elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate, acute or obtuse. Umbels solitary or 2-3; peduncle 1-4 cm long; pedicels many, 0.7 cm long. Drupes 8 x 6 mm, ovoid, acute, glabrous. Fl. & Fr. March-July Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in deciduous forests; PS Kuriarkutty 351

376 AGAVACEAE 1. Leaves basal, thick fleshy, base terete or subterete... Sansevieria 1. Leaves cauline, coriaceous, flat...dracaena DRACAENA Vandelli ex Linnaeus Dracaena terniflora Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FPL ; FTSR D. terminalis Wight, Ic. t Stout perennial subshrubs; stem covered with annular leaf scars. Leaves spiral, closely packed, to 24 x 5.5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate; petiole 5 cm long. Racemes terminal, cm long, erect. Flowers many, closely packed; perianth lobes 6, biseriate, similar, united into a tube below, 2 cm long; stamens 6, free, epitepalous; anthers oblong. Fruit a berry. 1.5 cm across, 3-lobed. Fl. & Fr. March-October Distr. India and South East Asia. Common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Kuriarkutty; Karimala SANSEVIERIA Thunberg Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult. f., Syst. 7: 357. Fl. 12D & E. 1829; FBI 6: S. zeylanica Roxb., Pl. Corom. t. Syst. Veg. 7: 357. f. 12 D & E Perennial herbs. Leaves basal, x cm, sessile, subterete at base, apex flat, fleshy, base sheathing, sessile. Racemes to 40 cm long; bracts 6 x 3 mm, lanceolate; flowers 3-5 in a cluster; perianth tube to 1 cm, lobes 6, 1 x 0.5 mm, greenish, tinged purple, 1-nerved, base tapering; stamens attached near the middle of the perianth lobes. Berry 5 mm across, globose. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. Coromandel coast. Rare in the rocky areas of deciduous forests; PS Pandaravarai HYPOXIDACEAE 1. Rhizome small; leaves linear, flat; fruit dehiscent...hypoxis 1. Rhizome elongate; leaves elliptic-lanceolate; fruit indehiscent Flowers to 3; stamen perigynous...curculigo 2. Flowers more than 5; stamens epigynous...molineria CURCULIGO Gaertner Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 63. t. 16. f ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR C. malabarica Wight, Ic. t. 2043A C. brevifolia Dryander in Ait., Hort. Kew (ed. 2) Rhizome oblong, to 15 cm long. Leaves subsessile, lanceolate, plicate, base sheathing, to 15 x 1.5 cm, pilose. Perianth yellow, 1.5 cm across; tube 3 cm long, narrow, sparsely pilose. Ovary villous. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in all forest types; PS Anakkalvayal HYPOXIS Linnaeus Hypoxis aurea Lour., Fl. Cochinch ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Rhizome globose, 1 cm long, roots fleshy. Leaves linear, to 15 x 0.5 cm. Scapes 2 or 3, slender, to 10 cm long; flowers 1 or 2. Perianth yellow, 1 cm long, pilose, lobes elliptic-lanceolate. Capsule cylindric-turbinate, 1 cm long. Fl. & Fr. May-August Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala 352

377 MOLINERIA Colla Molineria trichocarpa (Wight) Balakr., JBNHS 63: ; FPL Hypoxis trichocarpa Wight, Ic. t H. latifolia Wight, Ic. t H. leptostachya Wight, Ic. t H. pauciflora Wight, Ic. t Molineria finlaysoniana Baker, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17: ; FPM Curculigo finlaysoniana (Baker) Wall. ex. Hook.f., FBI 6: C. trichocarpa (Wight) Bennet & Raizada, Indian J. For. 4: ; FTSR Rhizome narrowly oblong, to 10 cm long. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, base attenuate, plicate, glabrous, to 30 x 5 cm; petiole to 30 cm. Racemes to 8 cm long; bracts linear, 1 cm long. Bisexual flowers towards base of racemes; male towards the apex. Perianth yellow, pubescent, 1 cm across, lobes oblong-obtuse. Ovary pilose. Fruit narrowly oblong. Fl. & Fr. August-April Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS 19455, NS Pooppara AMARYLLIDACEAE 1. Flowers sessile; staminal filaments free... Crinum 1. Flowers pedicelled; staminal filaments basally united... Pancratium CRINUM Linnaeus Crinum latifolium L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Herbs; rootstock bulbous, ca. 6 cm across. Leaves many, densely clustered, x 7-8 cm, flat or widely channelled, oblong, curved, acute or obtuse; sheath closed, membranous. Flowers sessile, together, on stout peduncled umbel; peduncle cm high, thick; spathe membranous; perianth tube 7 cm long, narrow, lobes 6, 8 x 2.5 cm, oblong, acute, pinkish white, spreading or deflexed; stamens 6, filaments long, attached at the throat of perianth tube; anthers 12 mm long, linear. Capsule oblong; seeds many. Fl. & Fr. March-June Distr. Indo-Malesia and Africa. Common in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli PANCRATIUM Linnaeus Pancratium triflorum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR P. verecundum Wight, Ic. t , non Ait. 1789; FBI 6: Herbs, rootstock a bulb formed by leaf sheaths, 4 cm across. Leaves clustered, to 30 x 2 cm, linear-oblong, flat, acute, glabrous; sheath membranous. Flowers umbellate, on 35 cm long scape, 3-7 together, covered by a membranous spathe; pedicels to 2 cm long; perianth funnelshaped, tube 5 cm long, lobes 6, 2 cm long, linear-oblong; stamens 6, inserted at the mouth of perianth tube, filaments webbed by membranous white corona; anthers linear. Capsule subglobose; seeds many. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common in rocky areas of deciduous forests; PS Vengoli; NS Kottayali LILIACEAE 1. Cladodes present; leaves reduced to spines...protasparagus 1. Cladodes absent; leaves normal Climbers; leaf tip tendrilled... Gloriosa 2. Scapigerous herbs; leaf tip not tendrilled Rootstock tuberous; perianth tube present...chlorophytum 353

378 3. Rootstock bulbous; perianth tube absent...scilla CHLOROPHYTUM Ker-Gawler 1. Racemes lax, paniculate... C. nimmonii 1. Racemes dense, unbranched Scape shorter than the leaves; filaments glabrous... C. malabaricum 2. Scape as long as or longer the leaver; filaments papillose... C. attenuatum Chlorophytum attenuatum (Wight) Baker, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 15: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Phalangium attenuatum Wight, Ic. t Tuberous herbs. Leaves many, to 50 x 1 cm, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, with a white patch along the midrib. Raceme terminal, to 30 cm long, slender, unbranched. Flowers many, densely packed; bracts ovate, acute, glabrous; perianth lobes white, to 8 x 3 mm, oblong, obtuse, spreading. Capsule to 7 x 7 mm, obovoid, obtusely 3-winged, glabrous; seeds many, orbicular, flat, black. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Chlorophytum malabaricum Baker, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 15: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Tuberous herbs. Leaves to 20 x 1.5 cm, linear, obtuse, subacute. Scape terminal to 3, racemes simple or paniculate, to 15 cm; flowers lax, paired, often solitary; bracts 8 mm, lanceolate; bracteole 3 mm, linear, 4.5 x 0.5 mm, pedicel, 6 mm joined; flowers ca. 3 cm across, perianth lobes oblong, subequal, white; stamens 6, to 3 mm; ovary 6-lobed. Capsule 6 mm across, globose, 3-winged; seeds ca 3 x 2 mm, ovoid. Fl. & Fr. July-November Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram Note: Present collection is the new record for the flora of Kerala. Chlorophytum nimmonii (Graham) Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: ; FTSR Anthericum nimmonii Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay Chlorophytum orchidastrum sensu Hook.f., FBI 6: p.p., non Lindl. 1824; FPM Roots tuberous. Leaves to 35 x 5 cm, lanceolate, about 25-nerved, glabrous. Scape to 60 cm long; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 8 mm long; flowers often paired; pedicels 1 cm long. Flowers white, 1.5 cm across. Perianth lobes oblong, obtuse, 8 mm long. Capsule 2-lobed, 3rd lobe aborted. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. Peninsular India and Tropical Africa. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara GLORIOSA Linnaeus Gloriosa superba L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Climbing herbs, tuber horizontal. Leaves scattered, to 20 x 4 cm, lanceolate, acuminate into a tendril. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicels 15 cm long, reflexed at tip; tepals 6, similar, 7 cm long, oblong, petalloid, variegated with uneven margins, yellow at lower half, red above. Capsule septicidal, many-seeded. Fl. & Fr. July-September Distr. Paleotropics. Fairly common in deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Kariamchola SCILLA Linnaeus 354

379 Scilla hyacinthina (Roth) Macbr., Contr. Gray Herb. 56: ; FPL Ledebouria hyacinthina Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Barnardia indica Wight, Ic. t Scilla indica (Wight) Baker, Sunders Refug. Bot. 3: , non Roxb. 1832; FBI 6: ; FPM Perennial bulbous herbs. Leaves to 15 x 3 cm, radical. Scapes to 3, racemes to 20 cm, flexuous; peduncle, pink; flowers 8 mm across, perianth deeply six lobed, lobes to 4 x 1 mm, oblong, obtuse, pink; pedicel pink, to 1.5 cm; stamens 6, adnate to the base of the perianth; ovary 3-lobed ca 1.5 mm; style to 3 mm. Capsule to 7 x 4 mm, globose, loculicidal. Fl. & Fr. January-July Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Abyssinia. Common in rocky areas of deciduous forests; PS Vengoli PROTASPARAGUS Obermeyer Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm., S. Afr. J. Bot. 2: Asparagus racemosus Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Perennial climbers, root tuberous, cladodes 3-angled, compressed, curved, 2-7 together; branches angled. Racemes 2-4 cm long; bracts minute, ovate; pedicel 4 mm long; tepals obovate, white. Berry 7 mm across, globose, smooth. Fl. & Fr. February-August Distr. Paleotropics. Common in deciduous forests; PS Amakkundu PONTEDERIACEAE MONOCHORIA K. B. Presl Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: ; FPM ; FPL Pontederia vaginalis Burm. f., Fl. Ind P. plantaginea Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: Marshy herbs; stem erect. Leaves few to several, lamina to 6 x 4 cm, ovate, acute at apex, cordate to hastate at base; petiole to 30 cm long. Flowers in racemes from upper nodes of emergent stem; bracts lanceolate; perianth lobes free, similar, petalloid, blue, to 15 mm long; stamens 6, one larger than others; ovary ellipsoid; style 1, filiform. Capsule 8 x 6 mm, oblong; seeds many, ribbed. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. India to China, Malesia and Japan. Occasional in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli COMMELINACEAE 1. Epiphytic herbs; branchlets prostrate... Belosynapsis 1. Terrestrial herbs; branchlets erect Flowers enclosed in spathes or bracteoles Flowers not enclosed in spathes or bracteoles Bracteoles in closely inbricating pairs; stamens 6... Cyanotis 3. Bracteoles absent; stamens 3...Commelina 4. Inflorescence dense; fertile stamens 6...Floscopa 4. Inflorescence lax; fertile stamens Flowers secund; fruit indehiscent...pollia 5. Flowers not secund; fruit dehiscent Panicle long peduncled, to 20 cm; flowers regular... Aneilema 6. Panicle shortly peduncled, to 5 cm; flowers irregular... Murdannia 355

380 ANEILEMA R. Brown 1. Inflorescence glabrous; staminodes absent...a. montana 1. Inflorescence glandular hairy; staminodes 2... A. scaberrimum Aneilema montana (Wight) Clarke in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Dictyospermum montanum Wight, Ic. t Erect or subscandent herbs. Stem cm long, glabrous. Leaves to 18 x 4 cm, clustered towards the apex, elliptic-lanceolate, scabrid above; sheath to 2.5 cm long, pubescent on one side; mouth truncate. Panicle very lax, to 30 cm long; branches pubescent. Flowers 6 mm across, solitary, pedicelled; sepals oblong, obtuse, glabrous; petals white, 5 x 3 mm, obovate, obtuse; filaments glabrous. Capsule 3-4 mm long, globose; seeds planoconvex, rugose, brown. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in moist localities in deciduous forests; PS Kariamchola; Parambikulam; Pooppara Aneilema scaberrimum (Blume) Kunth, Enum. 4: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Commelina scaberrima Blume, Enum. Pl. Jav. 1: Dictyospermum protensum Wight, Ic. t Rhophalephora scaberrima (Blume) Faden, Phytologia 37: Procumbet herbs, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves distantly placed, to 20 x 5 cm, oblonglanceolate, acuminate, base rounded and then cuneate, puberulus above; sheath closed, to 3 cm, puberulus, mouth with long hairs. Cymes panicled, terminal; bracts 2-5 mm, persistent, funnel shaped; flowers white, 3-merous. Capsule 3 mm across, globose, pubescent; seed one. Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist localities of deciduous forests; PS Kariamchola BELOSYNAPSIS Hasskarl Belosynapsis vivipara (Dalz.) Fischer, Kew Bull. 1928: & FPM ; FPL Cyanotis vivipara Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: ; FBI 6: Epiphytic herbs with creeping branches; 5-15 cm high; stem hirtus. leaves basal and cauline, basal, to 10 x 1.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate, densely villous below, glabrous above; sheath tubular, hairy. Cymes sessile, few, along the creeping branches; bracteoles absent. Flowers few together; sepals free, 1.5 x 1.5 mm, elliptic, acute, hairy; petals 3 x 1.5 mm, obovate, acute, pink; filaments bearded. Capsule 6-seeded. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Pooppara COMMELINA Linnaeus 1. Spathe ovate-lanceolate, base cordate-sagittate Spathe funnel shaped or cucullate Spathes sagittate, auriculate at base...c. attenuata 2. Spathes not sagittate, not auriculate at base Capsule 2-celled; spathes truncate at base...c. imberbis 3. Capsule 3-celled; spathes cordate at base Leaves lanceolate; posticous cells of the capsule keeled... C. diffusa 4. Leaves linear to oblong; posticous cells of the capsule not keeled...c. wightii 5. Spathes cucullate; mouth sparsely hairy or glabrous... C. erecta 5. Spathes funnel shaped; mouth rufous or glandular hairy Leaves ovate or oblong, base narrowed into petiole; ovary 2-locular...C. benghalensis 6. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, base not narrowed into a petiole; ovary 3-locular... C. paludosa 356

381 Commelina attenuata Koenig ex Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Slender scandent or procumbent herbs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, base not narrowed, glabrous, to 7 x 1.5 cm. Spathe ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base sagittate-auriculate, to 3.5 x 2.5 cm; peduncle to 5 cm long. Sepals ovate-obtuse, concave, 5 mm long. Petals pale blue. Stamens 3; staminodes 3, all naked. Ovary tomentose, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cell. Fl. & Fr. August-November Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in grasslands; NS 5735 Karimala Hills Commelina benghalensis L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Procumbent herbs, pubescent. Leaves to 5 x 2.5 cm, ovate, acute or obtuse, rounded at base; sheath 1 cm long, mouth with red bristles. Spathe 1 x 1.5 cm, hairy. Flowers mm across; sepals 3 mm long, obovate, red-glandular; petals 5 mm long, blue; stamens 3, filaments glabrous; staminodes 2; ovary with two-ovuled 2 cells and one-ovuled 1 cell. Capsule 3-celled, seeds 4 or 5, oblong, smooth, brown. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Africa, India, China, Japan and Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests and vayals; PS Thunakkadavu Commelina diffusa Burm. f., Fl. Ind ; FPL ; FTSR C. nudiflora sensu Hook.f., FBI 6: , non L. 1753; FPM Diffuse or procumbent herbs; stem reddish, glabrous. Leaves 6-9 x cm, lanceolate, acute, rounded at base; margin scabrid; sheath tubular, 2 cm long, mouth ciliate. Peduncle terminal, 4 cm long; spathe 2.5 x 1.4 cm, ovate, cordate at base, margin ciliate; cymes puberulus. Flowers 3-together; sepals 5.5 x 2.5 mm, red-glandular; petals 4 x 3 mm, blue with red glands; stamens 3, one anther longer, filaments glabrous; ovary oblong, pubescent, 3-celled. Seeds reticulate. Fl. & Fr. July-November Distr. Pantropical. Common in deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Commelina erecta L., Sp. Pl ; FPL ; FTSR C. undulata R. Br., Prodr ; FBI 6: C. kurzii Clarke, J. Linn. Soc. Bot ; FBI 6: ; FPM Decumbent herbs; stem cm high, pubescent on one side. Leaves 8-12 x 2.5 cm, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute at base, scabrid. Spathe 1 x 2 cm, acute on one side, shortly peduncled. Cymes few in a spathe, 2-4-flowered. Flowers 13 cm across; sepals 5 x 3 mm, obovate, acute; petals clawed, blue; stamens 3, one anther shorter than others; ovary 3-celled, 3- ovuled, glabrous. Capsule 3-celled, glabrous; seeds 4 x 3 mm, oblong, powdery. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. India, Africa and Australia. Common in deciduous forests; PS Padippara Commelina imberbis Ehrenb. ex Hassk. in Schweinf., Beitr. Fl. Aethiop C. persicariaefolia Wight ex Clarke in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: ; FBI 6: ; FPM C. jacobii Fischer, Kew Bull. 1928: & FPM C. alisagarensis Kumar et Deodikar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Pl. Sci.) 13: Decumbent herbs, glabrous. Leaves x 3 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, pubescent, shortly petiolate; sheath 3.5 cm long, hirtus, margin ciliate. Spathe 3.5 x 2.5 cm, broadly ovate, cordate at base, hairy; cymes solitary or paired, red-glandular. Flowers mm across, 2-5 together; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals clawed, bluish red; stamens 3, one anther larger and coiled; staminodes 3, 4-lobed; ovary tomentose; one cell empty, others 2- ovuled. 357

382 Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. Africa, India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in moist localities of evergreen forests; PS Thunakkadavu Commelina paludosa Blume, Enum. 1: ; FPL C. obliqua Ham. ex D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal , non Vahl, 1805; FBI 6: ; FPM C. polyspatha Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t Diffuse herbs. Leaves to 13 x 4 cm, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base, scabrous or softly villous; sheaths to 2 cm, mouth rufous haired; spathes to 2 x 1.5 cm, infundibular, base cordate, solitary in terminal heads. Flowers to 1 cm across, blue, sepals unequal, ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Capsule 4 mm, trigonous, 3-seeded. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Himalayas and India. Fairly common in moist localities of moist deciduous forests; PS Pooppara Commelina wightii Rao, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: (1962); FPL C. glabra (Wight) Clarke in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan 3: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Heterocarpus glaber Wight, Ic. t Procumbent herbs, glabrous. Leaves 3-5 x cm, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, base obtuse, margin ciliate; sheath to 5 cm, ciliate, peduncle slender to 2-4 cm, scabrous, pubescent; spathe 1-2 x 5-1 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base deeply cordate. Flowers yellow, 3 mm across, sepals 3-4 x 3 mm, ovate, obtuse, petals to 10 x 5 mm; stamens 3; ovary globose, 2-ovuled. Capsule globose. Fl. & Fr. July-August Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in vayals and wet rocky areas; PS Anakkalvayal CYANOTIS D. Don 1. Inflorescence covered by leafsheaths...c. axillaris 1. Inflorescence not covered by leafsheaths Leaves chartaceous; branchlets cottony Leaves membranous; branchlets villous or glabrous Leafbase obtuse; plants purplish...c. arachnoidea 3. Leafbase cordate; plants not purplish...c. fasciculata 4. Bracteoles prominently nerved; capsule with a free central column Branchlets not prominently nerved; capsule without a free central column Basal bracts broader than long... C. papilionacea 5. Basal bracts longer than broad... C. burmanniana 6. Cymes solitary, recurved; leaf sheath to 5 mm...c. cristata 6. Cymes clustered, strait or obscurely recurved; leaf sheath more than 1 cm Leaves silky villous below; seeds rugose...c. villosa 7. Leaves appressed pilose below; seed pitted...c. pilosa Cyanotis arachnoidea Clarke in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR C. pilosa Wight, Ic. t , non Roem. & Schult. Stem suberect, densely covered with white-cottony hairs. Leaves to 20 x 1.5 cm, upper leaves much smaller, ovate to linear-lanceolate. Cymes terminal; peduncle 4 cm long; bracts 1.7 x 1 cm, ovate, acute, hairy; bracteoles curved, falcate, pairs, 6 x 1.5 mm, densely cottony hairy. Sepals 6 x 1.5 mm, united at the base; corolla tube 7 mm long; lobes triangular, acute; 358

