Islamic Dietary Menu Planning System for Breastfeeding Mothers

Transcription

1 Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13(Approaches of Halal and Thoyyib for Society, Wellness and Heal): 36-42, 2013 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: /idosi.mejsr s Islamic Dietary Menu Planning System for Breastfeeding Moers A. Nurdiana, M.A. Nurul Atiqa, H. Chek Zaini, I. Roesnita and A.M. Mohd Nazmi 1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2 Institute of Halal Research and Management (IHRAM), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Abstract: Planning menus for individuals wi different Personal Heal Record (PHR) and individuals wi special nutritional needs especially for pregnant and breastfeeding women are very challenging. The menus should guide e right amount of food intake for e moers. This paper examines e user requirements for e development of an Islamic dietary menu planning system for breastfeeding moers. The system provides guidelines on good nutrition and daily practices for lactating moers. Most of e websites found in e Internet follow basic principles of menu planning but some are totally contrary to Islamic values. Therefore, is menu planning system not only provides on e calories intake and nutritional content in e food but also in line, according to e Islamic values. Key words: Breastfeeding Diet Islamic Menu Moer Planning System INTRODUCTION heal for e moer as well as ideal nutrition for e baby to develop properly [4]. Therefore, e pregnant and People's dietary choices are often affected by a breastfeeding women should eat sensibly by following variety of factors, including eical and religious beliefs, e basic healy eating guidelines application wi a few clinical need, or a desire to control weight [1]. Researchers additional considerations [5]. For at reason, an ideal have tried to computerize nutritious menus planning menu-planning system should guide e right amount of tools since e early 1960s [2, 3]. Several menu planning food intake are for each stages of pregnancy or when systems have been developed in recent years such as breastfeeding. Research has shown at fasting in DietPal, DietWizard and Diet Master However, ese pregnancy appears to be safer bo for e moer and systems are mainly used to assist healy individuals to baby as long as e moer eats a variety of healy food calculate eir calories intake and monitor e selection of and drink plenty of water when she breaks e fast since menus and not explicitly focused on e system at ere are about ree quarters of pregnant Muslim women should consider e major diseases such as diabetes, worldwide who chosed to fast during Ramadan. obesity and hypertension in generating e required diet Active student participation, discussion, observation plans or menus. It also should consider e diseases at and reflection are paramount for successful learning. have been diagnosed during e post pregnancy phase. Simulation is one of e up-and-coming tools at can be The focus of is research is to lead e users back to e used to replicate experiences in a certain environment [6]. Islamic lifestyle according to e Prophet s tradition and Simulation engages participation, observation and dietary practices. debriefing [7]. By developing and experimenting wi Planning menus for individuals wi different simulation models, one can obtain a better understanding Personal Heal Record (PHR) and individuals wi of e overall physical system [8]. The model can be special nutritional needs especially for pregnant and reconfigured and experimented wi e system it breastfeeding women are very challenging. This is represents [9]. The limited capabilities of e existing because during pregnancy, it is vital to ensure optimal nutrition menus planning systems have lead is study to Corresponding Auor: I. Roesnita, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Tel:

2 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 16(Approaches of Halal and Thoyyib for Society, Wellness and Heal): 36-42, 2013 focus on e development of a simulation study of webbased menu-generating system, according to Islamic dietary laws and Muslim lifestyles. The development of e proposed system is also based on e user requirements and needs. Based on e auors knowledge, more research needs to be conducted on e system at is able to track and manage e food intake in e daily life of breastfeeding Muslim moers. Most of e websites found in e Internet follow basic or general principles of menu planning and some are totally contrary to Islamic laws and values. Muslim dietary practices are fundamentally about obeying Allah. Islamic dietary laws provide direction on what is to be considered clean and unclean regarding diet and related issues [10]. Everying is permitted (Halal), except what Allah specifically prohibited (Haram). One of e most important responsibilities as a Muslim woman has towards her children is to nourish eir minds, bodies and souls wi her milk [11]. Therefore, e nutritious quality of e foods at e women eat is a major importance during breastfeeding [12]. Anoer limitation of e existing nutrition