Overview of Household Collection Systems in Different Cities and Regions

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3 Overview of Household Collection Systems in Different Cities and Regions Content 1 AUSTRIA, Vienna History Status Quo in Vienna Recommendation FINLAND, Region of Tampere History Status Quo Recommendations SWEDEN, Gothenburg History Status Quo GERMANY, Hamburg Status Quo in Hamburg Recommendation AUSTRALIA, Brisbane Introduction History in Respect to Waste Management Current Services ITALY, Forlì History Status Quo Recommendations ITALY, Bologna Past Situation Present Situation Destination of Collected Waste NETHERLANDS, Region of Drechtsteden History Status quo Recommendations DENMARK, Copenhagen...44

4 9.1 History Status Quo Recommendation SPAIN, Madrid, Barcelona, Sevilla, Valencia Madrid Barcelona Sevilla Valencia Examples of Containers Analytical Roundup of the Household Waste Collection Systems Field of Study General Data of the Cities and Regions Conjoint Elements of the described household waste collection systems Diverse System Elements...72 ANNEX 1 Finland, Turku 75 ANNEX 2 United Kingdom. 82 2

5 Figures Fig. 1: Recycling Station... 9 Fig. 2: Collection Point for Household Hazardous Waste... 9 Fig. 3: Drop Off Site Fig. 4: Mobil Vacuum Collection Truck in Operation Fig. 5: Waste Collection in Hamburg s inner city Fig. 6: Electric Lifts for Waste Containers Fig. 7: Ramps for Waste Containers Fig. 8: Wide Opening of the Vacuum Collection System Fig. 9: Waste Container of the Vacuum Collection System Fig. 10: Underground Container for Selective Collection of Solid Waste Rural Model. 56 Fig. 11: Fig. 12: Underground Container for Selective Collection of Solid Waste Multifraction Model Underground Container for Selective Collection of Solid Waste Multifraction Model Fig. 13: Platform for Underground Side Loaded Vehicles Fig. 14: Container for Waste Paper Collection Fig. 15: Container for the selective collection of Glass Fig. 16: Container for Solid Waste Collection Fig. 17: The cities and regions Fig. 18: Comfort of Waste Collection for the Citizens Fig. 19: The Use of Containers for Waste Collection Fig. 20: Use of Bags for Waste Collection Fig. 21: Use of different collection vehicles for full service waste collection Fig. 22: Use of different collection vehicles for kerbside waste collection Fig. 23: Use of different collection vehicles for bring system waste collection Fig. 24: Different Types of Bring Systems Fig. 25: Wastes collected in recycling centres... 71

6 Tables Tab. 1: General Information about Vienna Tab. 2: Type of Collection Equipment used in Vienna Tab. 3: Type of Collection Vehicles used in Vienna Tab. 4: General Information about the Region of Tampere Tab. 5: Type of Collection Equipment used in the Region of Tampere Tab. 6: Type of Collection Vehicle used in the Region of Tampere Tab. 7: Recommendation for waste bin colours in Finland Tab. 8: General Information about Gothenburg Tab. 9: Type of Collection Equipment used in Gothenburg Tab. 10: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Gothenburg Tab. 11: General Information about Hamburg Tab. 12: Type of Collection Equipment used in Hamburg Tab. 13: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Hamburg Tab. 14: General Information about Brisbane Tab. 15: Waste Statistics of Brisbane Tab. 16: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Brisbane Tab. 17: General Information about Forlì Tab. 18: Type of Collection Equipment used in Forlì Tab. 19: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Forlì Tab. 20: Destination of collected waste in Bolgona Tab. 21: General Information about Region of Drechtsteden Tab. 22: Type of Collection Equipment used in Region of Drechtsteden Tab. 23: Type of Collection Vehicle used in the Region of Drechtsteden Tab. 24: General Information about Copenhagen Tab. 25: Type of Collection Equipment used in Copenhagen Tab. 26: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Copenhagen... 47

