THEORIES and. MODELS in Applied. Behavioral Science

Transcription

1 \ '. THEORIES ad MODELS i Applid Bhaviral Scic VOLUME 1 (INDIVIDUAL) J. William Pfiffr, Ph.D Edir Arl C. Ballw Asscia Edir Sa Dig Tr- ArsrcJarTl Sydy...'

2 Prfac HRD prfssials mus b cvrsa i a umbr f aras f applid bhaviral scic. I smims is difficul kp up wih h dmads f 's jb ad say abras f w hris ad applicais. O f h prblms is ha hr ar s may gd idas i huma rsurc dvlpm ad h rlad filds. Thr is a walh f publishd marial availabl abu huma bhavir. Ay rair r csula's library is prbably wll sckd wih bks ad pridicals psychlgy, huma bhavir, grups, cmmuicai, maagm, rgaizais, ad may hr subjcs. May f us spd a gra dal f im sifig ad srig hrugh vlums f marial fid ls ha w ca us ffcivly i h larig virm. Our purps i dvlpig Thris ad Mdls is mak availabl h bs f h cgiiv-larig ls fr huma rsurc dvlpm prfssials us i raiig ad csulig wrk. O paricular purps f his publicai is hlp yu duca yurslf abu wha is availabl fr yu us, hlp yu clarify yur udrsadig abu sm f hs idas, ad hlp yu fid furhr ifrmai ay subjc ha yu wa xplr. T ha d, h vlums ar dsigd mak i asir fr yu fid h hrical marials ha yu d us i yur raiig ad csulig aciviis. Rahr ha wadig hrugh umrus bks prsaliy yps, mivai, ladrship, r rgaizaial chag, fr xampl, ca fid marial fr a lcur r hadu asily ad quickly by lkig i ur pical scis ad fidig subjcs lisd alphabically. I is, i ffc, a "l ki" f idas abu ppl ad hw hy wrk. W hp ha his will hlp furhr a udrsadig f applid bhaviral scic h par f bh h HRD prfssials wh us i ad h clis hy srv. Likags Th usr f his publicai will ha may f h dscripis f hris ad mdls hav similar r rlad cmps. Fr xampl, may f h hris ad mdls f huma ds ad mivai ar basd h wrk f Hry Murray, ad svral f hm cai similar rms r ccps. Svral f h achig mdls f prsaliy yps ar basd h wriigs f Sigmud Frud ad Carl Jug, bu ar adapd fr ducaial rahr ha psychaalyical purpss. Thr als ar rlaiships acrss scis, bh wihi his vlum ad bw his vlum ad lar s. Fr xampl, ca mak ccis bw lcus f crl, xravrsi-irvrsi, scial syls, ad achivm mivai. Thr ar clar rlaiships bw h svral mdls f huma dvlpmal phass. Furhrmr, may f h hris abu idividuals (Vlum 1) ad grups (Vlum 2) frm h basis fr mr cmplx hris abu ladrship (Vlum 3) ad rgaizais (Vlum 4). This yp f likag srvs w purpss. Firs, i prvids a hisrical prspciv h dvlpm f kwldg i h applid bhaviral scics. Each grai f rsarchrs has ak sm xisig kwldg ad askd w qusis r lkd fr aswrs i diffr dircis. O prs's rsarch lds validiy sm ls's wrk i a diffr ara. Diffrcs i irprai hav grad apprpria qusis ad sparkd w iquiry. This simulai f w rsarch ad w applicais rifrcs h graiv as wll as h pracical valu f hris ad mdls.

3 Th Diffrcs Bw Thry ad Mdls A hry is a xplaai f causal rlaiships. I grally sars frm assumpis ad prcds dducis r cclusis ha cfrm bsrvais f h rfr sysm. Th rm "mdl," h hr had, rfrs primarily graphic dpicis f sysms r prcsss ad h rlaiships amg hir lms. Ths ar h yps f mdls ms f usd i raiig ad dvlpm wrk. (W ar ccrd hr wih h dvlpm f cmpurizd mdls r hs usd fr sciific rsarch.) Thus, h diffrc bw mdls ad hry is ha mdls rprs whil hris xplai. Mdls Rprs; Thris Explai Alhugh frmal dfiiis f h wrd "~mdl" may vary, i ms prfssis i grally is agrd ha a mdl is a symblic rprsai f h fucis r aspcs f a sysm r cmplx v ad hir irrlaiships. Mdls ar aalgy f hir rfr sysms, rsmblig hm i frm bu cssarily i c. A mdl usually shws h rlaiships amg lms f h sysm. Bcaus a mdl is by aur a simplificai, i may iclud all h variabls, bu is valu is ha i ca b usd fr aalyical purpss. Thry, h hr had, is a s f causal rlaiships dvlpd prvid a lgically accpabl chai f rasig sarig frm wll-dfid assumpis ad prcdig dducis r cclusis ha cfrm bsrvai f h rfr sysm. Th s f a hry is validiy; h s f a mdl is uiliy. Thry smims is implici i mdls; a mdl may b crad rprs a hry r par f a hry. Hwvr, sm mdls ar xprimal. Thy ca b usd i dvlpig hry r sig hyphss. Als, sm hris d suggs srucurs; hr may b a hry wihu a mdl. Th pssibiliis ar as fllws: Thry firs > Mdl dpics hry Thry firs > Mdl dpics spcific par(s) f hry Thry N mdl Mdl firs > Thry xplais mdl Mdl N hry Mdl firs > Mdl usd i dvlpig hry Fr a mr hrugh discussi f h us f hyphss, hris, ad mdls-spcially i h frm f lcurs ad hadus-h radr is rfrrd h Uivrsiy Asscias Traiig Tchlgis Sris, Bk 3, Usig Lcurs, Thris, ad Mdls i Huma Rsurc Dvlpm.. ix

4 I HRD, grally, a mdl clarifis a hry r a hry xpads a mdl. Such mdls ar ccrd wih huma bhavir ad ar idd fr achig ad raiig, fr xprimig, sig, prdicig, r plaig. Wha Thry Is A "ral" hry is a clusr f xplici, rlva assumpis sysmaically rlad ahr ad a s f mpirical dfiiis. Frm hs ar drivd hyphss ha ar, i ur, subjc xprimal ss. I his way, spcific prdicis ca b mad abu wha will ccur udr spcifid cdiis. Prdicis ar sd, rsulig i daa ha ihr crrbra h prdicis-ad udrlyig hry-r rquir mdificais f h hrical assumpis. Thry srvs a variy f fucis. Th ms impra ar: (a) cdifyig accumulad kwldg wihi, csis, vrall framwrk ad, i his way, (b) clarifyig ad simplifyig h cmplxiy w fid i h ral wrld whil (c) dircig h furhr dvlpm f kwldg hrugh (d) guidd xprimal applicais. Thry is capabl f graig rsarch ad w larig; i icrpras kw fidigs i a lgically csis framwrk; ad i clarifis ad simplifis h cmplxiy f aural r ccr vs. A addiial fuci f hry is is uiliy fr pracical applicai ad us i paricular siuais. Thry grally is dvlpd iducivly, wh i mrgs frm r is likd hs chiqus ad mhds alrady i pracic bcaus f uiliy r cssiy; pracic grally is dvlpd dducivly, frm sd ad validad hry. I h applid bhaviral scics, a uifid ad sysmaic hry prvids h basis fr a mdl ha ca b applid i pracic huma bigs ad huma sysms. Gd Thry Gd hry mus b cmprhsiv-all ifrmai rlva h hry is ivlvd wihi i-bcaus i shuld b applicabl all h siuais rlad h subjc f h hry, jus sm f hm. Nr ds i vrcmplica; rahr, i clarifis. Gd hry mus b clar ad simpl bcaus i shuld b udrsadabl, i is ssials, by ay f avrag illigc. By dscribig h basic srucur f rlaiships amg daa, gd hry maks ur wrld mr cmprhsibl. Gd hry prvids guidlis ad dircis fr h dvlpm f mr ad dpr udrsadig f ur wrld, icludig urslvs. I prvids clar implicais fr whr, ad hw, lk fr mr kwldg. I icluds spcific, pracical, aci implicais. I abls prblms b likd sluis. Thry ad Hyphsis Th firs dfiii f hry i h Radm Hus Cllg Diciary is "a chr grup f gral prpsiis usd as pricipls f xplaai fr a class f phma." Th scd dfiii is "a prpsd xplaai whs saus is sill cjcural, i cras

5 wll-sablishd prpsiis ha ar rgardd as rprig mars f acual fac." Lar, h x disiguishs bw "hry" ad "hyphsis": A hry prprly is a mr r lss vrifid r sablishd xplaai accuig fr kw facs r phma. A hyphsis is a cjcur pu frh as a pssibl xplaai f crai phma r rlais, ad srvs as a basis f argum r xprimai by which rach h ruh. This disici frquly is mad i h applid bhaviral scics. Alhugh h frmal lgic f scic rquirs ha pracic b dvlpd u f sd, validad hry, i h bhaviral scics, ypically ss his prcss rvrsd: chiqus, mhds, ad "ls," dvlpd u f d ad fr h sak f uiliy, ar slwly igrad wih ccps prduc hrical xplaais fr huma bhavir. Wha f is calld hry is, i fac, mrly a wrkig hyphsis. Such a hyphsis frquly is basd a spcific s f cdiis ad "fails" wh applid a diffr s f cdiis. Thus, a majr prblm wih his prcss is ha i f rsuls i hris ha ar "xclusiv," as ppsd "iclusiv," ad vry arrw i rms f h phma dscribd. Hyphss ad hris ca hlp us mak h wrld mr prdicabl, bu hy als ca disr ur prcpis. O ds cfirm 's hyphss i suig rasacis. Aspcs ha d fi h pr-sablishd framwrk f ar disrd, discud, r v prcivd. This is say ha pracic is irrlva fr hry dvlpm; pracic acually is h bs surc fr h bsrvais ad idas ha ar h basis f hry. Hwvr, graliz pracic rquirs a sud hrical bas. Lkig vr a sris f ccurrcs ad graig sm aiv hyphss abu h bhavir f idividuals may b hlpful-if h hrizig ds bcm rsriciv ad frc subsqu xprics b s i is framwrk. Smims, givig up ryig crl r prdic ca allw spac fr w clariy mrg. Thry i HRD HRD is a spcially clcic fild. Th aciviis ar divrs, ad h phma ha HRD prfssials cfr ar qui cmplicad. Hard facs ar scarc; v h ms clarly sad hrical rlaiships mus b qualifid by "i dpds." Th praciir is likly b iflucd by larig hry, prsaliy hry, cliical psychlgy ad psychiary, scial psychlgy, ducai, maagm hry, rgaizais, cmmuicais, pliical scic, ad prhaps a uch f Easr mysicism. This divrsiy f surcs is richig ad xciig, bu i als maks cmprhsivss, igrai, ad syhsis difficul. Furhrmr, curr hry is largly dscripiv. I rgaizs ad cagrizs wha is kw ad amps rduc cmplxiy. I h ffr simplify ad ffr pracical assisac, hriss may vrlk h facs f idividual diffrcs ad mulipl mivais fr huma bhavir. Typs f Thry Thr ar w gral cagris f hry: simulus-rsps ad cgiiv. Pavlv's cdiiig f his dg saliva a h rigig f a bll is a xrm xampl f h simulus-rsps, r cdiiig, hris. This is als calld bhavir mdificai. Th ida is ha if h subjc rcivs h prpr simulus, h rsps will b h dsird. Cgiiv hris dal mr wih h acquisii f kwldg ad ar mr humaisic i aur. Thy grally rly h idividual lar hrugh slf-mivai. This is paricularly pri i dalig wih adul larrs. Ulik childr i schl, ms aduls hav crl vr whhr hy shw up fr raiig ad whhr hy say r walk u.

6 I HRD, cgiiv hris ar prsd primarily by mas f mdls, i rdr mak i asir "digs" ad apply h ccps. Wha Mdls Ar Mdls ar h rad maps f applid bhaviral scic. May f h mdls w hav ar lik h crud ad iaccura ggraphical maps f h fifh cury, dscribig accuraly ad i dail sm wll-xplrd aras ad als caiig larg ara~ f uxplrd rriry ad sm myhical rgis. Smims, i ur zal udrsad urslvs, w misak h map fr h raliy ad frg ha h mdl is ly a par, a aalgy. Wh psychlgical mdls ar usd ly dscrib bu als prdic bhavir, hy bgi acquir h saus f hry. As daa ar cllcd ad h mdl is supprd r cfirmd, hyphss ar grad, ad laws f iraci ca b xprssd i a sysmaic way. Mdls i h applid bhaviral scics ar dvlpd : xplai varius aspcs f huma bhavir ad iraci; igra wha is kw hrugh rsarch ad bsrvai; simplify cmplx prcsss; guid bsrvai i dyamic siuais such as grup iraci; ach rlaiships amg ccps; prdic bhavir i sm siuais; crl ad valua i xprimal dsigs; iv w idas ad prcsss; ad pla irvis i huma sysms. Th purps f a mdl is cmmuica, i a shplifid ad ffciv way, cmplx ifrmai ha grally icluds sams abu h causal rlaiships bw ad amg spcific variabls r ccps. Typs f Mdls Ms mdls i HRD ar symblic mdls. If h mdl ivlvs h sam prpris as h hig r sysm big dpicd bu h scal is chagd (fr xampl, a ship mdl) i is a icic mdl. If whavr is big dpicd is rprsd by prpris hr ha is w, i is calld a aalgy mdl bcaus i lirally is aalgy. This yp f mdl has b usd fr achig purpss hrughu hisry ad is usd qui f i HRD. A xampl is h "swichbard" mdl f h huma brai, cmmuica crai urlgical ccps ad prcsss. Evry kws ha plugs ar ccd ad disccd i h brai as hy wr i arly lph swichbards, alhugh, i limid ways, h brai fucis lik hs swichbards. Ohr xampls f symblic mdls ar vrbal mdls, picrial mdls, flw chars, aalyic mdls (i h mahmaical ss), ad umrical mdls. A xampl f a aalyic mdl is rprsig a cmic hry; a xampl f a umrical mdl is f a paricular rga izai's accuig sysm. Ths bh ar quaiaiv mdls, whras picrial mdls ad flw chars ar qualiaiv mdls. Ahr, lss cmm, yp f mdl xprsss, dpics, r simulas hw smhig acually wrks. Fr xampl, sciiss gagd i uclar fusi rsarch us mahmaical mdls ha dscrib prcisly h prai f such dvics. Such mdls ar rarly usd i h bhaviral scics.

