The analysis of the financing sources for the Romanian companies listed at Bucharest Stock Market
|
|
- Gavin Young
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The analysis of the financing sources for the Romanian companies listed at Bucharest Stock Market DANIS Adriana and PARV Luminita Abstract The article deals with the issues of the financing sources both theoretically and practically. The financing decision has a great importance in leading a company because it is concerned with a certain structure of the capital, the aim being to reach certain goals: maintaining an appropriate auto financing level, insuring a maximum loan degree, following an optimum structure of the capital. In order to analyze the financing sources, we have chosen 15 companies listed at Bucharest Stock Exchange, out of which 9 from the first category and 6 from the second category. We have selected those companies which didn t have so high loses so their own capital is not negative. Keywords Financing sources, global value. A I. INTRODUCTION ccomplishing the major objective of the company, namely maximizing its global value, implies the idea of having a profitable activity meant to insure a satisfying profitability for all capital suppliers both on long term and short term. This implies getting enough profit in order to be able to offer dividends to the share holders. At the same time this also has to deal with reinvesting in order to develop. Simultaneously, it is also necessary to pay the creditors at a favourable interest level, for the funds they have given to the company [1], [2]. Thus, maximizing the value of the company by the managers means adopting optimum financing decision which lead to reaching a minimum level of capital cost an implicitly to increasing the value of the company. The efficient capital markets have an important role in financing the companies, which in addition to their own internal and external capital Manuscript received November, 5, DANIS, Adriana is with the George Baritiu University from Brasov, Romania ( adr.popa@yahoo.com). PARV Luminita is now with Transilvania University from Brasov, Romania (corresponding phone: , fax: , e- mail: lumiparv@unitbv.ro). sources benefit from direct access to the capital offered by various investors by means of stock and bond issues. In other words, what stimulates companies to become public is not the permanent appropriate stock price, but especially the opportunity of attracting their own external financing sources from the capital market. The financing decision implies the fact that the managers of a company listed at the stock exchange must establish a certain capital structure, the aim being to reach simultaneously the following: - Maintain an appropriate level of auto financing (which is the guarantee of the present and future profitability of the company), and the payment of the loans taken from external financing sources ; - Ensure a maximum degree of indebtedness, considering the cost-benefit indebtedness relation; - Focus on an optimum capital structure according to the established financing strategy; - Apply a stable and stimulating dividend politics according to the business and investment perspectives environment, which are meant to allow the maintenance and even the increase of the listed companies share value; - Focus on an efficient indebtedness strategy which will offer benefits both to the creditors and share holders, and above all will avoid bankruptcy; - Apply a medium and long term capitalization strategy, the aim being to insure the activity and the development and also the satisfying payment of the share holders on short term by means of dividends. While the company follows and expands its economic activities, there is the necessity of increasing its capital by means of endogenous and exogenous sources. The most important endogenous sources are the auto financing (based on reinvested net profit and amortization) and cession of assets. By their nature, these sources are long term sources because they reflect the capitalisation of a part of the net profits as well ISBN:
2 as amortization which insures the compensation of the moral and physical usage of the company s assets. But the proper increase of a company s capital can be accomplished by means of the exogenous sources, the loan capital being also considered external financing source. The external capital sources can be both on long term and on short term. The long term ones are represented by the contribution to capital in assets, stock issues, incorporation of reserve capital, the payment of dividends as shares, bank loans, long term bond loans and the leasing. The short term ones are represented by bank loans or bond loans. It is necessary to highlight the fact that in the case of the companies listed on the capital market, the bond issues represent an alternative source of long term funds which confer them a strong competition advantage but also the danger of appreciating their performances wrongly. II. METHODOLOGY The companies listed at the Stock Market are the most representative for the functioning of a national economy. At present on the Romanian Stock Market there are 18 companies listed under the first category and 42 companies listed under the second category. In order to analyze the financing sources, we have chosen 15 companies listed at Bucharest Stock Exchange, out of which 9 from the first category and 6 from the second category. We have selected those companies which didn t have so high loses so their own capital is not negative. For the data base we have used the information provided by the official site of Bucharest Stock Exchange. The importance and the evolution of the companies different financing sources are highlighted by the structure ratio of the financing sources. The employed capital includes all the long term financing sources, meaning the own capital and the long term liability. Dealing with them aims to efficiently use them in a certain amount of time. The importance of the employed capital is noticed by means of the financial stability ratio: Employed capital/ Total Liabilities. The financial stability ratio reflects the extent to which the company has permanent financial resources. The predominance of the employed capital among the company s total financial resources shows the permanent characteristic of