7 Tab. 27: General Information about Madrid Tab. 28: Type of Collection Equipment used in Madrid Tab. 29: General Information about Barcelona Tab. 30: Type of Collection Equipment used in Barcelona Tab. 31: General Information about Sevilla Tab. 32: Type of Collection Equipment used in Sevilla Tab. 33: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Sevilla Tab. 34: General Information about Valencia Tab. 35: Type of Collection Equipment used in Valencia Tab. 36: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Valencia Tab. 37: General Data of the Cities and Regions, listed from North to South Tab. 38: Popul. Density of the described cities and regions, listed from North to South Tab. 39: Colours of Waste Containers in different cities

8 Preamble The present document Overview of Household Systems in different Cities and Regions is the output of the ISWA Working Group of Collection and Transport Technologies (WGCTT) members contributions. It describes the development of collection systems in different countries and the experiences, which have been learnt. The Working Group on Collection and Transport Technologies is the oldest of the twelve working groups of ISWA. The aim of the working group is to exchange information and experience worldwide on aspects of waste storage, collection, transfer and transport. Waste collection and transportation are large cost elements in municipal solid waste management. In countries with sophisticated waste incineration and sanitary landfilling, waste collection and transportation counts for about half of the total waste disposal costs. In developing and transition countries with less sophisticated waste dumping, the collection and transportation costs may rise to up to 90 percent of the total disposal costs. Amongst other reasons waste collection and transportation have received much attention in recent years. Waste collection and transportation are considered as an integral part of integrated and sustainable solid waste management. ISWA s ten year perspective declares that amongst other things concerning the developing countries the following major steps have to be taken in the next ten years: To collect the waste and to clean the streets To remove waste away from drinking water resources To exchange and disseminate information on sound and low-cost technology amongst the developing countries The practical experience of practitioners and planners, regulators and operators, scientists and researchers in waste management must be made more available to developing countries and economies in transition. Immediate support and transfer of know-how are most valuable, as they facilitate the implementation of sound waste management strategies and practices. In many cases, a small amount invested in education and training the trainers can provide efficient help, as local staff and regional regulators gain more capabilities. From a global point of view, the most urgent need is to close the gap between developed and developing countries. The first priority in this context is to make sure that there are collection services available to as large a part of the world s population as possible and to raise the quality of landfill sites. In accordance to the above mentioned points the Working Group decided to provide brief information about the development of the collection systems in different cities and to explain the reason why it developed that way. How waste is separated, especially in cities and which kind of containers and vehicles are used? Which kinds of provisions have to be made, if you decide on the separate collection of a certain kind of waste and how is the collection system influenced? 6

9 Furthermore the authors give their recommendations for the future. This should help decision makers especially in developing countries to understand the assets and drawbacks of the different kinds of systems. Sincere thanks are given to all members of the ISWA Working Group of Collection and Transport Technologies and the ISWA Secretary, who worked on this brochure. Without their voluntary assistance this document would not exist. Georg Dostal, Chair of the Working Group Collection and Transport Technologies ARGEV Verpackungsverwertungs-Ges.m.b.H. Lindengasse 43/13 A-1071 Wien 7