383 filaments bearded; ovary densely hairy at apex; style bearded. Capsule 2.5 mm long, oblong, hairy; seeds transversally rugose, black. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in grasslands; NS 5740 Karimala Hills Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 6: ; FPM Commelina axillaris L., Sp. Pl Tonningia axillaris (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: Amischophacelus axillaris (L.) Rao & Kammathy, J. Linn. Soc. Bot Stem procumbent, terete, succulent. Leaves 5-6 x 0.6 cm, lanceolate, acute to acuminate, glabrous; sheath closed, saccate, glabrous. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-3 together, sessile, 6-8 mm across; sepals oblanceolate, base united, acute, keel winged and ciliate; petals united; lobes triangular, acute, bluish violet; stamens 6, filaments free, bearded at the tip; ovary oblong, densely hairy towards the apex. Capsule 3-celled; seeds 3 in each cells, oblong with scar at one end, pitted, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal Cyanotis burmanniana Wight, Ic. t f C. papilionacea Schult. f. var. burmanniana Clarke in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: ; FBI 6: Stem procumbent, sparely hairy. Leaves 2-4 x 1.5 cm, lanceolate, acute, sparely hairy on both sides; sheath to 1 cm. Cymes peduncled terminal and upper axillary; bracts 9 x 4 mm, broadly ovate, acuminate, bracteole to 8 x 3 mm, cuneate, ciliate, 4-8 pairs in cymes, sepals to 5 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, united at base, hairy along margin, corolla tube 4 mm, lobes lanceolate, blue, filaments bearded. Capsule ovoid, seeds yellowish-brown. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR C. cristata L., Sp. Pl Stem erect or decumbent, glabrous or pubescent on one side. Leaves 2-5 x 1-2 cm, ovate, acute or obtuse, cauline, cordate at base, ciliate along the margins, often reddish; sheath closed. Cymes flowered, curved; bracts ovate, acute; bracteoles falcate, glabrous or ciliate along the margins. Flowers sessile; sepals 4 mm long, oblanceolate; keel ciliate; corolla tubular, tube 11 mm long, lobes obtuse; filaments bearded. Capsule 3.5 mm long, glabrous with few apical hairs; seeds striate, with two pits on two faces, brownish black. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Paleotropics. Common in the wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Cyanotis fasciculata (Heyne ex Roth) Schultes f., Syst. Veg. 7: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Tradescantia fasciculata Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp Cyanotis rosea Wight, Ic. t , in part. C. decumbens Wight, Ic. t , in part. Stem procumbent, tufted, covered with cottony hairs. Leaves to 3 x 0.7 cm, lanceolate, falcate, folded, rounded at base, long-hairy; sheath 1.5 cm long, saccate. Cymes axillary, solitary; peduncles 2 cm long; bracts 2 x 0.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate; bracteoles 2-4 pairs, falcate, acute. Flowers few, sessile; sepals 5 x 2 mm, united at the base, hairy; corolla tube 6 mm long, campanulate, lobes obtuse, blue; filaments bearded; style densely hairy. Capsule 2.5 mm long, pilose at apex. Fl. & Fr. August-October Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in the wet rocky areas and moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli 359

384 Cyanotis papilionacea (L.) Schultes f., Syst. Veg. 7: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Tradescantia papilionacea L., Mant. Pl. 2: Stem branched, rooting at lower nodes, branchlets pubescent. Leaves to 2 x 0.7 cm, oblonglanceolate, apex acute, pubescent, mucronate; sheath to 5 mm, pubescent. Flowers axillary and terminal, blue; bracts 1.5 cm, ovate, lanceolate; bracteoles to 10 pairs, pubescent, ciliate, acute. Capsule 2 mm, pilose at the apex, oblong. Fl. & Fr. September-November Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in wet grasslands; PS Pezha Cyanotis pilosa Schult. & Schult. f., Syst. Veg. 7: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Stem decumbent. Leaves 5-8 x 1-2 cm, linear-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous above, tomentose below, sheath to 1 cm, pilose. Cymes terminal and axillary 3-5 in a cluster, peduncle cm, pilose; bracts to 2 cm, lanceolate, bracteoles to 1 x 5 cm, lanceolate, ciliate along the margin. Flowers 1 cm across, calyx lobes pilose, petals purple, ovate-orbicular; filaments hairy, style 1 cm. Capsule to 3 mm, pyramidal. Fl. & Fr. November-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in wet grasslands; PS Karimala; Kanthalppara Cyanotis villosa (Spreng.) Schultes f., Syst. Veg. 7: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Tradescantia villosa Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: Stem erect or procumben, villous. Leaves 2-8 x cm, ovate, sessile, cordate at base, villous above and below; sheath tubular, thickly villous. Cymes terminal and upper axillary, sessile; bracts 1.2 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, villous; bracteoles ovate, curved, ciliate along the margins. Flowers few; sepals 6-7 mm long, free, lanceolate, keel ciliate; corolla tube 6-7 mm long, lobes obtuse, blue with red glands; filaments bearded; style dialated below the stigma. Capsule 2-3 mm long, hairy at apex; seeds paired. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli FLOSCOPA Loureiro Floscopa scandens Lour., Fl. Cochinch ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Dithyrocarpus rothii Wight, Ic. t Creeping or suberect marshy herbs; stem terete, pubescent along one line. Leaves scattered, 5-10 x cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at base, glabrous; sheath tubular, mouth oblique, hairy. Panicle 3-6 cm long; axis and branches pubescent. Flowers many, 3-5 mm across, regular, bisexual; sepals ovate, pubescent; petals obovate, glabrous, rose coloured; stamens 6, filaments free, glabrous; anthers small, obtuse, with broad connective; ovary 3-celled; ovule solitary in each cell. Capsule broadly ovoid; seeds elliptic, wrinkled, grey. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in marshy areas; PS Rockpoint MURDANNIA Royle 1. Inflorescence to 4-flowered, axillary...m. pauciflora 1. Inflorescence many flowered, terminal Staminal filaments naked Staminal filaments hairy Petals white; leaves elliptic-oblong, over 4 cm wide...m. japonica 3. Petals blue; leaves linear, to 3 mm wide...m. semiteres 4. Leafbase amplexicaule; leaves equidistant on stem...m. spirata 4. Leafbase not amplexicaule; leaves crowded toward the base...m. simplex 360

385 Murdannia japonica (Thunb.) Faden, Taxon 26: ; FPL ; FTSR Commelina japonica Thunb., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: Aneilema lineolatum Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: ; FBI 6: ; FPM A. latifolium Wight, Ic. t Stout herbs; roots tuberous; stem rounded, smooth. Leaves to 23 x 6 cm basal and cauline, ovate, acute at apex, cordate at base, glabrous, coriaceous, sessile; cauline leaves smaller. Panicle to 20 x 10 cm, terminal, lax. Flowers 12 mm across, solitary or 2-3 together, pedicelled; sepals oblong-obtuse, red-glandular; petals white, obovate, obtuse; stamens 3, filaments bearded; staminodes 2-lobed, bearded. Capsule globose, beaked; seeds 2 x 1 mm, trigonous, with two round markings, tuberculate or reticulate, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. July-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in rocky areas; PS Padippara Murdannia pauciflora (Wight) Brueck. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. (ed. 2) 15a: ; FPL Aneilema pauciflorum Wight, Ic. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM Murdannia wightii Rao & Kammathy, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 25: ; FTSR Creeping herbs, rooting at nodes; stem cm long, hairy along one side. Leaves x cm, ovate, acute, cordate to amplexicaule at base, ciliate along the margins. Cymes axillary, 1-4-flowered. Flowers blue; sepals 3 mm long, elliptic, keeled, glandular; petals 4 mm long, broadly elliptic, acute, blue; stamens 3, filaments naked, staminodes 3, yellow, 3-lobed. Capsule 4.5 x 2 mm, oblong, sharply beaked, glabrous. Seeds 3-6 in a cell, cylindrical, wrinkled, rugose, grey-black. Fl. & Fr. September-November Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common wet localities of evergreen forests; PS Velayudhankai; NS Kariamchola Murdannia semiteres (Dalz.) Sant., Poona Agri. Coll. Mag ; FPL Aneilema semiteres Dalz. in Hook. s, J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: A. paniculatum Wall. ex Clarke in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: , non Wight 1853; FPM Dichaespermum juncoides Wight, Ic. t D. paniculatum (Wall. ex Clarke) Hook. f. & Thoms. in Hook.f., FBI 6: , pro syn. Murdannia juncoides (Wight) Rao & Kammathy, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: ; FTSR Erect tufted slender herbs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, to 10 x 0.3 cm. Panicles terminal, branches slender; bracts ochreate, minute. Petals blue, oblong, 2 mm long. Staminal filaments naked. Ovary globose; ovules 2-seriate in each cell. Capsule 3-valved; seeds 6-8 in each cell, smooth. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common on wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan, Kew Bull. 7: ; FTSR Commelina simplex Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: Aneilema sinicum Ker-Gawl. in Edgew., Bot. Reg. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM A. secundum Wight, Ic. t Suberect herbs; roots tuberous; stem cm high, terete, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline, x cm, linear-lanceolate, acute; cauline leaves smaller; sheath open, 2 cm long, ciliate. Cymes 8 cm long, terminal, panicled; peduncle 8 cm long. Flowers 5-20 in a cymes; pedicel 5-6 mm long; sepals 6 x 3 mm, elliptic, acute at apex; petals 8 x 5 mm, obovate, obtuse, narrow; staminodes 3, yellow, 3-lobed. Capsule 6.5 x 3 mm, ellipsoid, acute, beaked; seeds 3 x 2 mm, ellipsoid, rugose, brown. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Paleotropics. Occasional in grasslands; NS 5739 Karimala Hills; PS Karimalagopuram 361

386 Murdannia spirata (L.) Brueck. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. (ed. 2) 15a: ; FPL ; FTSR Commelina spirata L., Mant. Pl. 2: Aneilema spiratum (L.) R. Br., Prodr ; FBI 6: ; FPM Creeping herbs with erect branches; stem angled, pubescent along one side. Leaves to 2.5 x 1.2 cm, ovate, acute, cordate at base, glabrous. Panicle terminal and upper axillary, flowered. Flowers 4-5 mm across; sepals obovate, obtuse, 5-nerved; petals obovate, obtuse, 3- nerved, blue; stamens 3, filaments hairy, connective produced into short beak; staminodes 3, with small anthers. Capsule obovoid, 3-celled; seeds 2 in each cell, rugose, dark brown, with circular scar on one face. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common on wet rocky areas; PS 19971; NS Vengoli POLLIA Thunberg Pollia sorzogonensis Steud., Nom. ed. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Stem cm high stout. Leaves 30 x 10 cm, elliptic, acuminate, acute at base, glabrous. Panicle to 12 x 8 cm. long peduncled; branches hairy. Flowers pedicelled. Sepals obovate. Petals white, glabrous. Stamens 3, filaments naked; sterile anthers triangular. Ovary 3-celled, cells many ovuled. Fruits globose. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in open areas of evergreen forests; PS Koorankuzhi ARECACEAE 1. Climbing palms; fruits covered with scales... Calamus 1. Erect palms; fruits not covered with scales Leaves bipinnate...caryota 2. Leaves simple pinnate Leaflet base obliquely auriculate...arenga 3. Leaflet base not auriculate...phoenix ARENGA Labillardiere Arenga wightii Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; PMK Monoecious palms; trunk to 6 m tall, covered with persistent leafsheaths, caudex m across. Leaves pinnatisect, to 8 m long; leaflets to 100 x 5 cm, linear, auricled at base, glaucous below; petiole to 3 m long. Spadices to 1 m long, basipetal, male flowers and female flowers on separate spadices. Male flowers: tepals 6, biseriate, outer 3 mm long, orbicular; stamens many, free. Female flowers: tepals 6, biseriate, similar, accrescent; ovary 3-celled. Fruit globose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in rocky slopes of evergreen forests; PS 30662, NS Thelliyalimattukkal CALAMUS Linnaeus 1. Leaflets grouped...c. thwaitesii 1. Leaflets not grouped Leaflets over 5 cm wide...c. vattayila 2. Leaflets under 3 cm wide Mouth of the sheath without large spines... C. gamblei 3. Mouth of the sheath with large spines Base of the petiole with 1 or 2 pairs of spines, to 10 cm long; fruits stalked... C. pseudotenuis 4. Base of the petiole with more than 5 pairs of spines, to 18 cm long; fruit sessile...c. hookerianus 362

387 Calamus gamblei Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f. in Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR ; PMK Clustering moderate sized cane; stem to 20 m or more long, with sheaths ca 2.5 cm diam. sheaths green, armed with spines, spines bulbous based, knee present. Leaves to 1.2 m long. Inflorescence flagellate, arising well above the mouth of the sheath. Partial inflorescence 5-6, to 90 cm long. Fruit 2 cm across, spherical or slightly tapers at base; scales deeply channelled, pale yellow, shining. Fl & Fr. December-April Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kothala Calamus hookerianus Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11: 83, 226. t ; FPM ; FTSR ; PMK Calamus borneensis Becc., Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 2: , non Miq Clustering moderate sized canes; stem to 10 m or more long, with sheaths to 4 cm diameter. Sheaths armed with spines; spines triangular; mouth of the sheath provided with long papery spines to 18 cm long. Leaves 2 m long; leaflets regular. Fruits ca. 1 x 0.8 cm, subglobose; scales yellowish-brown with a dark brown boarder. Endosperm not ruminate. Fl. & Fr. February-April Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam Calamus pseudotenuis Becc. ex Becc. & Hook. f. in Hook., Hook. f., FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; PMK C. tenuis Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Clustering moderate sized canes; stem to 7 m or more in length, with sheaths to 3.5 cm in diameter; sheath yellowish green, spines to 3.5 cm long, intermingled with thin smaller spines, brown-tomentose; mouth of the sheath with 3-4 longer spines, to 6 cm long; ocrea 10 cm long. Leaf to 1.6 m long; leaflets ca. 50 x 2.5 cm, regular, long-acuminate. Inflorescence 3 m long; partial inflorescence 70 cm long; rachillae 8 cm long. Fruit ca. 1.5 x 0.8 cm, subovoid. Fr. December Distr. South West India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara; Karimala Calamus thwaitesii Becc. & Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FTSR ; PMK C. thwaitesii Becc. var. canaranus Becc., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11: ; FPM Clustering and high climbing canes. Stem to 20 m or more in length, with sheath to 6 cm in diam; sheath armed with spines; spines arising from a raised rim-like surface, flat, black with yellow base; knee and ocrea absent; flagellum, petiole, rachis and sheath armed with stout spines in oblique whorls. Leaves 2 m long; leaflets grouped. Fruit ca. 2 x 1.3 cm, ovoid, scales in 12 vertical rows, with median grooves, yellow with brown margins. Endosperm not ruminate. Fr. April Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Very common in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS 18845, NS Kuriarkutty Calamus vattayila Renuka, Curr. Sci. 56: ; FTSR ; PMK Solitary or climbing canes; stem to 30 m long, with sheaths to 2.5 cm in diam; sheath dark green, sparingly spiny; knee conspicuous. Leaf to 1 m long, leaflets alternate, to 40 x 8 cm, elliptic, ciliate at apex, 6-veined; petiole to 25 cm long; spines erect, to 1 cm long; flagellum to 4 m long, with grouped recurved spines. Female inflorescence in heavy branches, to 1 m long. Fruit ca. 2.5 x 0.8 cm, oblong, scales in rows, longer than broad, chest nut brown. Fr. February Distr. Endemic to South India. Rare in evergreen forests; PS 19601, NS Kuriarkutty 363

388 CARYOTA Linnaeus Caryota urens L., Sp. Pl ; Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR ; PMK Large palms; stem cm thick, annular; caudex lax. Leaves to 6 x 4 m, spiral, bipinnate, leaflets to 40 x 20 cm, cuneate, straight on sides, dentate at oblique apex, sessile, alternate or paired. Spadix 3-4 m long, axillary, formed basipetally along the stem, branches many, narrow, pendent. Male flowers 1.5 cm long; sepals 3, 4 x 5 mm, orbicular; petals 3, 15 x 5 mm, oblong, calycine; stamens many, filaments united at base; Fruit globose, 1-2-seeded; seeds planoconvex; endosperm ruminate. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in evergreen forests; PS Kamamudi PHOENIX Linnaeus Phoenix loureirii Kunth, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 3: ; FTSR ; Barrow, Kew Bull. 53: P. humilis var. hanceana Becc., Malesia 3: 379 & P. hanceana var. formosana Becc., Philipp. J. Sci. 3: P. hanceana var. philippines Becc., Philipp. J. Sci. 3: P. pusilla Lour., Fl. Cochinch , non Gaertn. Dioecious coarse bushy shrubs, to 2 m tall, densely covered with leaf sheaths. Leaves in a dense caudex, to 1 m long, cm broad, pinnately compound; lower leaflets transformed into sharp spines; upper ones 4-8 together, to 30 x 1 cm, linear-oblong, acuminate, folded. Spadix axillary, cm across; branches spreading, to 18 cm long. Flowers sessile; perianth biseriate, outer smaller, connate, cupular; inner ovate, valvate; stamens 6, free; ovary of 3 free carpels, ovules solitary; stigma uncinate. Drupes 12 x 8 mm, obovoid, yellow. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. India to Vietnam and China. Fairly common in grasslands; PS Karimala PANDANACEAE PANDANUS S. Parkinson Pandanus thwaitesii Mart., Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital ; FPM ; FTSR Dioecious shrubs with stilt roots. Leaves spiral close, 150 x 6 cm, 3-costate, linear-lanceolate, spiny along margins and costae, sessile, ash coloured below. Male spadix, terminal branched, each branch with a scape. Male flowers densely packed; perianth absent; stamens many. Female spadix branched; spathe oblong, to 20 cm long. Flowers closely arranged; perianth absent; ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary. Fruit an aggregate of drupe, to 6 x 5 cm; drupes obovoid, laterally connate with a hexagonal outer face. Fl. & Fr. September-March Distr. Endemic to South India. Fairly common in evergreen forests; PS Pezha ARACEAE 1. Climbers with nodular adventitious roots Erect rhizomatous herbs or shrubs All leaves entire; perianth 6...Pothos 2. Leaves both dissented and entire; perianth absent...rhaphidophora 3. Leaves palmately or pinnately foliolate or dissected Leaves entire Spathe spirally twisted; rootstock creeping... Anaphyllum 4. Spathe not spirally twisted; rootstock not creeping Lamina pedatisect; plants leafy during flowering...arisaema 5. Lamina tripartly compound; plants leafless during flowering...amorphophallus 364

389 6. Epiphytes with bulbiferous shoots; leafless during flowering...remusatia 6. Terrestrial or epiphytic without bulbiferous shoots; leafy during flowering Root stock creeping, not tuberous...lagenandra 7. Root stock tuberous, not creeping Leaves ovate, to 25 cm long Leaves ovate-hastate or sub-orbicular, to 10 cm Spathe limb linear, yellow; ovules parietal... Colocasia 9. Spathe limb ovate, green; ovules basal... Alocasia 10. Leaves triangular ovate; petiole with a bulbil at apex...typhonium 10. Leaves orbicular petiole without a bulbil...ariopsis ALOCASIA (Schott) G. Don Alocasia fornicata (Roxb.) Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: ; FBI 6: ; FTSR Arum fornicatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3: , non Wight, Perennial herbs; stem erect, to 10 cm long, 2.5 cm thick. Leaves 2-5 together; blade to 42 x 26 cm, ovate, acute, shortly peltate, proximal lobes triangular, acute; nerves to 8 pairs, lowest pair bear the lateral nerves of basal lobes, intercostae regular, parallel; petiole to 45 cm long, canaliculate, slender, base sheathing. Peduncle 2-4 together, to 40 cm long, slender; spathe yellow, cm long, tubular part 5 cm long, limb ovate, acuminate to the apex; spadix cm long, pistillate lower part 1.5 cm long, sterile middle portion 2 cm long, staminate part 2 cm long and appendix 6 cm long. Fl. & Fr. October-March Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in moist localities of semi-evergreen forests; PS Pooppara AMORPHOPHALLUS Blume ex Decaisne 1. Leaves bulbiferous at forks; peduncles to 25 cm long... A. bulbifer 1. Leaves not bulbiferous at forks; peduncles to 40 cm long... A. paeoniifolius Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume, Rumphia 1: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Pythonium bulbiferum Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot Arum bulbiferum Roxb., Fl. Ind Large herbs, corm globose, to 10 cm across. Leaves 3-partite, to 40 cm across, segment, pinnatisect, bulbiferous at the base and forks and on the nerves above; petiole to 1 cm long, spotted brown; leaflets, to 20 cm, obovate, lanceolate. Spadix sessile; spathe to 40 x 10 cm, at the broadest part, pale pink; male and female contiguous; female flowers covering 4.5 cm of the spike; male flowers to appendages cylindrical. Fl. & Fr. January-April Distr. India and Myanmar. Rare in deciduous forests; PS Karimala Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicols., Taxon 26: ; var. paeoniifolius: Sivad., Taxon 32: ; FTSR Dracontium paeoniifolium Dennst., Schluss. 13: Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 3: ; FBI 6: , p. p.; FPM Large herbs, corm to 20 cm across, depressed globose, tubercled, pale pink inside; petiole to 50 cm long, 3-4 cm thick, green with brown patches; lamina cm across; lobes to 14 x 5.5 cm, ovate, acuminate, decurrent at base into a wing to the petiole; nerves impressed above. Peduncle 5-6 cm long, thick; spathe 38 cm across, cm high, campanulate, undulate, dull greenish brown; spadix as long as spathe; appendage obovoid, cm across, uneven, rugose, 365