7 Tabl f Cs Irduci...1 Chapr 1: Characrisics, Oriais, ad Trais Adrgyy Bilaral Brai Thry.. Craiviy ad Risk Takig FIRO: Th Fudamal Irprsal Rlais Oriai Jugia Typlgis UFO: Lif Oriais Thry Lcus f Crl... Myrs- Briggs Typlgis.. Nurliguisic Prgramig Scial Syls Valu Prgramig... ' Chapr 2: Dvlpmal Phass Ericks's Eigh Ags f Ma... Gdr Diffrcs i Huma Dvlpm Lvls f Mral Dvlpm.. Mral Dvlpm i Childr Psychscial Mauriy Sags f Adul Livs Chapr 3: EmiaVScial Bhavir Emial... Accmmdai f Fligs Cgiiv Dissac. Dalig wih Agr Kublr- Rss' Fiv Sags Thikig ad Flig Scial Bhavir... Aimalisic, Humaisic, ad Raial: Viws f Huma Naur Th Awarss Whl Bass f Pwr... Prsal Pwr Th Smaic Diffrial Th Srucural Diffrial xv

8 xvi Thris ad Mdls Chapr 4: Prsa' Chag ad Thrapy C dpdc... Cji Family Thrapy Gsal Thrapy.,... Th Pdulum Swig i h Grwh Prcss Prsal] ural Raial-Emiv Thrapy... Sps i Chagig O's Ow Bhavir Trascdc Thry Twlv-Sp Prgrams Chapr 5: Mivai AchivmMivai... Apprach ad Avidac Dimsis f Typical Mivs Expcacy Thry... Huma Nds ad Prsaliy Trais. Maslw's Hirarchy f Huma Nds Mivai-Hygi Facrs... Pwr Mivai, Gdr, ad Psychscial.Mauriy Salary, Equiy Thry, Mri Raiss, ad Mivai Th Slf-Fulfillig Prphcy Thry X-Thry Y... Thr Prcsss f Scial Ifluc Chapr 6: CarrJWrk Rls Carr Achrs Rl Efficacy.. Rl Srss... Thr Aspcs f Lif Vcaial Dvlpm Vcaial Oriai Thry :

9 ~ CHAPTER 1 Characrisics, Oriais, ad Trais Adrgyy Bilaral Brai Thry Craiviy ad Risk Takig FIRO: Th Fudamal Irprsal Rlais Oriai Jugia Typlgis LIFO: Lif Oriais Thry Lcus f Crl Myrs-Briggs Typlgis Nur liguisic Prgramig Scial Syls Valu Prgramig

10 Adrgyy I Wsr sciy, masculi ad fmii characrisics radiially hav b hugh b plar ppsis---=ihrly spara frm ach hr. This has rsuld i ppl big lckd i srypical rls. Scializd Mal ad Fmal Rls M i ur sciy ar scializd primarily valu a ask-rid, achivig syl i rdr m h ds f h rgaizais fr which hy will wrk. Thy ar "suppsd" b cmp, cmpiiv, srg, pwrful, ad ugh. Thy ar gard ward a xral rahr ha a irisic rward sysm. Thy ar raid rly lgic, us a raial apprach prblm slvig- ha rlis idas rahr ha was r ds. Thy ar afraid xprss mis r affci, b dr r vulrabl. I fac, m f ar rgardd by wm as issiiv, pushy, ad brual. M als may pay a physical pric fr siflig hir mial aurs: har, disas, ulcrs, ad s. Wm i ur sciy ar raid m h ds f h family. Thy ar "suppsd" b ssiiv, gl, ad carig- urur ad ak car f hrs. Thy hav b augh b xprssiv ad rid ward h dvlpm f hrs as a xsi f hmslvs, valu h family sig as a mas f fulfillig hir w ds. Bcaus his rl has subrdiad hir idividualiy h ds f h family r cmmuiy, wm may b rgardd by m as dpd, icmp, ad wak. Thy,, may pay a pric: lack f slf-cfidc ad pr psychlgical wll-big. May fmals ar afraid display cmpc r srgh fr far f big s as "cmpig" wih m. A N D R G y N Y Ovrcmig Culural Sryps Sudis f varius culurs shw ha may f h "diffrcs bw m ad wm ar lard rahr ha gic r hrmal. Furhrmr, hr is wid variai amg idividuals, rgardlss f sx. Culural prscripis abu sx rls igr idividual prfrcs ad ds ad cra mr prblms ha hy slv. Mr ad mr, w ar bgiig raliz h imprac ad pial frdm f h qualiy f adrgyy, i which m ad wm ar xclusivly masculi r fmii bu ar abl dmsra rais aribud bh sxs. Th wrd" adrgyy" sms frm h Grk adr (mal) ad gy (fmal) ad rfrs a bldig f bh masculi ad fmii characrisics. Thus, a adrgyus prs is sm wh ca b bh idpd ad ssiiv h ds f hrs, aggrssiv ad yildig, ugh ad dr, dpdig h siuaial apprpriass f hs varius bhavirs. A wma ca b bh a lvig mhr ad a ambiius xcuiv; cvrsly, a ma is a "sissy" if h jys h har r ckig. 5

11 6 Thris ad Mdls A N D R G y N y Mr ad mr f h rls i ur sciy rquir a mixur f "mal" ad "fmal" rais: hlpig skills, cllabrai, apprciai fr hrs, ad h abiliy xprss slf, as wll as prsc, auhriy, clar gals, ad h abiliy dal wih pwr ad ifluc. Effciv prblm slvig has b shw b a cmbiai f h raial ad h iuiiv. Effciv maagm has b shw b a cmbiai f h abiliy prsaliz as wll as h abiliy graliz ad h abiliy jy h achivms f hrs as wll as 's w. Th ms ffciv ppl ar hs wh cmbi idpdc ad cmpc wih playfulss ad ururac. Implicais fr Traiig ad Dvlpm O f h primary purpss f raiig ad dvlpm i h ara f adrgyy is xpad idividuals' rag f rls ad srghs ad allw ppl chs frg>m a variy f characrisics ad bhavirs h s ha sui hir ds. Th bjciv is allw ppl xpad ad dvlp hir mial, psychlgical, bhaviral, ad physical srghs rgardlss f gdr. This ds ma ha all ppl shuld b alik r "uisx"; rahr, i suggss ha ppl hav h chic b h kid f ppl hy wa b fr h siuais hy ar i, rsricd a limid s f "mal" r "fmal" bhavirs. Fr wm, his f rquirs raiig i ladrship rahr ha i "hsssig." May wm d lar dal wih cflic ad pwr, b apprprialy assriv, gia ffcivly, ad prs hmslvs i a lss slf-ffacig mar. Thy d lar ask fr wha hy d, rahr ha "makig d." Fr m, dvlpm may ma raiig i pss ad mial risk akig. Thy may d dvlp suppr sysms i which hy ca xplr w bhavirs. May m d lar b lss cmpiiv, lss crllig, lss prsuasiv, lss iscruabl, ad mr cllabraiv i hir iracis wih hrs. Thy d lar bcm mr cmfrabl wih slf-disclsur ad wih h xprssi f hir w fligs ad hs f hrs. Th Hm Sx-Rl Ivry

12 S a d r a L i p s i z B m ch hlpd chag h HRD prfssi's aiuds abu h qualiis f masculiiy ad fmiiiy. Th Br Sx-Rl Ivry is a isrum by which idividuals rak hmslvs sixy characrisics ha f ar hugh f as masculi, fmii, r ur. Th rspds idica hw much hy hik ach characrisic dscribs hm. Thr ar wy ims fr fmii characrisics, wy ims fr masculi characrisics, ad wy ural ims. Th ivry aks abu mius cmpl. Wh scrd, h isrum placs rspds i f fur cagris: Sx-ypd: radiial "masculi" mals ad "fmii" fmals, Adrgyus: havig characrisics aribud bh sxs, Udiffriad: rakig hmslvs lw ms rais, hus idicaig a dcy ward a paricular par, ad Sx-rvrsd:.g., a mal prclvmg himslf as havig primarily "fmii" characrisics, r vic vrsa. c r a d h B r S x - R l I v f l r y ( , ), w h i

13 wih prblms such as sxual harassm i h wrkplac, gdr-biasd hirigfirig plicis, pay discrpacis bw m ad wm, argums abu h ffc f wrkig wm familis, ad als i mr gral sssis such as maagm dvlpm ad am buildig. Maagrs f bh sxs ca lar ac auhically ad irdpdly, rahr ha limi hmslvs h radiially mal rls f pwr, auhriy, ad crci. M ca lar shar hir hughs ad fligs mr wih hrs. Wm ca lar b cmfrabl wih assri ad hir w aumy. All idividuals, spcially hs wh mus maag r wrk wih hrs, ca bfi frm icrasd frdm slc apprpria bhavirs. I his aim, adrgyy raiig is aligd wih h vrall gals f huma rsurc dvlpm. Rfrc Br, S.L. (1978). Bm sx-rl ivry. Pal Al, CA: Csulig Psychlgiss Prss. T h i v r y Surcs. Br, S.L. (1977). Br sx-rl ivry. I l.e. ls ad l.w. Pfiffr (Eds.), Th 1977 aual hadbk fr grup faciliars. Sa Dig, CA: Uivrsiy Asscias. Carpbll,]. (1977). Adrgyy. Il.E. ls ad].w. Pfiffr (Eds.), Th 1977 aual hadbk fr grup faciliars. Sa Dig, CA: Uivrsiy Asscias. Spragu, M.S., & Sarg, A. (1977). Tward adrgyus rairs. I ].E. ls ad ].W. Pfiffr (Eds.), Th 1977 aual hadbk fr grup faciliars. Sa Dig, CA: Uivrsiy Asscias. c a b a u s f u l l i d a l i g

14 Bilaral Brai Thry Th sudy f h diffrcs bw h hmisphrs (halvs) f h brai bga wih a bscur Frch cury dcr, Marc Dax, wh icd ha pais wh ls hir pwrs f spch fllwig brai ijuris susaid damag ly h lf sids f hir brais. Dax prpsd a a mdical sciy mig i 1836 ha spch is crlld by h lf sid f h brai ad, hrfr, ha h w hmisphrs mus crl diffr fucis. Alhugh Dax's hry did rciv much ai a h im, i has sic b h basis fr a gra dal f rsarch ad irs. Brai Hmisphrs Th huma brai csiss f w hmisphrs ha ar mirrr imags f ach hr. Th hmisphrs ar ccd by h crpus callsum, a sris f rasvrs rvfibr budls ha rasmis ifrmai frm 'brai hmisphr h hr. Each hmisphr crls h mvms ad ssais f h ppsi sid f h bdy; ha is, h lf hmisphr crls h righ sid f h bdy, ad h righ hmisphr crls h lf sid f h bdy. Huma bigs ar asymmrical; hy ar qually adp a usig hir righ ad lf sids. Ulik aimals, wh d b righ- r lf-sidd bu ar qually dividd i hir prfrcs, h vrwhlmig majriy f humas favr hir righ sids. Niy prc f us ar righ hadd. Furhrmr, rsarchrs hav discvrd ha h huma brai islf is symmrical i is abiliis. Alhugh ssry ad mr fucis ar qually dividd, may f h highr mal capabiliis (such as spch) sm b crlld primarily by ihr hmisphr r h hr. Much f h rsarch ha has b cducd h hmisphrs has ccurrd as a rsul f sudyig brai-ijurd prss r prss wh hav had hir crpra callsa surgically cu fr mdical rass (h lar ar cmmly kw as splibrai pais). Mal fucis ha ar hmisphrically idividualizd hav b idifid i such prss by idifyig h fucis ha hav b impaird r limiad ad h sid f h brai ha was ijurd. I is h suppsd ha h ijurd hmisphr crls hs fucis. Such sudy appars idica ha h lf brai crls a sigifica pri f h aalyical mal fucis such as laguag (bh spch ad cmprhsi) ad lgical ad raial capabiliis, whras h righ brai crls much f h iuiiv capabiliis-h abiliy prduc ad apprcia music ad ar, as wll as spaial skills. Th hmisphrs als sm diffr i hir mhds f prcssig ifrmai. Th lf brai ds prcss ifrmai i a squial mar, dalig wih dails ad faurs, whras h righ brai ds dal wih simulaus rlaiships ad glbal pars. Hwvr, h abv cagrizai ds xplai ur asymmrical brais. If h abv wr flprf, righ-hadd ppl all wuld b lgical, rgaizd, ad rasabl ppl, ad lf-hadd ppl all wuld b arisic, iuiiv, ad disrgaizd. B I L A T E R A L B R A I N 9

15 12 Thris ad Mdls LEFT RIGHT B HEMISPHERE HEMISPHERE I L A T E R A L B R A I Aalyical Crpus Iuiiv Fucis Callsum Fucis (spch, (prduc & laguag apprcia N cmprhsi) music & ar) Lgical & Raial Fucis Squial (dails, faurs) Spaial Skills Simulaus (glbal, pars)

16 Craiviy ad Risk Takig Richard E. Byrd dvlpd h Crarix Ivry (C&R7) allw ppl idify hir lvls f craiviy (h dgr which hy ca prduc ucvial idas) ad hir riais ward risk akig (high, mdra, r lw). I h C&RT, Byrd (1986) xplais ha diffr jbs rquir diffr amus f craiviy ad risk akig; a prpr mach bw mply ad psii will rsul i a happir, mr prduciv mply. Craiviy Our sciy ds sifl craiviy i arly childhd, rifrcig hughs ad bhavirs ha ar prdicabl, "ralisic," "wrhwhil," ad "rmal." Thrughu ur livs, w ar curagd b cvial, fllw h rms f h grups i which w liv ad wrk. Craiviy-ucvial hikig r rigialiy-ds b xpcd ly i "ariss. " Risk Takig Tru craiviy ivlvs risk akig. I ms rgaizais, maagrs ad hrs ar willig jpardiz hir jbs, prjcs, r prsig ugh "sick hir cks u." Succssfully craiv ppl f hav wrk hard push hir idas hrugh h sysm. Prsal riais ward risk akig ar frmd frm 's xprics i lif, succsss ad failurs, ad 's prcpis abu wha has gai r ls. As bcms mr r lss scur, 's risk-akig riai may chag. Th dgr which 's asscias suppr risk-akig bhavir als iflucs his riai. Th Crarix Marix Byrd pls craiviy ad risk-akig riais a marix; h vrical scal idicas dgr f risk akig, ad h hrizal scal dsigas h dgr f craiviy. Th marix is dividd i igh scis (s figur), ach rprsig a diffr cmbiai f craiviy ad risk akig, rprsig igh prsal syls. Th igh syls ar: 1 13 C

17 Rprducr, Mdifir, Challgr, Pracicalizr, Ivar, Syhsizr, Dramr, ad Plar. Each syl maks cribuis a rgaizai ad hidrs i i sm ways. Rprducrs ar lw i risk akig ad lw i craiviy. Thy d b guidd by wha hy hik hrs hik ad ar rarly ucvial. Thy favr rgulais ad sadardizai ad hy rsis w ways f dig higs. Thy hriv i jbs rquirig rpii (such as daa ry r bkkpig). Thir prdicabiliy ca b a ass h rgaizai. O h hr had, hy ca b a prblm wh h rgaizai is ampig iiia chag. Mdifirs ar mdraly craiv ad smwha mr risk akig ha rprducrs. Thy spcializ i addig hir idas smhig ha alrady xiss. Mdifirs ar rprurs, bu hy frquly fid small ways d higs br. Thir saf suggsis fr imprvm usually ar accpd ad valud by rgaizais. Bcaus hy wish plas, mdifirs d figh fr hir w idas, r d hy cm up wih brakhrughs. Challgrs, alhugh high h risk-akig scal, ar vry craiv. Alhugh hy spus chag, hy ar quick criiciz h idas f hrs ad ar slw cm up wih hir w. Challgrs srv h rgaizai wh hy qusi iffciv r imprpr ways f dig higs. Bcaus hy ar s uspk, hy d b s as muckrakrs. Pracicalizrs ar high risk akig ad mdraly craiv. Thy rcgiz h craiviy f hrs ad xcl a akig a w ida ad cvicig p maagm f is wrkabiliy by mphasizig is pracical bfis. Hwvr, pracicalizrs ar pliically ad bm-li rid ad usually will figh fr implmai f a radical ida. Th drawback f his characrisic is ha a pracicalizr may b willig gambl h brakhrugh ida f mrrw. Ivars ar h ru rprurs h Crarix scal. Thy ar vry high risk akig ad craiviy. I fac, ivars always ar craig ad will figh hard hav hir (f brillia, f ucvial) idas accpd ad implmd by hir rgaizais. Bcaus may ppl ar rluca suppr a radical ida r smhig ha rquirs w chlgy, may ivars ar frcd lav hir rgaizais ad sar hir w cmpais i rdr implm hir idas. Alhugh rgaizais d brakhrugh idas i rdr cmp, ivars d igr h iviabl implmai prblms ha accmpay hs idas ad bcm impai implm hm. Syhsizrs ar high i craiviy ad mda i risk akig. Thy xcl i akig hrs' idas, addig hir w, ad implmig hm i xisig siuais. Syhsizrs g byd h pracicalizrs ad ar jus shr f ivars i hir abiliy prduc chag. Syhsizrs will risk all fr hir idas, chsig m h ds f h rgaizai vr craiviy fr is w sak. Orgaizais valu hir syhsizrs bcaus hy ar mr racabl. Thy ar craiv ad assriv, bu radical. I fac, f hir srghs is hir abiliy cmbi varius ds, idas, r prcdurs. Thy may limi hmslvs by hir uwilligss ak grar risks. Dramrs ar als high i craiviy, bu vry lw h risk-akig scal. Thy f hik f a br musrap bu ar afraid shar hir idas ulss askd fr hm. Thy d d much f hir ivig a hm. Dramrs ca bs srv hir rgaizais if hy ar suprvisd by pracicalizrs, whs assrivss ad rus i hir mplys' idas will hlp g hm hrugh h sysm. Dramrs ar udrachivrs ad usually ac as cfrmiss wihi hir rgaizais. Thir capaciy fr craiviy ca b wasd, ad hy may s -riskakig rms. Plars, alhugh lw mdra i rms f craiviy ad mdra i rms f risk akig, ar vry ffciv a hikig f ways us h idas f hrs. Hwvr, alhugh hy ca dvis h mhds f implmai, hy d ak h risks ivlvd i pushig hm hrugh h rgaizaial sysm. Plars ar valud by rgaizais fr hir plaig, crdiaig, ad maagig abiliis. Thy ar h

18 ppl wh crdia bu h ppl wh mak higs happ. Ppl ca chag hir syls i ha hy ca dcid whhr r ak mr risks ad ryu w idas ad bhavirs. This is asis d if als ca plac slf i a suppriv virm- i which craiviy ad risk akig ar curagd rahr ha frwd r fard. Idividual grwh xprics such as hrapy ad huma rlais raiig als ca curag ppl ak mr risks. ~. Surc Byrd, R.E. (1986). C&RT. Sa Dig, CA: Uivrsiy Asscias.

