Water Visualization and Flooding in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. Brian Holsclaw

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1 Water Visualization and Flooding in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells Brian Holsclaw West Virginia University Department of Chemical Engineering

2 Overview Background Objective Experimental Conditions PFR Cell CSTR Cell Conclusions and Further Work Questions

3 Overview Background Objective Experimental Conditions PFR Cell CSTR Cell Conclusions and Further Work Questions

4 Schematic of a PEMFC Operation - + e - e - - Membrane + Hydrogen-rich fuel (H 2 + impurities) Anode e - e - e - H + H + H + e - e - e - Oxygen (Air) + impurities Cathode H 2 2H + +2e - O 2 + 4H + + 4e - 2H 2 O Catalyst (Pt)

5 PFR PEM Fuel Cell Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Modeled as sum of differential elements along tube length Varying concentrations and conditions Used in commercial designs Channels can be easily clogged by water flooding Need water for membrane Two-phase flow in channels

6 CSTR PEM Fuel Cell Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) Perfect mixing assumed Constant conditions in cell Can be treated as differential element of more complicated or larger design No channels for flooding Vertical inlet/outlet allows cell to auto-drain water Water can collect if inlet/outlet in horizontal position

7 Overview Background Objective Experimental Conditions PFR Cell CSTR Cell Conclusions and Further Work Questions

8 Project Objective Visualize water droplet formation patterns in PFR and CSTR designs Measure currents in different areas of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) when flooding Measure performance changes during water draining Demonstrate how fuel cell position affects flooding

9 Overview Background Objective Experimental Conditions PFR Cell CSTR Cell Conclusions and Further Work Questions

10 Experimental Conditions Room temperature Neat H 2 and O 2 used No external humidification system at steady state (except when flooding) Hydrogen flowrate: 6 ml/min Oxygen flowrate: 3 ml/min Constant load resistance of 0.1 Ω

11 Overview Background Objective Experimental Conditions PFR Cell CSTR Cell Conclusions and Further Work Questions

12 Vertical PFR Orientation Performance stable at ~400 ma and V (0.1 Ω) after 24 hr Water formation only on cathode side (from reaction) Several leaks around probes (square peg in round hole) Silicone sealant used Equal distribution of droplets around membrane area Cathode View

13 Horizontal PFR Orientation Should not be gap here Inlet - right, outlet - left Initial runs with wrong flow plate (not true PFR) Droplets in top of picture: normal operation there Decline from 400 ma to 336 ma after 24 hr Cell drained itself within hour of this picture Flooded Cathode View No draining performance change

14 Cathode Performance Horizontal PFR Orientation (wrong plate)

15 Cathode During Flooding Cathode After Flooding Horizontal PFR Orientation Correct size flow plates Critical Droplet

16 Cathode Performance Horizontal PFR Orientation Current (ma) Final Performance = 160 ma Cathode 1 Cathode 2 Cathode 3 Cathode 4 Cathode Total Time (hr)

17 Current (ma) Anode Performance Horizontal PFR Orientation No overall jump Local Current Jump Anode 1 Anode 2 Anode 3+4 Anode Total Time (hr)

18 Overview Background Objective Experimental Conditions PFR Cell CSTR Cell Conclusions and Further Work Questions

19 Vertical CSTR Orientation Cathode CSTR view (vertical) Anode CSTR view (vertical) Wires into probes were loose fitting and tended to come out very easily Something in the wiring/setup caused noise in the data Performance dropped from 300 ma to 230 ma in 48 hours in vertical position

20 Cathode View Horizontal CSTR Orientation Performance fluctuated between ma over 24 hr Too much noise in data No way to check if wires are attached without taking apart cell (putting back together might make them loose again) No significant performance change when rotated to vertical position to allow draining

21 Overview Background Objective Experimental Conditions PFR Cell CSTR Cell Conclusions and Further Work Questions

22 Conclusions Performance drops while flooding PFR (wrong plate) steady but small drop PFR (correct plate) large drop in stages CSTR small drop if any Best performance when water droplets found all over membrane Good visualization of water droplets but results too inconsistent Cell performance might not match visual clues

23 Problems, Difficulties, Trouble Only one membrane used for all tests Performance degraded with membrane use Needed to run cell polarization tests to determine before/after membrane changes Contact problems with probes Use parts that fit correctly Always fix the leaks

24 Further Work Redo all experiments with new membrane Redesign cells so wires will fit better, no leaking, and no view obstructions Obtain data acquisition board able to handle more channels (better data) Use different wire setup to avoid noise Use thinner gaskets to get better probe contact

25 Special Thanks Professor Jay Benziger Erin Kimball Barclay Satterfield NSF and Princeton University

26 Questions

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