390 deep pink. Flowers on the lower half of the spadix. Berry 15 x 10 mm, oblong, obovoid, orangered, glabrous. Fl & Fr. May-October Distr. India, Sri Lanka and Pacific Islands. Common in deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thellikkal ANAPHYLLUM Schott Anaphyllum wightii Schott, Bonplandia 5: & Gen. Aroid. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Tall herbs with a creeping rhizome. Leaves pinnatisect or pinnatipartite; lobes 3-8 pairs, to 28 x 10 cm, usually narrower, elliptic to oblong, acute, sessile or petiolulate; petiole cm long, erect, 5-10 cm thick, smooth or transversally rugose, brownish. Spadix cm long, 5-8 cm broad, spathe open, deep brown, once or twice twisted; spikes 4.5 cm long, 8-10 mm thick. Flowers bisexual, densely arranged, 3-6 mm across; perianth lobes 4, obovate, truncate; stamens 6, free, filaments broad; ovary 1-celled, ovule solitary; style short, stigma discoid. Fruit a globose achene. Fl. & Fr. July-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kothala; Meenkara; Pezha ARIOPSIS Nimmo Ariopsis peltata Nimmo. in Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Remusatia vivipara Wight, Ic. t , non Schott, Epiphytic or terrestrial annuals, rootstock globose, to 1 cm across. Leaves 1 or 2, peltate, lamina 5-9 cm across, orbicular, entire, membranous, glabrous; petiole to 8 cm long, slender. Peduncle 2-5 cm long, solitary; spathe yellow or white, 3 cm long, cymbiform, open, tube absent; spike 2.5 cm long, cylindrical, 3 mm, thick. Female flowers 5-7, on one side of the spike towards the lower part; ovary ovoid, 1-celled, ovules many, on parietal placentas; stigma 4-lobed. Male flowers sunken in upper fleshy part of spadix; stamens 3; anthers divaricate, pubescent. Fl. & Fr. May-June Distr. India and Western Malesia. Fairly common on wet rocks of evergreen forests; PS Karimala ARISAEMA Martius 1. Leaves two; appendage of the spadix much longer than the spathe... A. tortuosum 1. Leaves single; appendage of the spadix as long as or smaller than the spathe Appendage of the spadix blunt at apex; spadix to 22 cm long...a. leschenaultii 2. Appendage of the spadix narrowed at apex; spadix to 10 cm long Appendage of the spadix terminated into a knob; spathes limb yellowish, tube purple...a. barnesii 3. Appendage of the spadix not terminated into a knob; spathe limb and tube greenish Spathe limb triangular with a long acuminate tip... A. attenuatum 4. Spathe limb broadly ovate; acute...a. murrayi Arisaema attenuatum Barnes & Fischer, Kew Bull. 1936: Corms 2-5 cm, depressed globose. Leaves radiatisect; leaflets 6-9, to 16 x 6 cm, ellipticlanceolate, acute, base cuneate, membranous; petiole to 45 cm, sheathing peduncle as long as or slightly longer than the petiole; spathe to 17 cm, bright-green, stipe white outside, inner glossy, limb short, triangular, acuminate, dark green, with 3 stripes; spadix to 9 cm, appendage, attenuate, purplish with green tip. Berry 10 mm across, obovoid. Fl. & Fr. May-July Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram 366

391 Arisaema barnesii Fischer, Kew Bull. 1933: & FPM ; FPL ; FTSR A. wightii auct. non Schott. 1859; FBI 6: p. p., non Schott. 1859; FPM Corm 1-2 cm across, globose; petiole cm long, smooth, base sheathing. Leaflets 6, 16 x 3 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, base acute, glabrous, petiolule 1-2 cm long. Peduncle slender; spathe 6-10 cm long, tube cm broad, purple with white lines, glabrous; limb ovate, finely caudate-acuminate, horizontal, green with white lines. Spadix 6 cm long, straight, narrowed at apex into a short tail. Fl. & Fr. November-June Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen forests; PS Kariamchola; Pooppara Arisaema leschenaultii Blume, Rumph. 1: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL A. papillosum Steud. ex Schott, Prodr A. pulchrum N. E. Br., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 252. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM Corm 1-6 cm across, depressed globose. Leaf one; leaflets 7-12, to 25 x 7 cm, lanceolate, acuminate; nerves many, close, parallel, forming an intramarginal vein, prominent, glabrous; petiole to 70 cm long, 1-3 cm thick, brownish. Spadix peduncled, below the level of leaf; spathe cm long, tube 5-15 cm long, cm broad, with thick greenish brown streaks; limb ovate, apex curved down, finely acuminate, green with brown streaks. Spadix cm long, clavate at apex, female flowers many in lower 1-3 cm long; neuter flowers filiform, simple or bifurcate, to 1 cm long. Fl. June-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimalagopuram Arisaema murrayi (Graham) Hook., Bot. Mag. 74: t ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Arum murrayi Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay Arisaema tortuosum var. neglectum sensu Nicols. in Sald. & Nicols., , non (Schott) Fischer Corm to 2.5 cm across, globose. Leaf shortly pedatisect, lobes 5-6, elliptic or ellipticlanceolate, acute, base cuneate, membranous, to 17 x 6 cm; petiole sheathing, to 40 cm long; peduncles as long as the petiole, spathe greenish, to 10 cm long, base tubular, to 3 x 1.5 cm; limb 6 x 5 cm, green with white streaks, reddish along margins; spadix 6 cm long; sterile appendages as long as spathe or shortly exserted. Berry obovoid, 3 or 4-angled at apex, 6 x 5 mm. Fl. & Fr. May-October Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimalagopuram Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 1: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Arum tortuosum Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 10. t Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott var. neglectum (Schott) Fischer in Gamble, FPM A. neglectum Schott in Bonplandia 7: ; FBI 6: A. murrayi sensu Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley , non (Graham) Hook Corms 2-3 cm across, globose. Leaves paired, pedatisect; leaflets 8-10, to 12 x 4 cm, oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, base acute, sparsely hispid below, petiolulate; petiole to 35 cm long, 2-together. Spadix solitary; peduncle usually shorter than the petiole; spathe 8-12 cm long, green; limb ovate, acuminate, with white and purple streaks; tube 4-6 cm long; spadix cm long, sigmoidally curved, appendage narrow. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Himalayas, South India and Sri Lanka. Common in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram 367

392 COLOCASIA Schott Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 1: ; FPL ; FTSR Arum esculentum L., Sp. Pl Colocasia antiquorum Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. 1: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Stout herbs; rhizome stoloniferous. Leaves few to many, peltate, to 28 x 18 cm, ovate, cordate to sagittate at base, glabrous; nerves 6 pairs, united to form an intramarginal vein; lowest pair with lateral nerves of the basal lobes, intercostae curved; petiole cm long, cylindrical, smooth. Peduncle solitary or few together, cm long, stout; spathe to 20 cm long, yellow, lanceolate, constricted above the base; limb acuminate. Spadix 10 cm long, cylindrical, appendages terete, obtuse. Male flowers above, to 5-6 cm of the spadix, stamens 6; female flowers on lower, 2 cm of the spadix; ovary 1-celled, ovules many on 2-4 parietal placentas. Neutral flowers many, peltate, between the female and male flowers. Fruit an aggregate of berries, globose. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. South Asia, widely cultivated. Common along the margins of vayals; PS Anakkalvayal LAGENANDRA Dalzell 1. Leaves to 35 cm; cataphylls not keeled... L. toxicaria 1. Leaves to 10 cm; cataphylls 2-keeled...L. meeboldii Lagenandra meeboldii (Engl.) Fischer in Gamble, FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Cryptocoryne meeboldii Engl., Pflanzenr F: Annual or biennials, rhizome cm thick, creeping. Leaves clustered; lamina 8 x 4 cm, ovate, acute, rounded at base; nerves numerous, regularly arching; petiole 5-10 cm long. Peduncle to 2.5 cm long, concealed in the leaf sheath. Spathe to 10 x 1.5 cm, ellipsoidal, longacuminate at apex, twisted once or twice, smooth, yellowish, purple, tubular part 5 cm, closed chamber 2-3 cm long. Spadix 2 cm long, produced above into a cusp. Female flowers in a clusters of 5 mm across; male flowers in a globose clusters of 3 mm across; stamens 1 or 2. Fl. & Fr. December-March Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Rare in the streams of evergreen forests; PS Kanthalppara Lagenandra toxicaria Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew. Gard. Misc. 4: & 5: t ; FBI 6: , p. p.; FPM ; FTSR Leaves broadly elliptic, acute, chartaceous, glabrous, to 30 x 15 cm; petiole to 25 cm long; cataphylls lanceolate, sheathing 10 cm long. Peduncle 4.5 cm long. Spathe 4.5 cm long, oblong, constricted above the tube, limb abruptly acuminate, acumen, sigmoidally curve, pale purple; spadix 1.5 cm long. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in the streams of evergreen forests; PS Orukomban POTHOS Linnaeus 1. Petiole winged; spadix globose... P. scandens 1. Petiole not winged; spadix oblong or elongated Stem with prickles at nodes; leaves dimorphic; spike longer than the spathe...p. armatus 2. Stem without prickles at nodes; leaves similar; spikes shorter than spathe... P. crassipedunculatus Pothos armatus Fischer, Kew Bull. 1929: & FPM ; FTSR Armed climbers, spines 2-4 mm long, few at nodes. Lowers leaves ovate-orbicular with cordate base, upper leaves to 18 x 4.5 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate at apex, acute at base; 368

393 nerves many, irregular, prominent below; petiole 1 cm long. Spadix on short lateral branchlets; peduncles 3-5 cm long with 3-4 cataphylls at base; spathe cm long, oblong, acute; spadix 5 cm long, slender. Flowers 1.5 mm across, in distant groups of 3-5 together; bracts orbicular, puberulus; stamens 6; ovary obovoid, truncate above. Fl. & Fr. January-March Distr. Southern Western Ghats. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivad. et al., Pl. Syst. Evol. 168: [Figure 12]. Root climbers, flagella to 2 m. Leaves to 20 x 7 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, intramarginal veins looping at the margin, base cuneate, cordate; petiole to 2 cm, pulvinate. Inflorescence lateral, ca 1 cm long, cataphylls 3 or 4; peduncle to 4 cm; spathe x 1.5 cm, ovate-acute, apiculate, white; spadix sessile, 2 x 0.4 cm, sub-cylindric. Flowers to 2 mm diameter, bisexual trimerous; tepals 6, fleshy, apex flat; filaments short, 3 x 0.6 mm; anthers 4- lobed, extrorse; stigma sessile, convex with tuft of papillae at centre; ovary trilocular. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Rare in evergreen forests; PS Orukomban Note: This species was recently described from Agasthyamala. Present collection from the sanctuary is the first report outside its type locality. Pothos scandens L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Large climbers; stem angled, 2-4 mm thick. Leaf to 9 x 3 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, nerves many, united to form 2-3 narrow ribs, glabrous; petiole 3-6 cm long, broadly winged, wing broaden above. Spadix axillary; peduncle to 0.5 cm long, spathe 5 mm across, orbicular, obtuse, concave, brown; spadix 3-5 mm across, globose. Flowers densely packed; bracts 3-5, orbicular; stamens 6, free; ovary obovoid, stigma 3-toothed. Fl. & Fr. October-November Distr. India to Malesia and Madagascar. Common in all forest types; PS Parambikulam REMUSATIA Schott Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Arum viviparum Roxb., Hort. Bengal Caladium viviparum (Roxb.) Lodd., Bot. Cab. 3: t Colocasia vivipara (Roxb.) Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Epiphytic or lithophytic herbs with erect bulbiferous slender shoots. Leaves cm across, ovate, acute, cordate at base, glossy above; nerves prominent; petiole to 40 cm long; spadix solitary, on erect, terminal peduncle, covered with large cataphylls; spathes obovate to rhomboid, spreading, yellowish white; tube short, 5 cm long, ellipsoid, limb to 10 x 7 cm, acute; spadix 5 cm long. Female flowers many, ovary globose, 1-celled; ovules many, parietal, stigma 3-lobed, globose. Male flowers many, on clavate above part of the spadix; stamens 6, united. Fl. & Fr. January-June Distr. Paleotropics. Common in evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Thenkudippara RHAPHIDOPHORA Hasskarl Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) Schott, Bonplandia 5: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Pothos pertusa Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Scindapsus pertusus (Roxb.) Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot Stout perennial climbers, stem cylindrical, 4 cm thick, fleshy. Leaves to 35 x 30 cm, broadly ovate, pinnatisect or rarely entire, rounded at base, acute at apex; petiole cm long, 369

394 Figure 12. Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivad. et al. A. flowering twig; B. inflorescence; C. inflorescence node- cataphyll removed; D. flower; E & F. stamen dorsal and ventral view; G. pistill 370

395 channelled. Spadix solitary, axillary; spathe to 20 x 8 cm long, ovate-oblong, concave, acute, creamy white; spadix 12 cm long, 2 cm thick. Flowers unisexual, densely packed. Female flowers basal; ovary obconical, truncate, 1-celled; ovule solitary; stigma knob-like. Male flowers above; stamens 4-6, free. Fl. & Fr. August-September Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in evergreen forests; PS Kottayali TYPHONIUM Schott Typhonium bulbiferum Dalz. in Hook. s J. Bot. Kew. Gard. Misc. 4: ; FBI 6: ; FTSR Corms about 1 cm across. Leaves 2 or 3, triangular-ovate, acute, base cordate, sagittate, to 6 x 4 cm; petiole to 10 cm long, slender with a bulbil at apex. Spathe pale purple, limb linearlanceolate, pale reddish-purple, to 10 cm long; spadix as long as the spathe. Fl. & Fr. April-May Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Occasional in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; PS Parambikulam ERIOCAULACEAE ERIOCAULON Linnaeus 1. Male flowers with two sepals; female petals linear...e. thwaitesii 1. Male flowers with three sepals; female petals oblong or oblanceolate Appendage of seeds along the vertical walls...e. truncatum 2. Appendage of seeds along the transverse walls Involucral bracts longer than the floral bracts; peduncle to 4 cm long...e. xeranthemum 3. Involucral bracts equal to or smaller than the floral bracts; peduncles more than 8 cm long Sheaths to 3.5 cm; petals sub-equal...e. talbotii 4. Sheaths to 7 cm; petals equal... E. parviflorum Eriocaulon parviflorum (Fyson) Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India E. dianae Fyson var. parviflora Fyson, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 2: E. dianae Fyson var. triloboides Fyson, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 2: Leaves to 7 x 0.6 cm, falcate, acute, glabrous. Peduncle many, to 30 cm long; sheath to 5 cm long, limb small. Head 5 x 5 mm, receptacle pilose; involucral bracts 2 x 1 mm, obovate, glabrous, straw-coloured; floral bracts 2 x 1 mm, cuneate, black. Female sepals unequal, grey or black, smaller one hyaline, petals oblanceolate, hyaline, hairy; seeds oblong; appendages many, on transverse walls. Male sepals, united into a split tube, black, hairy at apex; petals 3, equal, hairy; anthers black. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Endemic to Western and Central India. Common on wet areas of grasslands; PS Karimala Eriocaulon talbotii Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India E. horsleykundae Fyson var. megalocephala Fyson, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 3: Leaves to 6 x 0.5 cm, linear-ensiform, acuminate. Peduncles to 25 cm, virgate, sheath to 4 cm, limb incised. Head cm across, spherical, grey; involucral bracts 2 mm across, ovate, obtuse; floral bracts ca 3 x 1 mm, oblanceolate, acute, apex hoary; male sepals 2 mm across, obovate, connate, apex hoary; petals ca 2 mm across, spathulate, obtuse, free; ovary sessile, globose, style trifid; seed globose, purple, seed coat aligned in vertical rows. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common on wet areas of grasslands; PS Karimala 371

396 Eriocaulon thwaitesii Koern., Linnaea 27: ; FBI ; FPM ; Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India ; FTSR E. mariae Fyson, Kew Bull.1914: E. gamblei Fischer, Kew Bull & in Gamble, FPM Leaves 6-8 x 0.5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. Peduncles several to many, cm long; heads x 4-6 mm, globose; receptacle pilose, involucral bracts 2 x 1.5 mm, oblong, rounded to truncate at apex, straw-coloured; floral bracts 2 x 1 mm, cuneate, acute, hairy at apex, brown. Female sepals 2, lanceolate, keeled, brown; petals linear, hyaline; seed walls in vertical raw. Male sepals 2, united at the base, glabrous, brownish; petals equal, hairy, glandulose. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Common on wet areas of grasslands; NS 5775 Karimala Hills Eriocaulon truncatum Bunch.-Ham. ex Mart. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India E. truncatum var. malaccense Hook.f., FBI 6: Leaves 3-4 x 0.4 cm, lanceolate, acuminate at apex. Peduncles many, to 15 cm long; heads 3 x 5 mm, hemispherical; involucral bracts 3 x 1.5 mm, oblong, obtuse, at apex, straw coloured; floral bracts 2 x 1.2 mm, oblanceolate, obtuse, pale brown, glabrous. Female sepals 2, 1.5 mm long, linear, black; petals 3, linear, white, glabrous, glandulose; seeds oblong. Male sepals united, lobes shallow, black, glabrous; petals equal, glandulose. Fl. & Fr. July-September Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common on wet rocky areas; PS Parambikulam Eriocaulon xeranthemum Mart. in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: ; FBI 6: ; Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India ; FTSR E. pygmaeum Dalz. in Hook.'s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: Leaves x 0.15 cm, lanceolate, acuminate. Peduncles 1-few, 1-5 cm long; heads spreading, obconical; involucral bracts 3 x 1 mm, elliptic, acute, hyaline; floral bracts 1.2 mm long, oblanceolate, truncate and hairy at apex, black. Female sepals oblanceolate, one shorter and linear, brown; petals 3, oblong, hairy, glandulose; seeds oblong, appendages 2-3 on the base, lobes truncate, black; petals 3, subequal, glandulose. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Tropical Africa and India. Rare in the sides of streams; PS Parambikulam CYPERACEAE 1. Florets unisexual Florets bisexual Nut enclosed in a utricle... Carex 2. Nut not enclosed in utricle...scleria 3. Hypogynous bristles present Hypogynous bristles absent Leaves with a prominent ligule...fuirena 4. Leave eligulate Nut beaked with persistent style base; spikelets in panicles; bristles setaceous... Rhynchospora 5. Nut not beaked, spikelets in simple umbel; bristles broad... Lipocarpha 6. Style base dilated and constricted above the nut; glumes spiral rarely distichous Style base continuous with the nut; glumes distichous Style fimbriate hairy; base conical...fimbristylis 7. Style glabrous at mouth puberulus, base depressed globose... Bulbostylis 372

397 8. Rachilla persistent Rachilla deciduous Nut trigonous; stigmas 3... Cyperus 9. Nut biconvex; stigmas 2...Pycreus 10. Keels of nut bearing glumes winged or serrulate; stigmas 2...Kyllinga 10. Keels of nut bearing glumes not winged or serrulate; stigmas 3...Mariscus BULBOSTYLIS Kunth Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) Kunth ex Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Scirpus barbatus Rottb., Progr Isolepis barbata (Rottb.) R. Br., Prodr Isolepis barbata (Rottb.) R. Br. var. capillaris Nees in Wight, Contrib Densely tufted annual; culms 5-15 cm high, 5-6-ridged, smooth. Leaves 3-6 cm long, filiform, glabrous; sheath keeled, mouth with long-cilia. Umbels globose, cm across, bracts 2-3, filiform with a broad base, surpass the head. Spikelets 3-5 mm long, sessile, clustered, 8-15 in an umbel, densely packed; glumes 2 x 1.2 mm, aristate, 6-12 in a spikelets, spirally disposed; arista curved out, scabrid. Nut 0.6 x 0.5 mm, trigonous, truncate at apex, thinly reticulate, pale brown. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Old World tropics and Southern U.S.A. Common on wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli CAREX Linnaeus 1. Terminal spikelets with male flowers only... C. phacota 1. All spikelets with male and female flowers... C. filicina Carex filicina Nees in Wight, Contrib ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Perennials, culms to 120 cm tall, slender. Leaves x 0.8 cm, scabrous. Sheath rounded, closed. Partial panicles 8-10 x 3 cm; bracts to 30 cm long; bracteoles filiform. Spikelets 1.5 cm long; male portion 3-4 mm long, narrower; pistillate glumes 2 mm long, reddish brown; utricle 3.5 mm long, scabrid, blotched with red spots; beak 1.5 mm long, deeply bifid. Staminate glumes 3 x 1.5 mm, acute. Fl. & Fr. December-May Distr. South and South East Asia. Common in marshy areas; PS Karimthalappara Carex phacota Spreng., L. Syst. Veg. 3: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL C. lenticularis D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: Perennials, culms cm tall, triquetrous. Leaves cauline, x cm, linear, 3- costate; sheath keeled, open. Spikelets 5-7 in a terminal raceme, cylindrical; terminal one fully or partly male, others female, 5 cm long, 5 mm wide; pistillate glumes 2 x 1 mm, obovate, truncate at apex, aristate, blotched with red spots, hirtus; utricle 3 x 1.5 mm, puberulus, deep brown; staminate glumes 3 x 1.5 mm, obovate, emarginate, aristate; stamens 3. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Indo-Malesia and Sri Lanka. Common in marshy areas; PS Anakkavayal CYPERUS Linnaeus 1. Rachilla broadly or narrowly winged on either side of the nut, often decurrent Rachilla not conspicuously winged Spikelets spicate or racemose; not clustered or digitate...c. compressus 2. Spikelets digitally clustered or in very congested spikes Glumes aristate... C. maderaspatanus 3. Glumes not aristate...c. zollingeri 373