19 Challgr " RISK TAKING,,,,, 128 ~ ',,,,, Ivar,, Pracicalizr,",,,, ",,, Mdifir ' Syhsizr,. ',, ~,,,, ",,,,,,,, ",,,,,.,, Plar, Rprducr Lw , C REATIVITY-- - Dramr High I I I Th Crarix Marix Rprducd frm Richard E. Byrd, C&RT, Sa Dig, CA: Uivrsiy Asscias, Usd wih prmissi f h auhr. Thris ad Mdls

20 Th Fudamal Irprsal Rlais Oriai (FIRO) I 1958, Will Schuz publishd Th Irprsal Udrwrld (FIRO) (Schuz, 1966), caiig his w hry f irprsal bhavir. FIRO (Fudamal Irprsal Rlais Oriai) hry cius b a impra l fr huma rsurc dvlpm spcialiss, csulas, ad hrapiss. Alhugh h hry ccrs idividual riais, i has applicai all irprsal ad grup wrk. FIRO Thry ad Bhavir Schuz hrizd ha ppl's bhavir i irprsal rlaiships is basd hr dimsis. Ths ar: Iclusi: Big allwd cac wih hrs; h issu f accpac r rjci by hrs. Crl: Havig crl r ifluc vr hr ppl; h qusi f pwr ad auhriy AffciOpss: Th rigial rm, "affci," ma givig ad rcivig lv, affci, fridship, c. Shuz lar dcidd (Schuz, 1982, 1989) ha affci was a flig dimsi, a bhaviral, ad chagd h rm "pss" rflc is bhaviral aspc. Opss is h dgr which is cmfrabl sharig 's hughs ad fligs wih hrs. Nx, Schuz sad ha ach f hs hr dimsis f bhavir has w maifsais: xprssd (hw w say ha w bhav ward hrs) ad wad (hw w say ha w wa hrs bhav ward us). Basd his rsarch wih his FIRO-B isrum, h lar xpadd hs ccps s ha ach was a ciuum: Exprssd-Rcivd: Hw w ac ward hrs ad hw hy ac ward us. Prcivd-Wad: Wha w hik is happig ad wha w say w wa happ. Diffrcs i hs w aras idica ha wha w say w wa ad wha w rally wa frm hrs f ar w diffr higs. 17

21 Iclusi Crl Opss Exprssd Bhavir (D) Wad Bhavir (G) F I R Dimsis f FIRO Thry Th Isrums Schuz's rigial isrum, h FIRO-B (bhavir), masurs bh a idividual's bhavir ad h bhavir f hrs wih whm h irdividual iracs. Th isrum is a ffciv l fr shwig ppl h diffrcs bw wha hy say hy wa frm hrs ad wha hy acually xprss as was r ds. T brad FIRO hry h rgaizaial lvl, Schuz dvlpd Th Schuz Masurs: A Igrad Sysm fr Assssig Elms f Awarss (Uivrsiy Asscias, 1982). H xdd h FIRO-B's irprsal-rlaiship cmps fiv aras r "lms" f lif: Bhavir, Fligs, Slf-Ccp, Rlaiships, ad Jb. Each isrum masurs diffr aspcs, as shw i h abls ha fllw. 1 Prcivd (S) Wad (Wa) Exprssd (D) Iclusi I iclud ppl. I wa iclud ppl. Crl I crl ppl. I wa crl ppl. Opss I am p wih ppl.. I wa b p wih ppl. Rcivd (G) Iclusi Ppl iclud m. I wa ppl iclud m. Crl Ppl crl m. I wa ppl crl m. Opss Ppl ar p wih m. I wa ppl b p wih m.

22 E LEMENTB: Bhavir (Scal Nams) 1 Tabls rprid by prmissi f Will Schuz, WSA, 61 Cami Al, Sui loo-c, Mill Vally, CA

23 Prcivd (S) Wad (Wa) Exprssd (D) Sigificac I fl ppl ar sigifica. I wa fl ppl ar Cmpc I fl ppl ar cmp sigifica. Likabiliy I lik ppl. I wa fl ppl ar cmp. I wa lik ppl. Rcivd (G) Sigificac Ppl fl I am sigifica. I wa ppl fl I am Cmpc Ppl fl I am cmp. sigifica. Likabiliy Ppl lik m. I wa ppl fl I am cmp. I wa ppl lik m..~ ELEMENT F: Fligs (Scal Nams) Iclusi I fl fully aliv. I wa fl fully aliv. Crl I crl my w lif. I wa crl my w lif. Opss I am awar f myslf. I wa b awar f myslf. Sigificac I fl sigifica. I wa fl sigifica. Cmpc I fl cmp. I wa fl cmp. Likabiliy I lik myslf. I wa lik myslf.. Bhavir Prcivd (S) ELEMENT 5: Slf-Ccp (Scal Nams) Wad (Wa) Fligs

24 Prcivd (S) Wad (Wa) Bhavir Fligs Iclusi I iclud yu (parr). I wa iclud yu. Crl I crl yu. I wa crl yu. Opss I am p wih yu. I wa b p wih yu. Sigificac I fl yu ar sigifica. I wa fl yu ar sigifica. Cmpc I fl yu ar cmp. I wa fl yu ar cmp. I I I Bhavir Likabiliy I lik yu. I wa lik yu. I Iclusi Yu iclud m. I wa fl yu ar sigifica. Crl Yu crl m. I wa yu crl m. Opss Yu ar p wih m. I wa yu b p wih m. Fligs Sigificac Yu fl I am sigifica. I wa yu fl I am sigifica. Cmpc Yu fl I am cmp. I wa yu fl I am cmp. Likabiliy Yu lik m. I wa yu lik m. ELEMENT W: Wrk Rlais (Scal Nams) F - Bhavir Exprssd (D) Tward C-Wrkrs Rcivd (G) Frm C- Wrkrs Iclusi I iclud my c-wrkrs. My c-wrkrs iclud m. Crl I crl my c-wrkrs. My c-wrkrs crl m. Opss I am p wih my c-wrkrs. My c-wrkrs ar p wih m. c: ~ - Fligs Bhavir Sigificac I fl my c-wrkrs ar sigifica. My c-wrkrs fl I am sigifica. Cmpc I fl my c-wrkrs ar cmp. My c-wrkrs fl I am cmp.. Likabiliy I lik my c-wrkrs. My c-wrkrs lik m. Iclusi I wa iclud my c-wrkrs. My c-wrkrs wa iclud m. Crl I wa crl my c-wrkrs. My c-wrkrs wa crl m. Opss I wa b p wih my My c-wrkrs wa b p c-wrkrs.. wih m. I Sigificac I wa fl my c-wrkrs ar My c-wrkrs wa fl I am EMENT J: Jb (Raig-Scal Nams)

25 Us f h Isrums Schuz's wrk is valuabl ly a irprsal lvl (as usd by rairs, psychlgiss, cuslrs, c.), bu als i rgaizais (i ambuildig sssis ad facilia chag, fr xampl), bcaus i has b fud ha ppl wh hav a grar udrsadig f hmslvs ad f hrs ar mr likly g alg, wrk ghr harmiusly, ad xpric fwr misudrsadigs. Dsigd b admiisrd by a rair r csula, Th Schuz Masurs ca b usd fr prsal grwh (mply ad ladrship raiig) prvid isigh abu h rspds' slfccps, hir bhavir ad fligs ward hrs, hir rlaiships, ad hir irprsal fi h jb. As par f raiig aimd a chag, h isrums ca hlp "ufrz" idividuals by prvidig ifrmai hy ca us s gals. Th isrums als ar valuabl as pr- ad psraiig masurms rack chags i bhavir ad fligs as a rsul f raiig prgrams. Cmbiig lms allws i-dph xplrai f issus such as mivai, cmmuicai, jb slci ad placm, am buildig, ad slf ccps. Rfrcs Schuz, W. (1966). Th irprsal udrwrld (FIRO). Pal Al, CA: Scic & Bhavir Bks. (Orig. pub!. 1958) Schuz, W. (1984). Th ruh pi. Brkly, CA: T Spd Prss. Schuz, W. (1989). FIRO: A hr-dimsial hry f irprsal bhavir. Mill Vally, CA: Will F Schuz Asscias. I R Surc Schuz, W. (1982). Trair's maual fr h Schuz masurs. Sa Dig, CA: Uivrsiy Asscias.

26 Jugia Typlgis Primary Typs Swiss psychiaris Carl Jug is f h ms famus ad ms ifluial psychlgical hikrs f h wih cury. Alhugh his hry f aalyical psychlgy cais may cmplx lms, sm f hm ca b usd i cxs hr ha psychaalysis. Jug's i f psychlgical yps Jug, 1971-firs Grma dii, 1921) is a usful l i hlpig ppl rcgiz basic diffrcs i huma prsaliis. Primarily, i xplais ha all f us d hav h sam basic riais r ways f prcivig, irprig, ad rspdig h wrld arud us. This awarss ca hlp us br udrsad ur w mivais ad bhavirs ad ca xpad ur lrac ad rspc fr hs wh ar diffr frm us. Jug idifid w basic" aiud yps," which dscrib h dirci f h prs's irs: h xravrd ad h irvrd. Exravrs Th xravr is fcusd away frm h slf, h "bjc" f his r hr irs. Th slf r "subjc" is subrdiad h bjc, which acs lik a mag draw h prs's irs away frm h slf. Th xravr ss vryhig i rms f h bjciv v, hig, r prs. Bcaus hy ar "hr" rid, xravrs d b p ad sciabl. Ev h gaiv s wh quarrl wih hrs ar irrlad wih ad affcd by h hrs. I xrm cass, a xravr may abad h slf whlly h purps, gal, r idal ha is h bjc. Th acis f xravrs d b guidd by h dmads f sciy ad prvailig mral sadards. Bcaus h csciusss f h xravr is fcusd uwardly, h ucscius hughs, wishs, fligs, ad ds f h xravr ar ssially gcric-hy ry m h ds f h slf i rdr maiai a psychic quilibrium. Th mr h prs bcms subjugad h xral, h mr childish ad slfish h ucscius bcms i a amp balac ds. I cass f dysfucial imbalac, i burss u i h frm f vrbal r physical abus, subsac abus, rvus brakdw, ad s. Irvrs Th irvr is fcusd iward, his r hr w ir slf ad psychlgical prcsss wha Jug calls h "subjc" ad "subjciv prcsss." If h usid phm gras r mbdis a flig r ida, i is h flig r ida ha mars r irss h irvr, h xral hig ha gdrs i. Th irvr ss vryhig i rms f his r hr w siuai. Bcaus hy ar slf-rid, irvrs d b rsrvd, shy, r iscruabl. 23

27 Jug illusras h subjciv facr by ciig h varius ways i which diffr ariss will dpic h sam sc. Subjciv prcpi is mr ccrd wih h maig f higs ha wih hir frm. Likwis, h irvrd csciusss is awar f xral cdiis bu filrs hm hrugh subjciv racis bfr dcidig aci. Bcaus h irvr "ss h g ad h subjciv psychlgical prcss" abv xral phma ad valus his r hr subjciv judgm abv bjciv daa, h r sh ca appar b gisic. Bcaus irvrs spak mr i graliis, hy may b a a disadvaag i arguig wih xravrs, bu hir judgms ar f basd valid assumpis f which v hy ar uawar. Jug sas ha h psychic" slf," which icluds h ucscius, is far mr cmplx ha h g, which is h fcal pi f csciusss. Hwvr, i dfdig h slf agais h bjc, h irvr ca ls h disici bw h slf ad g ad bcm subjugad his r hr g, prducig a h xrm dysfucial gcriciy r a pwr cmplx ad a h hr a misrus r rrr f bjcs, wihdrawal, ad chric faigu. Evry prs has sm f ach riai, a sr f rhyhmic graviaial pull ward ad away frm h slf, bu 's basic dispsii ad lif circumsacs gr~lly curag riai ad subrdia h hr. Thus, dvlps a mr favrd ad mr habiual riai r "yp:" Furhrmr, h yps sm b radmly disribud irrspciv f sx, class, lvl f ducai, c. > Scdary Typs Jug als idifid scdary yps, which dscrib h prdmiac f diffr psychlgical fucis. Ths "fuci yps" ar hikig, flig, ssai, ad iuiiv. Each f hs fuci yps may b ihr xravrd r irvrd. Th Exravrd Thikig Typ Exravrd hikig fcuss bjciv daa, which ca b i h frm f prcpibl facs r bjciv idas-hs ha cm frm h usid-rahr ha subjciv s. Objciv idas ar basd radii ad ducai. Judgm is basd criria supplid by xral cdiis. Such hikig als is dircd uward; i lads xral facs r grally accpd idas. I is bs frms, his yp f hikig lads h discvry f w daa r w cmbiais f idas.

28 I a f f r jciv daa, his yp fids a frmula by which assss vryhig. This frmula aks h fuci f "ruh," "righ," "mraliy," r uivrsal law, which all mus bd. I dicas "shulds" ad "muss." Excpis ar imprfcis. Th prs ca rag frm big a prig big a "puris" such as Adlf Hilr. Hwvr, if huma csidrais (.g., spcial ducai, accss fr h disabld, qual righs, c.) ar par f his prs's frmula, h r sh ca b highly ffciv as a scial rfrmr. Rprssi f fligs i his yp ca lad wiss f mivs, "h-d-jusifis-hmas" hikig, glc f h prs's w wll-big r family, vr dfsivss, ad suspici ad aggrssiv cdmai f ayhig usid h prs's icrasigly dgmaic frmula. Th prs is subrdiad h dgma, which is dfdd virully. b a s v r y h i g i l l c u a l c c l u s i s a d b

29 Th Exravrd Flig Typ A xravrd prs's fligs als ar rid by h ifluc f h bjc r xral raliy. This yp f prs may assum ha h r sh "fls" wha i is gd r pli fl wihu qusiig h qualiis f h bjc, prs, r raliy ha is assumd b graig h fligs. Such flig is guidd by radiially accpd sadards. I is h ras why s may ppl g s ppular shws, adp w syls, g church, ad suppr wrhy causs. This is f h bfis f xravrd flig; i is a harmius ifluc i sciy. Jug blivd ha xravrd hikrs dd b m ad ha xravrd flig yps prdmialy wr wm. Thir fligs wr adjusd harmiz wih siuais ad accpd valus; fr xampl, h dcy f wm lk fr a "suiabl" ma marry. This fidig may wll hav b a rflci f h sx-rl srypig f h im ( ). Th abiliy fl "crrcly" is disurbd wh bgis hik abu h bjciv raliy. Thus, ay hughs ha migh cflic wih h prs's fligs ar rjcd. I is ms xrm frm, xravrd flig lss is prsal qualiy, ad h prs bcms subrdiad flig fr is w sak. Prsais f flig may hav a hllw rig. Such a prs may bcm ivlvd i umrus rlaiships irrspciv f h prss ivlvd, may bcm a hysric, ad s. Jug rfrs bh xravrd hikig yps ad xravrd flig yps as "raial" r "judgig" yps. This is a dscripi f hw h prss hmslvs apprach lif, f hw hy appar fuci r bhav. Ihr i hir fuciig is "a dlibra xclusi f vryhig irraial ad accidal" (p.360). Thr is a dlibra amp cagriz lif i rms f prdicabl pars, allw ly ha which is bjciv. Of curs, sic much f a idividual's raliy (whhr cscius r ucscius) is subjciv, h ampd rprssi f all subjciv fucis is acually irraial. Th ucscius ssais ad impulss ca surfac i vry primiiv ad uplasa frms. Th Exravrd Ssai Typ I h xravrd yp, ssai is dpd h bjc; h subjciv aspc f ssai is ihibid r rprssd. Ssai ca b baid ly frm h usid. Thikig ad flig ar raid ly wh hy hac ssai. Objcs (icludig prss ad vs) ar valud isfar as hy xci ccr ssais. As a rsul, his yp ds fcus ssais ha ar "ssuus." Th xravrd ssai yp may appar b h ms cmpl ralis bcaus such a prs accumulas bjciv facs ad xprics f ccr bjcs. Hwvr, h r sh may fully uiliz hs xprics, fcusig isad cllcig hm. Such a prs may b driv by h d fr w ssais, i h guis f "livig lif h full." Jug blivd ha h majriy f his yp wr m. Bcaus hir gal is ccr jym, hir "mraliy is rid accrdigly" (p.363). Such a prs is cssarily mrly ssual r lascivius; idd h dsir fr ssai may b highly ashic. A xampl is h cissur wh buys a paiig ha is kw b sl bcaus h r sh dsirs pssss i. Exravrd ssai yps may b gurmads r glus. Th rprssi f cgii may mak hm asy-gig ad gullibl r amral ad ruhlss. Thy may b rfid glprss (prhaps hs wh ar kw kp a gd abl r b aracd hrs bcaus f hir physical aribus). Hwvr, as h subjc is subrdiad h