financing, providing a certain degree of assurance to the company [15]. The financial practice proves that the situation is comfortable for the company when the value of the ratio is between 50%-66%. By looking at the table 1 we can notice that the relative importance of the long term financing sources varies greatly and the financial stability ratio is between 31, 30% (Amonil in 2007) and 99,31% (Sinteza in 2008). Companies like Muntenia, Oltenia, Transilvania and Sinteza had very high ratio, of over 90%, while other companies had lower ratio, between 30% and 80%. TABLE I THE FINANCIAL STABILITY RATIO OF THE COMPANIES LISTED AT BUCHAREST STOCK EXCHANGE IN (%) ALRO ANTIBIOTICE AZOMUREŞ MUNTENIA OLTENIA SNP PETROM OIL TERMINAL SOCEP SIRETUL SINTEZA AMONIL TMK- ARTROM MEFIN S.A Analyzed in its dynamics, the index can register increasing values when the average of the employed capital increases among the total capital, especially by increasing the superior rhythm of the own capital as compared to the long term debts. The gradual drop of the ratio s value reflects a favourable situation only when the value of the employed capital from the company s total capital drops, and this is due to the drop of the long term debts [20], [21]. A more conservative analysis of the companies financing assets can be done by highlighting the long term average of the own sources from the assets total, through the global financial autonomy ratio: Own capital/total Liabilities. For the analysed companies, the situation looks as follows table 2. The average of the own capital, namely of the bonds out of the total of liabilities, differs from case to case, firstly according to the company s financial strategy, according to each company s real circumstances, according to the efficiency of the financial decisions. What makes it difficult to establish a reference ratio is the diversity of the circumstances under which the companies work. Still, the majority of experts recommend, as satisfying for the financial equilibrium and auto financing, a ratio greater than 33%. In conclusion, having an own capital equal or greater than a third from the company s liability is a premise for its financial autonomy. ISBN:
3 TABLE II THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL AUTONOMY RATIO FOR THE COMPANIES LISTED BSE IN ALRO ANTIBIOTICE AZOMUREŞ MUNTENIA OLTENIA SNP PETROM OIL TERMINAL SOCEP SIRETUL SINTEZA AMONIL TMK- ARTROM MEFIN S.A In the case of the analyzed companies, the autonomy ratio goes beyond 33% (with the exception of the company TMK ARTROM which had a ratio of 28,05% in 2007, 19,66% in 2008, and the company AMONIL which in 2007 had a ratio of 29,58%) for the whole analyzed period. This shows a strong financing of the own capital needs. The global indebt ratio has great variations within the analyzed sample. The lowest values are registered in the case of companies and in the case of the companies Socep and Sinteza, while the other companies (with few exceptions) have normal values. The majority of the companies had values under the level of 66%, which is a favourable aspect considering the company s solvency degree. Still, some companies had very high values: TMK-ARTROM (71,95% in 2007 and 80,34% in 2008) and Amonil (70,42% in 2007). During , the analyzed companies took short term debts, which is only natural. The short term debts ratio or the present financing degree shows the extent to which the present resources take part in creating the total financing resources of the company and they are calculated as a rapport between the short term debts and the total liabilities. This ratio shows the limit up to which the company is financed from sources other than the own ones. The normal values for this index are included within the limits 33%-50%. These values do not compromise the degree of financial stability. The lowest short term debts ratio is in the case of Financial Investment Companies and in the case of Sinteza Company. This ratio is generally under 10% and this fact shows a good financial stability. This situation is also given by the specific of these companies. Amonil company registered very high values and in 2007 it had a short term debts ratio of 68,71%. Some companies had an index increase (Alro, Antibiotice, Siretul), which reflects an increase of the average of the stable resources from the total capital. Basically, this increase can be a positive aspect if it is the result of the increase of the suppliers payment deadline and if it is the result of the short term bank loans reduction, especially the ones from the treasury. TABLE III THE SHORT TERM DEBTS RATIO FOR THE COMPANIES LISTED AT BSE IN (%) LRO ALRO ANTIBIOTICE AZOMUREŞ MUNTENIA OLTENIA SNP PETROM OIL TERMINAL SOCEP S.A SIRETUL SINTEZA AMONIL TMK-ARTROM MEFIN S.A The average of the long term debts from the total liabilities shows the importance they have in financing the needs. For the analyzed companies the long term debts ratio looks as table III. What we can notice from the above data is that companies used long term debts in an extremely low average and in many cases these were even zero. This situation is not the result of some circumstantial factors, the motivation for this being reflected by the financial strategy adopted by the managers. Consequently there is the idea of some very high cost in the ISBN:
4 case of long term debts and vice versa. There are lower costs in the case of short term debts of up to one year[21], [22]. Considering that the suppliers are also included under short term debts, the explanation might be that the managers prefer to use the commercial credit which is a little expensive and this can lead to financial jam. TABLE IV THE LONG TERM DEBTS RATIO FOR THE COMPANIES LISTED AT BSE IN (%) RO ANTIBIOTICE AZOMUREŞ MUNTENIA OLTENIA SNP PETROM OIL TERMINAL SOCEP S.A SIRETUL SINTEZA AMONIL TMK-ARTROM MEFIN S.A On the entire analyzed period the company TMK Artrom had very high values and in 2009 it had 37,08% from the total resources, the situation being considered acceptable. The global in debt ratio is obtained by summing up the short term debts with the long term debts and dividing them with the total liabilities. The global indebt ratio measures the average of the debts, disregarding their duration and origin within the company s goods, a value lower or equal with 66% being considered a