398 4. Spikelets in elongated spikes or racemes...c. iria 4. Spikelets in digitate clusters or in congested racemes Glumes aristate not mucronate Glumes not aristate or mucronate...c. halpan 6. Arista recurred; culms to 20 cm high... C. cuspidatus 6. Arista strait; culms cm high... C. diffusus ssp. macrostachyus Cyperus compressus L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Culms to 30 cm high, obtusely trigonous, slender, smooth. Leaves x cm, linear, glabrous; sheath rounded, open. Umbels 5-10 cm across, compound; bracts 3-5, unequal, 7-8 x 0.4 cm; rays 2-3, spreading. Spikelets x cm, 3-6 in each spike, flowered, much compressed; rachis narrowly winged; glumes 3 x 2.5 mm, ovate, cuspidate, many-nerved, keeled. Nut 1.5 mm long, trigonous, brown, smooth. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas; PS Vengoli Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth in HBK, Nov. Gen. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPL ; FTSR C. uncinatum sensu Fischer in Gamble, FPM , non Poir Culms cm high, densely tufted. Leaves 5-10 x cm, linear, folded; sheath keeled, closed, glabrous. Umbel 4 x 4 cm, compound; rays 3, secondary rays absent; bracts 3, unequal, longest 10 x 0.2 cm; spikes 1.2 x 0.8 cm, ovoid, oblong or globose. Spikelets in a spike, ovate, 10-flowered; glumes 2 x 1 mm, lanceolate, keeled, curved; arista mm long. Nut obovoid, obtuse, pale brown, smooth. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas; PS Vengoli Cyperus diffusus Vahl ssp. macrostachyus (Boeck.) Koyama, Gard. Bull. Singapore & Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: C. diffuses Vahl var. macrostachyus Boeck., Linnaea 35: C. pubisquama Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Culms cm high, robust, smooth. Leaves mostly basal, 3-costate. Umbel 5-35 cm across, compound; rays up to 15, secondary & tertiary rays present; bracts unequal, similar to leaves. Spikelets 5 x 2 mm, in groups of 1-5, digitate, 8-16 flowered; glumes 1.75 x 1.2 mm, broadly ovate, cuspidate, red-dotted. Nut 1.2 mm long, shortly beaked, smooth, grey-brown. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India, China, Formosa, Solomon Islands and Malesia. Common in marshy areas; PS Rockpoint Cyperus halpan L., Sp. Pl , haspan ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Culms cm long, slender. Sheaths many at base, red-purple, bladeless. Umbels compound, rays 2-15, secondary rays also present; bracts few, smaller than the umbel, leafy. Spikelets sessile, 2-15 mm long, ovate, acute, 3-15-flowered, 1-5 together in umbellules; glumes ovate, keeled, 1-nerved. Nut trigonous, white, smooth. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in marshy areas; PS Vengoli Cyperus iria L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Culms cm high, loosely tufted or solitary, acutely 3-angled. Leaves 0.6 cm broad; sheath keeled, closed by a membrane. Umbels 16 x 10 cm; bracts unequal, to 23 x 0.4 cm, 374

399 linear-oblong. Spikelets x 2 mm, oblong, 6-8-flowered, in a spike; glumes 1.2 x 1.2 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse, 1-nerved, keeled. Nut 1.25 x 1.5 mm, obovoid, dark brown, smooth. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Tropical Asia and East Africa; introduced in U.S.A and West Indies. Common in marshy areas; PS Thellikkal; Vengoli Cyperus maderaspatanus Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: Mariscus maderaspatanus (Willd.) Napper, J. E. Africa Nat. Hist. Soc. 28, 124: Mariscus squarrosus Clarke in Hook. f., FBI 6: quoad spec.; FPM Culms 5-8 cm high, tufted, filiform. Leaves 5-10 x 0.1 cm, scabrid; whole plant red glandular. Umbel 3-5 x 3 cm; bracts 3-4 linear, 6-9 cm long; rays 1-5, secondary rays absent; spikes sessile, congested, head-like. Spikelets x 2 mm, compressed, linear oblong, 5-12 together in a spike; rachilla winged; glumes 2-3 x 1 mm, 3-nerved. Nut 1.5 x 0.3 mm, pale brown. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in marshy areas; PS Pillakkalvayal Cyperus zollingeri Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 2: C. ramosii Kukenth., Feddes Repert 21: & in Engl., Pflanzenr. 101: C. rubroviridis Cherm., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 66: C. sphacelatus Rottb. var. tenuior Clarke, Trop. Afr. 8: Culms cm high, triquetrous. Leaves to 40 x 0.4 cm, linear, acuminate. Umbel compound; bracts unequal, 5-20 cm long, leafy; rays 4-6; spike cm long, dense. Spikelets oblong, perpendicular to the axis; rachis with deciduous wings on either side of the nut; glumes 3 x 2 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse, shortly cuspidate, margin hyaline; keel with several nerves. Nut obovate, smooth, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Malesia and Northern Australia. Common in marshy areas; PS Vengoli FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl 1. Styles bifid Styles trifid Nut covered with two rows of white glands on sides; culms stellate... F. dipsacea 2. Nuts and culms otherwise Spikelets clustered in a single head, sessile...f. argentea 3. Spikelets not clustered in a single head, peduncled Glumes not aristate... F. dichotoma 4. Glumes aristate Lowest glumes pubescent; bracts surpass the umbel...f. aestivalis 5. Lowest glumes glabrous; bracts never surpass the umbel...f. bisumbellata 6. Leaves distichous, folded; midrib strongly keeled; spikelet globose...f. miliacea 6. Leaves spiral; midrib not keeled; spikelet acute Spikelets many... F. eragrostis 7. Spikelets up to Glumes spirally arranged...f. tenera 8. Glumes distichous... F. narayanii Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPL Scirpus aestivalis Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: Densely tufted annuals; culms to 20 cm high, obtusely 5-angled. Leaves x 0.11 cm, filiform, gland-dotted, scabrid. Umbel 3-6 x 3-4 cm, globose; bracts 3-4, leaf-like; rays 4-6, erect. 375

400 Spikelets few to many, 3-4 x 1.5 mm, acute, solitary, peduncled; glumes 1.7 x 0.9 mm, ovate, acute, 1-nerved. Nut 0.5 x 0.3 mm obovoid, smooth, dull brown. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. Asia and Australia. Common in marshy areas; PS Parambikulam; Thenkudippara Fimbristylis argentea (Rottb.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FTSR Scirpus argenteus Rottb., Descr. Ic Tufted annuals; rhizome short, oblique; culms to 10 cm high, slender, ridged. Leaves 5-8 x 0.1 cm, narrow to filiform; margins folded. Spikelets 3-5 x 2 mm, oblong, cylindrical; many in digitate umbel; glumes many, 1.5 x 0.7 mm, ovate, acute, 1-nerved, spirally disposed. Nut 0.7 x 0.4 mm, biconvex, faintly trabeculate, yellowish green, to pale brown. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. South and South East Asia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani, Dodecanthea ; FPM Scirpus bisumbellata Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab Fimbristylis dichotoma sensu Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 6: , non (L.) Vahl, Densely tufted annuals; culms to 20 cm high, slender. Leaves to 10 x 0.15 cm, linear, scabrous; sheath rounded, glabrous, mouth with a short membranous ligule. Umbel 3 x 2.5 cm; bracts setaceous; rays 2-5, erect. Spikelets 2-4 mm long, peduncled; 8-15-flowered; glumes 1.5 x 0.8 mm, boat-shaped, mucronate, yellowish brown. Nut biconvex, obovate, smooth, dull yellow; style 1.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. North Africa, West Asia, India, Malesia, Taiwan, Ryukyu and North Australia. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FPM ; FPL Scirpus dichotomous L., Sp. Pl Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: Scirpus diphyllus Retz., Obs. Bot Perennials; culms cm high, 2-3 mm thick, ridged. Leaves x cm, basal or scattered, linear to flat; sheath rounded; ligule a fringe or short hairs. Umbel 12 x 7 cm; bracts longer than the umbel. Spikelets 8-11 x 2-4 mm, solitary and pedicelled, ovate-oblong, acute; glumes 3 x 2 mm, acute, 3-nerved. Nut 1 mm long, oblong, biconvex, trabeculate with transverse oblong cells arranged in vertical rows. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas; PS Vengoli; Vengoli Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Scirpus dipsaceus Rottb., Descr. Ic Echinolytrum dipsaceum (Rottb.) Desv., J. Bot. 1: 21. t Small annuals, tufted; culms 2-5 cm tall, terete, spreading. Leaves 1-4 cm long; lower ones reduced to sheaths, usually basal, filiform, scabrid. Inflorescence a solitary spikelets or a simple umbel with 3 spikelets. Spikelets globose or top-shaped, 3 x 3 mm. few to several flowered; glumes acuminate-aristate, 7-nerved, greenish white. Nut 0.6 x 0.2 mm, brown. Fl. & Fr. January-May Distr. Tropical Africa and Asia. Common on wet rocky and marshy areas; PS Vengoli Fimbristylis eragrostis (Nees & Meyen ex Nees) Hance, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 13: Abildgaardia eragrostis Nees & Meyen ex Nees in Wight, Contrib Fimbristylis nigrobrunnea Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 6: ; FPM

401 Perennials; rhizome vertical, 1-3 cm long, clothed with leaf sheaths; culms cm high, solitary, slender, tetragonous. Leaves to 20 x 0.25 cm, flat, blunt at apex, glabrous. Umbels 3 x 3 cm, dense, globose; bracts 3, unequal, 1-3 cm long; rays 3-6, each with 1 or 2 spikelets. Spikelets 7-9 x 3 mm, oblong, acute; glumes in a spikelet, 3 x 2 mm, acute, 1-nerved, brown. Nut 1 x 0.5 mm, obovate, obtuse, trabeculate; style base depressed globose. Fl. & Fr. July-April Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia, China and Formosa. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thellikkal Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Scirpus miliaceus L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) Fimbristylis littoralis Gaud., Freyc. Voy. Bot Trichelostylis miliacea (L.) Nees in Wight, Contrib Annuals, culms to 25 cm high, caespitose. Leaves to 15 cm, flat, inrolled, obtuse, ligule absent, terete, oblong, to 8 mm, acute; spikelets 1 or 2, involucral bracts to 3, rachilla winged 1 mm, scarious, glumes to 4 mm, basally distichous, spiral at apex, keel 3-5-nerved; stamens 3, filaments to 4 mm, anthers ca 2 mm; style trifid, trigonous, ciliate, base pyramidal, stigma papillose. Nut to 2 mm, obovoid, trigonous, stipe 5 mm, angular. Fl. & Fr. October-November Distr. Cosmopolitan. Common in marshy areas; PS Anakkalvayal Fimbristylis narayanii Fischer, Kew Bull & in Gamble, FPM ; FPL Tufted annuals; culms cm tall, acutely quadrangular. Leaves to 15 x 0.1 cm, narrowly ensiform, usually basal, glabrous. Umbel 4 x 2.5 cm; bracts 1-6, minute, scabrid; rays 2-5. Spikelets 1-3 together, 5-10 x 2 mm, compressed, elliptic, solitary, peduncled; glumes 3 x 1.5 mm, 1-nerved, in the spikelets. Nut obovoid, obtuse, trabeculate and tubercled, pale brown; style base conical. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Common in marshy areas; PS Karimala; Vengoli Fimbristylis tenera Schult., Syst. Veg. 2, Mant ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Slender short annuals; rhizome very short; culms 5-10 cm, very slender, loosely tufted. Leaves 3-8 cm long, linear; sheath rounded, hairy. Umbel simple, 1.5 x 1.5 cm. Spikelets 1-5, mostly peduncled, terete, acuminate; glumes few to many, keeled, brown. Nut obovoid, 0.8 mm long, dull grey, verruculose. Fl. & Fr. July-November Distr. Tropical Africa and Pakistan. Occasional in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi FUIRENA Rottboel Fuirena umbellata Rottb., Descr. Ic. 70. t ; FBI 6: ; FPM F. pentagona Wight & Arn. ex Nees in Wight, Contrib F. uncinata sensu Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl , non Kunth Stout perennials; rhizome creeping. Culms cm high, 0.8 cm thick, ribbed. Leaves x 1-2 cm, ciliate along the margins; nerves scabrid; sheath rounded, pubescent; ligule thick, collar like. Panicle 10 x 3 cm, with 2-5 partial panicles; bracts 2-5, leaf-like, 2-7 x cm. Spikelets in each cluster, 4-6 x 3 mm, ovoid; glumes 2.2 x 1.5 mm, ovate-oblong, emarginate at apex, cuspidate, glabrous, brown, outer bristle retrorsely barbed; inner bristle obovate, truncate. Nut 1.2 x 0.7 mm, obovoid. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas (vayals). PS Anakkalvayal 377

402 KYLLINGA Rottboel 1. Keels of nut bearing glume serrulate or spinulose...k. brevifolia 1. Keels of not bearing glume not serrulate or spinulose Glumes with a crest towards the upper part of the keel; stamens 3...K. nemoralis 2. Glumes without a crest; stamens 2... K. bulbosa Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb., Descr. Ic ; FBI 6: ; FPM Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bogor Culms cm high, solitary along the creeping rhizome. Leaves flaccid; basal sheaths bladeless. Spike 0.8 x 0.6 cm, globose; bracts foliar. Spikelets 3.5 x 1.2 mm, lanceolate; upper glumes 3 x 2 mm, aristate, 5-nerved, margins hyaline; stamens 3. Nut 1.2 x 0.8 mm, obtuse, apiculate, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal; Vengoli Kyllinga bulbosa Beauv., Fl. d' Oware & Benin 1: 11, t. 8, f Cyperus triceps (Rottb.) Endl., Cat. Hort. Acad. Uindb. 1: Kyllinga triceps Rottb., Descr. Ic , nom. illegit.; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Culms 5-10 cm high, densely tufted. Leaves 2-6 x cm, scabrid along margin and costa. Vertical spike 0.7 x 0.5 cm, conical, lateral shorter; bracts foliar. Spikelets 2 mm long, lanceolate; lower glumes smaller, upper glumes 1.5 x 1 mm, acute, nerves greenish white. Nut 1.2 x 0.5 mm, oblique, truncate at apex, yellowish brown. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. Common in marshy areas; PS Vengoli Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalz., Fl. W. Trop. Africa 2: 486, ; FPL ; FTSR Thryocephalon nemoralis J. R & G. Forst., Char. Gen. Pl Kyllinga monocephala Rottb., Descr. Ic ; FBI 6: ; FPM Rhizome slender, culms to 35 cm tall, closely arranged. Leaves to 30 x 0.3 cm, linear. Spikes to 4 x 7 mm, globose, white; bracts to 10 cm long. Spikelets 4 mm long, compressed, elliptic, densely packed; lower glumes 2 mm long, linear, upper glumes 2.5 mm long, concave, mucronulate, keel arcuate. Nut biconvex, yellowish. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common on open rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli LIPOCARPHA R. Brown 1. Spikelets 3; glumes 7-nerved...L. sphacelata 1. Spikelets 6-12; glumes 1-nerved... L. chinensis Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) Kern., Blumea, Suppl. 4: ; FPL Scirpus chinensis Osbeck, Dago. Ostind. Resa Lipocarpha argentea (Vahl) R. Br. ex Nees, Linnaea 9: ; FBI 6: ; FPM Hypaelytrum argenteum Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: Culms cm high, 2 mm thick. Leaves x 0.5 cm, stiff; margins scabrid towards the apex; bracts to 8 cm long. Spikelets x 0.5 cm, obtuse; glumes 2.5 x 1 mm, obtusely acute, keeled, yellow or pale brown. Nut 1.2 x 0.4 mm, obtuse, hardly triquetrous, brown. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas; PS Anakkalvayal Lipocarpha sphacelata (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FTSR Hypaelytrum sphacelatum Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: Tunga triceps Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Lipocarpha triceps (Roxb.) Nees in Wight, Contrib ; FPM

403 Culms cm high, mm thick. Leaves 7-10 x 0.15 cm, 1-costate, glabrous. Involucral bracts 2, dilated at base, 3-4 cm long, scabrid at top. Spikelets 8 x 5 mm, acute; glumes 2.5 x 0.8 mm, clawed, acute, 4-5-nerved. Nut 1.5 x 0.4 mm, acute, slightly curved, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Velayudhankai MARISCUS Vahl 1. Stem base thickened by sheaths... M. dubius 1. Stem bases not thickened by sheaths Inflorescence compound; spike globose, spikelets many flowered...m. compactus 2. Inflorescence simple; spike oblong; spikelets 1-4 flowered Rhizome slender, creeping; spikelets single flowered...m. paniceus 3. Rhizome thick, not creeping; spikelet 2-4 flowered...m. sumatrensis Mariscus compactus (Retz.) Boldingh, Zakfl. Landb. Java ; FPM ; FPL C. compactus Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: C. spinulosus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Mariscus dilutus (Vahl) Nees ex Wight, Contrib M. microcephalus Presl., Reliq. Haenk. 1: ; FBI 6: Culms to 1 m, terete, densely shaggy. Leaves to 60 x 1 cm wide, canaliculate, cross nerves nodulose, scabrid below, sheath purplish. Umbel compound, to 10 cm, involucral bracts 5-10, overlapping, longest equal to the stem. Spike glabrous, racemose; spikelets to 80, 2-4 cm, narrow, linear, reddish-brown rachilla strait, glumes ca 2 x 1 mm, acute. Nut ca 1.5 x 0.5 mm, narrowly obovoid, beaked. Fl. & Fr. March-September Distr. South and South East Asia. Common in marshy areas; PS Kannimara Mariscus dubius (Rottb.) Kukenth. ex Fischer in Gamble, FPM ; FPL ; FTSR Cyperus dubius Rottb., Descr. Ic. Rar. 20,t.4. f Mariscus dregeanus Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: p.p. Culms to 15 cm tall, tufted. Leaves to 20 x 5 cm, linear, basal. Spikes 1.5 cm across, globose; bracts 4, unequal, to 25 cm long. Spikelets 5 mm long, lanceolate, densely packed; glumes 3 mm long, broadly ovate, many-nerved, keeled. Nuts trigonous, ellipsoid. Fl. & Fr. July-November Distr. Tropical Africa, India, Indo-China to Malesia. Occasional in marshy areas; PS Parambikulam Mariscus paniceus (Rottb.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Kyllinga panicea Rottb., Descr. Ic Cyperus paniceus (Rottb.) Boeck., Linnaea 36: Culms cm high, 3-angled, 2-broad and one narrow sided. Leaves x cm, 1- costate, glabrous. Umbel simple; spikes 3-6, each x 0.8 cm. Spikelets 3-4 x 0.6 mm, terete; glumes 4, lower two glumes smaller; third glume 3 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate, fourth glume 3.5 x 0.5 mm; stamens 2. Nut 2.5 mm long, brown. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests and vayals; PS Rockpoint; Thunakkadavu; NS Thellikkal Mariscus sumatrensis (Retz.) Raynal, Adansonia 15: ; FPL Kyllinga sumatrensis Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: Mariscus sieberianus Nees ex Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FPM Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kunth, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3(2): Scirpus cyperoides L., Mant. Pl. 2:

404 Culms cm high. Leaves to 36 x 0.7 cm, nearly basal, midrib strongly depressed, margins recurved, scabrid. Umbel 3-4 x 5-7 cm, simple; bracts to 7-8, 20 x 0.4 cm; spikes x 1 cm. Spikelets 3.5 x 1 mm, densely packed, perpendicular to the spike; glumes 4, third glume 3.2 x 2 mm, 1-nerved, fourth glume 3.2 x 1 mm, aristate 1-nerved; stamens 2. Nut curved. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas; PS Thunakkadavu PYCREUS P. Beauvois 1. Apex of the glume obtuse, mucronate... P. pumilus 1. Apex of the glume acute not mucronate Nuts horizontally marked with white lines, cells vertically elongate...p. stramineus 2. Nut not marked with white lines, cells isodiametric... P. flavidus Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) Koyama, J. Jap. Bot. 51: & in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: ; FPL Cyperus flavidus Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: Pycreus globosus (All.) Reichb. f., Fl. Germ. Excurs ; FPM P. capillaris (Koenig ex Roxb.) Nees ex Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 6: Cyperus capillaris Koenig ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Culms cm tall. Leaves x 0.1 cm, glabrous, mouth of sheath with two truncate flaps. Umbel 8 x 8 cm; bracts 2-3, to 18 cm long; rays spreading. Spikelets x 2 mm oblong, obtuse, in a spike; glumes 2 x 1.2 mm, in a spikelets, 3-5-nerved; keel curved, green. Nut mm, biconvex, distinctly cuspidate, minutely muriculate, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. South Europe, Africa and Central and South Asia. Common in marshy areas; PS Vengoli Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees, Linnaea 9: ; FBI 6: ; FPM 9: ; FPL Cyperus pumilus L., Cent. Pl. 2: Pycreus nitens (Retz.) Nees, Nov. Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur. 19: ; FBI 6: Culms cm tall, slender, terete. Leaves up to 21 x 0.2 cm, linear, serrulate along the margins. Umbel 4 x 6 cm, spreading; bracts 4, unequal, longest x 0.15 cm; rays 3-5, up to 2.5 cm long. Spikelets 1.2 x 0.3 cm, linear oblong; glumes 1.5 x 1 mm, aristate, keeled, 1-nerved, in each spikelets. Nut mm, truncate, cuspidate, glabrous, dark brown. Fl. & Fr. August-February Distr. South and South East Asia. Common on wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Pycreus stramineus (Nees) Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 6: ; FPM ; FPL Cyperus stramineus Nees in Wight, Contrib Culms cm high, terete. Leaves x cm glabrous; sheath closed, mouth split. Umbel 2-7 cm long; bracts 2-4, unequal, cm long; rays 0-2. Spikelets x cm, compressed, sessile, digitate; rachilla quadrangular, glabrous; glumes 2.5 x 2 mm, ovate obtuse, keeled, 2-5-nerved, reddish brown; stamens 2, filaments persistent. Nut 1.2 x 0.9 mm, apiculate, deep grey. Fl. & Fr. August-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in marshy areas; PS Kannimara RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Brit., Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 11: ; FPM Scirpus corymbosus L., Cent. Pl. 2: Rhynchospora aurea Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: ; FBI 6: Rhizome globose, covered with spongy leaf sheaths. Culms cm high. Leaves x cm; sheath sharply keeled, become spongy when old. Panicle cm long. Partial 380

405 panicle corymbose. Spikelets 7-8 x 2.5 mm, clustered; all sessile; glumes 4, lower 3 sterile, uppermost one bisexual, 7.5 x 4 mm, shortly aristate, keeled with brown streaks, anthers 2.5 mm long, apiculate. Nut 3 x 1.5 mm, truncate, wrinkled with brown spots; style base 4.5 mm long conical with longitudinal depression on either sides, hypogynous bristle 8, 4.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Very common sedge in vayals; PS Vengoli SCLERIA Bergius 1. Leaves linear; spikelets bisexual...s. rugosa 1. Leaves lanceolate; spikelets unisexual...s. caricina Scleria caricina (R. Br.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 7: ; FBI 6: Diplacrum caricinum R. Br., Prodr. 1: ; FPM D. zeylanicum Nees in Wight, Contrib Tufted annuals, culms cm high, sub-erect, weak. Leaves scattered, 1-5 x cm, lanceolate, scabrid along the nerves & margins; sheath rounded, closed, truncate at mouth. Cymes axillary, sessile. Female spikelets obovate, glumes 4, opposite each other, 2 mm long, aristate, 3-nerved, with a broad midrib; margins form into an appendages towards the base. Nut 0.6 x 0.4 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse, obscurely trigonous, striate, brown. Male spikelets ovate with four glumes; lower two glumes empty, upper opposed, aristate; stamens 2; filaments free. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Tropical Asia and Australia. Common in marshy areas; PS Vengoli Scleria rugosa R. Br., Prodr ; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: ; FTSR S. lateriflora Boeck., Linnaea 38: S. flaccida Clarke in Hook.f., FBI 6: , non Steud S. zeylanica Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: , non Poir Annuals, culms cm high, 1-3 mm thick. Leaves x 0.5 cm, linear, obtuse at tip; margins and nerves and wings of sheath retrorsely scabrid. Panicle cm long; partial, bracts leafy, terminal one erect. Spikelets 3 together, 2 female and one male. Nut 3 x 2 mm, ovoid, acute, rugulose, white; disc 3-lobed, hemispherical or orbicular. Male spikelets 4.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, glumes 3.5 x 1 mm, oblong; stamens 3, free. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Asia and Australia. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala POACEAE 1. Tall woody arborescent or shrubby plants Perennial or annual herbs Lower nodes with branches Lower nodes without branches Spikelets in globose heads; basal node with spinaceous root...dendrocalamus 3. Spikelets not in globose heads; basal node with fibrous roots... Bambusa 4. Stamens more than 16; fruit fleshy... Ochlandra 4. Stamens 6; fruit not fleshy Staminal filaments free...schizostachyum 5. Staminal filaments united in to a tube... Pseudoxytenanthera 6. Spikelets unisexual...coix 6. Spikelets bisexual Stamens 6... Oryza 7. Stamens to

406 8. Glumes deciduous along with spikelets; spikelets strictly 2-flowered Glumes persistent; spikelets 1-many flowered Spikelets laterally compressed in pairs, one sessile and one pedicelled, dissimilar and awned Spikelets dorsally compressed, solitary, similar and awnless Inflorescence a panicle Inflorescence 1-many digitate or subdigitate racemes Spikelets in groups of three, one sessile and two pedicelled Spikelets paired Inflorescence covered with long silky hairs; petiole to 5 cm...spodiopogon 12. Inflorescence not covered with silky hairs; leaves sessile or shortly pedicelled Panicles interrupted by spathes... Apluda 13. Panicles not interrupted by spathes... Chrysopogon 14. Panicles densely covered with long silky hairs Panicles not as above Glumes hairy; panicles cylindrical and spiciform...imperata 15. Glumes glabrous, panicles lax... Saccharum 16. Panicle of paired racemes, one sessile, one pedicelled; plants aromatic... Cymbopogon 16. Panicles not as above; plants not aromatic Panicles interrupted by spathes Panicles not interrupted by spathes Racemes with two involucral spikelets at base... Themeda 18. Racemes without two involucral spikelets at base...pseudanthistiria 19. Upper lemma of sessile spikelets reduced to the base of the awn... Capillipedium 19. Upper lemma of sessile spikelets well developed... Pseudosorghum 20. Spikelets solitary, similar... Dimeria 20. Spikelets paired, dissimilar Racemes solitary Racemes 2-many Second lemma of sessile spikelets awnless...rottboellia 22. Second lemma of sessile spikelets awned Lower spikelets of racemes awnless; upper spikelets awned, twisted together...heteropogon 23. All spikelets of the racemes awned, awns not as above Upper glumes awned; spikelets similar... Pogonatherum 24. Upper glumes not awned; spikelets dissimilar...dichanthium 25. Racemes 2 on each peduncle Racemes more than 2 on each peduncle Lower glumes of sessile spikelets truncate at apex... Apocopis 26. Lower glumes of sessile spikelets acute or acuminate at apex...ischaemum 27. Spikelets of each pair similar...eulalia 27. Spikelets of each pair dissimilar Lower glumes of sessile spikelets pitted...bothriochloa 28. Lower glumes of sessile spikelets not pitted...arthraxon 29. Spikelets awned or aristate Spikelets not awned or aristate Racemes more than 8 cm long; arranged digitally... Alloteropsis 30. Raceme to 5 cm long; arranged on a central axis Leaves lanceolate; lower glumes awned...oplismenus 31. Leaves linear; lower glume awnless...echinochloa 32. Lower glumes absent or reduced to a minute scale Lower glume well developed Spikelets paired; lemma of upper floret thin with hyaline margins...digitaria 33. Spikelets solitary; lemma of upper florets crustaceous

407 34. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate; lower glume strictly absent...axonopus 34. Spikelets ovate-orbicular; lower glume a minute scale... Paspalum 35. Spikelets subtended by bristles...setaria 35. Spikelets not subtended by bristles Inflorescence of racemes arranged on a central axis Inflorescence of lax or contracted panicle Spikelets adaxial, oblong... Brachiaria 37. Spikelets abaxial, ovate...paspalidium 38. Panicle very much contracted, cylindrical...sacciolepis 38. Panicle lax, not cylindrical Second lemma with two basal scars...ichnanthus 39. Second lemma without such scars Spikelets gibbous and laterally compressed...cyrtococcum 40. Spikelets not gibbous and laterally compressed... Panicum 41. Leaves tessellately nerved... Centotheca 41. Leaves not tessellately nerved Spikelets awned Spikelets awnless Spikelets with one floret Spikelets with 2 or more florets Awns of the spikelets trifid...aristida 44. Awns of the spikelets simple Inflorescence a panicle... Garnotia 45. Inflorescence a solitary raceme... Perotis 46. Spikelets with 3-7 fertile florets... Tripogon 46. Spikelets with one fertile floret Inflorescence of 3-15 digitate racemes, upper lemma empty or reduced... Chloris 47. Inflorescence a panicle or of racemes arranged on a central axis; upper lemma developed Panicle much contracted, spiciform, base of leaves amplexicaule... Jansenella 48. Panicles lax or slightly contracted, base of leaves not amplexicaule...arundinella 49. Inflorescence of solitary, digitate or subdigitate racemes Inflorescence a panicle Spikelets with one floret... Cynodon 50. Spikelets with 2-many florets Upper glumes aristate; rachis ends in a point...dactyloctenium 51. Upper glumes not aristate; rachis ends in a spikelets...eleusine 52. Spikelets with one floret...sporobolus 52. Spikelets with 2-many florets Glumes equal to or longer than the spikelets... Isachne 53. Glumes shorter than the spikelets Paleas 2-keeled; keels ciliate or scabrid Paleas not 2-keeled, glabrous Lower glumes 1-3 nerved, upper 3-5 nerved... Helictotrichon 55. Lower glumes 1-nerved, upper 1-3 nerved...eragrostis 56. Spikelets with one bisexual floret...coelachne 56. Spikelets with more than one bisexual floret... Zenkeria ALLOTEROPSIS J. S. Presl ex C. B. Presl Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9: ; FPM ; FKG ; FTSR 502. Milium cimicinum L., Mant. Pl. 2: Axonopus cimicinus (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost ; FBI 7:

408 Annuals, culms cm high, 3-5-together; nodes hairy. Leaves to 7 x 1.2 cm, lanceolate, cordate at base; margin ciliate; sheath rounded, hairy; ligule a row of hairs. Racemes 6-8, digitate, to 15 cm long; rachis triquetrous, serrulate. Spikelets similar; pedicels unequal; lower glume 2 x 1 mm, acuminate 3-nerved; upper 3.5 x 2 mm, acute, 5-nerved, ciliate along margins. Lower floret male, upper bisexual; first lemma 2.5 x 1 mm, ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved; palea hyaline, oblong; second lemma ovate, aristate, 3-nerved; palea 1.5 x 1 mm, 2-nerved. Stamens 3, free; ovary oblong; styles 2, free; stigmas feathery. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Old World tropics. Common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi APLUDA Linnaeus Apluda mutica L., Sp. Pl ; FPM ; FKG ; FTSR A. mutica var. aristata (L.) Hack. ex Backer, Handb., Fl. Java 2: ; FPL A. varia Hack. ssp. aristata (L.) Hack., Monogr. Andropog. in A. & DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: ; FBI 7: A. aristata L., Amoen. Acad. 4: ; FPM A. varia Hack. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: ; FBI 7: Perennials; culms cm high, erect, 2-5-together. Leaves x 1.2 cm, linearlanceolate, narrowed to the base; ligule membranous. Panicle lax; raceme enclosed by a boat shaped spathe. Sessile spikelets 7 x 3 mm; paleate containing 3 stamens; second lemma 2-cleft and awned at the sinus; palea oblong, 2-keeled, hyaline; stamens 3. Pedicelled spikelets reduced to empty glumes or carries a male floret. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Tropical Asia and Australia. Occasional in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli APOCOPIS Nees Apocopis mangalorensis (Hochst.) Henrard, Blumea 4: ; FKG ; FTSR Amblyachyrum mangalorense Hochst., Flora Annuals; culms cm high, tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-6 x cm ovatelanceolate, base rounded, densely covered with bulbous based hairs; sheath keeled, densely hairy; ligule membranous. Racemes 2, 2 cm long, compressed. Spikelets similar 4 x 2.5 mm, dorsiventrally compressed, brown; lower glume oblanceolate; upper glume oblong, 2-keeled; lower floret empty, upper bisexual; first lemma oblong, hyaline; palea oblong, hyaline; second lemma bifid at apex and awned; palea ciliate along the margins. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli ARISTIDA Linnaeus Aristida hystrix L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FKG Annuals or perennials; culms to 60 cm high, tufted, geniculate, nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-10 x cm, narrow, glabrous; sheath rounded, glabrous; ligule a row of hairs. Panicle x 7 cm, lax; branches filiform, glabrous. Spikelets similar, 7-8 mm long, lanceolate, solitary, pedicelled; lower glume glabrous; upper glume acuminate, keeled; floret one; lemma lanceolate, 3-nerved, awned; awns mm long; palea minute, hyaline. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in dry deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi ARTHRAXON P. Beauvois Arthraxon lancifolius (Trimen) Hochst., Flora 39: ; FPM ; FKG Andropogon lancifolius Trimen, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. ser. 6: Culms procumbent; lower nodes rooting, nodes hairy. Leaves to 1.5 x 0.5 cm, ovate, acute, margins minutely serrulate, glabrous, base rounded with few long hairs; ligule a row of hairs. 384

409 Racemes 2, up to 2 cm long. Sessile spikelets mm long, lanceolate, acuminate; lower glume 2-3 mm long, shortly bifid, smooth; upper glume shorter, aristate; first lemma 1 mm long; awn 8 mm long, geniculate, from the base of second lemma. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Indo-Malesia. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli ARUNDINELLA Raddi 1. Spikelets not awned...a. leptochloa 1. Spikelets awned Second lemma with seta on either side of the awn... A. mesophylla 2. Second lemma without seta Panicles effuse; spikelets to 1.5 mm long...a. pumila 3. Panicles contracted; spikelets more than 3 mm long... A. ciliata Arundinella ciliata (Roxb.) ex Miq. in Verh., Kon. Ned. Inst. 3: ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Holcus ciliatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Arundinella holcoides sensu Gamble, FPM , non Trin A. agrostoides sensu Hook. f., FBI 7: , non Trin Densely tufted annuals; culms cm high; nodes bearded. Leaves 5-18 x cm, ovatelanceolate, rounded at base, glabrous; sheath rounded, covered with bulbous based hairs; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Panicle 5-25 cm long, congested; rachis and axis covered with bulbous based hairs. Spikelets 4 x 1 mm, lanceolate, pedicelled; glumes similar, 4 mm long, ovate, acuminate, 5-nerved; first lemma 2.5 x 1 mm, lanceolate, 3-nerved, empty; second lemma 1 x 0.5 mm, hyaline; awn 5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. November-May Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in rocky areas; PS Karimala; Vengoli Arundinella leptochloa (Nees ex Steud.) Hook.f., FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum leptochloa Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: Arundinella lawsonii Hook.f., FBI 7: Perennials; culms cm high, tufted; nodes sparsely hairy. Leaves 7-30 x cm, linear, densely tubercled hairy; sheaths rounded, hairy, ligule a narrow fimbriate membrane. Panicle 5-20 cm long, dense; axis and branches tubercled hairy. Spikelets pedicelled, mm, long; glumes glabrous; lower 2.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, acute; upper 3.5 x 2 mm, ovate, acuminate; first lemma 3 x 1.5 mm, ovate-lanceolate, 5-nerved, second lemma ovate, obtuse, 2-fid at apex, awnless. Fl. & Fr. September-January. Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in grasslands; PS Karimala Arundinella mesophylla Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Tufted perennials, culms cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves 4-8 x cm, ovatelanceolate, rounded at base; sheath rounded, glabrous, ciliate along margins; ligule a row of hairs. Panicle 3-10 cm long, branches 5-10, racemiform; axis, rachis and glumes covered with bulbous based hairs. Spikelets 4-5 mm long, densely packed; glumes similar, 4-5 mm long; first lemma lanceolate, acute, reddish brown; palea smaller, hyaline; second lemma 2 x 1 mm, subcoriaceous, with seta on either sides of the awn; awn 5-6 mm long. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to South India. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Pandaravarai; Vengoli; Keerappadi 385

410 Arundinella pumila (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG Acratherum pumilum Hochst. ex A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: Arundinella tenella Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: ; FBI 7: Slender annuals; culms cm high, erect, few together or solitary; nodes hairy. Leaves 4-15 x cm, linear-elliptic, densely hairy; sheath rounded, covered with bulbous based hairs; ligule a fimbriate membrane, 1.5 mm long. Panicle effuse, 7-25 cm long; axis & branches tubercled hairy, slender. Spikelets many, 1-2 mm long, lanceolate, glabrous; glumes similar, 1.5 x 0.5 mm ovate, acute; first lemma similar to upper glume; second lemma x 0.5 mm, lanceolate; awn 2.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Tropical Africa and Asia. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala AXONOPUS P. Beauvois Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12: ; FKG Milium compressum Sw., Prodr Tufted perennials; culms cm high, decumbent at base, sometimes flattened or compressed, nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-25 x cm; ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, hairy along the margins; sheath keeled, glabrous; ligule a narrow membrane; racemes 3-5, 5-8 cm long, sub-digitate, on a slender axis, narrow; rachis triquetrous, smooth. Spikelets mm long, solitary, sessile, in two rows along the rachis; lower glume absent; upper glume 2 x 1 mm, ovate, 5-7 nerved, glabrous; Flowers two; lower empty or staminate, upper bisexual; first lemma ovate, acute, 3-nerved, epaleate; second lemma 2 x 0.75 mm, oblong, hyaline; palea oblong. Fl. & Fr. July-February Distr. Tropics and subtropics. common in open areas of moist deciduous forests and vayals; PS 19478, Thellikkal BAMBUSA Schreber Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss in Vilmorin, Blumengartnerei 1: ; FTSR Arundo bambos L., Sp. Pl B. arundinacea (Retz.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL Tufted tree grass, thorny, cylindric, hollow; branches from each node, clustered, horizontal. Culm sheaths glabrous; margin hairy; blade triangular, 15 x 10 cm, thickly hairy within. Leaves to 20 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, serrate along the margins; sheath rounded, ligule membranous; contraligule present. Panicle to 35 cm long, terminal and axillary; branches spreading. Spikelets mm long, crowded, glabrous. Glumes 2, subequal, ovate, acute; florets many; lower lemmas ovate, acute, empty; upper lemmas similar to lower, bisexual; palea coriaceous, 2 keeled; hairy along the keels; stamens 4-6, free. Fl. & Fr. sporadic, most of the culms in Keerappadi and surrounding areas were flowered during the year 2001 Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Common all over the Sanctuary except evergreen forests; PS Pandaravarai BOTHRIOCHLOA O. Kuntze Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 76: ; FKG Holcus pertusus L., Mant. 2: Amphilophis pertusa (L.) Nash ex Stapf, Agr. News. Bridge. 15: ; FPM Andropogon pertusus (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: ; FBI 7: Perennials with creeping stolon; culms cm tall; nodes bearded. Leaves 6-8 x cm, linear, with long bulbous based hairs towards the base; sheath keeled, pubescent near the mouth, ligule a narrow membrane. Racemes 2-6 cm long, densely villous, partially spreading. 386