menus planning systems is at users need to manually search e specific food database and calculate e food calories. In different cases, ere is no data found for e food ey consumed. There is no single answer to how many calories a nursing moer needs. Thus, ere is a need of reliable, accessible and secured nutritious menus planning system at can manage and track e diet plan for e nursing moers. In light of e above, is paper examines e user requirements for e development of an Islamic dietary menu planning system for breastfeeding moers. The system provides guidelines on good nutrition and daily practices for lactating moers. carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, proteins, fats and amino acids. The Quran and Sunnah bo recommend food rich in nutrients and prohibit e consumption of substances at have been proved to be harmful, or whose harms outweigh eir benefits. Numerous Quranic verses and Prophetic narrations also recommend certain foods, such as honey, dates, figs, milk and olives, for healing properties [14]. The food at we eat has a great impact on our physical, spiritual and psychological aspects. Therefore, it is strongly recommended at parents-to-be stay away from forbidden and doubtful food. This is because e use of pure and Halal food by e moer has its effect on e child. The lack of adherence to is may causes of bad akhlaq. Pertaining to e effects of eating Haram food, e Prophet has narrated: Every time a bite of Haram food enters e stomach of a person, all e angels of e heavens and e ear send curses on him and until e time at e haram bite is in his stomach, Allah does not look in his direction. Every person at eats a bite of haram food is gaering causes of Allah wra. Then, if he repents, Allah accepts his repentance and if he leaves is world wiout repentance, he is deserving of e fire (of hell). Nutritional Needs of Breastfeeding Moers: Allah has placed food and water for e child in e body of e moer and has created an amazing system of feeding e newborn child in a manner which is perfect and most beneficial. Breastfeeding are e most nutritionally demanding times of a woman s life. The body needs enough nutrients every day to support e grow of e baby and e maintenance of e moer s body. All e needs of e developing baby come from e moer, eier rough e foods she eats or e supplements she takes. Breastfeeding women need more essential nutrients an oer women. The body needs an additional 500 more calories each day to support e grow of e baby [15]. Moer s heal also depends on diet since e moer s body is supplying e nutrients e baby needs, her body still needs e same nutrients as before she was pregnant. Islamic Nutrition: Muslims around e world practice e religion of Islam. The practice of Islam includes observing dietary laws which come from Islamic teachings. Islamic dietary laws define foods at are halal, meaning lawful or permitted. Muslims avoid food and beverages at are Haram, meaning not permitted. However, certain foods are difficult to classify because of e ingredients ey Simulation Process on e Islamic Nutrition for contain. Food at meets general Islamic dietary Breastfeeding Moers: Simulation involves systems and guidelines is called Halal (permissible). Food at is models [16]. A system is defined to be a collection of prohibited to Muslims is called Haram (forbidden). entities, for an example people or machines, which interact The general rule is at every type of food is permissible togeer towards e accomplishment of some logical end unless it has been expressly forbidden in e Quran [13]. [16]. A model is defined to be a representation system A healy diet is balanced wi a mixture of all e development for e purpose of studying at system [16]. foods. The variety satisfies all e body s needs for Simulation is used before e current system is altered or 37

3 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 16(Approaches of Halal and Thoyyib for Society, Wellness and Heal): 36-42, 2013 a new system is built, to reduce e probability of failure requirements refer to e various criteria, constraints and to meet specifications, to prevent under or over-utilization requirements imposed on e design and operation of e of resources, to eliminate unpredicted bottlenecks and to software [20]. The main purpose of requirement analysis optimize system performance [9]. phase is to find e need and to define e problem at A simulation of a system is e operation of a model needs to be solved [21]. Some types of system models, of e system [9]. The model can be reconfigured and which might be produced as part of e analysis process, experimented wi [9]. The operation of e model can be are data-processing model, composition model and studied and hence, properties concerning e behavior of process model. A data-processing model shows how data e actual system or its subsystem can be inferred [9]. is processed at different stages in e system by using In general, simulation is a tool to evaluate e performance data-flow diagrams while a composition model illustrates of a system, existing or proposed, under different on how some entities in