favourable value. As the value of the ratio diminishes, the indebt, namely the financial autonomy, increases. III. CONCLUSION If we divide the sample companies on groups according to the values of their own capital average, the long term and the short term debts out of the total liabilities, we have the following situation: According to the table the main financing source of the Romanian companies is represented by the own capital, considering that 80% of the analysed companies have been 50% financed with own capital in TABLE V THE GLOBAL INDEBT RATIO FOR COMPANIES LISTED AT BSE IN (%) ALRO ANTIBIOTICE AZOMUREŞ MUNTENIA OLTENIA SNP PETROM OIL TERMINAL SOCEP S.A SIRETUL SINTEZA AMONIL TMK-ARTROM MEFIN S.A For the analyzed period, the researched companies preferred the short term financing sources and not the long term ones. In 2007 there were five companies which had no long term loans, and in 2008 their number diminished (four of the analyzed companies had no long term debts). Also, more than 80% of the companies had less than 50% short term debts. This structure of liability, namely of the debts can be the result of bad management which cannot take long term loans, but it can also be the result of a loan strategy which encouraged the short term loans. Adopting a certain financial structure is the result of the company s decision process which cannot be accomplished if the constraints which result from the functioning of the capital market are not taken into account, given the fact that any kind of capital costs. Thus, the structure of capital is a variable which does not depend only on the company, its economic increase objectives, its profitability or the risks which agrees to undertake. This is influenced and determined by the share holders, by the banks or by other state lenders, and also by the financial economic circumstances [15]. Generally, at the company s level there are certain factors which contribute to establishing the optimum structure of the capital: - The evolution and the stability of sales (their continuous increase maintenance at a certain ISBN:
5 level allows a better insurance of the company without taking risks; - The structure of assets (a higher tangible assets average which allows guaranteeing greater loans); - The profitability of the company (a high profitability represents an extra reason for the bank to give loans to a developing company); - Fiscality (The taxes represent costs for the companies. Thus, a high taxation will increase the company s expanses, while a low taxation will diminish the level of expenses); - The external environment of the company (it is mainly represented by the capital market. The possibility of financing by means of bond issues will increase the company s interest in attracting new funds). - The management and the flexibility of the company (a management willing to expand and a flexible structure will allow the increase of the borrowed capital within the employed capital) As far as the financial equilibrium of the company is concerned, it is part of the company s general economic equilibrium. Among the duties of the company s financial manager is also the monitoring of the way in which the equilibrium at the level of the financial resources is insured. REFERENCES [1] K. Arrow, Some Models of Racial Discrimination in the Labor Market, in A.H.Pascal (editor) Racial Discrimination in Economic Life, Lexington, Mass., Heath Barclay [2] M., Smith, C. Jr., The maturity structure of corporate debt, Journal of Finance, no. 50, 1995, pp [3] A, Bevan, A., Danbolt, Capital Structure and its Determinants in the United Kingdom. A Decompositional Analysis, Working paper, 2000 [4] Bhattacharya, S., Imperfect information, dividend policy, and the bird in the hand fallacy, The Bell Journal of Economics, vol. 10, no. 1, 1979 [5] L, Booth.,V. Aivazian,, K. Demirg u, Capital structure in developing countries, Journal of Finance, no.56, 2001, pp [6] V.,Dragotã, Minority shareholders protection in Romanian capital markets: evidence on dividends, 3rd International Conference, IFC 3, Hammamet, 2005, Tunisia [7] W.,Drobetz, R. Fix, What are the Determinants of the Capital Structure? Some Evidence for Switzerland, Working paper, no. 4, 2003 [8] M. Harris, A.Raviv The Theory of Capital Structure, The Journal of Finance, vol. 46, no.1, 1991, pp [9] M. C.Jensen,,W. H. Meckling,., Theory of the firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 3, 1976, pp [10] C. Mayer, (1990). Financial Systems, Corporate Finance and Economic Development, in G. Hubbard (ed.), Asymmetric Information, Corporate Finance and Investment. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. [11] M. Moh d, L Perry, J Rimbey,., The Impact of Ownership Structure On Corporate Debt Policy: a Time-Series Cross Sectional Analysis, Financial Review, Vol. 33, 1998 [12] S.,Myers, Capital Structure, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 15, no. 2, 2001, pp TABLE VI THE CLASICATION OF THE COMPANIES ACCORDING TO THE AVERAGE OF THE OWN CAPITAL, THE SHORT TERM DEBTS AND THE LONG TERM DEBTS IN THE TOTAL LIABILITIES Index 0% Number of companies which have the index in the interval 25% 50% 50,01 [13] S. Myers, Determinants of corporate borrowing, Journal of Financial Economics, no. 5, 1977, [14] S. Myers, Majluf, N., 1984, Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions when Firms Have Information that Investors Do Not Have, Journal of Financial Economics, no. 13, 1984, pp [15] H. P.,Pao, B.Pikas,.,T. Lee, The determinants of capital structure choice using linear models: high technology vs. traditional corporations, Journal of the Academy of Business and Economics, 2003 [16] R. Rajan,L. Zingales,, What Do We Know about Capital Structure? Some Evidence from International Data, Journal of Finance, vol. 50, no. 5, pp [17] R L.J., Rendleman, Information asymmetries and optimal project financing, Working Paper, Duke University Graduate School of Business, 1980 [18] Shyam-Sunder, S.C. Myers., Testing static tradeoff against pecking order models of capital structure, [19] Journal of Financial Economics, no. 51, 1999, pp [20] S. TitmanWessels., The Determinants of Capital Structure Choice, The Journal of Finance, no. 43 (1), 1988, pp [21] [22] [23] %- 75% 0%- 0,01%- 25,01%- 75,00%- 100% CPR/TP CPR/TP CPR/TP DTL/TP DTL/TP DTL/TP DTS/TP DTS/TP DTS/TP ISBN:
Indicators of financial balance
Indicators of financial balance LUCIAN PATRASCU *, CLAUDIA GEORGETA CARSTEA **,IOAN-GHEORGHE RATIU **, ANDREI OCTAVIAN PARASCHIVESCU ***, FLORIN RADU ***, * Department of Economics, ** Department of Mathematics,
More informationHow To Calculate Financial Leverage Ratio
What Do Short-Term Liquidity Ratios Measure? What Is Working Capital? HOCK international - 2004 1 HOCK international - 2004 2 How Is the Current Ratio Calculated? How Is the Quick Ratio Calculated? HOCK
More informationThe relationship between capital structure and firm performance. 3-Hamid Reza Ranjbar Jamal Abadi, Master of Accounting, Science and
The relationship between capital structure and firm performance 1-Abolfazl Mahmoudi,Master of Accounting(Corresponding Author) 2-Ali Reza Yazdani,Master of student, accounting, Science and ResearchCenter,
More informationThe Effect of Capital Structure on the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Thika Sub-County, Kenya
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 5, No. 1; January 2015 The Effect of Capital Structure on the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Thika Sub-County, Kenya
More informationThe Determinants and the Value of Cash Holdings: Evidence. from French firms
The Determinants and the Value of Cash Holdings: Evidence from French firms Khaoula SADDOUR Cahier de recherche n 2006-6 Abstract: This paper investigates the determinants of the cash holdings of French
More information9. Short-Term Liquidity Analysis. Operating Cash Conversion Cycle
9. Short-Term Liquidity Analysis. Operating Cash Conversion Cycle 9.1 Current Assets and 9.1.1 Cash A firm should maintain as little cash as possible, because cash is a nonproductive asset. It earns no
More informationHow To Understand The Financial Philosophy Of A Firm
1. is concerned with the acquisition, financing, and management of assets with some overall goal in mind. A. Financial management B. Profit maximization C. Agency theory D. Social responsibility 2. Jensen
More informationLong Term Business Financing Strategy For A Pakistan Business. Byco Petroleum Pakistan Limited
Long Term Business Financing Strategy For A Pakistan Business Byco Petroleum Pakistan Limited Contents Why We Need Financing Strategy 3 How Financing Strategies are driven? 4 Financing Prerequisite for
More informationFundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9
Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9 Financial Management December 2008 Answers 1 (a) Rights issue price = 2 5 x 0 8 = $2 00 per share Theoretical ex rights price = ((2 50 x 4) + (1 x 2 00)/5=$2
More informationTHE CURRENT ACCOUNT OF ROMANIA EVOLUTION, FACTORS OF INFLUENCE, FINANCING
THE CURRENT ACCOUNT OF ROMANIA EVOLUTION, FACTORS OF INFLUENCE, FINANCING Abstract Camelia MILEA, PhD The balance of the current account is a tool used to establish the level of economic development of
More informationIn this chapter, we build on the basic knowledge of how businesses
03-Seidman.qxd 5/15/04 11:52 AM Page 41 3 An Introduction to Business Financial Statements In this chapter, we build on the basic knowledge of how businesses are financed by looking at how firms organize
More informationModels for Evaluating the Company on FCFE and FCFF basis
Models for Evaluating the Company on FCFE and FCFF basis Professor Gabriela-Victoria ANGHELACHE, PhD gabriela.anghelache@gmail.com Andreea NEGRU (CIOBANU), PhD Student Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest
More informationCapital Structure. Itay Goldstein. Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
Capital Structure Itay Goldstein Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania 1 Debt and Equity There are two main types of financing: debt and equity. Consider a two-period world with dates 0 and 1. At
More informationDeterminants of Capital Structure in Developing Countries
Determinants of Capital Structure in Developing Countries Tugba Bas*, Gulnur Muradoglu** and Kate Phylaktis*** 1 Second draft: October 28, 2009 Abstract This study examines the determinants of capital
More informationCh. 18: Taxes + Bankruptcy cost
Ch. 18: Taxes + Bankruptcy cost If MM1 holds, then Financial Management has little (if any) impact on value of the firm: If markets are perfect, transaction cost (TAC) and bankruptcy cost are zero, no
More informationOVERVIEW OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY
OVERVIEW OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY TAHA Roshaiza University Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia SANUSI Nur Azura University Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia Abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive
More informationAsian Journal of Business and Management Sciences ISSN: 2047-2528 Vol. 2 No. 2 [51-63]
DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE: (A Case Study of Machinery & Equipment Sector of Islamic Republic of Iran) Dr. Abdolmahdi Ansari Faculty of administrative Sciences and Economics, Department of Accounting,
More informationSome Aspects Concerning the Analysis of Stock Performance of Companies Listed on Stock Market
Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition www.ugb.ro/etc Vol. XIV, Issue 1/2011 318-327 Some Aspects Concerning the Analysis of Stock Performance of Companies Listed on Stock Market DANIELA CRISTINA SOLOMON
More informationDeterminants of short-term debt financing
ABSTRACT Determinants of short-term debt financing Richard H. Fosberg William Paterson University In this study, it is shown that both theories put forward to explain the amount of shortterm debt financing
More informationNet revenue 785 25 1,721 05 5,038 54 3,340 65 Tax payable (235 58) (516 32) (1,511 56) (1,002 20)
Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9 Financial Management December 2013 Answers 1 (a) Calculating the net present value of the investment project using a nominal terms approach requires the
More informationFinancial Terms & Calculations
Financial Terms & Calculations So much about business and its management requires knowledge and information as to financial measurements. Unfortunately these key terms and ratios are often misunderstood
More informationYou just paid $350,000 for a policy that will pay you and your heirs $12,000 a year forever. What rate of return are you earning on this policy?