30 Irvrd hikig ds ihr frc h facs fi h imag r igr h facs ad fcus faasy. Th irvrd hikr's judgm ad sac may appar b iflxibl ad arbirary bcaus f his r hr cvici f h supririy f h subjciv. Thr als may b a f supririy i h way i which subjciv idas ar aucd, bu bcaus hy ar basd muually sharabl daa, dfdig hm will b difficul ad, hus, srgly avidd. I is difficul fr irvrd hikrs b udrsd by hrs. Thir irprsal riai ds rag frm shy aiscial. Th frmr d b gauch r aiv ad suscpibl flary. Sic his yp f prs avids bjciv hikig, h r sh is subjc xpliai by hrs. Th lar ds b alf ad ucmmuicaiv, arrga ad rigid. Subjciv hikig may rag frm craig hris fr hir w sak, craig visis f umrus pssibiliis wihu ralizig ay f hm, craig imags ha hav lik raliy ad which ar mrly symbls f h ukwabl. I dfdig islf agais usid iflucs, his yp ca bcm xrmly uchy, islad, ad v paraid. Th mr h cscius xcluds bjciv daa ad fcuss h purly subjciv, h mr h ucscius will cm up wih irraial, a~chaic faasis i h frm f h fuci ha will suprsd hikig. If h fuci is iuii, h fcus may b myhlgical; if i is flig, srag rlaiships basd irraial valus may b frmd. If i is ssai, h sss will iv bizarr prcpis. Sic hs ar basd i h subjciv ucscius rahr ha i bjciv raliy, all ar maifsais f primiiv, symblic psychlgy. Bcaus h g will allw islf b ak vr cmplly by h ucscius, h ms advacd sag is a sa f dissciai ad dbili):'. ' Th Irvrd Flig Typ Irvrd flig is difficul dscrib bjcivly. I dvalus h bjc, sarchig fr ir isiy. N asily "rad" frm h usid, ad v mr difficul cmmuica ha irvrd hikig, i shus h irvrd flr ff frm hrs. Th idividual ds bcm idiffr hrs r gaivly judgmal. Jug fud his yp primarily amg wm, wh uwardly appard b icspicuus, placid, childish, r mlachly. Oly wh h ifluc f h bjc assrs islf d such idividuals rval hir idiffrc hrs. I dfs agais h ifluc f h bjc, h mis f hrs ar rad clly r rbuffd. Alhugh capabl f livig harmiusly wih hrs s lg as gra iraci is rquird, his yp ca b xrmly cld, criical, ad "suprir." Big iral, irvrd flig ca b qui is wihu big appar. As lg as h g is subrdiad h subjc, his yp fucis rmally. If, hwvr, i bcms rlad r subrdiad h g, wih is lack f rgard fr h bjc, i ca ur i bssiss, yray, ubridld ambii, ad cruly. As i isifis, i rags frm gcriciy h skig f mysical csacy, flig fr is w sak. Bcaus i is aachd h bjciv, i may bliv islf b abv radiial mrals ad cscic. A his pi h ucscius amps balac h fucis; i ulashs primiiv hikig. Flig ha hr ppl ar plig, dcivig, ad hikig ma, vil hughs, his yp gs h ffsiv ad bcms a uric, suspicius, uscrupulus rival. Jug calls irvrd hikig ad irvrd flig h "irvrd raial yps" bcaus hy gag i raial judgm basd subjciv daa. Bcaus hy d

31 J U b misudrsd i a sciy ha bass judgm bjciv daa, hy may bcm dfsiv ad gisical. If hy ca lar rus hir w subjciv prcsss, hy will b as ap fall pry hs dcis. Th Irvrd Ssai Typ Alhugh ssai is simulad by h bjc; i h irvrd ssr, h fcus is h subjciv aspc f prcpi. Thus, h ssai ds rasla dircly bu is alrd by h subjciv facr. Th prs rspds simply wha happs isid. This ca mak his r hr bhavir uprdicabl ad arbirary. If his yp wr irvrd, h xprssi f his r hr irraial xpric culd b sarlig. Idd, i h cas f ariss f his yp, i f is. Usually, hwvr, h idividual appars b calm ad crlld bcaus f his r hr dachm frm bjcs. This yp ds dvalu bjcs as h w prcdig s d; is rsps is mrly dissciad frm h bjc. I rdr prc agais,h ifluc f h bjc-a h las rmai ural i-h prs may rduc all prcpibl racis. This ca lad his r hr big prcivd as isipid ad amabl h aggrssivss f hrs-a irprai ha is icrrc. If arisic, his prs-wh supprsss hikig, flig, ad iuii-ca xprss his r hr imprssis, which d ak archaic r myhlgical frm. As i bcms mr is, his prs's dfs agais h raliy f h bjc may mak him r hr uabl rla ihr prss r bjcs r, wrs, disiguish bw raliy ad prcpi. This is subjciv ifluc ca lad irraial hughs, fligs, ad bhavirs. Th ucscius rprssi f iuii causs i mrg i h frm f uclar, dagrus pssibiliis. I balac, his awarss ca cmpsa fr h icuusss f h csciusss. If h archaic iuiis f h ucscius prvail, hwvr, h idividual bcms urically cmpulsiv. Th Irvrd Iuiiv Typ Irvrd iuii prcivs xral bjcs bu h aur f h bjcs i a imlss frm ha cmbis pas csciusss wih h fuur. Th subjciv facr fcuss ai xral pssibiliis bu wha is rlasd wihi h idividual. This is diffr frm wha ccurs i h irvrq ssig yp; irvrd iuii givs frm h subjciv prcpi. I cras a iral imag ( aalgus h xral bjc r v ha riggrd h prcpi) ad h amps xplr i. If a irvrd ssr is ill, h will fcus h ssais ha ar dscribd as "flig sick." If a irvrd iuir is ill, sh may fcus a imag f a dcayig prs ad h symblism f h maifsais f dcay. Such a prs is rid ward prcpi f imags ha rflc h cs f h ucscius. Jug viws h imags f h ucscius as archyps, a ihriac f "h psychic fuciig f h whl acsral li" (p.400)~ Th prphs, h says, wr f his yp. Bcaus h iuii supprsss flig ad ssai, h imags ad prcsss prcivd by his yp xis i islai v frm h subjc. Thy vk flig r ssai rmid h prs ha hy ar par f him r hr. Such yps mv frm xplrig imag h x, uawar ha hy ar xplrig hir w ucscius slvs. Thy als d b uawar f hir w physical slvs. Ths idividuals may

32 bcm alf frm raliy. This yp icluds ariss, misudrsd giuss, craks, ad mysical srs. Judgm ds b suspdd i his yp, s h "maig" f h visi-i a mral ss-is qusid; h fcus is h ashic pssibiliis f h visi. Hwvr, if judgm cms i play, a mral prblm is crad wh h prs amps rla h visi ad asks: "Wha ds his ma r imply; wha shuld I d abu i?" Ufrualy, his prs will amp ac h subjciv visi, i rms f xral raliy, ad is likly b misudrsd ad iffciv. Th irvrd iuiiv yp rprsss ssai f h bjc. This causs h ucscius cmpsa wih a archaic, xravrd-ssai fuci. This ca lad cmpulsiv ssais, hypchdria, ssry hyprssiiviy, ad cmpulsiv aachms ppl r bjcs. Jug calls h irvrd ssai yp ad h irvrd iuii yp h "irvrd irraial yps" bcaus hy rprss judgm. Big iwardly fcusd, hy display lil h usid wrld bu alfss ad ucraiy. Oly maifsais f h ucscius fucis ar ap brak hrugh, ad hs ar f a primiiv r gaiv qualiy. Thir lack f cmmuicai, hir iabiliy xprss hir ir visis., ad hir cldss hrs ca shu hm ff frm much huma iraci. O h hr had, hy may b ur ly rprsai f h richss f lif ha xiss xrally bu wihi us. Cmmary Typs I gral, h Wsr wrld favrs xravrd fucis vr irvrd s ad russ bjciv facs mr ha subjciv kwldg. Thus, alhugh irvrs ar cssarily i h miriy umrically, hy ar a a disadvaag i sciy, bcaus hy ca cmmuica hir xpric as ffcivly. Frualy, fw idividuals ar pur yps. W all d hav sm xral ad sm subjciv fcuss, ad w all d us hikig, flig, ssig, ad iuii sm dgr. A fuci is cscius wh i is "udr h crl f h will" (p. 405) ad drmis h riai f csciusss. Thus, ly fuci ca dmia. Thr is, hwvr, a scdary r cmplmary fuci- ha is ppsd h dmia fuci. Fr xampl, bcaus hikig rprsss flig, flig ca b h scdary fuci hikig. Thikig is cmglmd by iuii r ssai s lg as hy ar subrdiad ad hir riai ward prcivig clarifis bu ds irfr wih h hikig fuci f judgm. Rfrc lug,.g. (1971). Psychlgical yps. (Rv. by R.F.. Hull f ram. by H.G. Bays). [I H. Rad, M. Frdham, G. Adlr, & W. McGuir (Eds.), Th cllcd wrks f.g. lug (V1.6), Bllig Sris XX.] Pric, Nl: Pric Uivrsiy Prss. (Origial wrk publishd 1921.)

33 LIFO: Lif Oriais Thry Alhugh hr ar may diffr ways f classifyig huma bhavir, Suar Akis's Lif Oriais hry (UFO) prvids a diffr prspciv f huma fuciig by fcusig ppl's lif riais. Basd hir prsal lif xprics ad wha has wrkd r wrkd fr hm i h pas, ppl dvlp prfrcs fr r mr lif riais. Ths prfrcs prdisps hm paricular aiudial ad bhaviral pars. Lif Oriais hry dscribs fur diffr ways i which ppl viw h wrld ad, hus, cmmuica wih hrs ad accmplish wha ds b d. A idividual may hav mr ha lif riai; i gral, ppl hav, w, r hr dmia riais ad may hav, w, r hr supplmary s. Akis (1981) suggss ha lif riais ar rlaivly sabl ad drmi h ways i which ppl rla h wrld. Lif riais ar, i ffc, ppl's gam plas fr lif, h bass fr hir chics ad acis. Th fur lif riais idifid by Akis ar supprig-givig, crlligakig, csrvig-hldig, ad adapig-dalig. O riai is br r wrs hap ahr. Each riai rprss a uiqu ad psiiv aspc f huma xisc ad, as such, ach cribus succss i is w characrisic way. Srghs UFO hry srsss h srghs f ach lif riai. Akis blivs ha much gaiv rgy is xpdd wh bgis fcus waksss. I is halhir ad much mr prduciv fcus srghig h higs ha ar righ. Supprig-Givig. Ppl wih his riai dmsra hir wrh by hard wrk ad h pursui f xcllc. Thy ar idalisic, wrk hard, ad s high sadards fr hmslvs ad hrs. Thy als ry hard b fair, rus hrs, ad bliv ha dig righ ad big hlpful will brig rwards. Akis says ha h srghs f ppl wih h supprig-givig riai ar i big hughful, idalisic, mds, cpraiv, rusig, hlpful, ad lyal. Crllig-Takig. Ths wh apprach lif wih a crllig-akig riai srss aci, cmpc, ad sizig availabl ppruiis. Thy mphasiz dig, rsuls, ad bm-li prfrmac. Thy rcgiz ppruiy, ac quickly, ad bliv ha h gd higs i lif ar hr fr h akig. Akis idifis h srghs f his riai as slfcfidc, frcfulss, quickss, a aci riai, cmpiivss, rpris, ad a willigss ak charg ad prvid dirci. Csrvig-Hldig. This riai srsss ras, hugh bfr aci, ad makig h ms u f wha has. Ppl wih his riai ar mhdical, prcis, ad acius; hy wa aalyz all aspcs f a issu bfr dcidig r acig. Thy 31

34 d b rsrvd ad wa kw ha smhig is flprf bfr prcdig. Akis labls h srghs f h csrvig-hldig riai as fllws: mhdical, hrify, rsrvd, acius, pracical, sysmaic, ad facual. Adapig-Dalig. Ppl wh hav his riai srss plasig ad adig h ds f hrs. Thy bliv ha gig alg wih ad mig h ds f hrs is mr impra ha adig hir w prsal ds. Thy ar husiasic, charmig, ad mpahiz wih hrs. Akis says ha h srghs f hs wih h adapig-dalig riai ar hir ac, husiasm, willigss gia, willigss ry w higs, hum r, flxibiliy, ad agrss. Fr xampl, hs wh favr supprig-givig ar succssful bcaus f hir pricipls, cprai, ddicai, ad lyaly; hs wh favr crllig-akig ar succssful bcaus f hir prsisc, urgcy, iiiaiv, ad dircig srghs; hs wh favr csrvig-hldig ar succssful bcaus f hir sysmaic, aalyical, maiaiig, ad acius srghs; ad hs wh favr adapig-dalig ar succssful bcaus f hir ac, awarss, flxibiliy, ad scial srghs. Excsss Srghs mak h gam plas wrk ad hlp ppl bcm succssful. Y h sam characrisics ha aid succss bcm dysfucial ad prm failur wh usd xcss. I hr wrds, hy bcm much f a gd hig. Akis liss h ms cmm xcsss f ach lif riai as fllws: Supprig-Givig: ryig hard ad givig much. Crllig-Takig: mvig fas ad cmig srg. Csrvig-Hldig: mvig slw ad hldig lg. Adapig-Dalig: sayig ls ad gig alg far. As shw i h figur, ach lif riai r gam pla has a uiqu s f rlad srghs ad xcsss. Fr xampl, h crllig-akig riai characrisically is srg i h ara f iiiaig aci ad akig charg. Y hs sam srghs i xcss lads acig quickly (impulsiviy) ad ~ much crl (dmiai). Fr Akis, prvi f xcss is accmplishd by mdraig srghs i accrdac wih h fllwig prcss: Cfirmig: Kwig 's riai, is srghs, ad is valu; Capializig: Fidig siuais ha allw us f srghs; Mdraig: Avidig usig srghs xcss; Supplmig: Skig hlp frm hrs wih diffr riais; Exdig: Larig us srghs f hr riais; Bridgig: Imprvig cmmuicais wih hs wh ar rid diffrly.

35 Dalig wih Ohrs Thr ca b prblms wh ppl wih diffr lif riais amp rla r wrk ghr. Akis argus ha h gld rul-lid u hrs as yu wuld hav hrs d u yu"-is accura. Ppl d cssarily wa b rad h sam way w d, ad b ffciv, h scr is ra hrs h way hy wa b rad, L., i accrdac wih hir lif riais. Fr xampl, h supprig-givig riai was kw hw smhig will bfi all ccrd; h crllig-akig yp was kw wha h ppruiis fr prgrss ar; h csrvig-hldig yp was daa hw wll i wrks; ad h adapig-dalig yp was b sur ha vrybdy will lik i. T cra prduciv, harmius, ad maigful rlaiships, h diffrcs i ppl mus b dal wih. Fr Akis hs diffrcs ar bs dal wih by: Idifyig wha h diffrcs ar; Udrsadig hw h diffrcs wrk fr hrs; Apprdaig h valu ad wrh f hr riais; Uilizig h diffrcs pla, slv prblms, ad mak dcisis frm a diffr prspciv; ad Orgaizig aciviis uiliz h srghs f all h diffr lif riais ivlvd. I his UFO Traiig curss, Akis achs hw idify 's lif riais, wha ypical gam plas ar, hw mak h ms f 's srghs, hw miimiz 's xcsss, hw dvlp sragis fr succss, ad hw dal wih ppl wh hav diffr lif riais. Rfrc Akis, S. (1981). Th am f yur gam. Bvrly Hills, C;A: Ellis & Swar.