411 Sessile spikelets 3-4 mm long; lower glume coriaceous, densely hairy below the middle; upper glume boat shaped; awn cm long; anthers 2 mm long. Pedicelled spikelet 3-4 mm long. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Arabia eastwards to South East Asia, Pakistan, India, Tropical Africa. Common in degraded forest areas and road cuttings; PS Vengoli BRACHIARIA (Trinius) Grisebach Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa. 9: ; FPM ; FKG Panicum ramosum L., Mant. Pl. 1: ; FBI 7: Annuals; culms 40 cm high, loosely tufted; nodes hairy. Leaves x cm, lanceolate, glabrous; sheath keeled; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Raceme 10-15, 7-8 cm long; rachis triquetrous, scabrous. Spikelets distant, paired, 2.5 x 1-2 mm, ovate; lower glume 1 x 1.5 mm, orbicular; upper glume 2.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, thinly pubescent; second lemma 2 x 1 mm, coriaceous, rugose, 5-nerved. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Africa and Tropical Asia. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thellikkal CAPILLIPEDIUM Stapf Capillipedium assimile (Steud.) A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-China 7: ; FKG ; FTSR Andropogon assimilis Steud. in Zoll., Syst. Verz ; FBI 7: Capillipedium glaucopsis Stapf. in Hook., Icon. Pl. 31: t ; FPM Annuals, culms cm high, nodes bearded. Leaves 5-20 x cm, lanceolate, scabrid; sheath keeled, glabrous; ligule membranous, hairy around. Panicles 8-10 cm long, effuse; axils of racemes with long hairs; joints densely villous. Sessile spikelets 3 x 1.5 mm, oblong; lower glume 3 x 1.5 mm, ovate, 5-nerved, ciliate along margins; upper glume ovate, keeled, 3-nerved; lower floret empty, upper bisexual; first lemma 1.5 x 1 mm, ovate, obtuse; second lemma forms the base of the awn; paleas absent; stamens 3; styles 2, free; stigma plumose. Pedicelled spikelets 3 x 1.5 mm; pedicels glabrous; lower glume 3 x 1 mm, 8-nerved; upper glume hyaline; first lemma oblong, hyaline; stamens 3; upper floret absent. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. India, Japan and China. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli CENTOTHECA Desvaux Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Cenchrus lappaceus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2, Tufted perennials; culms cm high, robust, densely tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-15 x cm, elliptic-oblong, cuneate at base, glabrous; sheath keeled, glabrous; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Panicles cm long, effuse, branches distant. Spikelets 5-6 mm long, elliptic, clustered; glumes similar, distichous, 2.5 x 1 mm, 5-nerved, keeled; florets 2-3, similar; lemma 3.5 x , lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, 7-nerved, densely bristled along the dorsal surface; palea 2.5 x 0.5 mm, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; stamens 2; ovary elliptic; styles 2, free; stigmas plumose; the terminal floret usually reduced to a rachilla only. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. South East Asia and Tropical Africa. Fairly common in the moist deciduous forests; PS Padippara CHLORIS Swartz Chloris dolichostachya Lagasca, Gen. Sp. Pl ; FKG Chloris incompleta Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp ; FBI 7: ; FPM

412 Perennials. Leaves to 30 x 0.8 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, base obtuse, pilose, convolute; ligule membranous. Spikes digitate, to 25 cm, 3-8 slender, rachis triquetrous, minutely serrate; spikelets 5 mm, linear, awned, 2-flowered; callus bearded; lower glume lanceolate, 2 mm, hyaline, 1 nerved, upper glume 5 mm, lanceolate, aristate, acuminate; fertile lemmas oblong, chartaceous, awns to 15 mm, palea 4 mm, lanceolate, delicate, sterile lemmas reduced to awns, to 6 mm. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. China, Indo-Malesia to Australia. Fairly common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli; NS Keerappadi CHRYSOPOGON Trinius 1. Ligule a tuft hairs; pedicelled spikelets to 5 mm long... C. hackelii 1. Ligule a fimbriate membrane; pedicelled spikelets 8-13 mm long...c. zeylanicus Chrysopogon hackelii (Hook.f.) Fischer in Gamble, FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Andropogon hackelii Hook.f., FBI 7: Robust perennials; culms cm high, nodes glabrous. Leaves x cm, linearlanceolate, glabrous; sheath strongly keeled; ligule a tuft of hairs. Panicle cm long, pyramidal. Sessile spikelets 5 x 1.5 mm, lanceolate; lower glume 5 x 1.5 mm, glabrous, aristate, arista 5 mm long; upper glume 5 mm long, linear-oblong; first lemma 3 x 1 mm, hyaline, ciliate along margins; second lemma oblong; awn 20 mm long; anther 2.5 mm long; pedicelled spikelets 4-5 mm long, acute, awnless. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala Chrysopogon zeylanicus (Nees ex Steud.) Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FPM ; FKG ; Andropogon zeylanicus Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: ; FBI 7: Perennials, tufted. Leaves to lanceolate, 30 x 0.5 cm, apex acute, pubescent, flat; ligule hairy; sheath to 7 cm, hairy. Panicles to 25 cm; callus with brown hairs; sessile spikelets 6-8 mm, awned, lower glume, 6 x 1 mm, oblong, upper oblong, 6 mm, notched and aristate at apex, second lemma awned, to 25 mm; pedicelled spikelets to 13 mm, linear-lanceolate, pedicels 3 mm, densely pubescent, with chocolate brown hairs. Fl. & Fr. December-February Distr. South India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in disturbed forest areas; PS Vengoli COELACHNE R. Brown Coelachne simpliciuscula (Wight & Arn. ex Steud.) Benth., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: ; FKG Panicum simpliciusculum Wight & Arn. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: Coelachne pulchella R. Br. var. simpliciuscula (Wight & Arn. ex Steud.) Hook.f., FBI 7: ; FPM Aquatic or marshy annuals; culms cm high, erect or decumbent; nodes bearded. Leaves 2-5 x cm, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, rounded at base; sheath keeled, glabrous, ligule a row of hairs. Panicle 2-7 cm long, contracted, cylindrical, glabrous. Spikelets similar, 2 x 1 mm, ovate, glabrous; glumes similar, ovate-orbicular, 3-nerved; florets 2; lower bisexual, upper barren or with a rudimentary ovary; first lemma 2 x 1 mm, ovate, acute, hyaline; palea 2 x 1 mm elliptic; upper floret exserted. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. South East Asia, China and Madagascar. Common in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram 388

413 COIX Linnaeus Coix lacryma-jobi L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Tufted perennials; culms cm tall, robust; nodes glabrous. Leaves x cm, lanceolate, scabrous; sheath rounded; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Inflorescence a false panicle with groups of peduncled racemes. Spikelets dissimilar, unisexual. Female spikelet 3-10 mm long, solitary at the base of the raceme, globose, enclosed in a white shiny case; lower glume oblong; upper ovate; lower floret barren; upper floret female. Male spikelets 5-15 x 2-4 mm, 2-4 in each raceme, lanceolate; lower glume lanceolate; upper glume oblong; lower floret male, upper empty, first lemma hyaline; palea delicate. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Tropical Africa; introduced to India. Occasional near the water courses; PS Rockpoint CYMBOPOGON Sprengel 1. Leaves cm long; base cordate... C. caesius 1. Leaves cm long; base not cordate...c. flexuosus Cymbopogon caesius (Nees ex Hook.f. & Arn.) Stapf, Kew Bull. 1906: ; FPM ; FKG Andropogon caesius Nees ex Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beach Voy Andropogon schoenanthus var. gracillimus Hook.f., FBI 7: Annuals or Perennials; culms cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves cm long, lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base, glaucous below, glabrous; sheath glabrous; ligule 5 mm wide, membranous. Panicles cm long, contracted. Racemes 1.5 cm long. Sessile spikelets 4 x 1.5 mm, oblong; lower glume oblong, narrowly winged along margins on upper half; upper glume boat-shaped, keeled; first lemma 3 mm long, oblong; second lemma 2-cleft; awn 12 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets 4 x 1 mm, elliptic, awnless. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Arabia, East Africa from Sudan to South Africa. Fairly common in deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Wats., Atk. Gaz. N. W. Prov. Ind ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Andropogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: A. nardus var. flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: ; FBI 7: Perennials; culms cm tall, robust; nodes glabrous. Leaves x 1-2 cm, linearlanceolate; upper ones rounded at base, glaucous. Panicle cm long, lax, reddish with drooping racemes; racemes cm long slender, joints and pedicels hairy. Sessile spikelets 4 x 1 mm, lanceolate; lower glume oblong, winged at apex, margins infolded; first lemma hyaline, 3 mm long; second lemma with filiform lobes; awn 12 mm long; anthers 2 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets 4 mm long; pedicels hairy. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. India and South East Asia. Common in grasslands; PS Karimala CYNODON Richard Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum dactylon L., Sp. Pl Perennials; culms 5-30 cm long, stoloniferous; nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-5 x cm, ovatelanceolate, glabrous, rounded at base; sheath keeled, glabrous; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Racemes 3-6 cm long, digitate; rachis flat, glabrous, with two rows of spikelets. Spikelets 389

414 similar, 2.5 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous; floret one; lemma 2 x 1.5 mm, 1-nerved, strongly keeled; keel ciliate; palea 2 x 0.5 mm, 2-nerved, curved. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Common in degraded forest areas and plantations; PS Thellikkal CYRTOCOCCUM Stapf 1. Upper glume and lower lemma with glochidiate hairs...c. muricatum 1. Upper glume and lower lemma without glochidiate hairs Panicles contracted; pedicels shorter than the spikelets...c. oxyphyllum 2. Panicles lax, effuse; pedicels longer than the spikelets... C. patens Cyrtococcum muricatum (Retz.) Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak ; FKG Panicum muricatum Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: Annuals; culms cm high, erect or creeping, rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-5 x cm, ovate-lanceolate, hairy below; sheath keeled, margins hairy; ligule membranous. Panicle cm long, erect; racemes 1-2 cm long, arranged distantly on an axis, rachis angled, smooth. Spikelets 4 x 2 mm, few in each raceme; lower glume cuspidate; upper glume curved, glochidiate hairy; first lemma 4 x 2.5 mm, paleate; second lemma 3 x 1 mm, ovate, acute, 3-nerved; palea ovate, acute, 2-nerved. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Steud.) Stapf in Hook., Ic. Pl. t ; FPM ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum oxyphyllum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: P. pilipes Nees & Arn. ex Buese in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 3: ; FBI 7: Perennials or annuals; culms cm high, slender, trailing or erect, rooting from lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-15 x cm, lanceolate, cuneate at base, hairy along the margins; sheath keeled, margin ciliate; ligule membranous, truncate. Panicle contracted, erect. Spikelets 1.5 x 1 mm, with smaller pedicels; glumes sub-equal, ovate, glabrous, upper larger; first lemma 1.5 x 1 mm, epaleate; second lemma 1 x 1 mm, 3-nerved; palea 1 x 0.5 mm, 2- nerved. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia and China. Common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Parambikulam Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27: ; FPM ; FKG Panicum patens L., Sp. Pl Cyrtococcum radicans (Retz.) Stapf in Hook. Ic. Pl. t ; FPM Panicum radicans Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: Annuals; culms cm high, creeping, rooting from nodes; nodes sparsely hairy. Leaves 3-7 x cm, elliptic, cuneate at base, glabrous; sheath keeled, ciliate along one margin; ligule membranous. Panicle x 5-12 cm, lax; rachis and pedicels filiform. Spikelets 1.5 x 1 mm; glumes equal, concave, acute; first lemma 1.5 x 1 mm, ovate, acute, 3-nerved; second lemma 1.5 x 1 mm, ovate, acute, crustaceous, 3-nerved palea, 1.5 x 1 mm, oblong, subcoriaceous. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Tropical Asia. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli DACTYLOCTENIUM Willdenow Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost ; FPM ; FTSR Cynosurus aegyptius L., Sp. Pl Eleusine aegyptius (L.) Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1:

415 Tufted annuals. culms cm high, suberect or decumbent; nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-20 x cm, oblong-lanceolate, rounded at base, glabrous; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Racemes 3-6, digitate, each 1-3 cm long; rachis flat, scabrid, ends in a sharp point. Spikelets similar, 4 x 2.5 mm, ovate, acute; lower glume 3 x 1.5 mm, ovate, 1-nerved; upper glume 2.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, aristate, 1-nerved; keeled; florets 3-4; lemmas 3 x 1.5 mm, 3-nerved, keeled, mucronate; palea ovate, 2-nerved, 2-keeled; stamens 3, free; ovary oblong; styles 2, free; stigmas plumose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Old World Tropics. Common in moist deciduous forests and degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli DENDROCALAMUS Nees Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees, Linnaea 9: ; FBI 7: ; FPM Bambos stricta Roxb., Pl. Corom. 1: 58, t Culms to 15 m high, unarmed. Leaves to 16 x 1.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, apex long acuminate, spinescent; ligule dentate. Heads of spikelets globose, to 2.5 cm across; spikelets 6 mm long, ovate, lower glume 4 mm, upper 4.5 mm, ovate, lemmas 2, 5 mm, broadly ovate with a mucro; stamens 6, filaments free, 0.2 mm, anthers 2.5 mm, oblong. Fl. A few culms flowered during the year 2000 Distr. South Asia. Rare in rocky areas of deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam DICHANTHIUM Willemet Dichanthium oliganthum (Hochst. ex Steud.) Cope, Kew Bull. 35: ; FKG ; FTSR Andropogon oliganthus Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: ; FBI 7: Indochloa oligantha (Hochst. ex Steud.) Bor, Kew Bull.9: Heteropogon oliganthus (Hochst. ex Steud.) Blatt. & McCann, JBNHS 32: ; FPM Annuals; culms 5-25 cm high, tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-7 x cm, ovatelanceolate; rounded at base, tomentose, ciliate along the margins; sheath keeled, ligule 2 mm wide, membranous. Raceme solitary, terminal, 2-4 cm long. Sessile spikelets 4 x 1.5 mm, glabrous; lower glume 4 x 1.5 mm, margins incurved, coriaceous; upper glume similar, 1- nerved; awn mm long. Pedicelled spikelets 6-7 mm long; glumes subequal, truncate to obtuse, 13-nerved; florets absent. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; NS 5769 Karimala Hills DIGITARIA Heister ex Fabricus 1. Upper glume with two longitudinal patches of long hairs... D. bicornis 1. Upper glume glabrous Racemes to 5 cm long; lower glumes absent... D. longiflora 2. Racemes more than 5 cm long; lower glume a minute scale...d. ciliaris Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult., Hort. Brit. 24. n ; FKG Paspalum bicorne Lam., Tabl. Meth. Bot. 1: Paspalum heterantherum sensu Hook.f., FBI 7: , non Annuals; culms cm tall, tufted, rooting at lower nodes, nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-5 x cm, lanceolate, sparsely hairy; sheath rounded, thickly covered with bulbous based hairs; ligule membranous, truncate. Racemes 2 or 3 together, 5-10 cm long, rachis flat. Spikelets 3 x 0.5 mm, lanceolate; lower glume minute; upper glume 2 x 0.5 mm, ciliate along the margins, first lemma lanceolate, hairy on back, empty; second lemma lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous; palea similar to second lemma. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Fairly common in deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi 391

416 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Descr. Gram ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum ciliare Retz., Obs. Bot Digitaria adscendens Henrard, Blumea 1: Panicum adscendens HBK, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: Digitaria marginata Link., Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: ; FPM Paspalum sanguinale (L.) Lam. var. rottleri Hook.f., FBI 7: Annuals or perennials; culms cm high; lower nodes rooting. Leaves x cm, linear-lanceolate, glabrous or hairy; margins scabrid; sheath bulbous based hairy or not; ligule membranous, 5 mm wide. Racemes few to many, 8-20 cm long; rachis flat, scabrid. Spikelets paired, similar, mm long; lower glume minute; upper glume 2 x 0.5 mm, oblong, 7-nerved; first lemma 3 x 1 mm, lanceolate, ciliate along margins, empty; second lemma 3 x 1 mm, margins folded; palea 2 keeled, lanceolate. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Tropics of Old World. Common in degraded forest areas and road cuttings; PS Thellikkal; Vengoli Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: ; FPM ; FKG ; FTSR Paspalum longiflorum Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: ; FBI 7: Slender annuals; culms cm high, creeping and geniculate, rooting from nodes. Leaves x cm, ovate-lanceolate, cordate at base, glabrous; sheath rounded. Racemes paired, to 5 cm long, slender, on erect axis. Spikelets 1.5 x 0.5 mm; lower glume absent; upper glume 1.5 x 5 mm, ovate, glabrous; first lemma 1.5 x 0.5 mm, elliptic, 9-nerved, epaleate. Second lemma and palea similar, 1.5 x 0.5 mm, ovate, coriaceous. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Old World tropics; introduced in the Neotropics. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala DIMERIA R. Brown Dimeria ornithopoda Trimen, Fund. Agrost t ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Annuals, culms to 50 cm high, tufted, slender, nodes sparsely bearded. Leaves to 6 x 0.4 cm, linear lanceolate, sparsely hairy. Racemes paired, 1-5 cm long, spreading; rachis triquetrous, glabrous. Spikelets 2 mm long; lower glume 2 mm long, linear-lanceolate, wingless or shortly winged below the apex; upper glume similar; lower floret empty; upper floret bisexual; awn 5-12 mm long. Fl. & Fr. August-March Distr. Endemic to South India. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Vengoli; Karimala ECHINOCHLOA P. Beauvois Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link., Hort. Berol., 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum colonum L., Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 2: ; FBI 7: Annuals; culms cm high, sub-erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves 3-10 x 0.5 cm, linearlanceolate, glabrous; sheath keeled; ligule absent. Racemes 3-8, each cm long; rachis triquetrous. Spikelets ovate, densely packed; lower glume 1 x 1.5 mm, broadly ovate, acute, 5- nerved; margin ciliate; upper glume 2 x 2 mm, hirtus; first lemma 2.5 x 1.5 mm, shortly cuspidate; palea oblong, hyaline, 2-keeled; second lemma 1.5 x 1 mm, ovate, acute; palea hyaline. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical Asia and Africa. Occasional in marshy areas and riverine; PS Thellikkal 392

417 ELEUSINE Gaertner Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 1: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Cynosurus indicus L., Sp. Pl Tufted annuals, erect; culms round or compressed, cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves x cm, linear-lanceolate, rounded at base, glabrous; sheath keeled; ligule a narrow membrane. Racemes 2-6, sub-digitate, each 7-9 cm long; rachis flat, serrulate. Spikelets 6-8 mm long, ovate, compressed, glabrous; lower glume 2 x 1 mm, ovate, keeled, 1-nerved; upper glume 6-nerved, keeled; florets 5-8, all bisexual, lemmas 3.5 x 1.5 mm, keeled; palea, 2-nerved, 2- keeled. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in degraded forest areas and deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal; Vengoli ERAGROSTIS N. M. Wolf 1. Keels of paleas ciliate Keels of paleas glabrous or glabrescent Inflorescence sticky; panicles narrowly oblong...e. viscosa 2. Inflorescence not sticky; panicles oblong pyramidal... E. tenella 3. Panicles spiciform...e. riparia 3. Panicles lax Branches of the panicles whorled...e. japonica 4. Branches of the panicles not whorled Leaf blade sub-amplexicaule at base; lemma punctuate...e. unioloides 5. Leaf blade rounded at base; lemma not punctuate...e. subsecunda Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin., Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersburgh (ser. 6) 1: ; FKG ; FTSR Poa japonica Thunb., Fl. Jap E. interrupta Lam., Encycl. Tabl. 1: ; FBI 7: E. diarrhena (Schult.) Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: ; FPM E. interrupta auct. non P. Beauv. var. tenuissima Stapf in Hook.f., FBI 7: Culms stout, tufted, to 75 cm tall, nodes glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, base subcordate, to 25 x 0.5 cm; sheaths keeled. Panicles linear, to 40 cm long, branches verticillate or subverticillate. Spikelets oblong, to 2 x 0.7 mm. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Pantropical. Common in plantations and roadsides; PS Thunakkadavu Eragrostis riparia (Willd.) Nees, Agrost. Brass ; FPM ; FKG Poa riparia Willd., Ges. Natur. Freunde Berlin Neue Schrifften 4: Eragrostis tenella (L.) Beauv. var. riparia (Willd.) Stapf in Hook.f., FBI 7: Small tufted grass. Leaves to 7 x 0.3 cm, lanceolate, apex acute; sheath to 2 cm; ligule a row of hairs. Panicles spiciform, contracted, to 5 cm long; spikelets 3-8 flowered, 1.5 mm, lower glumes ca. 1 mm, 1 nerved, membranous, oblong, upper glume similar to the lower glume; lemma oblong, 1 mm, rounded at apex; palea obovate, 2 keeled, 2-nerved, ciliate along the margins. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in reservoir beds; PS Thunakkadavu Eragrostis subsecunda (Lam.) Four., Mex. Pl. 2: ; Sreekumar, JETB 14: ; FKG Poa subsecunda Lam., Tab. Encycl. 1: Culms cm high. Leaves 6-15 x 0.3 cm, linear-lanceolate, base rounded, sheath keeled, ligule obscure. Spikes to 20 cm long, lax, subsecund; spikelets 12 or more flowered, purplish green; lower glume 1-2 x 0.5 mm, lanceolate, 1-nerved, upper glume ca 2.5 x 1 mm, ovate- 393