1 You estimate that you will have $24,500 in student loans by the time you graduate. The interest rate is 6.5%. If you want to have this debt paid in full within five years, how much must you pay each
More informationAppendix B Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Appendix B Weighted Average Cost of Capital The inclusion of cost of money within cash flow analyses in engineering economics and life-cycle costing is a very important (and in many cases dominate) contributing
More informationCHAPTER 27 PRINCIPLES OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 27 PRINCIPLES OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Q.1 Explain the concept of working capital. Are gross and net concepts of working capital exclusive? Discuss. A.1 Working capital signifies money required
More informationFirm characteristics. The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0307-4358.htm
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0307-4358.htm How firm characteristics affect capital structure: an empirical study Nikolaos Eriotis National
More informationUnderstanding a Firm s Different Financing Options. A Closer Look at Equity vs. Debt
Understanding a Firm s Different Financing Options A Closer Look at Equity vs. Debt Financing Options: A Closer Look at Equity vs. Debt Business owners who seek financing face a fundamental choice: should
More informationEvaluation of Indian Construction Companies using Financial Tool
IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering Volume 1 Issue 11 May 2015 ISSN (online): 2349-784X Evaluation of Indian Construction Companies using Financial Tool Mr. Gaurav R. Desai
More informationLoan Capital Formation Strategy of Companies I.D. Anikina*
Abstract Loan Capital Formation Strategy of Companies I.D. Anikina* Defines of principles, goals, objectives, stages and factors of loan capital companies. Analyzed the main methods of forming loan capital
More informationFIN 3000. Chapter 1: Principles of finance. Liuren Wu
FIN 3000 Chapter 1: Principles of finance Liuren Wu Overview 1. What is finance? 2. Three types of business organizations 3. The goal of the financial manager 4. The four basic principles of finance Learning
More informationConstruction Economics & Finance. Module 6. Lecture-1
Construction Economics & Finance Module 6 Lecture-1 Financial management: Financial management involves planning, allocation and control of financial resources of a company. Financial management is essential
More informationCHAPTER 17. Financial Management
CHAPTER 17 Financial Management Chapter Summary: Key Concepts The Role of the Financial Manager Financial managers Risk-return trade-off Executives who develop and implement their firm s financial plan
More information2. Financial management:
2. Financial management: Meaning, scope and role, a brief study of functional areas of financial management. Introduction to various FM tools: ratio analysis, fund flow statement, cash flow statement.
More informationDETERMINANTS OF THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE: EMPIRICAL STUDY FROM THE KOREAN MARKET
DETERMINANTS OF THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE: EMPIRICAL STUDY FROM THE KOREAN MARKET Doug S. Choi Metropolitan State University of Denver INTRODUCTION This study intends to examine the important determinants
More informationTHE OLIGOPOLY MARKET AND THE R&D EXPENDITURE
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol. 3 (52) - 2010 Series V: Economic Sciences THE OLIGOPOLY MARKET AND THE R&D EXPENDITURE Constantin DUGULEANĂ 1 Abstract: The firms in the oligopoly
More informationAnswers to Review Questions
Answers to Review Questions 1. The real rate of interest is the rate that creates an equilibrium between the supply of savings and demand for investment funds. The nominal rate of interest is the actual
More information2.5 Monetary policy: Interest rates
2.5 Monetary policy: Interest rates Learning Outcomes Describe the role of central banks as regulators of commercial banks and bankers to governments. Explain that central banks are usually made responsible
More information324 Lex ET Scientia. Economics Series FINANCING SOURCES FOR COMPANIES AND THE IMPLICATIONS ON THEIR IMAGE. Introduction
324 Lex ET Scientia. Economics Series FINANCING SOURCES FOR COMPANIES AND THE IMPLICATIONS ON THEIR IMAGE Mihaela SUDACEVSCHI Abstract In a market economy in which competition is the main selection criterion
More informationThree Types of Accounting Policies Reflected in Financial Statements. Case Study for Romania
Three Types of Accounting Policies Reflected in Financial Statements. Case Study for Romania Abstract MARIANA GURĂU Senior Lecturer, Ph.D. Faculty of Economics Nicolae Titulescu University, Calea Vacaresti,
More informationHow To Understand Stock Price Theory
Goals Stocks Stock basics Historical stock performance Economics 71a: Spring 2007 Mayo, chapter 10 Lecture notes 4.1 Common Stock Ownership of piece of a firm Key parts Voting rights (control) Dividends
More informationTopic Overview. Strategies and Management E4: Resources Management Sources of Financing
Resources for the TEKLA curriculum at Junior Secondary Topic 7 Sources of Financing Strategies and Management Extension Learning Element Module E4 Resources Management Topic Level Duration Topic Overview
More informationDeterminants of Capital Structure of Firms in the Manufacturing Sector of Firms. in Indonesia. Dissertation. To obtain the degree of
Determinants of Capital Structure of Firms in the Manufacturing Sector of Firms in Indonesia Dissertation To obtain the degree of Doctor of Business Administration at the Maastricht School of Management,
More informationMETHODS TO PREVENT THE INSOLVENCY OF COMPANIES
METHODS TO PREVENT THE INSOLVENCY OF COMPANIES Ioana Monica HORJA, Dimitrie Cantemir University, Bodoni Sandor 3-5, Tîrgu Mureş, Mureş, România. Smaranda Vancea, Dimitrie Cantemir University, Bodoni Sandor
More informationTraditionally pension schemes invested in four main asset classes: Shares (Equities or Stocks), Bonds, Property and Cash.
