The active use and exploitation of Microsoft's Application Compatibility Framework. Jon Erickson
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1 The active use and exploitation of Microsoft's Application Compatibility Framework Jon Erickson
2 Me Jon Erickson Sr. Labs Engineer at isight Partners
3 Not Me! I m not that Jon Erickson J Although I would be happy to sign your book.
4 isight Partners Best commercial cyber intelligence provider on the planet. Highly Differentiated Forward looking, adversary focused intelligence, actionable advice Intelligence for multiple levels: executive, operational and technical Only vendor with true global intelligence collection presence Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 4
5 Agenda What is Application Compatibility Tools Prior Work EMET Real World Example
6 Background Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6
7 Why use Application Compatibility Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7
8 Some Examples Fix s Crash when alt-tab is pressed Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 8
9 Some Examples Fix s Crash when alt-tab is pressed Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 9
10 Agenda What is Application Compatibility Tools Prior Work EMET Real World Example
11 Tools Application Compatibility Toolkit (Microsoft) Sdb2xml (Microsoft) cdd (Alex Ionesceu) sdbinst (Microsoft) sdb-explorer (Jon Erickson) Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11
12 Application Compatibility Toolkit Used to create and view SDB files Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12
13 sdb2xml Created by Heath Stewart (2007) Can dump patch_bits information Does not parse in-memory fix its. Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 13
14 Compatibility Database Dumper (CDD) Compatibility Database Dumper (CDD) v1.0 Copyright (C) 2007 Alex Ionescu usage: cdd.exe [-s][-e][-l][-f][-p][-d kernel-mode database file][-a usermode database file] -s Show shims -e Show executables -l Show layers -f Show flags -p Show patches -d Use Blocked Driver Database from this path -a Use Application Compatibility Database from this path Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 14
![exe [-s][-e][-l][-f][-p][-d kernel-mode database file][-a usermode database file] -s Show shims -e Show executables -l Show](/docs-images/43/15700963/images/page_14.jpg "layers -f Show flags -p Show patches -d Use Blocked Driver Database from this path -a Use Application Compatibility")
15 Installing SDB Files sdbinst [-?] [-q] [-u] [-g] [-p] [-n[:win32 WIN64]] myfile.sdb {guid} "name" -? - print this help text. -p - Allow SDBs containing patches. -q - Quiet mode: prompts are auto-accepted. -u - Uninstall. -g {guid} - GUID of file (uninstall only). -n "name" - Internal name of file (uninstall only). NOTE: Requires Administrator privilege Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 15
16 Installing SDB Files Registry Locations HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion \AppCompatFlags\Custom HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion \AppCompatFlags\InstalledSDB Default File Locations C:\Windows\AppPatch\Custom\ C:\Windows\AppPatch\Custom\Custom64\ Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 16
17 Installing SDB Files sdb-explorer.exe -r filename.sdb [-a application.exe] Does NOT show up in Add remove programs Does NOT copy SDB to default location Requires Administrator privileges Note regarding 64bit Patches: The path of the SDB file MUST contain Custom64 Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 17
18 Agenda What is Application Compatibility Tools Prior Work EMET Real World Example
19 Prior Work Alex Ionesceu Secrets of the Application Compatibility Database (SDB) Mark Baggett Windows Own3d by Default Jon Erickson Persist-It Using and Abusing Microsoft Fix It Patches Chris Graham Shimming Your Way Past UAC Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 19
20 Prior/ Related Work Secrets of the Application Compatibility Database (SDB) - Alex Ionesceu 1 ) Introduction 2 ) System Shims The Most Interesting Ones 3 ) The Private Shim Engine Interface With The PE Loader 4 ) Built-in Shimmed Applications and Specific Shims A Sample Never Released: 5 ) Tool 1 CDD Compatibility Database Dumper 6 ) Flag Shims LUA and Installer Flags 7 ) The Run-Time In-Memory Patching Behavior and Analysis 8 ) The System Blocked Driver Database The Kernel Side of SDB 9 ) Conclusion and Tool 2 Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 20
21 System Shims C:\Windows\AppPatch\ sysmain.sdb drvmain.sdb msimain.sdb pcamain.sdb Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 21
22 System Shims sdb-explorer t sysmain.sdb Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 22