418 lanceolate, 3-nerved; paleas ca 2 x 1 mm, elliptic-lanceolate, 2-celled, ciliolate; lodicules 2, obovate, ovary oblong. Grains ovate. Fl. & Fr. March-September Distr. India, Sri Lanka and China. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Parambikulam Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: ; FKG Poa tenella L., Sp. Pl Eragrostis plumosa (Retz.) Link, Herb. Berol. 1: ; FPM Poa plumosa Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: Eragrostis tenella var. plumosa (Retz.) Stapf in Hook.f., FBI 7: Culms slender, to 50 cm long, nodes glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, base rounded, to 15 x 0.5 cm; sheaths having at mouth; ligule fimbriate. Panicle oblong-pyramidal, to 12 cm long, lax. Spikelets yellowish, ovate or oblong, to 3 x 1 mm. Fl. & Fr. July-November Distr. Paleotropics. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thunakkadavu Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Poa unioloides Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: Eragrostis amabilis auct. non Wight & Arn. ex Nees, 1838: Hook. f., FBI 7: Culms cm high, tufted. Leaves 5-15 x cm, linear, base rounded with a tuft of hairs; ligule a rim of membrane. Panicle cm long, very lax, effuse, glabrous. Spikelets few to many, 5-17 x 3-4 mm, ovate to oblong, purplish black; glumes subequal, ovate-lanceolate; floret 20-60, similar; lemmas ovate, acute; palea curved, keel scabrid; anthers 0.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. India and South East Asia. Very common in degraded forest areas; PS 19480, Thellikkal Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin., Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., ser. 6. 1: ; FPM ; FKG Poa viscosa Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. var. viscosa (Retz.) Stapf in Hook.f., FBI 7: Culms cm high, suberect or decumbent, slender. Leaves 5-10 x cm, lanceolate, base rounded; ligule a narrow rim only. Panicle x 3-4 cm, contracted, branches filiform, glabrous; axis below the panicle viscid. Spikelets 4-5 x mm, oblong, white; glumes equal; florets 10-14, similar; lemmas broadly ovate, acute; palea, 1 x 0.5 mm; keels ciliate. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Pantropical. Common in openings of deciduous forests and plantations; PS Vengoli EULALIA Kunth Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henrard, Blumea 3: ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Andropogon trispicatus Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: Eulalia tristachya (Roxb.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: ; FPM Pollinia argentea Trin., Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 1: ; FBI 7: Culms cm high, erect, pinkish, loosely tufted. Leaves x cm, linear, glabrous, drying purplish; sheath rounded, ligule a membrane. Racemes 3-15, to 15 cm long, reddish or purple; joints and pedicels hairy. Spikelets many, densely packed, 4 mm long, oblong; lower glume 4 mm long, oblong, truncate, hairy, brown, margins incurved; upper glume acute; first lemma 3 mm long; oblong; second lemma 2.5 mm long, awned, epaleate. Fl. September-October Distr. Central and South East Asia. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala GARNOTIA Brongniart 394

419 1. Nodes glabrous; leaves more than 30 cm long... G. elata 1. Nodes beared; leaves to 20 cm long Leaves rounded or cordate at base... G. arundinacea 2. Leaves narrowed to the base...g. tenella Garnotia arundinacea Hook.f., FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG Perennials; culms cm tall, robust, geniculate; nodes thickened & bearded. Leaves x cm, ovate-oblong, rounded at base, terminating into a filiform tip, ciliate along the margins; sheath rounded, ligule a membrane. Panicle 5-15 cm, congested, branches angled, scabrid. Spikelets 2.5 x 1 mm, pedicelled; glumes equal, aristate, 3-nerved, scabrid along the nerves; lemma similar to glumes, bifid at tip, awned; awn 7 mm long; palea 2 x 0.5 mm, oblong. Fl. November Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimala Garnotia elata (Arn. ex Miq.) Janowski, Feddes Repert. 17: ; FKG ; FTSR Berghausia elata Arn. ex Miq., Verh. Kon. Ned. Inst. 3: Garnotia scoparia Stapf ex Hook.f., FBI 7: , non Thw. 1864; FPM G. tenuiglumis Stapf ex Hook.f., FBI 7: Perennials; culms cm high, robust; nodes glabrous. Leaves to 60 x 0.4 cm, linear, channelled, glabrous; sheath keeled; ligule a tuft of hairs. Panicle cm long, lax; branches filiform. Spikelets 4 mm long, glabrous; glumes subequal, lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, lower larger; lemma 2.5 x 1 mm, lanceolate; awn 4-5 mm long; palea 2.5 x 1 mm, hyaline, 2-nerved. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in grasslands; PS 19683, Karimala Garnotia tenella (Arn. ex Miq.) Janowski, Feddes Repert. 17: ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Berghausia tenella Arn. ex Miq., Verh. Kon. Ned. Inst. III. 4: Garnotia stricta sensu Hook.f., FBI 7: , non Brongn. 1832; FPM Annuals or perennials; culms cm high, tufted; nodes bearded. Leaves x cm, lanceolate, scabrid along the margins; sheath rounded, ligule membranous. Panicle 5-30 cm long, effuse, branches angled. Spikelets 3.5 x 1 mm, lanceolate, glabrous; glumes subequal, aristate, 3-nerved; lemma 2.5 x 1 mm, lanceolate, 3-nerved; palea 2 x 0.5 mm, hyaline. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. South East Asia and India. Fairly common in grasslands; PS Vengoli; Karimala; Vengoli HELICTOTRICHON Besser ex Roemer & Schultes Helictotrichon virescens (Nees ex Steud.) Henr. in Blumea 3: ; FKG Trisetum virescens Nees & Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: Avena aspera Munro ex Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 7: Avenastrum asperum (Munro ex Thw.) Fischer in Gamble, FPM Perennials, culms cm high, nodes glabrous. Leaves to 20 x 0.5 cm, linear, sparsely villous, sheath villous at apex; panicles to 15 cm long; spikelets 10 x 4 mm, elliptic-oblong, 2 or 3 flowered; lower glume lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved; upper oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous, 3-5-nerved; lemmas ovate-lanceolate, notched and awned, 5-7 nerved; paleas oblong, 2-keeled, 2-nerved; keels ciliate on upper half; ovary ovoid, densely hirsute. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Rare in grasslands; PS Karimalagopuram HETEROPOGON Persoon 395

420 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Andropogon contortus L., Sp. Pl ; FBI 7: Densely tufted perennials; culms cm high, erect or decumbent; nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-15 x cm, linear-lanceolate, rounded at base, glabrous or sparsely hairy; sheath keeled, ligule a fimbriate membrane. Raceme solitary, terminal. Spikelets dissimilar, paired, sessile and pedicelled. Lower sessile spikelets 8-10 mm long, lanceolate; lower glume many-nerved, winged along the margins, ciliate; upper glume 3-nerved; lower floret empty, upper male; first lemma oblong, hyaline, epaleate; second lemma smaller; stamens 3; anthers 4 mm long. Lower pedicelled spikelets 8 mm long, similar to sessile spikelets; lower glume winged on one side. Upper sessile spikelets 5-8 mm long, oblong; glumes similar, truncate at apex, crustaceous, brown; second lemma forms the hyaline base of the awn, awn mm long, twisted each other at ends; ovary oblong; styles 2; stigmas plumose, to 6 mm long. Fl. & Fr. September-December Distr. Tropical and temperate regions of the world. Very common in openings of deciduous forests; PS Pandaravarai; Karimala ICHNANTHUS P. Beauvois Ichnanthus vicinus (F.M. Bail.) Merr., Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 1: ; FKG Panicum vicinum F. M. Bail., Syn. Queens. Fl. Suppl. 3: Ichnanthus pallens Hook.f., FBI 7: , non Munro Annuals; culms cm high, decumbent at base, rooting from lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-7 x cm, ovate, lanceolate, cuneate at base, glabrous; sheath rounded, ciliate along outer margin; ligule membranous, fimbriate. Panicle congested, glabrous. Spikelets similar, 4-5 mm long; lower glume ovate-lanceolate, 5-nerved; upper glume lanceolate, 5- nerved; florets 2; lower male; upper bisexual; first lemma similar to the upper glume; palea oblong, hyaline; second lemma 2 x 1 mm, oblong, crustaceous, shining; palea smooth, crustaceous; ovary ellipsoid; stigma plumose, brown. Fl. August-September Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas; PS Anakkalvayal IMPERATA Cyrillo Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Nom. Bot. (ed.3) ; FKG ; FTSR Lagurus cylindricus L., Syst. Nat. (ed.10) Imperata koenigii (Retz.) P. Beauv. var. major Nees, Fl. Africa Austr I. cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. var. koenigii Dur. & Schinz., Consp. Fl. Africa 5: ; FPM I. arundinacea Cyrillo, Pl. Rar. Neap. 2: ; FBI 7: Perennials; culms cm high, tufted; nodes bearded. Leaves x cm, lanceolate, narrowed towards the base, glabrous; sheath rounded, glabrous; ligule membranous. Panicle 30 x 1.5 cm, cylindrical; rachis glabrous. Spikelets 4 x 1 mm, similar, lanceolate, pedicelled; callus with long hairs. Glumes equal, lanceolate, with long silky white hairs on dorsal surface; lower floret empty, upper bisexual; first lemma 2 x 1 mm, oblong, hyaline, epaleate; second lemma 1.5 x 1 mm, hyaline, 3-lobed, paleate. Fl. February Distr. Old world tropics. Common in the sides of vayals and wet areas; PS 18901, Anakkalvayal ISACHNE R. Brown 1. Glumes obtuse, smooth; pedicels with glandular bands... I. globosa 1. Glumes acute or acuminate, covered with hairs; pedicels eglandular... I. setosa 396

421 Isachne globosa (Thunb.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: ; FPL ; FKG Milium globosum Thunb., Fl. Japan Isachne australis R. Br., Prodr. 1: ; FBI 7: I. dispar Hook.f., FBI 7: p.p., non Trin Trailing perennials; culms cm high, trailing; nodes glabrous. Leaves 4-10 x cm, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, base rounded, margin serrulate; sheath glabrous; ligule a tuft of hairs. Panicle 4-10 cm long, branches serrulate. Spikelets x mm, globose; glumes similar, broadly ovate; first lemma 2 x 1 mm, obtuse, glabrous; palea 2-nerved; second lemma 1.25 x 1 mm, broadly ovate, obtuse, ciliate along the margin; palea 2-keeled. Fl. & Fr. November to January Distr. Tropical Asia. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal Isachne setosa Fischer, Kew Bull. 1932: ; FPM ; FKG ; FTSR Tufted annuals; culms slender, cm high; nodes hairy. Leaves x 0.8 cm, ovatelanceolate, cordate at base, hairy below; sheath round; ligule a row of hairs. Panicle 3-8 x 1-4 cm; branches smooth. Spikelets mm long; glumes similar, ovate, acuminate, setose; lower floret empty; first lemma 2 x 1 mm, ovate-oblong, hyaline; palea similar, 2-nerved; second lemma 1 x 1 mm, coriaceous, hirtus; palea ovate, 2-keeled. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year except the driest months Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala ISCHAEMUM Linnaeus 1. Upper glume 2-clefted at apex...i. timorense 1. Upper glume entire Pedicelled spikelets not awned... I. commutatum 2. Pedicelled spikelets awned Leaves tomentose...i. indicum var. indicum subvar. villosum 3. Leaves glabrous... I. indicum var. indicum subvar. indicum Ischaemum commutatum Hack. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FKG ; Sur, JETB 25: Tufted perennials; culms cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves 3-8 x 1.5 cm, lanceolate, petiolate, cordate at base, covered with bulbous based hairs; sheath keeled; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Racemes 2-5 cm long; joints and pedicels clavate, ciliate. Sessile spikelets 6 x 2.5 mm; lower glume flat, smooth, two winged at apex; first lemma 5.5 x 1.5 mm; oblong; palea 5 x 1 mm, hyaline; second lemma hyaline; awn 7 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets 5.5 x 2 mm, oblong; lower glume winged along one side; florets 2, lower male, upper empty; lemmas not awned. Fl. & Fr. November-May Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common in moist deciduous forests and plantations; PS Thellikkal Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. var. indicum subvar. villosum (Nees) Bor, Grass. Bur. Cey. Ind. Pak ; FBI ; FKG ; Sur, JETB 25: Spodiopogon villosum Nees in Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beech. Voy Ischaemum ciliare Retz. var. villosum Hack. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: ; FBI 7: Perennials; culms cm high; nodes bearded. Leaves 15 x 1 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, thickly pubescent; sheath keeled, glabrous; ligule membranous. Racemes 4-8 cm long; sessile. Spikelets 4-5 mm long; lower glume 2-winged at apex, glabrous; upper glume narrowly winged along the keel; first lemma oblong, 1-nerved; second lemma hyaline; awn 5-9 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets 4 x 2 mm, ovate-lanceolate, similar to lower spikelets. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Fairly common along the sides of streams in moist deciduous forests; PS Koorankuzhi 397

422 Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 19: , var. indicum, subvar. indicum; FTSR ; FKG ; Sur, JETB 25: Phleum indicum Houtt., Nat. Hist. 3:198,t.90. f Ischaemum aristatum Fischer in Gamble, FPM , non L I. ciliare Retz., Obs. Bot. 6: ; FBI 7: Perennials; culms geniculate or trailing; nodes bearded. Leaves scattered, elliptic-lanceolate, rounded at base; ligule membranous. Racemes paired; rachis & pedicels thinly hairy. Sessile spikelets ovoid; lower glume ovate, two winged at apex, aristate; first lemma oblong, acute, 1- nerved; second lemma cleft to the middle; awn geniculate; stamens 3. Pedicelled spikelets ovoid or lanceolate; lower glume winged along the keel on upper half; florets 2; second lemma awned. Fl. & Fr. September-February Distr. Peninsular India and South East Asia. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Ischaemum timorense Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: ; FBI ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR ; Sur, JETB 25: Tufted annuals; culms cm tall; nodes bearded. Leaves 4-8 x cm, lanceolate, narrowed to the base, glabrous; ligule membranous. Racemes 2-3 cm long. Spikelets similar, x 2 mm; lower glume 3 x 1.5 mm, ovate, broaden below, bicuspidate at apex, densely hairy; upper glume 3 x 1.5 mm, aristate, thickly hairy; first lemma 1-nerved, hyaline; second lemma cleft above the middle, awned in the sinus. pedicelled spikelets smaller. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Indo-Malesia. Fairly common in grasslands; PS Karimala JANSENELLA N. L. Bor Jansenella griffithiana (C. Muell.) Bor, Kew Bull. 10: ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Danthonia griffithiana C. Muell., Bot Arundinella avenacea Munro ex Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl ; FBI 7: ; FPM Tufted annuals; culms 7-30 cm high, rooting from the lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaves 3-7 x cm, lanceolate. Panicles 2-3 cm long; rachis and branches hairy. Spikelets similar, densely packed, 5-7 mm long; lower glume lanceolate, keeled, 3-nerved, keel ciliate; upper glume acuminate, 5-nerved; florets 2; lower empty; upper bisexual; first lemma elliptic, acute cuspidate, 3-nerved; palea oblong, obtuse; second lemma mm long, oblong, densely ciliate towards the bifid apex, awned in the sinus; awn 9 mm long; palea hairy at apex, 2-keeled. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. Indian and Sri Lanka. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala OCHLANDRA Thwaites 1. Leaves cm wide; staminal filaments united... O. travancorica 1. Leaves 2-5 cm wide; staminal filaments free... O. scriptoria Ochlandra scriptoria (Dennst.) Fischer in Gamble, FPM ; FTSR Bambusa scriptoria Dennst., Schluss. Hort. Malab Bheesha rheedei Kunth, Enum. 1: 'rheedii'. Ochlandra rheedei (Kunth) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 121, t ; FBI 7: Rootstock rhizomatous, banched; culms erect, to 10 m tall, cm across. Culm sheaths thin, ligule trigonous, auricled at base, hairy inside. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, to 15 x 1.5 cm; sheath ciliate along margins; ligule with few bristles. Spikelets cm long. Fertile glume oblong, mucronate; palea convolute-long mucronate. Stamens about 16, anthers 1.5 cm long; filaments 0.5 cm long, free. Lodicules 6-8, linear-oblong, 7 x 1.5 mm. Ovary and style glabrous; stigma 6 or 7, unequal, plumose. Fl. Flowering is not observed Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Common along the riverine areas; PS Kuriarkutty 398

423 Ochlandra travancorica Benth. var. travancorica (Bedd.) Benth. ex Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 125. t & Hook. f., FBI 7: ; FPM Bheesha travancorica Bedd., Fl. t Rootstock rhizomatous, branched; culms to 5 m tall, densely clumped, hollow, covered with culm sheaths. Leaves scattered, x 5-10 cm, oblong-lanceolate, base truncate, or cuneate, glabrous; sheaths tubular, mouth with stiff bristles; ligule short. Panicles large, spicate. Spikelets in verticils, 3-9 together, sessile, 5-6 cm long; glumes 2-5, unequal, to 5 cm long, lanceolate, mucronate, smooth; florets one, bisexual; lemmas 5 cm long, elliptic-oblong, muticous; palea membranous, stamens 20-40, filaments monadelphous; style long; stigma 4-6; fruit ovoid, 2-3 x 1.5 cm, beaked, smooth. Fl. Flowering is not observed Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Common in evergreen and secondary forests; PS Karimala OPLISMENUS P. Beauvois Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum compositum L., Sp. Pl Annuals; culms cm tall, erect or trailing, rooting from lower nodes. Leaves 8-16 x cm, elliptic, base cuneate, covered with bulbous based hairs; sheath rounded; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Panicle cm long; racemes 5-10, 4-6 cm long; rachis triquetrous. Spikelets 4 mm long; lower glume awned; awn 4 mm long; upper glume 7-nerved, awnless; first lemma 3 x 2.5 mm, 9-11-nerved; awnless; palea oblong; second lemma lanceolate, 3-nerved; palea 3 x 0.5 mm, hyaline. Fl. October Distr. Pantropical. Very common in all forest types except evergreen forests; PS Vengoli; Anakkalvayal ORYZA Linnaeus Oryza meyeriana (Zoll. & Mor. ex Steud.) Baill. ssp. granulata (Nees & Arn. ex Watt) Taleoka, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 75: ; FKG O. granulata Nees & Arn. ex Watt, Dic. Econ. Prod. Ind. 5: ; FBI 7: O. meyeriana sensu Fischer in Gamble, FPM Perennials; culms cm high, loosely tufted or solitary, erect. Leaves x 1-2 cm, lanceolate, glabrous; sheath with long hairs at mouth; ligule 1-3 mm long, membranous. Panicle 5-10 cm long, scarcely branched; branches angled, smooth. Spikelets few, 5-6 x 2.5 mm; glumes similar, reduced to very minute scales; lemma 5 x 3.5 mm, broadly ovate, granulate crustaceous; palea 5 x 2 mm, oblong, 3-nerved, margins hyaline; anthers 2.5 mm long. Fl. & Fr. June-January Distr. Indo-Malesia, very common in moist deciduous forests; PS Thellikkal PANICUM Linnaeus 1. Lower glumes longer than broad, cuspidate... P. notatum 1. Lower glumes broader than long, obtuse...p. sumatrense Panicum notatum Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: ; FKG ; FTSR P. montanum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FBI 7: ; FPM Perennials; culms cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-25 x cm, ovate-oblong, cordate, ciliate; margin of sheath ciliate; ligule a membrane. Panicle x 5-20 cm, lax; branches smooth. Spikelets x 1 mm, ellipsoid, glabrous; glumes almost equal, ovate, 3-399

424 nerved; first lemma similar to upper glume, epaleate; second lemma 2 x 1 mm, coriaceous, shining; palea similar, flat, 2-nerved. Fl. & Fr. June-January Distr. South and South East Asia. Common in open rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: ; FKG P. psilopodium Trin., Gram. Panic ; FBI 7: ; FPM P. psilopodium Trin., Gram. Panic , var. coloratum Hook.f., FBI 7: P. miliare sensu Hook.f., FBI 7: , non Lam. 1791; FPM Annuals or perennials; culms cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves 30 x 1.5 cm, linearlanceolate, base rounded, glabrous; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Panicle to 30 cm long, contracted. Spikelets 3 x 1.5 mm, ellipsoid; lower glume 1 x 1.5 mm, broadly ovate, 3-nerved; upper glume 2.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, 13-nerved; lower floret empty; first lemma similar to upper glume; palea hyaline; second lemma 2 x 1 mm, ovate, coriaceous; palea 2 x 1 mm, coriaceous, margins folded. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Pantropical. Common in open rocky areas of moist deciduous forests; PS Vengoli PASPALIDIUM Stapf Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-China 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum flavidum Retz., Obs. Bot ; FBI 7: Annuals; culms cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-25 x cm, linear, glabrous; sheath rounded, glabrous; ligule a row of hairs. Racemes 3-10, distantly arranged on a central axis; each cm long with two rows of spikelets. Spikelet x 2 mm; ovate, acute; lower glume orbicular, obtuse, 5-nerved; upper glume 1.5 x 2 mm, 7-nerved, acute, florets 2, lower empty or male; upper bisexual; first lemma ovate, acute, 5-nerved; palea oblong, 2-keeled; second lemma ovate, acute, 5-nerved, crustaceous; palea oblong, 2-nerved. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Tropical Asia. Common in open areas of deciduous forests and vayals; PS Thunakkadavu PASPALUM Linnaeus 1. Racemes 2; upper glume long, ciliate along the margins...p. conjugatum 1. Racemes 3-5; upper glume not ciliate...p. scrobiculatum Paspalum conjugatum Berg., Act. Helv. Phys. Math. 7: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Annuals or perennials; culms cm high, tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-12 x cm, lanceolate, ciliate along the margins; sheath keeled, glabrous; ligule a membrane. Racemes 2, cm long. Spikelets x 1.2 mm, broadly ovate, acute, in two rows along the raceme; upper glume 1.5 x 1.2 mm, 2-nerved; lower florets empty; first lemma similar to upper glume, ovate, epaleate, hairy along the margins; second lemma 1.5 x 1.2 mm, obtuse, 1-nerved, coriaceous; palea similar to lemma, 2-nerved. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Pantropical. Common in marshy areas; PS Anakkalvayal Paspalum scrobiculatum L., Mant. Pl. 1: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR P. commersonii Lam., Encycl. Tabl t. 43. f P. orbiculare Forst., Fl. Ins. Aust. Prodr ; FPM