Asset Classes Traditionally pension schemes invested in four main asset classes: Shares (Equities or Stocks), Bonds, Property and Cash. Shares (also called Equities or Stocks) are shares bought in quoted
More informationIpx!up!hfu!uif Dsfeju!zpv!Eftfswf
Ipx!up!hfu!uif Dsfeju!zpv!Eftfswf Credit is the lifeblood of South Louisiana business, especially for the smaller firm. It helps the small business owner get started, obtain equipment, build inventory,
More informationChapter 17 Does Debt Policy Matter?
Chapter 17 Does Debt Policy Matter? Multiple Choice Questions 1. When a firm has no debt, then such a firm is known as: (I) an unlevered firm (II) a levered firm (III) an all-equity firm D) I and III only
More informationHow the Pecking-Order Theory Explain Capital Structure
How the Pecking-Order Theory Explain Capital Structure Li-Ju Chen, Graduate School of Business and Operations Management, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan Shun-Yu Chen, Department of Business Administration,
More informationManagement of Working Capital
International Journal of Computer Science & Management Studies, Vol. 13, Issue 03, May 2013 Management of Working Capital Arti Rani Assistant Professor Kanya Mahavidhyalya, Kharkhoda, Sonepat, Haryana
More informationSTUDY ON THE IMPORTANCE OF CASH FLOW ANALYSIS BASED ON RATES IN THE FINANCIAL
STUDY ON THE IMPORTANCE OF CASH FLOW ANALYSIS BASED ON RATES IN THE FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS Ph.D Student Faurescu Florentina-Simona Faculty of Economic and Business Administration University
More informationKeywords: lessor, lessee, financial leasing, interest rate, residual value, amortization
132 ACCOUNTING OF LEASE CONTRACTS ACCORDING TO IAS 17 LEASING CONTRACTS Boni Străoanu, Daniela Iov Abstract Leasing is a medium term (movable leasing) or long term (real estate leasing) financing technique,
More informationHow credit analysts view and use the financial statements
How credit analysts view and use the financial statements Introduction Traditionally it is viewed that equity investment is high risk and bond investment low risk. Bondholders look at companies for creditworthiness,
More informationCPD Spotlight Quiz September 2012. Working Capital
CPD Spotlight Quiz September 2012 Working Capital 1 What is working capital? This is a topic that has been the subject of debate for many years and will, no doubt, continue to be so. One response to the
More informationThe Study of Working Capital Strategies in Life Cycle of Companies
2013, World of Researches Publication Ac. J. Acco. Eco. Res. Vol. 2, Issue 4, 77-88, 2013 Academic Journal of Accounting and Economic Researches www.worldofresearches.com The Study of Working Capital Strategies
More informationAN EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHOICES ABSTRACT. The aim of this paper is to analyse capital structure choices of firms in Hungary
AN EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHOICES Andrea Balla (balla@ktk.pte.hu) 1 Cesa rio Mateus (cmateus@upt.pt) 2 University of Pecs Faculty of Business and Economics 7622 Pecs óra koczi u t. 80
More informationCHAPTER 15 Capital Structure: Basic Concepts
Multiple Choice Questions: CHAPTER 15 Capital Structure: Basic Concepts I. DEFINITIONS HOMEMADE LEVERAGE a 1. The use of personal borrowing to change the overall amount of financial leverage to which an
More informationFINANCE 912 Financial Institutions
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA The Wharton School FINANCE 912 Financial Institutions Course Objective: Itay Goldstein Spring 2010 The objective of the course is to provide an introduction to the theory of
More informationI. Introduction. II. Financial Markets (Direct Finance) A. How the Financial Market Works. B. The Debt Market (Bond Market)
University of California, Merced EC 121-Money and Banking Chapter 2 Lecture otes Professor Jason Lee I. Introduction In economics, investment is defined as an increase in the capital stock. This is important
More informationFinance 331 Corporate Financial Management Week 1 Week 3 Note: For formulas, a Texas Instruments BAII Plus calculator was used.
Chapter 1 Finance 331 What is finance? - Finance has to do with decisions about money and/or cash flows. These decisions have to do with money being raised or used. General parts of finance include: -
More informationAccounts Payable are the total amounts your business owes its suppliers for goods and services purchased.