23 System Shims %WINDIR%\AppPatch\en-US\AcRes.dll.mui has descriptions in its string table , "Shim which intercepts the ShowWindow API call and fixes the problem due to tabbed browsing architecture changes in IE. The window an application finds is not the top level window any more, but the child tab window. Caught the ShowWindow API which checks if the class and process name of the window is IE's tab window. And then calls the real ShowWindow on the top level parent window." 60193, "This compatibility fix fixes problems with any application that uses the Shrinker resource compression library. This library hacks resource functions in ntdll and kernel32 and redirect calls into their own function routines. But Ntdll code has different opcodes in Windows XP. The program failed to find the opcode signature and decided to cancel WriteProcessMemory call to write their redirection. Because of this, the necessary decompression of program code and resources were not executed and caused access violation. Shrinker compatibility fix resolves this by providing necessary opcode signature so the app could write those redirection into ntdll." Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 23
24 System Shims %WINDIR%\AppPatch\ja-JP\AcRes.dll.mui has descriptions in its string table , " ShowWindow API 呼 び 出 しを 途 中 で 取 得 し IE のタブ ブラウズ アーキテクチャ 変 更 による 問 題 を 修 正 する shim です アプリケーションが 検 索 するウィンドウは 最 上 位 ウィンドウではなく 子 タブの ウィンドウになります ウィンドウのクラスとプロセス 名 が IE のタブ ウィンドウであるかどうかを 確 認 する ShowWindow API をキャッチしました 次 に 最 上 位 の 親 ウィンドウで 実 際 の ShowWindow を 呼 び 出 し ます , "この 互 換 性 修 正 プログラムは Shrinker リソース 圧 縮 ライブラリを 使 用 するアプリケーションの 問 題 を 修 正 します このライブラリは ntdll と kernel32 のリソース 関 数 をハッキングし 呼 び 出 しをリソー ス 関 数 の 関 数 ルーチンにリダイレクトします ただし Windows XP では Ntdll コードに 異 なるオペコード があります プログラムはオペコード 署 名 の 確 認 に 失 敗 し リダイレクトを 書 き 込 むための WriteProcessMemory 呼 び 出 しの 取 り 消 しを 決 定 しました このため プログラム コードとリソースの 圧 縮 解 除 が 実 行 されず アクセス 違 反 が 発 生 しました Shrinker 互 換 性 修 正 プログラムは アプリケーショ ンがリダイレクトを ntdll に 書 き 込 めるように 必 要 なオペコード 署 名 を 提 供 して この 問 題 を 解 決 します Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 24
25 Prior Work Alex Ionesceu Secrets of the Application Compatibility Database (SDB) Mark Baggett Windows Own3d by Default Jon Erickson Persist-It Using and Abusing Microsoft Fix It Patches Chris Graham Shimming Your Way Past UAC Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 25
26 Prior/ Related Work Mark Baggett Windows - Owned By Default! (DerbyCon 2013) Process Execution Redirection API Hooking Hiding in the File System Hiding in the Registry Disable Security Features of the OS Execute Backdoors Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 26
27 InjectDll Details 2524a TAG SHIM TAG NAME: InjectDll TAG 600a - DLLFILE: AcGenral.DLL 2525c TAG FIX_ID: {GUID} TAG GENERAL TAG DESCRIPTION_RC_ID: (0xeafb) AcGenral.dll NS_InjectDll::NotifyFn() LoadLibraryW() Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 27
28 RedirectEXE 26dbc TAG 7004 SHIM 26dc2 TAG NAME: RedirectEXE 26dc8 TAG 600a - DLLFILE: AcGenral.DLL 26dce TAG FIX_ID: {GUID} 26de4 TAG GENERAL 26de6 TAG DESCRIPTION_RC_ID: (0xeb10) AcGenral.dll NS_RedirectEXE::NotifyFn() CreateProcessA() CloseHandle(hProcess) CloseHandle(hThread) ExitProcess() Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 28
29 Prior Work Alex Ionesceu Secrets of the Application Compatibility Database (SDB) Mark Baggett Windows Own3d by Default Jon Erickson Persist-It Using and Abusing Microsoft Fix It Patches Chris Graham Shimming Your Way Past UAC Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 29
30 Fix-It Patch Analysis How is this different from patches released on patch Tuesday? BinDiff mshtml.dll from MS vs. MS Different matched functions 16 unmatched functions Fix It Patch for CVE Changes Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 30
31 Preventing 0-Day Exploitation CVE / CVE (October/November 2014) OLE Packager Vulnerability CVE (February 2014) IE Use After Free CVE (September 2013) IE Memory Corruption CVE (December 2012) IE Use After Free CVE (June 2012) XML Core Services
32 Sandworm CVE InfDefaultInstall.exe EVIL.inf
33 Sandworm CVE InfDefaultInstall.exe EVIL.inf
34 Sandworm CVE InfDefaultInstall.exe EVIL.inf Steps: PowerPoint Loads packager.dll to handle Packager Object Packager.dll copies evil.inf to Temp folder PowerPoint Animation invokes packager.dll DoVerb command DoVerb command performs right click context menu action for install. Packager.dll launches InfDefaultInstall to handle install action. Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 34
35 Sandworm CVE Fix InfDefaultInstall.exe EVIL.inf FIXED October 2014 Steps: PowerPoint Loads packager.dll to handle Packager Object Packager.dll copies evil.inf to Temp folder - Mark file unsafe PowerPoint Animation invokes packager.dll DoVerb command DoVerb command performs right click context menu action for install. Packager.dll launches InfDefaultInstall to handle install action. - Checks for unsafe flag - Prompts Users Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 35