36 34 s Supprig-Givig Oriai Gral Excsss: T Much - T Hard Crllig-Takig Oriai Gral Excsss: T Srg - T Fas Srghs: Thughful Idalisic Mds Cpraiv Trusig Hlpful Lyal Excsss: Slf-Dyig Upia Slf- Effacig Passiv Gullibl Ovrprciv, Blidly Allgia Srghs: Cfid Frcful Quick Cmpiiv Aciv Dircig Erprisig Excsss: Arrga Crciv Impulsiv Cmbaiv Impai Dmirig Oppruisic Adapi g-dal i g Oriai Gral Excsss: T Ls - T Far Csrvig-Hldig Oriai Gral Excsss: T Slw - T Lg Srghs: Tacful Ehusiasic Ngiaig Exprimal Humrus Flxibl Eagr Excsss: Placaig Impassid Yildig Aimlss Flish Acquisc Childish Srghs: Mhdical Thrify Rsrvd Pracical Sysmaic Facual Tacius Excsss: Plddig Sigy Wihdraw Uimagiaiv Cmplicad Daa-Bud Subbr

37 Lcus f Crl Scial Larig Thry Th ccp f lcus f crl was dvlpd by Julia Rr (1954, 1982) as a xsi f his "scial larig hry." Rr sad (a) ha a prs was mr likly bhav i a crai way if h r sh xpcd ha h bhavir wuld rsul i a dsird r psiiv ucm (rifrcm) ad (b) if h rward r rifrcm had a high valu h prs. I his, Rr's hry ca b rlad xpcacy hry. Rr's hry ad h ccp f rifrcm ld him sudy h dvlpm f is f iral ad xral crl. His hry assrs ha rifrcm is cig whhr a prs lars xpc a rward fr prfrmig a spcific aci. Fr xampl, if a child ics ha sh rcivs dssr vry im sh as all hr vgabls, sh will lar ( xpc) ha i rdr rciv dssr all sh ds d is fiish hr vgabls. This is a xampl f iral crl: h child ralizs ha hr acis hav a dirc barig whhr r sh rcivs dssr. This way f lkig a wha happs is diffr frm pra cdiiig, which fcuss h fac ha h child may lar ' a hr vgabls bcaus sh is rwardd whvr sh ds i crrcly. Opra cdiiig ad similar larig hris fcus hw ucms (paricularly rifrcm) affc larig (rplicad bhavir). Rr's hry als shuld b cfusd wih h scial larig hry (Badura, 1977) ha fcuss bsrvai ad imiai f scial mdls r wih isrumal cdiiig (Millr & Dllard, 1950). Rr fcuss h idividual's lard xpcais abu hw (r whhr) his r hr bhavir affcs ucms. Thus, Rr is s ccrd wih hw lars as h is wih whhr grws bliv ha 's acis dircly affc ucms. I ahr xampl, if a srugglig wrir submis aricl afr aricl magazis ad rcivs rjci slip afr rjci slip, ly is i pssibl ha his wrir will ak a dim viw f his r hr abiliis ("Nbdy liks my wriig; I mus b a rribl wrir"), h r sh may aribu a vual sal usid facrs r discrdi i alghr ("Tha magazi sur mus b hard up"; "I was shr luck ha my wrk was accpd"). This prs ds bliv ha his bhaviur affcd.h ucm. Lcus f Crl Rr uss h rm "lcus f crl" dscrib h ways i which idividuals aribu rspsibiliy fr vs facrs wihi hmslvs ad wihi hir crl r facrs usid hir crl. H prpss ha h dgr which w rgard a icid as a rward (r rifrcm) is iflucd by whhr w prciv h rifrcm as rsulig dircly frm ur w acis r whhr w prciv h rifrcm as rsulig frm xrir frcs r "fa." Wh a curs f aci prducs a v ha ds sm b h dirc rsul f ha aci, i is likly b aribud "luck" r "Gd's will" rahr ha h prs wh pursud ha curs f aci. 35

38 36 Aribui Thry Aribui hry dals wih hw ppl ascrib causs bhavirs hy prciv. Ths prcpis abu caus ad ffc lad assumpis abu hw higs will happ i h fuur. O brach f aribui hry classifis h way i which ppl prciv cigcy rlaiships bw hir acis ad ucms. Idividuals aribu rspsibiliy fr vs ha ccur i hir livs facrs wihi hmslvs ad hir crl r facrs usid hir crl. Facrs wihi 's crl iclud 's aribus, abiliis, ffrs, ad h lik. Ppl wh bliv ha crl rsids wihi hmslvs ar rfrrd as iral lcus-f-crl rid r "irals." Such ppl bliv ha hy ar i crl f hir w livs ad hav sm crl vr hir dsiis. Ohr ppl bliv ha hir ucms ar drmid r crlld by facrs xral hmslvs, ha much f wha happs hm i lif is crlld by circumsacs usid hir crl such as fa, luck, h ifluc f hr pwrful ppl, ad s. Ppl wh prciv a xral lcus f crl ar calld "xrals." Hw Lcus f Crl Is Dvlpd 2 A prs's lcus f crl has svral acds, which may b accumulaiv r pisdic. Accumulaiv acds ar vs ha ccur vr a lg prid f im ad ivlv ciual xpsur. Alhugh rlaivly lil rsarch has b d ccrig accumulaiv vs, hr impra facrs hav b idifid: (a) scial discrimiai; (b) prlgd, icapaciaig disabiliy; ad (c) paral child-rarig pracics. Lfcur (1966) sas ha i all h rprd hic sudis, grups whs scial psii is f miimal pwr by class r rac d scr highr i h dirci f xral crl (p. 212). Sudis wih h daf hav sablishd a rlaiship bw lg-rm physical disabiliy ad xralism. Evidc praiig h ffcs f paral child-rarig pracics is mr subsaial, alhugh i primarily is slf-rprd daa rgardig h subjc's childhd xprics. Exrals d dscrib hir pars as highr i h us f physical puishm, affciv puishm, dial f privilgs, ad vrprci. Irals, h hr had, dscrib hir pars as sig prdicabl sadards, usig mr pricipld discipli, ad big mr warm ad dmcraic. I gral, irals hav b xpsd paral bhavirs ha fsr idpdc ad a blif i big abl maag slf i rdr prdicably achiv dsird ucms. Thr als is sm vidc ha sx-rl srypig ad scial discrimiai lad wm, as a grup, b mr xral ha m (Rr, 1966; Fahr, 1968). Episdic acds ar vs f gra imprac a prs ha ccur vr a rlaivly shr prid f im (MacDald, 1973). Exampls f such vs ar arhquaks r rads, srius aumbil accids, h dahs f lvd s, srius cmic chags, ad aial r iraial affairs. 2 Th sudis summarizd hr ar rviwd i Richard (1975), ad svral cclusis ar qud frm ha surc. Addiial sudis ar rprd i Lfcur (1976).

39 Rsarch Lcus f Crl 3 Rsarch h bhaviral pars f xrals ad irals suggss ha a iral lcus f crl cribus ffcivss i rgaizaial rls. Sudis idica ha mplys wh bliv i a iral lcus f crl grally ar mr maur, slf-rlia, ad rspsibl. Thy hav highr lvls f jb saisfaci ad ar mr aud a paricipaiv maagm syl. Th rsarch suggss h fllwig: 1. Exrally rid idividuals ar mr ap xprss uralisic ccupaial aspirais (DuC & Wlk, 1972). 2. Exrals ar lss abl cp wih dmads f raliy (Phars, 1968). 3. Lcus f crl affcs bhavir h jb. Irals ak br car f quipm, idica mr saisfaci wih jb raiig, ra highr i wrk lrac, ad ar mr cpraiv, slf-rlia, ad kwldgabl abu hir wrk (Tsg, 1970). 4. I sudis f jb-skig bhavirs f umplyd idividuals, irals wr fud xhibi mr slf-dirci ad accp mr rspsibiliy fr hir carr dvlpm (Tiffay, Cwa, & Tiffay, 1970). S. Wh appid as suprvisrs, irals rly mr prsal prsuasi, whras xrals ar mr likly us crciv pwr ad hras, hus idicaig h diffrc i hir prcivd xpcacy f succssful ifluc (Gdsad & Hjll, 1973). 6. Irals d pick ppl wih suprir r qual abiliy as parrs cmpl a ask. Exrals ar mr likly pick parrs f ifrir abiliy ad ar lss cfid f h ucms wh rliquishig hir prsal crl, sic hir fa is prcivd as largly iflucd by pwrful hrs (Ryckma & Shrma, 1973). 7. Irals ar quickr ha xrals adp ivais ad w pracics. I agriculural grups, farmrs wh usd w agriculural pracics wr fud b mr iral ha hrs. Ppl wih small-family-siz rms als d b irals (s Park & Ra, 1974). Ms f h rsarch idicas ha ppl ar hadicappd by a xral riai, by failig xrcis crl vr hir virms. Such ppl d xpric h psychlgical succss ha abls hm fl saisfid r succssful i hir wrk. Idividual Characrisics f Irals ad Exrals Characrisics f irals ad xrals hav b idifid hrugh bh cliical rprs ad rsarch. Irals ar likly dscrib hmslvs as aciv, srivig, achiv- 3 Th rsarch fidigs prsd hr ar basd a rviw fh liraur by B.O. Richard, Jr. (1975). A furhr rviw f sudis is prsd i H.M. Lfcur (1976).

40 ig, pwrful, idpd, ad ffciv. Exrals ar mr likly dscrib hmslvs i ppsi rms (Hrsch & Schib, 1967). Iraliy has b fud b psiivly assciad wih idics f scial adjusm ad prsal adjusm (Hrsch & Schib, 1967). Thr als is vidc ha irals ar mr achivm rid, lss axius, lss dgmaic, mr rusig, lss suspicius f hrs, lss ap us ssiizig mds f dfss, ad mr slf-cfid ad isighful. Irals, hwvr, d rsr mr slf-blamig bhavir ha d xrals. Bcaus xrals d prciv ucms as big h rsul f hir acis, hy assum lss rspsibiliy r blam. I big siuais, irals ar mr cauius ad csrvaiv ha xrals; hy ar "prcag playrs" i risk siuais. Lcus f crl als idicas a idividual's prcpi f auhriy figurs. Irals prciv auhriy as mr curagig f csruciv virmal maipulai, as mr suppriv wh difficuly is curd, as mr psiivly rifrcig, as havig mr prdicabl sadards, ad as acig ad frm issu-rid ras (Frgus & Klly, 1974). Th fac ha irals prciv auhriy figurs mr psiivly ds affc hir bhavir as maagrs (as auhriy figurs hir subrdias ad as subrdias f hrs i h rgaizaial hirarchy). Rr (1966) sas ha "hrically, wuld xpc sm rlaiship bw iraliy ad gd adjusm i ur culur bu such a rlaiship migh hld fr xrm iral scrs." Th xrmly iralizd prs may b slf-flagllaig. Cvrsly, h xrmly xralizd prs may blam usid facrs as a dfs agais admiig prsal iadquacis. Exrm xrals may b passiv i h fac f virmal difficulis, which culd rsul i:;l maladjusm sciy. Lcus f Crl ad Erprurship David McClllad f Harvard Uivrsiy, hrugh a sris f rsarch sudis (McClllad, 1961; McClllad & Wir, 1969), idifid characrisics f rprurs ad acually raid ppl b rprurs, usig xpriial mhds. Subsqu rsarch sudis ad raiig xprics hav rvald ha a iral lcus f crl is a impra characrisic f rprurs. I fac, iralizai appars b a primary characrisic f hs wh ac as chag ags imprv hmslvs r hir grup, cmmuiy, r rgaizai (Park, 1981; Richard, 1975). Chagig h Lcus f Crl: Traiig Implicais Ay bhavir ha is lard ca b chagd. Lcus f crl is scially lard bhavir. Th cdiis fr chag iclud: (a) a dsir chag, (b) clariy abu h dirci f dsird chag, (c) a clar ida f h prs cdii, ad (d) kwldg f h prcss r mchaisms f chag. Prfssially ld raiig prgrams ca hlp ppl chag by piig u h implicais f xral ad iral riais; by faciliaig slf-awarss, fdback, ad assssm; ad by prvidig mchaisms fr chag. I may b hyphsizd ha chag frm a xral lcus f crl a iral is mr im csumig ad difficul ha chag frm a iral lcus a xral

41 . Episdic vs ad frusraig xprics ca lad a prs bcm mr xral, ad such vs ccur ciually i lif. Hwvr, i is pssibl dsig rgaizaial prcsss ha rifrc ad curag iralism. Iralism ca b fsrd hrugh raiig, hrugh spcific rward sysms, ad hrugh xprics f prsal succss (Park, 1982). L Rfrcs Badura, A. (1977). Scial larig hry. Eglwd Cliffs, NJ: Pric-Hall. DuC,]., & Wlk, S. (1972). Lcus f crl ad lvls f aspirai i black ad whi childr. Rviw f Educaial Rsarch, 42, Fahr, N.T. (1968). Chag i cfidc fllwig succss r failur as a prdicr f subsqu prfrmac. Jural f Prsaliy ad Scial Psychlgy, 9, Frgus, B., & Klly, K. (1974). Iral-xral lcus f crl ad prcpi f auhriy figurs. Psychlgical Rprs, 34, Gdsad, B., & Hjll, L.A. (1973). Pwr h pwrlss: Lcus f crl ad h us f pwr. Jural f Prsaliy ad Scial Psychlgy, 8, Hrsch, P.D., & Schib, K.E. (1967). Rliabiliy ad validiy f iral-xral crl as a prsaliy dimsi. Jural f C u s lig Psychlgy, 31, Lfcur, H.M. (1966). Iral vrsus xral crl f rifrcm: A rviw. Psychlgical Bulli, 65, Lfcur, H.M. (1976). Lcus f crl. Hillsdal, NJ: Lawrc Erlbaum Asscias. Lvs, H. (1973, Augus). Rliabiliy ad validiy f h I, P ad C scals: A muli-dimsial viw f lcus f crl. Papr prsd a h Amrica Psychlgical Assciai cvi, Mral, Caada. MacDald, A.P., Jr. (1973). Iral-xral lcus f crl. I J. Rbis & P. Schavr (Eds.), Masurs f scial psychlgical aiuds (Rv d.). A Arbr, MI: Isiu fr Scial Rsarch, Uivrsiy f Michiga. McClllad, D.C. (1961). Th achivig sciy. Nw Yrk: D. Va Nsrad. McClllad, D.C., & Wir, D.W. (1969). Mivaig cmic achivm. Nw Yrk: Fr Prss. Park, U. (1981). Drmiig h dsiy. I U. Park, T.V. Ra, & D.M. Psj (Eds.), Bhaviur prcsss i rgaizais. Nw Dlhi, Idia: Oxfrd & IBH. Park, U. (1982). Iral ad xral crl. IJ.W. Pfiffr & L.D. Gdsi (Eds.), Th 1982 aual fr faciliars, rairs, ad csulas. Sa Dig, CA: Uivrsiy Asscias. Park, U., & Ra, T.V. (1974). A saus f ppulai rsarch i Idia: Bhaviural scics. Nw Dlhi, Idia: Taa McGraw Hill. Phars, E.J. (1968). Diffrial uilizai f ifrmai as a fuci f iral-xral crl. Jural f Cuslig Psychlgy, 36, Richard, B.D., Jr. (1975). Th ffcs f a maagm raiig wrkshp alrig lcus f crl. Upublishd dcral dissrai, Uivrsiy f Marylad. Rr, J.B. (1954). Scial larig ad cliical psychlgy. Eglwd Cliffs, NJ: Pric-Hall. Rr, ].B. (1966). Gralizd xpcacis fr iral vrsus xral crl f rifrcm. Psychlgical Mgraphs, 80, 1-28 (I, Whl N. 609). Rr, ].B. (1982). Th dvlpm ad applicais f s cia I larig hry: Slcd paprs. Nw Yrk: Pragr. Ryckma, R.M., & Shrma, M.F. (1973). Lcus f crl ad prcivd abiliy lvl as drmias f parr-pp chic. Jural f Scial Psychlgy, 3,

42 S. T. SlfRspsibiliy INTERNAL I affccrl wha happs m Blam Ohrs r Thigs EXTERNAL Ohrs affccrl wha happs m Iral Vrsus Exral Lcus f Crl

43 Myrs-Briggs Typlgis Th Myrs-Briggs Typ Idicar (Briggs & Briggs Myrs, 1977) is a wll-kw isrum ha masurs prsaliy yps ad prfrcs, basd Carl Jug's dscripis f psychlgical yps. Th isrum hlps idify diffrcs i h ways i which idividuals prciv ad judg h wrld arud hm. Prcivig mas baiig a awarss f a siuai ad h facrs ivlvd i i. Judgig mas dcidig wha d abu i. Th isrum ds masur illigc r abiliis. Ways f Prcivig: Ssig ad Iuii. Sm ppl frm prcpis f wha is gig arud hm primarily by usig hir sss (sigh, harig, as, smll, ad uch). Thy rad, hy lis, hy s, ad s. Thir prcpis ar basd prcivd raliis r facs. Ths "ssrs" d ic all h bsrvabl facs-ad hy ca rmmbr ad us hm. Thy d b ralisic ad pracical. O h hr had, hy may prciv craiv sluis. Thy prfr sadardizd apprachs dalig wih higs ad d lik chag. Thy ar prcis; hy wrk mhdically ad sadily, chckig hir facs. Ohr ppl ar mr skillful a usig iuii (fligs, pssibiliis, huchs) as hir primary mas f frmig piis abu wha xiss ad wha migh b d abu i. Ths "iuirs" valu imagiai ad ispirai. Thy gra w prblm-slvig apprachs ad sluis ad hy visi w pssibiliis, w idas ad ways f dig higs. Thy may, hwvr, bcm amrd f a ida wihu drmiig whhr i is pracical. Thy dislik rui ad ar mr ccrd wih h pssibiliis i a siuai ha wih h dails f pracical applicai. Thy d mid if smhig is cmplicad as lg as i is w ad diffr. W all us bh ways f prcivig, bu w d favr r h hr i ms siuais. Ways f Dcidig: Thikig ad Flig Sm ppl dcid wha d by hikig abu i, prdicig h lgical ffc r ucm f ay paricular aci, ad dcidig ha basis. Such ppl hav cfidc i h hikig prcss. Thy d b bjciv ad aalyical, wighig bh h psiiv ad gaiv facs. Thy ar skilful i usig lgic ad fuci bs i lgical siuais (.g., wih machiry), wihu uprdicabl r irraial lms. Th drawback his is ha hy may bas dcisis lgic bu igr h huma csidrais. Thy ar cmfrabl i sharig hir w fligs r i liciig r dalig wih h fligs f hrs. Hwvr, hy d hav a ss f jusic ad fairss. Thy ar abl csur r puish hrs wh cssary. 43 O h r p p l m a k d c i s i s h b a s i s