Accounts Payable are the total amounts your business owes its suppliers for goods and services purchased. Accounts Receivable are the total amounts customers owe your business for goods or services sold
More informationChapter 15: Debt Policy
FIN 302 Class Notes Chapter 15: Debt Policy Two Cases: Case one: NO TAX All Equity Half Debt Number of shares 100,000 50,000 Price per share $10 $10 Equity Value $1,000,000 $500,000 Debt Value $0 $500,000
More informationSelecting sources of finance for business
Selecting sources of finance for business by Steve Jay 08 Sep 2003 This article considers the practical issues facing a business when selecting appropriate sources of finance. It does not consider the
More informationSHOPPING FOR A MORTGAGE
SHOPPING FOR A MORTGAGE The Traditional Fixed-Rate Mortgage Key characteristics: Level payments, fixed interest rate, fixed term. This mortgage is the one which most of us know, and it is still the loan
More informationChapter 1 The Scope of Corporate Finance
Chapter 1 The Scope of Corporate Finance MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. One of the tasks for financial managers when identifying projects that increase firm value is to identify those projects where a. marginal benefits
More informationFive Things To Know About Shares
Introduction Trading in shares has become an integral part of people s lives. However, the complex world of shares, bonds and mutual funds can be intimidating for many who still do not know what they are,
More informationDeterminants of Debt Policy in Indonesia s Public Company
Rev. Integr. Bus. Econ. Res. Vol 3(2) 10 Determinants of Debt Policy in Indonesia s Public Company Farah Margaretha Lecturer of Trisakti University-Faculty of Economics farahmargaretha@yahoo.com ABSTRACT
More information1 (a) Net present value of investment in new machinery Year 1 2 3 4 5 $000 $000 $000 $000 $000 Sales income 6,084 6,327 6,580 6,844
Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9 Financial Management June 2013 Answers 1 (a) Net present value of investment in new machinery Year 1 2 3 4 5 $000 $000 $000 $000 $000 Sales income 6,084
More informationFinancial Analysis for Frontier Communications Corp. (FTR)
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Financial Analysis for Frontier Communications Corp. (FTR) Ammar Aldubaikhi and Nidal Alsayyed 1. August 2011 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66989/ MPRA Paper
More informationBonds, in the most generic sense, are issued with three essential components.
Page 1 of 5 Bond Basics Often considered to be one of the most conservative of all investments, bonds actually provide benefits to both conservative and more aggressive investors alike. The variety of
More informationCorporate Credit Analysis. Arnold Ziegel Mountain Mentors Associates
Corporate Credit Analysis Arnold Ziegel Mountain Mentors Associates I. Introduction The Goals and Nature of Credit Analysis II. Capital Structure and the Suppliers of Capital January, 2008 2008 Arnold
More informationConceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting Chapter 1: The Objective of Financial Reporting INTRODUCTION OB1. The first chapter of the conceptual framework establishes the objective of general purpose
More informationReturn on Equity has three ratio components. The three ratios that make up Return on Equity are:
Evaluating Financial Performance Chapter 1 Return on Equity Why Use Ratios? It has been said that you must measure what you expect to manage and accomplish. Without measurement, you have no reference to
More informationFinancial Guidelines for Long-Term Care Home Licensing Applications
Financial Guidelines for Long-Term Care Home Licensing Applications Performance Improvement and Compliance Branch, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Revised: June 2015 Table of Contents Introduction...
More informationRISK ANALYSIS ON THE LEASING MARKET
The Academy of Economic Studies Master DAFI RISK ANALYSIS ON THE LEASING MARKET Coordinator: Prof.Dr. Radu Radut Student: Carla Biclesanu Bucharest, 2008 Table of contents Introduction Chapter I Financial
More information- Once we have computed the costs of the individual components of the firm s financing,
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL - Once we have computed the costs of the individual components of the firm s financing, we would assign weight to each financing source according to some standard and then
More informationSwaps: Debt-equity swap
Swaps: Debt-equity swap INTRODUCTION Debt-equity (respectively equity-debt) swap allows a company, government, or municipality to swap debt for equity (respectively equity for debt). Debt and equity are
More informationTHE BAROMETER OF INSOLVENCY FOR ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL COMPANIES
THE BAROMETER OF INSOLVENCY FOR ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL COMPANIES Gabriela Ignat, Assist. Prof., PhD, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iași Abstract: The fear sensed by the Romanian
More informationSTRATEGY Rīgā. Central Government Debt Management Strategy
Treasury of the Republic of Latvia Smilšu iela 1, Rīga, LV-1919, Latvia, phone +371 67094222, fax +371 67094220, e-mail kase@kase.gov.lv, www.kase.gov.lv STRATEGY Rīgā APPROVED BY Minister of Finance J.Reirs
More informationAdditional Revision to Brief Report of Settlement of Accounts for Full Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 2007
June 22, 2007 Company Name: ARUZE CORP. Name and Title of Representative: Kunihiko Yogo Representative Director and CEO (JASDAQ Code: 6425) Contact: Norihisa Kiriu General Manager Finance and Accounting
More informationFundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9
Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9 Financial Management June 2008 Answers 1 (a) Calculation of weighted average cost of capital (WACC) Cost of equity Cost of equity using capital asset
More informationContribution 787 1,368 1,813 983. Taxable cash flow 682 1,253 1,688 858 Tax liabilities (205) (376) (506) (257)
Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9 Financial Management June 2012 Answers 1 (a) Calculation of net present value (NPV) As nominal after-tax cash flows are to be discounted, the nominal
More informationInvesting in unlisted property schemes?