36 Sandworm CVE Fix InfDefaultInstall.exe EVIL.inf Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 36
37 CVE CVE Bypasses Google found in the wild IDLE starts Executing special.py file Haifei Li found and notified Microsoft Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 37
38 CVE CVE Bypasses Google found in the wild IDLE starts And executes special.py file (Haifei Li found) Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 38
39 Sandworm Bypass Fix-It 1cae TAG EXE 1cb4 TAG NAME: POWERPNT.exe 1cba TAG APP_NAME: POWERPNT.exe 1cc0 TAG VENDOR: Microsoft 1cc6 TAG EXE_ID: {D82187EB-A66D-4A6A-B6BA-0F5738B5D08E} 1cdc TAG APP_ID: {F503FB56-18CF-4B58-80D0-02AC0D38D698} 1cf2 TAG MATCHING_FILE 1cf8 TAG NAME: * 1cfe TAG COMPANY_NAME: Microsoft Corporation 1d04 TAG MATCHING_FILE 1d0a TAG NAME: %windir%\system32\packager.dll 1d10 TAG BIN_FILE_VERSION: d1a TAG 400b - PE_CHECKSUM: (0x13541) 1d20 TAG 700a - PATCH_REF 1d26 TAG NAME: ef1de1e8-f d-819c f7eb22 1d2c TAG PATCH_TAGID: 972 (0x3cc) Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 39
40 Sandworm Bypass Fix-It Output from sdb-explorer Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 40
41 Sandworm Bypass Fix-It With Fix It Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 41
42 CVE Fix IDLE starts Executing evil2.py FIXED November 2014 Steps: PowerPoint Loads packager.dll to handle Packager Object. Packager.dll copies evil.inf to Temp folder. - Mark file unsafe (from CVE Fix). PowerPoint Animation invokes packager.dll DoVerb command. DoVerb command performs right click context menu action for edit. Prompts User Packager.dll launches IDLE to handle Edit with IDLE action. IDLE Looks for python file with specific name and executes it. Doesn t care about unsafe flag. Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 42
43 CVE Fix IDLE starts Executing evil2.py Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 43
44 CVE Fix IDLE starts Executing evil2.py Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 44
45 In-Memory Patches Application Compatibility Toolkit has no concept of in-memory patches Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 45
46 Analyzing CVE Fix-It October 21 st, 1 week after CVE was patched. Targets: (sdb-explorer.exe -d CVE bit-Shim.sdb) %windir%\system32\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x1708a) %windir%\system32\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x1a612) %windir%\system32\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x13541) %windir%\system32\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x171ab) %windir%\system32\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x14f94) %windir%\system32\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x17675) %windir%\system32\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x173b6) %windir%\syswow64\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x1708a) %windir%\syswow64\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x1a612) %windir%\syswow64\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x13541) %windir%\syswow64\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x171ab) %windir%\syswow64\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x14f94) %windir%\syswow64\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x17675) %windir%\syswow64\packager.dll ( ) Checksum = (0x173b6) Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 46
47 Analyzing CVE (sdb-explorer) sdb-explorer.exe -t my.sdb Prints Tree View, similar to sdb2xml Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 47
48 Analyzing CVE (sdb2xml) sdb2xml my.sdb Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 48
49 Patch Details patch, patchbits, patchref, patch_tag_id, checksum Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 49
50 Patch Details sdb-explorer.exe -p CVE bit-Shim.sdb 0x2ea Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 50
51 IDAPython Script sdb-explorer.exe -i -p CVE bit-Shim.sdb 0x2ea Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 51
52 Persist-It sdb-explorer Explanation of in-memory patch file format. Lots of details Shows how to analyze fix-it patches Showed how to create your own in-memory patches. Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 52
53 Prior Work Alex Ionesceu Secrets of the Application Compatibility Database (SDB) Mark Baggett Windows Own3d by Default Jon Erickson Persist-It Using and Abusing Microsoft Fix It Patches Chris Graham Shimming Your Way Past UAC Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 53