44 f h ir fl ig s ab u wh a is im pr a. T h y r u s h i r f l i g s a d a r m r c c r d wih prsal valus ha wih lgic. Bcaus hy als d pay ai h fligs ad valus f hrs, hy ar sympahic ad gd a wrkig wih hr ppl. Thy plac a high valu harmius rlaiships. This yp may, hwvr, fail csidr hr yps f csqucs. Thy may b iflucd by hir w prfrcs r hs f hrs. Ms f us mply bh hikig ad flig, bu a h sam im r wih h sam amu f cfidc. Cmbiais f Prcivig ad Dcidig Thr ar fur pssibl cmbiais f prcivig ad judgig. Each cmbiai rsuls i a diffr "yp" f idividual. Ths diffrcs affc h ways i which ppl irac wih hrs, wha yps f wrk hy ar ms suid fr, ad hw wll hy fuci i diffr siuais. Fr xampl, gal f usig h Myrs-Briggs Typ Idicar is fid u wha yps f wrk ar bs suid 's prfrrd ways f prcivig ad dcidig. Ssig ad Thikig. Th ST yp russ facs-whavr ca b prcivd by h sss ad vrifid. STs mak imprsal, hikig dcisis basd aalysis f h facs, lgically rasig i rms f caus ad ffc. Ssig ad Flig. SF idividuals als ar irsd i facs bu bas hir fial judgms hir fligs ad hw much smhig mars hm r hrs. Iuii ad Flig. NF ppl als mak dcisis basd prsal fligs. Hwvr, hy ar irsd i facs bu i pssibiliis, w ccps ad w plas. This yp als is irsd i h pial f ppl. Iuii ad Thikig. NT ppl ar irsd i w pssibiliis bu bcaus hy dcid by hikig, hy mak judgms basd lgical aalysis. Thy d b irsd i xplrig hrical r chical idas ad ar as irsd i h fligs f hrs. Ppl d us w f h fur fucis, favrig ad usig h scd as a cmplmary prcss. Fr xampl, if a prs favrs ssig r iuii, which ar ways f prcivig, his r hr cmplmary r auxiliary syl will b hikig r flig, which ar dcisi-makig r judgig fucis. I his way, hr is grar balac i hw h prs prcivs ad dcids. Hwvr, b fully fucial, a prs ds us bh ways f prcivig ad bh ways f judgig. This is a skill ha ach idividual ca dvlp. Oc ppl kw wha hir prfrrd syls ar, hy ca csciusly pracic usig hrs i rdr xpad hir capabiliis ad pssibiliis. Als, sm ways f prcivig ad judgig ar mr usful i crai siuais. Fr xampl, ssig is bs fr baiig a imparial, accura imprssi f h siuai r raliy. Iuii, h hr had, is h bs way uarh h pssibiliis i a siuai. I is a craiv way f prcivig. Fr makig judgms, hikig is prfrrd wh a imprsal, bjciv, lgical aalysis is rquird. Thikig icluds assssig prbabiliis ad pssibl ucms. As a alraiv, flig is usful i dcidig wha smhig rally mas slf r hrs r wha h m i al c s w il l b. A r al ly i m p r a si u a i r d ci si c a b d al w i h m s f f c iv ly by dlibra ly apprac hig i i all fur ways. I shuld b bvius ha ach prcss has is srgh s ad wak sss. O is br ha h hrs. Oppsi yps suppl m ach hr, ad all ar dd i ms rpri ss i rdr achiv clar ad balac d prcpi s ad judgm s. Furhrmr, a icras d udrs adig f h diffr yps hlps ppl valu ahr'

45 s srghs ad rspc h d fr diffrcs. Ohr Jugia Characrisics Masurd by h Isrum Exravrsi ad Irvrsi Jug (1971) dscribd w yps f prsal riai: xravrd (dircd uward ward xral ppl ad higs) r irvrd (fcusd iward 's prsal phma). Exravrs d lik wrk ha ivlvs hm i iracis wih ppl ad higs. Thy d b rsuls rid, prfrrig achiv higs quickly. Thy ar impai wih higs ha slw hm dw. Thy jy cgmmuicaig wih ad dalig wih hr ppl. Irvrs d prfr wrk ha calls fr idividualizd hikig. Thy lik ccra idas ad dails. I fac, idas f ar mr impra hm ha rsuls. Thy dislik graliis. Thy ar ppl-rid ad d fid i difficul cmmuica wih hrs. Judgig ad Prcivig Ppl als diffr i wha hy d wih h ifrmai hy prciv abu wha is gig i h wrld. Sm mrly prciv; hy d hav a spaus, adapabl aiud abu dalig wih lif. Thy ar cmmid way f dig smhig. This characrisic f cmmiig als maks i difficul fr hm mak dcisis ad pririiz higs ha d b d. Thy may,. hrfr, psp sm higs ad fiish hrs. Thy lik lar w higs abu ppl ad siuais ad hy paricularly wa kw all h facs bfr dcidig smhig. Ohr ppl valua ad judg h ifrmai hy rciv abu lif. Thy ar h plars, rgaizrs, ad rgulars. Thy lik mak dcisis ad pla ahad. Thy lik s rsuls wihu much dlay. Wh hy ar wrkig a prjc, hy frg ahad sigl middly ad d lik b irrupd ad hr higs r chag dirci. Bcaus hir dcy is dcid quickly, hy may glc cllc all h daa. Th JP prfrc is rid ward h xral raliy, as is h fcus f h xravr. Thrfr, a xravr's prfrrd md a r P) is h way i which h apprachs wha is gig arud him. I cras, irvrs us hir prfrrd mds a r P) i apprachig h iral wrld, bcaus ha is whr hir fcus is. Thir scdary prcss is h ha hy us i dalig wih xral raliy. S if a irvr prfrs judg, us ha app ra ch da li wi i ra h ugh s, fl ig pr cs ss, ad wil l hav ai ud m rl y pr ci vi wh is gi x r al hr slf. f C m bi a i s f A ll C h ar a c r is i c s I su m ma ry, h cha rac ri sic s rv al d by h is ru m ar as fll w s: E x ra v rs i (E )I r v rs i (I ) S s i g (S )I ui i g (N ) T hi k i g (T ) F li g (F ) Ju dg i g m P rc i vi g (P

46 ) Su ch Cmbiais f prfrcs fr ay idividual ar dscribd by lr abbrvia,is, fr p xampl, ISFP r ENTJ. All cmbiais ar dpicd blw, fllwd by dscripis f h pl cmbiais as prsaliy "yps." d wl l i Exravrs Irvrs ps ii JUDGING PERCEIVING PERCEIVING JUDGING s i wh ESTJ ESTP ISTP ISTJ ich h y ar ESFJ ESFP ISFP ISFJ call d pla, ENFJ ENFP INFP INFJ dir c, LL. r c ENTJ ENTP INTP INTJ rl, L., as x Myrs-Briggs TypC1lgis cu iv Mdifid ad rprducd by spcial prmissi f h Publishr, Csulig Psychlgiss s, Prss, Ic., Pal Al, CA 94306, frm Irduci Typ by Isabl Briggs-Myrs, ad 1976, Furhr rprduci is prhibid wihu h Publishr's cs. mi is ra rs, dir c rs, r ffi cr s. SENSING WITH SENSING WITH Thikig Flig ligfeelinff Thikig xr av r Th Exravrd Thikig Typs: ESTJ ad ENTJ d hi k Exravrd hikrs rus ad bcm adp i usig hikig (bjciv rasig, lgic, rs aalysis, criiqu) ad d rus r rly daa basd fligs (mis). Thir ca bhavir als is guidd by ras ad lgic; h irraial ad accidal ar b avidd. bc Thy prfr higs ccur i prdicabl pars, accrdig gvrig laws r mral m ruhs. Thy rgaiz daa, frmula gals ad plas, ad amp ifluc wha is happig by fllwig hs plas, f i a spcifid im fram. Thy ca b prsvrig cau ad ugh i pursui f hir bjcivs. Thy ar impai wih ad frusrad by lack f gh cmprhsi, lack f dirci, ifficicy, iffcivss, r lack f fllw-hrugh. up i h ida r pla; hy d rmmb r suspd judgm pridica lly i rdr prciv, chck hir assumpi s, ad lis h hr ppl wh ar ivlvd. Thy ar mr ffciv if hy amp dvlp hir flig fucis, spciall y i bcmi g awar f h fligs f hrs ad rmmb rig ackwl dg hm,.g., cmplim ig hrs wh smhi g is d wll. ESTJ EST] yps

47 prciv hrugh hir sss rahr ha hir iuii. Thy d b pragmaic, pracical, -ss, ad facual. Thy bas hir ccps bsrvabl facs ad vrifiabl daa. Thy rus higs ha hy ca uch ad maipula rahr ha lusiv ccps. Thy uiliz hisric ad radiial ways f dig higs ad adap hm as cssary cra w mhds. Thy lik achiv visibl, masurabl rsuls. Fr his ras, hy ar suid busisss i which hy ca rgaiz ad dirc h prduci f sm yp f prduc. ENTJ This xravrd hikig yp uss iuii rahr ha ssig drmi wha is gig, spcially h rlaiships bw higs. Thy ar primarily irsd i xplrig pssibiliis. Thy lk mr a wha is s i smhig: h vlvig, h udiscvrd. Thir illcual curisiy is xplrary, ad hy jy dlvig i w ccps ad hris ad graig a rag f pssibl ucms. Thir spcialy is isigh i xral higs, ad hy ar abl s h vrall picur, rahr ha gig hug up dails r pics. Such ppl ar happis wh hy ar calld us hir iuii, xplr prblms ad gra w pssibiliis ad sluis. Thy lik b wih ppl wh will xplr ccps, bu hy als bfi frm assciai wih ssrs wh ca rmid hm f facs ad dails.

48 Th Irvrd Thikig Typs: ISTP ad INTP Irvrd hikrs ar mr ccrd wih w pis f viw ad w hris ha wih w facs. Thy prfr aalyz rahr ha dirc r d ad hy prfr dal wih idas ad avid dalig wih ppl r higs. Thir fcus is pricipls ad symblism, rahr ha higs hmslvs. Thy d b imprsal ad bjcivly criical. Bcaus hir hikig is fcusd iward, i hir daligs wih h usid wrld (hir scdary livs), hy us hir prcpiv prcss, ssi r iuiig. Thus, hy ar qui ad rsrvd bcaus f hir dachm frm xral phma. Hwvr, hy bliv i h supririy f h subjciv hikig prcss ad ar ap b iflxibl, arbirary, ad arrga i dfs f hir w idas, hris, r visis. This is, i par, bcaus hir idas ar s difficul dfd i hr ppl's rms. Thir idas ar f symblic imags ha ar difficul cmmuica; hus, hy ar rarly usd. Wih hir iward fcus ad h difficuly f sharig i wih hrs, his yp ds b islad ad ca b ihr shy ad aiv r alf ad aiscial. Thy may b ixpricd i dalig wih h usid wrld. Irvrd hikrs ar f awar f h fligs f hrs. Thy d dvlp his awarss ad prcpi ad bhav i a way ha ackwldgs h fligs ad raliis f hrs. ISTP This yp uss hikig ad ssig bsrv h ia prpris ad dails f higs. Such idividuals xcl i chical, sciific, r saisical wrk, spcially i aalyzig ad rgaizig kwldg ad daa ad liciig pricipls ad maigs. Thy ar pai ad gd cmpay i valud pursuis, bu hy d lik was im r ffr. Wh hy ar accura i hir assssm f h ffr rquird, hy ar ffici. If, hy ca bcm lazy r iffciv. INTP This yp uss iuii xplr pssibiliis. Nw idas ad hris ar mr impra ha mr facs. Such ppl ar aracd jbs ivlvig rsarch ad ccpual sarchig. Thy may b rsarch sciiss, hrical mahmaicias, philsphrs, schlars, ad h lik. Thy us hir hikig ad iuii gra igius idas ad sluis, bu ar irsd i makig pracical us f hm. Lik xrvrd hikrs wh us iuii, hy d bai ipu abu h pracical aspcs f hir idas bfr gig ff ags.

49 w i h Th Exravrd Flig Typs: ESFJ ad ENFJ u Exravrd flig yps ar guidd by radiial sadards abu wha i is gd r i pli fl. Thy lk fr h gd i hrs. Thy valu harmius rlaiships wih hrs ad f srv as pacmakrs. Thy ar fridly, warm, ad sympahic, ad ar r skilld i sayig h righ hig mak sm ls fl gd. Thy ar ssiiv h u fligs f hrs; hy fl happy i fridly ad apprvig rlaiships ad hy ar d disurbd wh ppl sm b idiffr hm. Thy d wll i wrk siuais i i which cpraig ad iracig wll wih ppl is rquird. I is difficul fr hm b i imprsal siuais. Thy ar lyal h ppl ad isiuis wih which hy g ar assciad.. Wha his yp f fails d is qusi h ru gdss f hrs r hir ru fligs abu hs whm hy ar wih r wha hy ar dig. Thy d fllw sablishd ruls ad valus abu wha is crrc ad xpc hrs d s as wll. Thy ar dcrus, pricipld, scrupulus, mhdical, ad prsvrig. Hwvr, hy may bhav accrdig valus r fligs ha hy hav irjcd bu which ar ru fr hm r fr hs wih whm hy ar iracig. Bcaus such qusiig is disharmius ad disurbig, hy wuld rahr gag i i, ad ay hughs ha cflic wih h "crrc" fligs ar rjcd. Thus, hy may fail fac hir ru fligs r h prblms i which hy ar ivlvd. ESFJ This yp uss ssig as a backup, which hlps hm rmai up--da ad i uch wih raliy. ESFJs jy h marial higs i lif. Thy rlish w xprics. Hwvr, hir plas ad dcisis ar basd daa ad rasig, ad hy ca adap rui. Thir flig hlps hm b awar f h fligs f hrs, ad hir ssig hlps hm b awar f h discmfr f hrs. Thy ar aracd h halh-car ad hlpig prfssis. ENFJ Iuii is h auxiliary fuci f hs xravrd flrs. Thy spcializ i mpahy, isigh, hry, w kwldg, ad visis f h fuur. Th appal f pssibiliis hlps hm s h pia Is f ppl. Thy gag i prsal dvlpm. Thir skill i vrbal cmmuicai als abls hm ispir hrs, ad hy may bcm cuslrs, hrapiss, r achrs. Th Irvrd Flig Typs: JSFP ad JNFP Ppl f his yp d shw hir fligs asily hrs. Alhugh hir fligs may b is, hy ar irvrd ad assciad wih h fligs f hrs. Thus, his yp may appar b icspicuus, placid, rsrvd, r cld ad uflig. Thir prsal fcus ad lack f cci wih hrs lads hm disrgard cvial valus ad slc hir w mrals ad cscic, which guid hir w sadards f bhavir. Bcaus hir flig fuci is fcusd iward, such ppl us ihr ssig r iuii i hir uward livs. Thy ar bhrd by wha happs arud hm ulss i cflics wih r hras hir prsal fligs r valus. I gral, hrfr, hy ar calm ad adapabl. Thy ar ccrd wih imprssig r crllig hrs. Thy limi hir fridships hs wh ca udrsad hir ivsm i hir ir livs Thi r sr g prs al valu s mak i imp ra ha hir wr k ma sm hi g h m. If hir wr k rla s wha hy fl sr gly abu, hy

50 w i l l d v h m s l v s i. I f a c, h y m a y w r k i h s r v i c f hir fligs ad valus h x ha hy dmad much f hmslvs ad fl guily fr achivig mr. If hy ca dvlp hir prcpi, hy ca bcm mr awar f acual pssibiliis ad raliis ad ca b mr ffciv ad cfid i hir davrs. Wihu a valud ul fr hir fligs (.g., wrk), such idividuals d bcm frusrad, vrssiiv, ad criical f hrs ad f hmslvs fr havig achivd s lil. ISFP Wih ssig as a backup fuci, ISFPs ar awar f h raliis f h siuai. Bcaus hy ar as disracd by xral higs, hy ca ccra fr lg prids f im, ad ar gd a asks ha rquir mirig r cls bsrvai. Alhugh hy may b ccrd wih h fligs f hrs, hy ar irvrs, s ar mr ap d smhig abu i ha say smhig abu i. Thy d wa champi h hur, h'lplss, r udrprivilgd ad hy may bcm urss, scial wrkrs, ad h lik. Thy may hav difficuly i accpig h limiais f wha hy ca d, blamig hmslvs rahr ha circumsacs r raliy. INFP Irvrd flrs wh us iuii s h pssibiliis i siuais. Thy ar irsd i isighs, w idas, w kwldg, ad lg-rag visis rlad hir ccrs. Thy ar dail rid. Thy d hav mr skill i xprssig hmslvs ha d ISFPs ad xrcis his skill i h srvic f hir irss ad idals. Thy,, ar aracd wrk such as cuslig, achig, ad scial wlfar. Th Exravrd Ssig Typs: ESTP ad ESFP Exravrd ssrs hav a ia abiliy accumula ad us xprics. Thy ic wha gs wih h ppl ad bjcs arud" hm. Thy d gag i a l f hikig ad flig abu wha hy bsrv, s hy ar abl b gd aurd abu h siuais i which hy fid hmslvs. Thy prciv rahr ha judg, s hy d was im ad ffr ryig mak siuais cfrm a idal; hy ar fr apply wha hy kw ad ry whavr will wrk. Thy als d accp whavr hy fid i hmslvs ad hrs. Thir asy-gig xampl may hlp hrs b mr adapabl ad lra,. Fr his ras, hy mak gd arbirars, cmprmisrs, ad pacmakrs. Bcaus f hir dsir fr ccr ssais ad hir mmry fr dails, such ppl ar idally suid wrk wih machiry ad ls, b crafsprss r ariss, cissurs r cllcrs. Thy hav a affiiy fr qualiy, li, clr, xur, ad dail. Exravrd ssrs jy h physical higs i lif. Thy apprcia gd fd. Thy accumula, jy, ad ak car f marial pssssis. Thir amusms may rag fr m r a ci g c a rs b i g p a r s f m u si c a d h fi a r s. T h y g r al l y a r r gardd as fulvig. Th y usually wa hads cac i larig ad i dalig wih higs. Thy kw wha hy ca xpri c wih hir sssh "raliy " f higs. Hwv r, bcaus hy d us iuii, hy ar awar f h pssibil iis ha d currl y xis. Thy ar mr irs d i pracica l applica i ha i w idas r uxpl rd aras. Th ir