425 Annuals; culms cm high, tufted. Leaves x cm, lanceolate, glabrous; sheath keeled; ligule membranous. Racemes 3-5 together, 2-8 cm long; rachis flat, smooth. Spikelets 2.5 x 2 mm, obtuse; upper glume orbicular, 3-nerved; lower floret empty; first lemma similar to upper glume, epaleate; second lemma 3-nerved, crustaceous; palea 1.5 x 1.5 mm, lower half expanded and incurved. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. India and Pakistan. Common in marshy areas and roadsides; PS Thunakkadavu PEROTIS Aiton Perotis indica (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Anthoxanthum indicum L., Sp. Pl Perotis latifolia Ait., Hort. Kew 1: ; FBI 7: Tufted perennials; culms cm long, creeping and ascending; nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-4 x cm, ovate, acute, cordate at base, margin ciliate; sheath rounded, glabrous; ligule a narrow membrane. Inflorescence a solitary, cylindrical raceme, 8-20 cm long. Spikelets 3 mm long, similar, pedicelled; glumes equal, lanceolate, 1-nerved, ciliate along the margins, awned; awn 8-10 mm long; floret one; lemma 1 mm long, oblong, hyaline; palea lanceolate, 2-nerved. Fl. & Fr. August-December Distr. Indo-Malesia. Occasional in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli POGONATHERUM P. Beauvois Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: ; FBI 7: ; FKG Andropogon crinitum Thunb., Fl. Jap Pogonatherum paniceum sensu Gamble, FPM , non Hack Tufted annuals; culms to 30 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves 4-5 x 0.4 cm, ellipticlanceolate, acute at both ends, glabrous; sheath keeled, hairy at the mouth; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Raceme solitary, 2-3 cm long; rachis with long hairs. Spikelets paired; one sessile and one pedicelled. Sessile spikelets 1.5 mm long; glumes awned; awn 2-3 mm long; florets 2; lower empty; upper bisexual; first lemma oblong, obtuse, epaleate; second lemma ovate, acuminate, awned; palea oblong, truncate at apex. Fl. & Fr. November-May Distr. Indian subcontinent and Japan. Fairly common in marshy areas of plantations; PS Muthalakkuzhi PSEUDANTHISTIRIA J. D. Hooker Pseudanthistiria umbellata (Hack.) Hook.f., FBI 7: ; FPM ; FKG Andropogon umbellatus Hack. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: Creeping or geniculate annuals; culms rooting from lower nodes. Leaves to 5 x 0.5 cm, lanceolate, rounded at base; sheath rounded; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Panicle lax, interrupted by spathes; racemes 2-together. Spikelets dissimilar, paired, one sessile and one pedicelled. Sessile spikelets 5 mm long, oblong, lanceolate, 2 in each raceme; callus hairy; lower glume 5 x 1 mm, oblong, truncate; upper glume 4 x 1 mm, oblong, acute, 3-nerved; lower floret absent; second lemma reduced to form the base of the awn; awn mm long. Pedicelled spikelet 5-7 mm long, lanceolate, awnless; floret one, male. Fl. & Fr. October-February Distr. Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Occasional in grasslands; PS Pezha PSEUDOSORGHUM A. Camus Pseudosorghum fasciculare (Roxb.) A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 26: ; FPM ; FKG Andropogon fascicularis Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: ; FBI 7:

426 Perennials; culms cm high, loosely tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaves x cm, linear-lanceolate, glabrous; sheath keeled; ligule membranous. Panicle 5-13 cm long, congested. Spikelets dissimilar, sessile spikelets 4-5 mm long, lanceolate; callus hairy; lower glume lanceolate; florets 2; lower floret empty, upper bisexual; first lemma oblong, chartaceous, epaleate; second lemma 2-cleft at apex, awned; awn mm long. Pedicelled spikelets 4-5 mm long, lanceolate; floret one, male. Fl. & Fr. October-January Distr. India and Myanmar. Common in marshy areas; PS Thellikkal PSEUDOXYTENANTHERA Soderstrom & Ellis 1. Culms erect; mouth of the culm sheath glabrous... P. bourdillonii 1. Culms scandent; mouth of the culm sheath with a ring of bristles...p. monadelpha Pseudoxytenanthera bourdillonii (Gamble) Naithani, JBNHS 87: ; FTSR Oxytenanthera bourdillonii Gamble, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 7: 76,t ; FBI 7: ; FPM Robust perennials; culms 3-8 m high, smooth; culm sheath blade to 15 cm long, glabrous. Leaves x 2-5 cm, sessile, acute at base, glabrous; margin entire; sheath keeled, glabrous. Spikelets 2.5 cm long, glabrous; lower glume acute; upper glume x 6-7 mm, glabrous; florets 3-5, all bisexual; lemmas 20 x 6 mm, glabrous; palea x 4 mm, hairy along the keels; staminal tube short; anthers 6-7 mm long, apiculate. Fl. Flowering is not observed Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Kerala). Occasional in rocky slopes of evergreen forests; PS Thelliyalimattukkal Pseudoxytenanthera monadelpha (Thw.) Sodestrom & Ellis, Smithz. Contrib. Bot. 72: Dendrocalamus monadelphus Thw., Enum. Pl. Zeyl Oxytenanthera monadelpha (Thw.) Alston in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6 (Suppl.) ; FPM Culms 5-10 m tall, scandent, smooth; culm sheath glabrous. Culm sheath blade 5-10 x cm, glabrous; base rounded with thick ring of callus and strong bristles. Leaves x 2-5 cm, petiolate; sheath glabrous. Spikelets cm long, lanceolate, compressed; glumes 2; lower larger, acute, glabrous; florets 3; lower lemmas sterile, lanceolate, epaleate; upper most one fertile, lanceolate, glabrous; palea oblong, 2-keeled; keels glabrous; staminal tube long; anthers 4-5 mm long. Fl. A few plants flowered during 1999 Distr. India and Sri Lanka. Occasional along the margins of evergreen forests at higher altitudes; PS Karimala ROTTBOELLIA Linnaeus f. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. D. Clayton, Kew Bull. 35: ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Stegosia cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch Rottboellia exaltata L. f., Suppl. Pl ; FBI 7: ; FPM Annuals; culms 50 cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves x cm, glabrous; sheath keeled, pubescent, ligule a fimbriate membrane. Raceme 1-few, cm long, produced into a tail of reduced spikelets; joints crustaceous, hollow. Spikelets dissimilar. Sessile spikelet 3-4 mm long, ovate, seated deeply in the cavities of spike; lower glume crustaceous, 13-nerved; upper glume concave; florets 2; lower male, upper bisexual; lower lemmas 3 x 1 mm; palea 3 x 1.5 mm, ovate, 2-nerved; second lemma 3 x 2 mm, keeled; palea lanceolate, hyaline. Fl. & Fr. November-February. Distr. Paleotropics. Fairly common in the sides of marshy areas; PS Vengoli 402

427 SACCHARUM Linnaeus Saccharum spontaneum L., Mant. Pl. 2: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG Perennials; culms cm, tufted, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves x 1 cm, linearlanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, glabrous; sheath rounded; ligule membranous, 3-6 mm long. Panicle to 30 cm long, densely silky hairy. Spikelets similar, paired, covered with white hairs; lower glume oblong, chartaceous; upper glume ovate-lanceolate, chartaceous, keeled, 1- nerved; florets 2; lower empty; upper bisexual; first lemma 2.5 x 1 mm, 3-nerved, epaleate; second lemma linear-lanceolate; palea membranous; stamens 3, free; style basely connated; stigmas 2, plumose. Fl. & Fr. November-May Distr. Old World Tropics. Common in stream banks in moist deciduous forests. PS Muthuvarachal SACCIOLEPIS Nash Sacciolepis indica (L.) A. Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 21: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Aira indica L., Sp. Pl Panicum indicum L., Mant. Pl. 2: ; FBI 7: Slender annuals; culms cm high, loosely tufted; nodes glabrous. Leaves 5-15 x cm, linear, sparsely hairy; sheath compressed; ligule a membrane. Panicle 1-8 x cm, cylindrical. Spikelets densely packed, mm long, compressed; lower glume 1.5 x 0.5 mm, acute, 5-nerved; upper glume 2 x 1 mm, 9-nerved; lower floret barren; first lemma 1.5 x 1 mm, thinly hairy; second lemma x 1 mm; palea similar to lemma; anthers 1 mm long. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Tropical Asia, Australia and introduced in to Africa and America. Common in moist deciduous forests; PS Amakkundu SCHIZOSTACHYUM Nees Schizostachyum beddomei (Fischer) Majumdar in Karthikeyan et al., Fl. Indian Enum. Monocot Teniostachyum beddomei Fischer in Gamble, FPM Robust, scandent shrubs; culms to 13 m long, first erect, thin walled; node with a white margin above, culm sheath papery, clothed with brown appressed hairs. Leaves to 15 x 3 cm, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous above, hairy below. Panicle terminal. Caryopsis glabrous, ovoid. Fl. Flowering in not observed Distr. Endemic to Western Ghats. Common along the moist areas of evergreen margins; PS Pooppara SETARIA P. Beauvois 1. Leaves plicate...s. palmifolia 1. Leaves not plicate Panicles cylindrical; bristles in clusters... S. pumila 2. Panicles not cylindrical Panicles contracted, narrow; spikelets sessile... S. intermedia 3. Panicles lax; spikelets pedicelled...s. paniculifera Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: ; FBI 7: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG S. tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth., Rev. Gram. 1: Panicum tomentosum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: Trailing or erect annuals; culms cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves 10-2 x cm, linear, flat, glabrous; ligule a row of hairs. Panicle spiciform, interrupted; bristles 2-6 mm long, 403

428 atrorsely barbed. Spikelets 2 x 1.5 mm, broadly elliptic; lower glume 1-nerved; upper glume 1.2 x 1 mm, elliptic, obtuse; lower floret empty; first lemma 2 x 1.5 mm, acute, 5-nerved; palea ovate; second lemma 2 x 1.2 mm, ovate, coriaceous; palea faintly rugate. Fl. & Fr. September-January Distr. India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Occasional in deciduous forests; PS Keerappadi Setaria palmifolia (Koen.) Stapf, J. Linn. Soc. Bot ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum palmaefolium Koen., Naturf. 23: P. plicatum Willd., Enum. Pl ; FBI 7: ,p.p. non Lam Robust perennials; culms loosely tufted, cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves x 2-5 cm, elliptic, erect, plicately folded, narrowed to the base, thinly pubescent, scabrid along the nerves. Panicle cm long, narrow, lax. Spikelets 3 mm long, pedicelled, crowded on small branches; lower glume 1.5 mm across, orbicular, obtuse, 5-nerved; upper glume 2.5 x 1.5 mm, 7- nerved; lower floret barren; first lemma 3 x 1.5 mm; palea oblong; second lemma 2.5 x 1.5 mm, acute; palea ovate, acute. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. Paleotropics; introduced in America. Occasional in wet areas of deciduous forests; PS Vengoli Setaria paniculifera (Steud.) Fourn. ex Hemsl., Bot. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum paniculiferum Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: Perennials; culms few together, cm high, robust; nodes sparsely bearded. Leaves x cm, linear-elliptic, plicately folded; sheath strongly keeled; ligule a fimbriate membrane. Panicle cm long, lax. Spikelets 3 x 1 mm; lower glume ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved; upper glume 2 x 1.5 mm, ovate, obtuse, 7-nerved; Lower floret barren; first lemma ovate, 5- nerved, acute; palea lanceolate; second lemma 3 x 1 mm; palea subcoriaceous. Fl. & Fr. July-December Distr. Native of Tropical America; introduced as a fodder. Fairly common in wet rocky areas; PS Vengoli Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Panicum pumilum Poir. In Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 4: Setaria pallidafusca (Schum.) Stapf & Hubb, Kew Bull. 1930: ; FPM S. glauca Hackel, Bot. Soc. Brot. 3: , non P. Beauv Panicum pallida-fuscum Schum., Beskr. Guin. Pl Tufted annuals; culms cm high, decumbent or erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves x cm, linear, scabrid; sheath keeled, ligule a fimbriate membrane. Panicle 2-20 cm, cylindric; bristles 5-10 mm long, in clusters; spikelets 2.5 mm long, sessile, acute; lower glume 1 mm long, 3-nerved; upper glume 1.5 mm long, 5-nerved; lower floret barren; first lemma 2.5 mm long, 3-nerved, paleate; second lemma coriaceous, rugose. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year. Distr. Tropics of the Old World and introduced to North America. Common in degraded forest areas; PS Karimala; Rockpoint; Orukomban; Vengoli SPODIOPOGON Trinius Spodiopogon rhizophorus (Steud.) Pilger in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 14e: FKG Andropogon rhizophorus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: Spodiopogon albidus Benth., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: ; FBI 7: ; FPM Culms to 1 m tall, erect or geniculate with stilt roots at basal nodes, nodes glabrous. Leaves flaccid, softly hairy, to 20 x 2 cm. Panicle elliptic-oblong, to 12 cm long, densely silky villous; joints flat, densely ciliate along margins. Sessile spikelets oblong-lanceolate, 7 mm long. Awn 5-404

429 6 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets linear-lanceolate, 5 mm long; pedicels flat, 3 mm long, densely ciliate along margins. Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. Endemic to South West India. Common in moist deciduous forests and road cuttings; NS 3889 Karimala SPOROBOLUS R. Brown 1. Flowers in solitary racemes...s. piliferus 1. Flowers in effuse panicles... S. indicus var. diander Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. diander (Retz.) Jovet & Guedes, Taxon 22: ; FKG Agrostis diandra Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 26: ; FPM Annuals or perennials; culms cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves x cm, linear, glabrous; sheath keeled; ligule a narrow membrane. Panicles cm long, lax; axis and branches filiform. Spikelets 1.5 x 0.5 mm, lanceolate, glabrous; lower glume very small, 0.5 x 0.25 mm, hyaline, ovate, obtuse; upper glume hyaline, 1-nerved; lemma 1.5 x 0.5 mm, ovatelanceolate, nerves not clear; palea 1.5 x 0.7 mm, oblong. Fl. & Fr. Throughout the year Distr. Indo-Malesia to Australia. Common in marshy areas; PS Anakkalvayal; Keerappadi Sporobolus piliferus (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Vilfa pilifera Trin., Diss. Bot Tufted annuals; culms cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-5 x cm, bifarious, lanceolate, base rounded, glabrous or ciliate along the margins; sheath rounded, margins glandular hairy. Raceme narrow, un-branched with many spikelet on all sides. Spikelets 1.5 x 0.5 mm, lanceolate, acute; glumes hyaline; lower glume 1 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, acute; upper glume slightly larger 1-nerved; lemma 1.5 x 1 mm, 3-nerved; palea similar to lemma, 2-nerved. Fl. & Fr. October-December Distr. India, Sri Lanka and East Africa. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala; Pezha THEMEDA Forsskal Themeda triandra Forssk., Fl. Aeg.-Arab ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG ; FTSR Anthistiria imberbis Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: ; FBI 7: Densely tufted perennials; culms cm high, white or yellowish white. Leaves x cm, rounded at base, margins rarely ciliate; sheath sharply keeled, mouth with long bulbous based hairs; ligule 5-8 mm long, coriaceous. Panicle cm long; racemes in dense clusters. Involucral spikelets in same or different levels, 7-9 x 2 mm; lower glume 8 mm long, winged along one side; upper glume oblong, 3-nerved. Bisexual spikelets, 6-10 mm long, solitary in a raceme, callus with brown hairs; lower glume 5-9 mm, brown, thinly pubescent; upper glume 6-8 mm long, hirtus; first lemma 3 mm long, oblong, brown; second lemma stipitate, awn 5-9 cm long. Fl. & Fr. November-February Distr. Old World Tropics. Very common in deciduous forests and openings; PS Thunakkadavu; Karimala TRIPOGON Roemer & Schultes 1. Lemmas 2-fid...T. wightii 1. Lemma 4-fid...T. bromoides 405

430 Tripogon bromoides Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg ; FPM ; FPL ; FKG Densely tufted perennials; culms cm high; nodes glabrous. Leaves usually basal, 5-30 x cm, linear, base rounded, sparsely hairy above; mouth of sheath with long hairs; ligule a rim only. Raceme cm long; spikelets cm long, oblong, glabrous, sessile; lower glume 1-nerved, keeled; upper glume notched below the apex on one side, 3-nerved. Florets 10-16; lemma 3-4 x 1-2 mm, 4-lobed at apex, 3-awned; one median and two laterals; median one twice the length of laterals; palea 3 x 1 mm, scabrid along the keels Fl. & Fr. November-January Distr. South India and Nepal. Occasional in grasslands; PS Karimala Tripogon wightii Hook.f., FBI 7: ; FPM ; FTSR Perennials, culms tufted, to 15 cm long. Leaves linear, convolute, 10 x 1 mm; sheaths striate. Racemes slender, to 10 cm long. Spikelets oblong, 5 mm long. Lemmas 2-fid, awned from the sinus, awn 5 mm long, minutely barbate. Glumes 2-lobed and mucronulate. Fl. & Fr. September-November Distr. Endemic to Peninsular India. Occasional in grasslands; NS 5770 Karimala Hills ZENKERIA Trinius Zenkeria elegans Trin., Linnaea 11: ; FPM ; FKG ; FTSR Densely tufted perennials; culms cm high, nodes glabrous. Leaves x cm, linear-lanceolate, flat, glabrous; margins serrulate, glabrous; sheath keeled, glabrous; ligule a row of hairs. Panicles cm long, pyramidal, lax; branches filiform, glabrous. Spikelets 5-6 x 3 mm, pedicelled, glabrous; glumes equal, 3 x 1 mm, lanceolate, 1-nerved; lemma 5 x 1 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely hairy; palea 3 x 1 mm, 2-nerved, sparsely hairy. Fl. & Fr. June-December Distr. Endemic to Southern Western Ghats. Occasional in grasslands; NS 5636 Karimala Hills 406

431 13. REFERENCES Ahmedullah, M. and M. P. Nayar Endemic Plants of the Indian Region. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Airy Shaw, H. K A new genus and species of Burmanniaceae from South India, Kew Bull. 2: Anil Kumar, N Floristic Study of Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, Ph. D. Thesis. Calicut University, Kerala, India. Antony, V. T Systematic studies on the flora of Kottayam district, Kerala. Ph. D. Thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. Balakrishnan, M. and P. S. Easa Habitat preference of larger mammals in the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Biol. Conserv. 37: Beddome, R. H The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. Gantz Brothers, Madras. Beddome, R.H Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis. Gantz Brothers, Madras. Bentham, G. and J.D. Hooker Genera Plantarum L. Reeve & Co., London. Bourdillon, T.F The Forest Trees of Travancore. Govt. Press, Trivandrum. Bridson, D. M and L. Forman The Herbarium Handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Brummit, K.R., Santiago Castroviejo, Augustine C. Chikuni, Anthony E. Orchard, Gideon F. Smith and Warren L. Wagner, The species Plantarum Project, an international collaborative initiative for higher plant taxonomy. Taxon 50(4): Champion, H.G. and S.K. Seth A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Govt. of India Press, Delhi. Chandrasekharan, C Forest Types of Kerala State. Ind. For. 88: Cooke, T The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, Vols Taylon & Francis, London. Easa, P.S Habitat Utilization of Animals in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary with special reference to Gaur. KFRI Research Report No.155, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. Fischer, C.E.C A survey of the flora of the Anamalai Hills in the Coimbatore District, Madras Presidency. Rec. Bot. Surv. India 9: Fosberg, F. R. and M. M. Sachet Manual of Tropical Herbaria. Reg. Veg. 39. Utrecht. Fyson, P. F The flora of South Indian hill stations, Vols. 1 & 2, Madras. Gamble, J. S The flora of the Presidency of Madras. Adlard & Son Ltd., London. 406

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