54 Shimming Your Way Past UAC Windows signed files with AutoElevate permission. Example: SndVol.exe Uses RedirectEXE shim type. Steps: Create Shim for SndVol.exe that does RedirectEXE to evil.exe Register Shim Start SndVol.exe Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 54
55 Agenda What is Application Compatibility Tools Prior Work EMET Real World Example
56 EMET The Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit DEP SEHOP Null Page Heap Spray Protection EAF Mandatory ASLR ROP Detection Attack Surface Reduction Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 56
57 EMET %WINDIR%\AppPatch\EMET.dll %WINDIR%\AppPatch\AppPatch64\EMET.dll Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 57
58 EMET EMET Shim Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 58
59 Agenda What is Application Compatibility Tools Prior Work EMET Real World Example
60 Real World Examples Search Protect BlackEnergy Win32/Farfli.BEK Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 60
61 Search Protect Potentially unwanted program (PUP) Adware Now using Application Compatibility to persist Uses InjectDll Shim Loads Search Protect library into browsers Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 61
62 BlackEnergy/Quedagh Recently targeting Ukrainian Government. Uses UAC Bypass. Same technique as Chris Graham Driver Signing Bypass Shim? To patch user32.dll-mui
63 Win32/Farfli.BEK Persistence Anton Cherepanov ESET Reported at ZeroNights 2014 Win32/Farfli.BEK drops following files: %WINDIR%\AppPatch\msimain.mui raw code %WINDIR%\AppPatch\AcProtect.dll Drops Shim DataBase & registers it: %WINDIR%\AppPatch\Custom\%GUID%.sdb Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 63
64 Win32/Farfli.BEK Persistence EMET-Style sdb Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 64
65 What Can You Do? Disable the Shim Engine I do NOT recommend this Breaks EMET Disables 0day Fix-Its GPEdit.msc Administrative Templates \ Windows Components \ Application Compatibility \ Turn off Application Compatibility Engine Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 65
66 Recommendations Search your registry and File System Your system will have SDB Files, there are defaults Use the knowledge you gained AutoRuns (SysInternals) does not consider Application Compatibility Fixes They are aware and are working on it J Add signatures to SDB files (Microsoft) Notification of non-signed SDB files running, or about to run (Microsoft) Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 66
67 Summary Application Compatibility Toolkit is a new method attackers are using today. This is not a vulnerability This is a feature that attackers are abusing Defenders should start looking for this on the machines in their networks. SDB File requires Administrator privilege to install Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 67
68 References Baggett, M. (2013, February 23) Posts and Publications. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from In Depth Defense: Ionescu, A. (2007, May 20). Secrets of the Application Compatilibity Database (SDB) Part 1. Retrieved September 5, 2013, from Alex Ionescu's Blog: Ionescu, A. (2007, May 26). Secrets of the Application Compatilibity Database (SDB) Part 3. Retrieved September 5, 2013, from Alex Ionescu s Blog: Mark Russinovich, B. C. (2013, August 1). Autoruns for Windows v Retrieved September 5, 2013, from Windows Sysinternals: sysinternals/bb aspx Microsoft. (2013, September 6).!chkimg. Retrieved October 2, 2013, from Dev Center: 85%29.aspx Microsoft. (2013, October 1). Application Compatibility Database. Retrieved October 23, 2013, from Microsoft Developer Network: bb aspx Microsoft. (2013). Fix it Solution Center. Retrieved October from Microsoft Support: Microsoft. (2012, October 1). Microsoft Security Advisory: Vulnerability in Microsoft XML Core Services could allow remote code execution. Retrieved September 5, 2013, from Microsoft Support: Microsoft. (2012, December 7). Shim Database Types. Retrieved September 5, 2013, from Microsoft Developer Network: bb432483%28v=vs.85%29.aspx Sikka, N. (2013, September 17). CVE : Fix it workaround available. Retrieved October 02, 2013, from Security Research & Defense: srd/archive/2013/09/17/cve fix-it-workaround-available.aspx Stewart, H. (2007, November 3). Shim Database to XML. Retrieved September 5, 2013, from Setup & Install by Heath Stewart: /11/02/sdb2xml.aspx ddilabs.blogspot.com/2014/05/shimming-your-way-past-uac.html Copyright 2014, isight Partners, Inc. All Rights Reserved 68
69 Thanks Kat, Josh, Sam, zen, Mac, Mike, Dave, Sean, Darel, Brad A., Matt G., Mark B., Chris G, Mark R., Microsoft, isight Partners, and all others who will remain nameless.
70 Questions jerickson isightpartners.com Source Code:
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