e system are composed of oer configurations of interest and over long periods of real entities and how ey are related whereas a process time [9]. models shows e principal activities and deliverables in In is system e moers can simulate on e menu carrying out some process. at ey want to eat. Based on e chosen menu, e The process of planning and problem solving for a system will provide information to e moers in term of software solution is implemented in Phase 2, which is e e calories intake and nutritional content in e food. system and software design phase. The phase defines e plan for a solution which includes algorim design, Islamic Dietary Menu Planning System for software architecture design, conceptual diagram design, Breastfeeding Moers: Software development concept design, graphical user interface design and data meodology was used to develop, manage, control and structure definition [18, 19]. In Phase 3, which is e maintain e system. A software process model is an implementation phase refers to e realization of design abstract representation of a process at represents a phase into program code. This phase is where e real description of a process from some particular perspective code is written and compiled into an operational as specification, design, validation and evolution [17]. application and where e database and text files are This research employed e waterfall model at is widely created [21]. used in software development and e detailed A testing plan is created to describe e unit tests explanation about e model is discussed in e next and system tests at will be performed in Phase 4, which section. is e testing phase. Unit testing is performed on The benefits of implementing is model are simple individual software components [22]. It is also known as and easy to use. This model can be easy to implement and verification and validation which is a process for checking manage because each phase has a specific purpose at a software solution meets e requirements and and development occurs in only one phase at a time. specifications and at it accomplishes its intended The Waterfall model is appropriate for small development purpose. In fact, verification is e process of evaluating projects in which e requirements are well stated [18]. software to determine wheer e products of a given Due to e rigidity of e model, all requirements must be development phase satisfy e conditions imposed at e stated explicitly before development begins. If start of at phase; while, validation is e process of requirements change or are added, e project must start evaluating software during or at e end of e over from e beginning. Due to ese issues, e development process to determine wheer it satisfies Waterfall model is inappropriate for complex projects. specified requirements [23]. Since e unit testing is Essentially, e Waterfall model comprises of five phases, performed on e individual part of software, system test namely analysis, design, implementation, testing and is an activity to validate e software product as a whole. maintenance [19]. System test is e stage to find defects at can only be In Phase 1, which is e requirement analysis and exposed by testing e entire system. Attributes such as definition defines bo functional and non-functional external interfaces, performance, security, configuration requirements. Functional requirements illustrate e users sensitivity, co-existence, recovery and reliability are interactions wi e software which include parameters validated during is stage [24]. such as purpose, scope, functions, software attributes, Finally, in Phase 5, which is e maintenance phase is user characteristics, interface requirements and database e process of modifying a software solution after requirements. Meanwhile, e non-functional delivery and deployment to refine output, correct errors 38

4 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 16(Approaches of Halal and Thoyyib for Society, Wellness and Heal): 36-42, 2013 and improve performance and quality. Additional maintenance activities can be performed in is phase including adapting software to its environment, accommodating new user requirements and increasing software reliability [25]. Approaches in e Development of an Islamic Dietary Menu Planning System for Breastfeeding Moers: This research uses various techniques to define e requirement desired. These techniques are vital in is research because it helps e research to identify e various requirements needed to develop a reliable, accessible and secured nutritious menu planning online system at can manage and track e diet plan for e nursing moers. These will later help in developing e entire system. The techniques used are analysis of e existing systems, library and internet search and interviewing e experts and users. By analyzing related system at existed, is will give furer understanding of e need of such system. This will help in determining e requirements at could be included into e system based on e user s point of view. Besides a lot of related information regarding e nutritional content in foods is needed for e completion