51 hadicap is ha hy may b mr ccrd wih xpricig ha wih hikig r a judgig. This is spcially ru if hy ar h yp ha sks w physical xpric afr ahr. Th asy-gig aiud may rflc h fac ha hy ar lazy, udpdabl, al r shallw. I rms f higs, such a prs may fail accmplish r fiish ayhig. I y rms f ppl, may fid a ssualis wh has lil ru flig r ccr fr hrs. s s. ESTP If h Exravrd ssrs wh us hikig as hir auxiliary fuci d mak dcisis y basd lgical csqucs bu fligs. Thy ar gd a wrk ivlvig basic c pricipls, such as mah, applid scic, archicur, c. Thy ca b firm wh cssary. ESFP l This yp bass dcisis h auxiliary fuci f flig, rahr ha hikig. Such ppl ar mr ssiiv h ds ad racis f hrs. Thy d b diplmaic p ad discr; hy d lik rprimad r crrc hrs. Bcaus f hir cmbiai h f ssig ad flig, hy may jy xpricig ar ad music. Th Irvrd Ssig Typs: ISTJ ad ISFJ vi Bcaus hy prfr ssig, irvrd ssrs us ha prcss i hir ir livs. y Thir accumulad ssais ar alrd by hir iward fcus, ad hir rsulig, hughs ad prfrcs ar highly idividual, v bizarr. Bcaus hy ar likd h hir ir slvs, hs idas ar srgly hld. Hwvr, hy d f rsul i uprdicabl r irraial bhavir bcaus ppl f his yp us hir scdary y prcss (hikig r flig) i dalig wih ppl ad higs i h usid wrld. c Ouwardly, hrfr, hy appar calm ad crlld. Thy lik accuracy ad prfr a dal wih simpl facs wh dalig wih xral raliis. Thy ar ralisic ad pracical, ssibl ad rspsibl bcaus f hir judgig abiliis. Kpig xral h higs sraighfrward (dspi hir abiliy dal wih facs) als allws hm a ccra hir iral raliis, which hrs rarly suspc. I wrk, his yp is miculus, scrupulus, mhdical, csciius, ad gd wih b dail ad rui. Thy ar pai ad prsvrig c hy hav dcidd bcm ivlvd wih smhig. Thy d giv up ulss hy dcid ha smhig is s impracical r sslss. Thy d b csrvaiv, dalig wih kw facs ad dails bcaus hy d us iuii, bu hy ar accura i hir assssms f f wha xiss. If mad awar f srgly hld ds ad valus f hrs, hy ca b grusly icrpra hs facs i hir judgms abu higs, v hugh hy d valu hm prsally. h This yp is ms ffciv if i cius us is scdary prcsss i dalig w wih h wrld. If i rras i irvrd ssig, i may bcm irraial ad dissciad wih raliy. STJ Irvrd ssrs wh us hikig as h backup fuci valu dcisis basd I lgical aalysis. Bcaus hy ar aurally i uch wih h fligs f hrs, S hy d lar ry udrsad hrs ad shw apprciai hm. F Ohrwis, hy may igr h ds ad fligs f hrs i hir fcus facs ad J a d v is s si i v h rl d s. If hy us flig as hir backup prcss, irv rd ssrs ar ccr d wih h ds ad flig s f hrs. Thy ar uslfis h, warmh ard, acful, ad suppr iv. Thir abiliy us facs ad dails maks hm ffciv i scial rfrm, h halh prfss is, achi g, ad hr aras i which hir huma ccr s ca b cmbi d wih hir lgical abilii s.

52 Th Exravrd Iuiiv Typs: ENTP ad ENFP Th usadig characrisic f xravrd iuiivs is hir fcus h gras rag f pssibiliis i ppl ad higs. Thy ar irsd i ad rgic i hir ci ly wi wr ld d ra s la ir vi si i ali y. If r fu s di sc u g d, h y ca b v ry su cc s sf ul. pursui f ayhig ha is w, diffr, ad ivaiv. Thy ar imagiaiv ad craiv i visiig pssibiliis, v i siuais i which hr fucis hav faild fid a way. Thy ar h champis f ppl wih pc>ial ad h I prmrs f w rpriss. Thy bcm xcid abu hir ispirais, wrkig N irlssly xpad pis, rfi hris, ad dal wih prblms. Bcaus f hir qus fr h w, hy ar sifld by h rui r uispird ad T frquly brd by ha which has b xplrd ad bcm sabl. Thy f J wuld prfr drp hir w prjcs c h visiig phas is vr ad h prjc is pu i prduci r pracic. Thy wrk bs i a virm i which I hy ca ciu gra w pssibiliis ad chag. r Thir husiasm is cagius, ad hy f ca ispir r xci hrs by h srgh f hir blifs. Hwvr, bcaus f hir iuii ad bcaus hy us v prcivig isad f judgig, hy als hav h abiliy udrsad hrs ad r accp hm wihu judgm. Thy ar abl prs hir idas i ways ha ar d gard hr ppl's valus ad blifs. Thir w blifs mak hm i radiial, bu hir abiliy cc wih hrs maks hm likd. u ii v Bcaus hy d spcializ i judgig, hwvr, hy may b bjciv s abu h wrh f h ppl r prjcs fr which hy fl such husiasm. w Of, h pursui f h pssibiliis is mr impra ha h bjciv raliy. h If hy allw hir auxiliary fuci (hikig r flig) pra, hy ca achiv mr udrsadig f h raliis f h siuai. I his cas, hir us isigh is cmplimd by judgm, ad rsuls i wisdm. If hy d dvlp hir judgm ad slf-discipli, hy may fall i h rap f chasig h i h will-'-h-wisp, wasig hir ispirais ad iguiy higs ha ar impracical r ufiishd. Thy may bcm advurrs, always chasig h w ki ad diffr, bu rarly accmplishig ayhig. ENTP r Exravrd iuirs wh us hikig d b mr abl judg hir ba udrakigs. Thy ar mr aumus ad dachd frm hr ppl. Thy ck ar fcusd h pssibiliis ha hy ar xplrig, h ppl ivlvd. u Thy ar arac~d wrk i which hy ca fllw hir w lads ad may p bcm ivrs, sciiss, prmrs, c. ENFP Exravrd iuirs wh us flig ar mr ivlvd wih hr ppl ad ar mr ssiiv hir ds. Thir irs i fidig w sluis w prblms f lads hm i h filds f achig, scic, ar, cuslig, advrisig, sals, c. Th Irvrd Iuiiv Typs: JNTJ ad JNFJ Irvrd iuiivs spcializ i xplrig idas ha ar grad by xral higs bu raslad iwardly i symbls f hir ihr aur. Thy s h frm f higs bu h maigs f ad rlaiships bw higs. Thy hav ccr fr radiial pi s f viw. Thir blif i hir idas maks g as h i fu c i h m s au m us T B ad idp d f all h yps. Thy ca rgaiz wll i rdr apply hir ivai v idas bu d vrl k h pii s ad fligs f hrs. Thy ar lgical bu dlibra, siglmidd, ad rslu i pursui f hir bjciv s, ad hir drmi ai causs hm push hrs as hard as hy push hmsl vs. INFJ Ths whs backup fuci is flig ar

53 mr ccrd wih h ds ad pi;s f hrs wih whm hy wrk. Thy d b mr acful ad sympahic ad ar ccrd abu h wlfar f hrs. If hir fcus is huma wlfar r scial rfrm, hy will fl cmplld ac imprv hs aras, alhugh always i radiial ways. Thy lik jbs i which hy ca rasmi hir idas ad ispir hrs. Cclusi Agai, h purps f idifyig yps is apprcia h srghs f ach ad lar wha 's w dvlpmal ds ar if is b fully ffciv. Each f h cmbiais has is srghs ad is waksss. W d all f hm balac ahr if w ar visi, judg, pla, ad accmplish higs ad if w ar b abl irac wih ad cmmuica wih ahr i ur wrk ad hm livs. Th purps f h Myrs-Briggs Typ Idicar is bh curag idividual udrsadig ad slf-dvlpm ad gra rspc fr h srghs f hrs ad a awarss f h d fr diffr yps f ppl. Rfrcs Briggs Myrs, 1. (1987). Irduci yp (rv. d.). Pal Al, CA: Csulig Psychlgiss Prss. Jug,.G. (1971). Psychlgical yps. (Rv. by R.F.. Hull f ras. by H.G. Bays). [I H. Rad, M. Frdham, G. Adlr, & W. McGuir (Eds.), Th cllcd wrks f.g. Jug (V1.6), Bllig Sris XX.] Pric, NJ: Pric Uivrsiy Prss. (Origial wrk publishd 1921.)

54 Exravrs Irvrs SENSING WITH JUDGING PERCEIVING PERCEIVING J U THINKING FEELING ESTJ ESTP ISTP ESFJ ESFP ISFP INTUITING WITH FEELING ENFJ ENFP INFP THINKING ENTJ ENTP INTP Myrs-Briggs Typlgis Mdifid ad rprducd by spcial prmissi f h Publishr, Csulig Psychlgiss Prss, Ic., Pal Al, CA 94306, frm Irduci Typ by Isabl Briggs-Myrs, 1976, Furhr rprduci is prhibid wihu h Publishr's cs.

55 Nurliguisi c Prgramig Laguag Sysms Nurliguisic prgramig (NLP) is a mdl f huma bhavir ad cmmuicai (Badlr & Gridr, 1975, 1979, 1982; Dils, Gridr, Badlr, Badlr, & DLzir, 1980; Gridr & Badlr, 1976). NLP rsuld frm a sysmaic sudy f Virgiia Sair, Mil H. Ericks, Friz Prls ad hr famus hrapiss (Harm & O'Nill, 1981). Addiially, h hry f NLP draws frm psychdyamics ad bhaviral hris. Th NLP mdl mbdis svral ky cmps, as fllws: (a) rappr ad cmmuicai, (b) gahrig ifrmai, ad (c) chag sragis ad irvis. Wihi h cmp f rappr ad cmmuicai xis h dimsis f laguag-rprsaial sysms, y-accssig mvms, vrbal ad vrbal pacig ad ladig, cmmuicai raslai skills, ad rprsaial sysm vrlappig. Th ms wllkw dimsi f his cmp is,laguag-rprsaial sysms. This is h dimsi ha is ms applicabl huma rsurc dvlpm. Ohr aspcs f NLP ar usd primarily i hrapuic wrk. Rprsaial Sysms Th basic prmis f NLP is ha ppl's prcpis f h wrld (wha hy prciv as ifrmai) ar filrd hrugh hir ssry sysms (Badlr & Gridr, 1975). Daa ar firs prcssd a a ucscius lvl, xpricd irally, ad h maifsd i xral bhavir. Laguag pars ar mhd ha ppl us cmmuica hir iral rspss. NLP is a mdl fr udrsadig h prcsss ha ppl us cd ad rasfr xpric ad guid ad mdify hir bhavir. All h disicis w mak ccrig ur virm, bh iral ad xral, ar rprsd i rms f hr ssry sysms: h. visual, audiry, ad kishic (Dils & Myrs-Adrs, 1980). Smll ad as ar widly uilizd ways f gaiig ifrmai abu h wrld. Ppl wh rly hir visual sysms appar ru mvis i hir hads wh rmmbrig r srig ifrmai. If ppl ar primarily audiry, L., akig ifrmai i hrugh suds, rmmbrig may b lik rplayig a ap rcrdr, wih rigial s ad dialgu. Ppl wh ar primarily kishic rspd iral bdily fligs r acil ss. Thy rmmbr bdily ssais i rcallig xprics. Prdicas "Prdicas" ar vrbs, adjcivs, ad advrbs ha ppl us dscrib h prcsss ad rlaiships i hir xprics. Thy ar dividd i hr cagris crrspdig h hr majr rprsaial sysms. Ppl ihr s (visual) picurs ad hav imags abu hir xprics, r hy har (audiry) suds ad alk abu hir xprics, r hy xpric ssais (kishic) ad hav fligs abu hir xprics (Gridr & Badlr, 1976). Fr xampl, a visual prs migh say: "Lk a h facs," "I s," "I g h picur," r "L's g a prspciv his." A audiry prs migh say: "I har yu," "L's lis ras," r "I suds lik i will wrk." A kishic prs wuld b mr likly say: "I ds' fl righ," "Jus hld," "L's g a hadl his," r "H did' grasp h ida." Each idividual has a primary (mr highly dvlpd) rprsaial sysm ha h r sh rlis durig ims f srss i prblm slvig as wll as a scdary sysm ha may b usd i vryday cvrsai i c m b i a i w i h h p r i m a r y s y s m. A r i a r y s y s m m a y x i s b u i Mac hig Lag uag Sys ms I has b suggs d ha usig h sam primar y lagua g sysm as a cli r rai culd hlp h cus lr, csul a, r rair build rappr wih h cli r rai (Grid r & Badl r, 1976). Alhu gh his hry has b prv cclu sivly, h pssibi liy xiss ha a HRD prfss ial culd

56 icras rappr ad rus wih a cli r rai (r wih h majriy f grup mmbrs) by usig h hr's primary laguag sysm. This chiqu is calld "rflcig." I als sms ha ppl will lar bs wh c is prsd hm i hir primary rprsaial sysms. A visual prs will rmmbr graphs, illusrais, ad "sig" w higs. A audiry prs will rmmbr suds ad will b simulad by chags i vcal, pich, ad pacig. A kishic prs will lar bs frm "hads " xpric ad will rmmbr hw h r sh" fl." Thus, mr impac may b gaid frm shwig higs visuals, prvidig irsig suds fr audiris, ad wrkig algsid kishics. Cvrsly, if a rai is kishic r visual, ad h raiig is prsd vrbally, h c may b asily raslad, ad h rai may " g i." If a cli xprics ad dscribs higs visually, ad h csula uss a audiry laguag sysm, h cli may hav difficuly udrsadig. Of curs, h rair r csula mus firs b awar f his r hr w primary ad scdary laguag sysms. Th, by payig ai h prdicas usd by hrs, h rair r csula ca drmi h sysms valud by hs hrs. Th fllwig xampls illusra hw machig r mismachig laguag sysms ca ihr hac r frusra cmmuicai. Mismachd Laguag Sysms Larr (visual): "I jus ca' s myslf dig ay br i his raiig sssi." Trair (kishic): "Wll, hw d yu fl abu big abl d br?" Larr (visual): "I jus d' hav a clar picur f wha yu wa frm m."