Investing in unlisted property schemes? Independent guide for investors about unlisted property schemes This guide is for you, whether you re an experienced investor or just starting out. Key tips from
More informationChapter 17. Financial Management and Institutions
Chapter 17 Financial Management and Institutions 1 2 3 4 Identify the functions performed by a firm s financial managers. Describe the characteristics and functions of money. Identify the various measures
More informationPaper F9. Financial Management. Fundamentals Pilot Paper Skills module. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
Fundamentals Pilot Paper Skills module Financial Management Time allowed Reading and planning: Writing: 15 minutes 3 hours ALL FOUR questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted. Do NOT open this paper
More informationABOUT FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS
ABOUT FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS Over the years, a great many financial analysis techniques have developed. They illustrate the relationship between values drawn from the balance sheet and income statement
More informationINVESTING RISK EQUITIES BONDS PROPERTY INCOME SPIN-FREE GUIDE TO
INVESTING RISK EQUITIES BONDS PROPERTY INCOME SPIN-FREE GUIDE TO INVESTING Contents Helping you reach your financial goals 3 Introducing the different types of investments 4 Where could you invest? 4 Where
More informationMeasuring Lending Profitability at the Loan Level: An Introduction
FINANCIAL P E RF O R MA N C E Measuring Lending Profitability at the Loan Level: An Introduction sales@profitstars.com 877.827.7101 How much am I making on this deal? has been a fundamental question posed
More informationFinancial Ratio Cheatsheet MyAccountingCourse.com PDF
Financial Ratio Cheatsheet MyAccountingCourse.com PDF Table of contents Liquidity Ratios Solvency Ratios Efficiency Ratios Profitability Ratios Market Prospect Ratios Coverage Ratios CPA Exam Ratios to
More information1. Planning - Establishing organizational goals and deciding how to accomplish them
1 : Understanding the Management Process Basic Management Functions 1. Planning - Establishing organizational goals and deciding how to accomplish them SWOT analysis - The identification and evaluation
More informationM. Com (1st Semester) Examination, 2013 Paper Code: AS-2368. * (Prepared by: Harish Khandelwal, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, GGV)
Model Answer/suggested solution Business Finance M. Com (1st Semester) Examination, 2013 Paper Code: AS-2368 * (Prepared by: Harish Khandelwal, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, GGV) Note: These
More informationRatio Analysis. A) Liquidity Ratio : - 1) Current ratio = Current asset Current Liability
A) Liquidity Ratio : - Ratio Analysis 1) Current ratio = Current asset Current Liability 2) Quick ratio or Acid Test ratio = Quick Asset Quick liability Quick Asset = Current Asset Stock Quick Liability
More informationDIAGNOSIS OF FINANCIAL EQUILIBRIUM
DIAGNOSIS OF FINANCIAL EQUILIBRIUM SUCIU GHEORGHE PhD in Economics, Lecturer Professor, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Braşov, Romania, ucdc.suciu.g@gmail.com Summary The analysis based on the
More informationNapoli Pizza wants to determine its optimal capital structure
Napoli Pizza wants to determine its optimal capital structure ABSTRACT Brad Stevenson Daniel Bauer David Collins Keith Richardson This case is based on an actual business decision that was made by a small,
More information6. Debt Valuation and the Cost of Capital
6. Debt Valuation and the Cost of Capital Introduction Firms rarely finance capital projects by equity alone. They utilise long and short term funds from a variety of sources at a variety of costs. No
More informationFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (PART-7) WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT PART 2
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (PART-7) WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT PART 2 1. INTRODUCTION Dear Students, Welcome to the lecture series on financial management. Today in this lecture we shall cover the topic Working
More informationRETIREMENT INSIGHTS. Is It Time to Rebalance Your Plan Investments? Mutual Fund Categories: A Primer for New Investors
RETIREMENT INSIGHTS July 2014 Your HFS Team Heffernan Financial Services 188 Spear Street, Suite 550 San Francisco, CA 94105 800-437-0045 rebeccat@heffgroup.com www.heffgroupfs.com CA Insurance Lic# 0I18899
More informationMeasuring Financial Performance: A Critical Key to Managing Risk
Measuring Financial Performance: A Critical Key to Managing Risk Dr. Laurence M. Crane Director of Education and Training National Crop Insurance Services, Inc. The essence of managing risk is making good
More informationChapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities
Chapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities Solutions to Problems P16-1. LG 2: Lease Cash Flows Basic Firm Lease Payment Tax Benefit After-tax Cash Outflow [(1) (2)] Year (1) (2) (3) A 1 4 $1 00,000 $
More informationFinancial Management
Different forms business organization Financial Management Sole proprietorship Partnership Cooperative society Company Private limited Vs Public limited company Private co min- two and max fifty, Pub Ltd
More informationAn Empirical Study of Influential Factors of Debt Financing
ISSN 1479-3889 (print), 1479-3897 (online) International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol.3(2007) No.3,pp.208-212 An Empirical Study of Influential Factors of Debt Financing Jing Wu School of Management,
More informationRigensis Bank AS Information on the Characteristics of Financial Instruments and the Risks Connected with Financial Instruments
Rigensis Bank AS Information on the Characteristics of Financial Instruments and the Risks Connected with Financial Instruments Contents 1. Risks connected with the type of financial instrument... 2 Credit
More informationCHAPTER 16. Financial Distress, Managerial Incentives, and Information. Chapter Synopsis
CHAPTER 16 Financial Distress, Managerial Incentives, and Information Chapter Synopsis In the previous two chapters it was shown that, in an otherwise perfect capital market in which firms pay taxes, the
More information