of is project. The information can be found from e library and internet search. Many books and online databases are available in e library at can be used as references. In addition to at, interview e experts in e area and e users of e system are important in is research. An interview can generate valuable information about someone s live experience and its meanings [26]. An interview can provide e best access to e interpretations at respondents have regarding actions and events [27] and can reach realms of reality at would oerwise remain inaccessible, such as people s subjective experiences and attitudes. The most common form of interviewing involves individual, face-to-face verbal interchange, but can also take e form of face-to-face group interchange, online meods and telephone surveys [28]. The present research used a face-to-face interview meod, as by using is meod e researcher can build a close relationship wi e respondents and as a result e respondents can be more willing to share eir ought freely and deeply. The limitations of is meod are e substantial amount of time spent on interviewing, undertaking transcriptions and analyses [27]. Noneeless, a deep understanding of a phenomenon can be gained based on e overwhelming streng of e face-to-face interview and e richness of e communication at is possible wi e key respondents, in various roles and situations of an organisation [29]. Interviews can use structured, semi-structured or unstructured questions, which can be modified or replaced at any stage of e interview process [29]. The present research used semi-structured questions. While questions were pre-formulated ere was not blind adherence to em - as it was envisaged at new questions might emerge during e interviews [29]. A degree of consistency was maintained, however, across e interviews as e interviewer always began wi a specified set of questions. This meod allows e respondent to build insight into any issue at arises during e interviews, as needed [30]. The types of questions used for is research were issue questions and topical questions [31]. Issue questions are questions regarding e case (which in is study is e features needed for e nursing moers to plan for eir nutritious menus) while topical questions are questions aimed at gaering e information needed to describe e case, which includes e profile of e respondent, e organisation s background and details of e website. User Requirements for e Development of an Islamic Dietary Menu Planning System for Breastfeeding Moers: From e analysis of data collected on existing systems, e proposed system will consider individuals diagnosed wi e major diseases such as diabetes, obesity and hypertension in generating e required diet plans or menus. This system also considers e diseases at have been diagnosed during e post pregnancy phase. Besides, e main point of e system is considering e lifestyle of individuals; back to e Prophet tradition and dietary practices [32]. The research expected outcomes would be producing a system at is capable of managing e users dietary intake based on dietary laws in Quran and Sunnah and a simulation of system wi security features. Due to at, e system is expected to fulfill e user requirements such as e user interface should be simple and easy to use, e system should enable e user to register and log into e system and e system should enable e registered user to view e information on e calories intake, nutritional content in e food and calculate eir Body Mass Index (BMI). 39

5 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 16(Approaches of Halal and Thoyyib for Society, Wellness and Heal): 36-42, 2013 Table 1: Software requirement Software requirement Description Eclipse Juno Eclipse is an open development platform comprised of extensible frameworks, tools and runtimes for building, deploying and managing software across e lifecycle. Macromedia Dreamweaver Macromedia Dreamweaver is a web development application and provides web designers and coders wi support for web page creation from designing to coding. Microsoft Office 2007 Microsoft Word and Microsoft Power Point are used to document, developing plans, assigning resources to tasks and scheduling e process of e software. It also used to present e project as visual presentation. Operating System Operating system used as platform to create is software is Windows 8. Web browser Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Internet explorer for system development. Fig. 1: Use case diagram Fig. 2: System hierarchy In order to perform e system, e minimum hardware requirements are 4GB RAM, 500 GB Hard Disk, Laptop Intel Core i5 are recommended. Furermore, e minimum software requirements are presented in Table 1. Functional and non-functional requirements are also e elements in user requirements specification. The system can be developed successfully once e requirements for e proposed system are identified. Functional requirements describe e function of a software system as it should allow e user to perform specific tasks such as register into e system, log into e system, view information and