57 Trair (kishic): "Hw d yu fl abu big abl g a hadl higs ha w ar dig." Larr (visual): "I d' s wha yu'r ryig d. I's rally hazy m." I his xampl, i is appar ha h rair is payig ai h laguag sysm usd by h larr, wh "ss" h rair as a prs wh jus ds prray higs clarly. O h hr had, h rair may "fl" frusrad i his amps "rach" his rai. Nihr f hm prfis frm his yp f iraci. Machd Laguag Sysms Larr (visual): "I jus ca' s myslf dig ay br i his raiig sssi." Trair (visual): "I did appar m ha yu lkd cfusd wh I was givig u h wrk assigm." Larr (visual): "I'm ryig g a picur f wha yu xpc, bu I jus ca' sm fcus i." Trair (visual): "I s. L's lk a i frm sm diffr agls ad s if w ca cm up wih a w prspciv fr yu." I his xampl, bh h rair ad h larr ar usig h visual laguag sysm. Thy ar acually "sig" higs frm h sam "prspciv." HRD prfssials wh kw hw idify ad us laguag sysms will b br prpard ach ad rla hir rais ad clis. I addii, rairs ca ach hir rais xpad hir w uss f hir prfrrd rprsaial sysms. Fr xampl, a prs wh is primarily kishic ca lar accss ifrmai hrugh h visual ad audiry sysms. This will icras h prs's abiliy lar i diffr cxs ad frm rairs wih diffr laguag sysms. Rfrcs Badlr, R., & Gridr,]. (1975). Srucur f magic 1. Pa! Al, CA: Scic ad Bhavir Bks. Badlr, R., & Gridr,]. (1979). Frgs i prics. Mab, UT: Ral Ppl Prss. Badlr, R., & Gridr,]. (1982). Rframig: Nurliguisic prgrammig ad h rasfrmai f maig. Mab, UT: Ral Ppl Prss. Dils, R., Gridr, ]., Badlr, R., Badlr, L., & DLzir, ]. (1980). Nurliguisic prgrammig: Vlum I. Th sudy f subjciv xpric. Cupri, CA: Ma Publicais. Dils, R., & Myrs-Adrs, M. (1980). Nur-liguisic prgrammig i ducai. Saa Cruz, CA: N Ld. Divisi f Traiig ad Rsarch (D.O.T.A.R.). Gridr, ]., & Badlr, R. (1976). Srucur f magic. Pal Al, CA: Scic ad Bhavir Bks. Harm, R., & O'Nill, C. (1981). Nurliguisic prgrammig fr cuslrs. Prsl ad Guidac Jural, 59,

58 REPRESENTATION SYSTEMS VISUAL AUDITORY KINESTHETIC I s I har Yu I cach I g h prspciv Lis ras G a hadl i Lks lik i will wrk Suds lik i will wrk Fls lik i will wrk Fcus Harsay Ssai Oulk Tmp Mvm NLP Sampl Prdicas

59 Scial Syls Scial syls hry, rigially dvlpd by Mrrill ad Rid (1981) ad xpadd by Wils Larig Crprai (UAWils, 1989), sas ha hr ar fur basic "syls" r prfrrd ways f iracig wih hrs. Ths syls ar disiguishd by crai bhavirs ha hrs ca bsrv ad rpr. Mrrill ad Rid bliv ha ach prs's scial syl is a way f cpig wih hrs ha is lard i childhd. O habiually bcms ms cmfrabl wih ha syl i slf ad hrs. Udrsadig f 's w syl ad hs f 's cllagus ca hlp imprv rlaiships ad rduc si ad misudrsadigs. A primary gal f scial-syls raiig is hlp idividuals dvlp vrsailiy i dalig wih hrs. O's scial syl is masurd by 's psii i rlai hr bhaviral dimsis: assrivss, rspsivss, ad vrsailiy. Th Assrivss scal masurs h dgr which a prs amps ifluc h hughs, dcisis, r acis f hrs. Sm ppl d his dircly; hy ll. Mrrill ad Rid ad Wils Larig bh us h rms "Tll Assriv" i lablig his grup. Ohr idividuals ask. Mrrill ad Rid s his yp as ampig ifluc hrs; hy call> i "Ask (Nassriv)." Wils Larig ss his yp as ampig ifluc hrs idircly ad labls i "AskAssriv. " Th Rspsivss scal masurs h dgr which ply xprsss 's fligs hrs r crls 's fligs. Mrrill ad Rid call hs wh crl r rsrv hir fligs "Crl (Nrspsiv)." Wils Larig calls hm "Crl-Rspsiv." Ohr idividuals ar mr ap xprss hir fligs hrs. Mrrill ad Rid ad Wils Larig bh us h rms "Em Rspsiv" i rfrrig his yp. Th Vrsailiy dimsi is masurd by h idividual's abiliy b adapabl i dalig wih hrs (i rdr rla ms ffcivly hir syls) vrsus h dcy b rigid ad iflxibl, bhavig slly accrdig 's w prfrrd syl. O gal f scial syls raiig is abl idividuals udrsad ad dal mr ffcivly wih ppl f all syls. Th scial syl prfil is frmd by usig h assrivss ad rspsivss scals. Cmbiig hs scals yilds fur pssibl bhaviral prfils r "scial syl" yps (s figur): Drivr, Exprssiv, Aalyical, ad Amiabl. Drivrs Drivrs rak high h assrivss scal (hy "ll") ad lw h rspsivss scal (high "crl"). Thy ar aci- ad gal rid.

60 Thris ad CONTROL-RESPONSIVE [WLC] CONTROL (NON RESPONSIVE) [M&R] ASK ASSERTIVE (WLC) ASK (NONASSERTIVE) M+R Aalyical Amiabl Drivr Exprssiv TELL ASSERTIVE (WLC) TELL (ASSERTIVE) M+R - Th Scial Syls Marix EMOTE-RESPONSIVE [WLC] EMOTE (RESPONSIVE) [M&R] Basd UAlWils Larig Scial Syls Summary, 1989, Wils Larig Crprai. Rprid by prmissi f Wils Larig Crprai. Thir d is fr accmplishm ad rsuls. Thy hav a quick raci im, ad ar dcisiv, idpd, disciplid, pracical, ad ffici. Thy us facs ad daa. Thy d spak ad ac quickly. Nvrbally, bcaus hy ar assriv, hy d la frward ad pi ad mak dirc y cac. Hwvr, bcaus hy crl hir mis, hir bdily psur is rigid ad hy crl hir facial xprssis. Thy d wa was im prsal alk r prlimiaris ad ca b prcivd by hr syls as dmiaig r harsh ad svr i pursui f a gal. Thy ar cmfrabl i psiis f pwr ad crl.

61 I ims f srss, drivrs may bcm aucraic. Thir d fr grwh is slw dw ugh lis. Aalyicals Aalyicals ar lw i assrivss (hy ask) ad lw i rspsivss (high crl). Thy ar ms ccrd wih big rgaizd, havig all h facs ad big carful bfr akig aci. Thir d is b accura ad b righ. Thy ar prcis, rdrly, ad mhdical ad cfrm sadard praig prcdurs, rgaizaial ruls, ad hisrical ways f dig higs. Thy hav a slw raci im ad wrk mr slwly ad carfully ha Drivrs. Thy ar prcivd as srius, idusrius, prsis, ad xacig. Thy ar ask rid. Thy us facs ad daa. Thy d spak lss ad mr slwl~ ha Drivrs. Nvrbally, bcaus hy ar assriv, hy d la back ad us hir hads lss ha Drivrs. Thy d mak dirc y cac. Bcaus hy als ar lw h rspsivss scal, hy crl hir facial xprssis. Ohr syls may s hm as suffy, idcisiv, criical, picky, ad mralisic. Thy ar cmfrabl i psiis i which hy ca chck facs ad figurs ad b sur hy ar righ. I ims f srss, aalyicals d avid. Thir d fr grwh is lar dcid ad dclar. Exprssivs Exprssivs ar high i bh assrivss (hy ll) ad m- rspsivss. Thy jy ivlvm, xcim, ad irprsal aci. Thy ar sciabl, simulaig, ad husiasic ad ar gd a ivlvig ad mivaig hrs. Thy ar ida rid. Thy hav lss ccr fr rui ad ar fuur rid. Thy hav a quick raci im. Thy hav a d b accpd by hrs. Thy d b spaus, ugig, rgic, ad fridly. Thy ar fcusd ppl rahr ha asks.

62 Thy us piis ad sris rahr ha facs ad daa. Thy spak ad ac quickly ad vary hir vcal iflci. Nvrbally, bcaus hy ar assriv, hy d la frward, pi, ad mak dirc y cac. Big rspsiv, hy als d us hir hads wh hy ar alkig, hav a mr casual bdily psur, ad hav a aimad xprssi. Thir fligs f shw i hir facs. Thy may b prcivd by hrs as xciabl, impulsiv, udisciplid, dramaic, maipulaiv, ambiius, vrly raciv, ad gisical. Udr srssful cdiis, xprssivs d rsr prsal aacks. Thir d fr grwh is chck higs u bfr hy rspd. Amiabls Amiabls ar lw h assrivss scal (hy ask) ad high h mrspsivss scal. Thy hav a d fr cprai, prsal scuriy, ad accpac. Thy ar ucmfrabl wih ad will avid cflic. Thy valu prsal rlaiships, hlpig hrs, ad big likd. Thus, sm Amiabls will sacrific hir w liks r dsirs i rdr wi apprval frm hrs. Thy prfr wrk wih hr ppl i a am ffr, rahr ha idividually. Thy hav a uhurrid raci im ad lil ccr wih ffcig chag. Thy ar fridly, suppriv, rspcful, willig, dpdabl, ad agrabl. Thy ar ppl-rid. Thy us piis ad sris rahr ha facs ad daa. Thy d spak slwly ad sfly; hwvr, bcaus hy ar mr rspsiv, hy us mr vcal iflci ha Drivrs r Aalyicals. Nvrbally, bcaus hy ar assriv, hy la back whil alkig ad d mak dirc y cac. Bu bcaus hy ar rspsiv, hy d hav a mr casual psur ad a aimad xprssi. Thy may b prcivd by hr syls as cfrmig, usur, pliabl, dpd, ad awkward. A Amiabl's raci srss is cmply wih hrs. Th Amiabl's d fr grwh is iiia. W all display characrisics f ach syl a diffr ims, bu w d favr h bhaviral pars f primary syl ad scdary syl. Thus, dpdig whr falls h w scals, may b a "pur" drivr, a aalyical drivr, r a xprssiv drivr. Likwis, a amiabl may b ally rspsiv, s may b a aalyical amiabl. A amiabl als may b smwha assriv, i.., a xprssiv amiabl. Each f h fur "syls" ca hav mr r lss characrisics f h syls x i, ha is, b mr r lss assriv r mr r lss rspsiv. This rsuls i igh pssibl cmbiais.

63 Lw -C...ASSERTIVEN ESS High High RESPONSIVENESS Lw Aalyical Drivr Aalyical Drivr Aalyical Aalyical Drivr Drivr AN D Amiabl Exprssiv Amiabl Exprssiv Aalyical Aalyical Drivr Drivr Aalyical Drivr Aalyical Drivr Amiabl Amiabl Exprssiv Exprssiv AM E Amiabl Exprssiv Amiabl Exprssiv Amiabl Amiabl Exprssiv Exprssiv

64 Shard Bhavirs Amg Scial Syls Bas Implicais f h Thry Th purps f idifyig 's w scial syl ad larig abu hrs' is lar why hr ppl ac h way hy d ad lar b mr lra f idividual diffrcs ad mr vrsail i rdr g alg br wih hrs. Scial-syls hry idicas ha sm "rubs" r clashs ar iviabl bw ppl wih diffr syls, paricularly bw hs wih shard characrisics. Hwvr, hs misudrsadigs r ayacs ca b miimizd ad maagd if hs ivlvd udrsad why hy xis. Accmpaid by h prpr raiig, his hry prvids a ffciv way hlp ppl udrsad hw hy ar prcivd by hrs, hw hy prciv hmslvs, ad hw hy ca br udrsad, accp, ad irac wih bh busiss ad prsal cacs. I is spcially usful i am buildig ad am dvlpm, maagig suprirsubrdia rlaiships, jb rcruim ad slci, ad irprsal-rlaiship raiig i bh rgaizaial ad prsal sigs. CONTRO RESPONSIVE ( CONTRO (NONRESPONS M+R ASK NONASSERTIVE M+RASK ASSERTIVE (MLC) Rfrc Mrrill, D.W., & Rid, R.H. (1981). Prsal syl ad ffciv prfrmac. Radr, PA: Chil. EMOTE-RESP [WLC] EMO (RESPONSIVE Th Scia Syls Ma -. B as d UAl Wils Lar ig Sci al Syl s Sum mar y, 198 9, Wils Lar ig Cr

65 prai. Rprid by prmissi f Wils Larig Crprai.

66 Valu Prgramig Mrris Massy's (1979) hry f valus acquisii prpss ha valus ar prgramd i ach prs ad ha prgramig bgis arud ag bcaus his is h ag a which ppl bgi absrb h culural, family, mdia, ad glbal iflucs arud hm. Massy says ha by xamiig h valus ad idas ha xisd wh a prs was yars ld, ca fairly accuraly prdic wha kids f valus ha prs will hld hrughu lif. Alhugh a prs's cr valus ar asily chagd, Massy blivs ha Sigifica Emial Evs (SEEs) ca caus a prs r-valua ad prhaps alr hs valus. A SEE may b, bu ds hav b, a rlaivly sudd chag adr crisis such as lsig a jb, gig hrugh a divrc, gig war, c. A SEE als ca b a slwr ad mr lg-rm chag, such as xpsur sciy's aiuds ward wm, hldig may jbs, ad s. A v is a SEE ly if i prmps a chag i a idividual's dp, udrlyig valu sysm. Massy dvlpd his mdl f Valu Prgramig Aalysis by sudyig grups f ppl. I ach grup, h mmbrs wr abu h sam ag. Massy icd ha ppl wh wr ar i ag dd hld similar valus ad wrld viws, ad h hyphsizd ha his was bcaus hy wr imprid a apprximaly h sam im. Massy fud ha ppl "...lckd i hir basic gu-lvl valus" (p. 51) a arud ag ; his is h ag wh childr ruly bgi absrbig h simuli ad mssags f h wrld arud hm. H xplais h advaags f valu prgramig aalysis husly:... bcaus grups f ppl wr iflucd i h sam gral way, prgrammd hrugh h sam aciviis, vs, ad xprics, w may lk a a grup ad udrsad why paricular clusrs wihi ur sciy rac day's wrld as hy d... If w ca drmi h basic cr valus hld by h majriy f h grup bcaus f hir similariis i prgrammig xprics, h w ca gai a br udrsadig f cmprary Amrica sciy. (p. 51) Majr Evs f Each Dcad Massy gs dscrib ach dcad, bgiig wih h 1920s ad dig wih h 1970s. H summarizs h majr vs f ach dcad, mphasizig hw ach v chagd h wrld ad ppl's hikig-spcially h hikig f h yar-ld childr whs valus wr big prgramd a h im. Th valus f h 1920s crd arud h sablishm, pariism, ad fiacial succss. Wih flapprs, jazz, ad spakasis, h Twis wr xciig ims. Th 1930s, i sark cras, wr ims f pvry fr h ppl wh had ls vryhig i h sck-mark crash ad hs wh sruggld fr survival durig h Gra Dprssi. Th 1940s wr dmiad by Wrld War 11, h rsurgc f h Amrica cmy, ad h rac f wm i h wrk frc. Durig h 1950s, Amricas wr swp alg by h grwig rd ward csumrism ad h pursui f "h gd lif." Tlvisi suddly abld mr familis ha vr bfr b rachd by mdium, ad rck

67 ' rll music was br. Th 1960s brugh shckig chags as h civil-righs mvm gaid srgh, ad h "flwr childr" rjcd hir pars' valus, gaid accss h birh-crl pill, ad prsd h war i Viam. Th rds ward sxual frdm, rligius alraivs, virmal awarss, brk familis, ad wm's librai ar sm f h far-rachig chags ha k plac i h 1970s. Th figur a h d f his aricl illusras sm f h majr vs ha k plac frm ad ha had a prfud ifluc h -yar-lds f h im. Graial Clusrs As shw i h figur, h ppl wh fall i h im graph illusrad ca b dividd i fur clusrs: Tradiialiss, I-Bwrs, Challgrs, ad Syhsizrs. Tradiialiss hld fas hir radiial s f valus v wh facd wih a mdr wrld full f chags, prblms, ad prgrss. I-Bwrs, wh wr prgramd frm h la 1940s h la 1950s, hld radiial valus bu als wr xpsd h w valus ha mrgd durig h 1950s. Tr bw such diffrig ss f valus, i-bwrs ypically fl h d "fid hmslvs" ad ar majr csumrs f h slfhlp mark. Challgrs, wh wr prgramd durig h urbul 1960s, challg ad qusi h radiial valus ha hir ldrs accpd wihu qusiig. Challgrs ypically valu ppl isad f chlgy ad idusry. Bcaus challgrs ar h "baby bmrs," hr ar may f hm ad hir valus affc ur ir sciy. Th Syhsizrs, h yugs grup i Massy's illusrai, ar day's yug ppl. Thy mus lar cp wih h hr prcdig valu pars,

68 w hi ch ar di v rs a d f c fl ic i g; h us h il f syhsizrs. Ths yug ppl ar smwha pssimisic as hy viw h virmal damag ha prvius grais hav d h pla, bu hy ar hpful ha hy,, may jy a gd lif. Us f h Thry Massy's valu prgramig aalysis has may pracical applicais, f which is i h rgaizaial ara. Fr xampl, a maagr may suprvis a fry-yar-ld, a hiry-yar-ld, ad a wy-yar-ld. Accrdig Massy's hry, ach f hs subrdias will b diffr, i.., will hld diffr valus, bcaus f h graial prgramig ha ccurrd wh h r sh was abu yars ld. If h maagr wr xami ach subrdia's likly prgramig, ha maagr wuld hav a br grasp f ach subrdia's mivaial pars, aiuds abu wrk, ad gral ulk lif. I ur, h maagr wuld h b abl suprvis ach prs mr ffcivly. This hry als ca b usd i dvlpig slf-awarss ad i valu-clarificai ad am-buildig ffrs.