tips, calculate eir BMI and view e files. The system also should provide e non-functional elements to e user such as user friendly interface, easyto-use Graphical User Interface (GUI) and perform security components such as auentication and auorization. The requirements are illustrated as a use case diagram, system hierarchy and activity diagram of user login in Figures 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The use case diagram shows e interaction between users (actors) and e system (use cases) from e point of view of an external observer while e system hierarchy demonstrates e two external actors - registered user and unregistered users. Activity diagrams on e oer hand, are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions wi support for choice, iteration and concurrency. It is used to mock-up e workflow of e system being designed, analyzing a use case by describing what actions need to take place and when ey should occur, describing a complicated sequential algorim and modeling applications wi parallel processes. CONCLUSION Fig. 3: Activity diagram of user login This system is developed as an alternative meod for e moers to manage eir diet wi specific nutritional needs and to have a better understanding on e importance to breastfeed eir babies wi some 40

6 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 16(Approaches of Halal and Thoyyib for Society, Wellness and Heal): 36-42, 2013 additional features and experts tips. The system is efficient for managing nutritional needs for breastfeeding moers. Like any oer system, it is still ongoing to reach its optimal performance and ere are ample opportunities for future expansion and enhancement. An effective system is continuously improved so at e system would eventually satisfy e users in general. The development of is system is expected to benefit oers by encouraging em wi even more inspiration to produce more similar and advance online system platforms. REFERENCES 1. Pearltrees, List of Diets. [Online] www. pearltrees. com/# /N-play=2&N-s=1_ &Nu=1_ & N-p= &N-f=1_ &Nfa= Accessed on 27 July Joseph, L.B., Menu planning by computer. Communications of e ACM, 7(4): Eckstein, E.F., Menu planning by computer: The random approach. Journal of e American Dietetic Association, 51(6): Impact of maternal nutrition on fetal development Medical Education Network (Mednet). [Online] Accessed on 27 July Chin, K.G., C. Mactal-Haaf and C.E. McPherson, Use of anti-infective agents during lactation: part 1- beta-lactam antibiotics, vancomycin, quinupristindalfopristin and linezolid. Journal Human Lactation. 16: Nilson, L.B Teaching at its best: A researchbased resource for College Instructors. San Francisco, California, USA: Jossey-Bass. 3rd ed. 7. Rogeb, M.K., Creating a nursing simulation laboratory: A literature review. Journal of Nursing Education, 47(11): Wiedenbeck, J.K. and D.E. Kline, System simulation modeling: A case illustration of e model development life cycle. Wood and Fiber Science. 26(2): Carson, Y. and A. Maria, Simulation optimization. Paper presented at e 1997 Winter Simulation Conference. Binghamton, New York, USA. pp: Creative Commons.org Islamic dietary laws. [Online] princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/ wiki100k/docs/islamic_dietary_laws.html. Accessed on 27 July IslamCan.com Importance of breastfeeding a Muslim child. [Online] raising-children-in-islam/importance-ofbreastfeeding-a-muslim-child.shtml. Accessed on 27 July Bouchez, C., Your nutritional needs while breastfeeding. [Online] Accessed on 27 July Dodge, C.H., The everying understanding Islam book: A complete and easy to read guide to Muslim beliefs, practices, traditions and culture. Adams Media. pp: Islamweb Staff: Editorial & Translation Department Food for ought: Prophet Muhammad's recommendations regarding food. [Online] Prophet%20Muhammads%20Recommendations%2 0Regarding%20Food.pdf. Accessed on 8 May Shertzer, J Nutritional needs of pregnancy and breastfeeding. The Ohio State University Extension-Fact Sheet: Family and Consumer Sciences. [Online] hyg-fact/5000/pdf/5573.pdf. Accessed on 27 July Law, A.M. and W.D. Kelton, Simulation modeling and analysis. McGraw-Hill: United States of America. 17. Munassar, N.M.A. and A. Govardhan, Comparison between traditional approach and object-oriented approach in software engineering development. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2(6): Murch, R., The software development life cycle: A complete guide ebook. [Online] amazon.com/dp/b007zcrp1l/ref=rdr_kindle_ext_tmb. Accessed on 29 July Bassil, Y., A simulation model for e waterfall software development life cycle. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2(5): Serugendo, G.D.M., M.P. Gleizes and A. Karageorgos, Self-organising software: From natural to artificial adaptation. Springer. pp: Jorwekar, S., Waterfall - Software development model. [Online] buzzle. com/auors. asp?auor=1141. Accessed on 29 July Applied Testing and Technology, Inc Software Testing Glossary [Online] aptest.com/glossary.html Accessed on 29 July

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