10 1 AUSTRIA, Vienna Prok. DI Georg Dostal, ARGEV Verpackungsverwertungs-Ges.m.b.H. Lindengasse 43/13 A-1071 Wien DI Hans-Jörg Zerz; Magistrat der Stadt Wien, MA 48 Einsiedlergasse 2 A-1050 Wien 1.1 History Before 1900 refuse disposal was not high on the agenda. Waste was stored in the houses, emptied out on the street and collected by Waste Collectors with their vehicles. In 1904, the Viennese government already had 104 horse-drawn collection vehicles. These vehicles were announced by ringing bells. The inhabitants brought their waste bins to the vehicle, where they were emptied by the workers. One of the great hygienic problems was dust pollution. To combat this bags and other systems of collection containers, were tried with little success. In those days the waste consisted of ashes and other dusty and very heavy materials. So it was decided to use steel containers because they proved to be more robust and fire resistant. In 1918, some tests were carried out with the so called Colonia system, refuse bins for private households etc. that were deposited in the households. Residents were not willing to make sure they presented their waste bins out into the street at the right time to be collected and then take them back immediately after the bins had been emptied. Therefore most people continued to empty their waste out into the street. The solution was accessible containers with a capacity of 90 l (10 years later they were replaced by 110 l containers) in the yards of the houses, where people could empty their waste bins any time they wanted. The workers of the municipality carried the containers to the street, emptied them and brought them back into the houses afterwards. During 1923, this system was spread all over Vienna. In 1964, 1100 l steel containers were introduced in Vienna for the first time in all Europe. In 1974 the 1100 l steel containers were replaced by plastic containers with capacity of 120 and 240 l. Since 1934, the Viennese have had to pay for the waste disposal service and since 1965, the emptying frequency has been once a week (before it was twice a week). 1.2 Status Quo in Vienna Nowadays the waste is collected in different ways in Vienna. In the spreadsheet below, you can see that nearly every kind of waste is collected in containers. The reason for this system is that Vienna started to collect waste very early in closed steel containers because of the dust pollution and the danger of fires caused by ashes. Another reason why steel containers were used was that they had to be very robust due to the constant taking in and out of the houses. 8

11 Once a collection system has been introduced, it has an impact on the following systems of separate collection. The application of the same kind of collection vehicles of residual waste and used materials necessitates the same kind of containers (lifting device). Therefore, the introduction of separate collection of recyclables also required containers. It is only the collection of hazardous waste and bulky waste which is done in recycling stations, established for the Viennese people to deliver their waste free of charge. Figure. 1: Figure. 2: Recycling Station Collection Point for Household Hazardous Waste The common collection vehicle in Vienna is a rear loader with five crew (especially for the inner districts). Two workers carry the containers out of the houses, one empties them and two other men bring them back into the houses. 9

12 Country Name of the Area Size in km² Inhabitants Number of Households Type Describtion Austria Vienna 414,95 km² 1,759,801 about Big City with multi-storage buildings Table. 1: General Information about Vienna Collection System Full Service Kerbside Bring Collection Equipment Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Recycling Station Underground Deep Collection Residual Waste X X Type of Household Waste Organic Waste X X X X Paper X X X Glass X X Metal X X Leightweight/Plastic X X Hazardous Waste X Waste X Table. 2: Type of Collection Equipment used in Vienna Full Service Kerbside Bring Collection System Collection Vehicle Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System 1) Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Residual Waste X X Type of Household Waste Organic Waste X X X Paper X X Glass Metal X Leightweight/Plastic X Hazardous Waste X X Waste X X 1) Recycling Stations 10

13 Table. 3: Type of Collection Vehicles used in Vienna Sizes and Colours of Waste Bins The sizes of the waste bins in Vienna varies from 120 to 4400 litres (residual waste) respectively 120 to 770 litres (recyclable wastes). The corpus colours are black (respectively. silver) for the residual waste bins and green for the recyclable waste bins. The top cover colours for the bins vary as following: Residual waste: Black (respectively. silver), Biowaste: Brown, Paper/board: Red, Glass package (white): White, Glass package (coloured): Green, Plastic package: Yellow, Metals: Blue Figure. 3: Drop Off Site Funding Residual waste The residual waste fees are taxed according to 36 of the Vienna Waste Management Act. The annual fee is calculated by multiplication of the: Number of residual waste containers, Number of annual pick-ups and Basic amount (dependent on the container size). 11

14 The basic amount for a single pick-up of a 110/120 litre residual waste bin is presently determined to 3,16 EUR (incl. 10 % VAT), larger containers are calculated in relation to the 110/120 litre bin (eg 1100 litres equal 10 times 110/120 litres). Beside the residual waste collection and treatment, the residual waste fees finance the collection and treatment of all recyclable wastes (except package wastes) and hazardous wastes, the operation of recycling stations and some additional services. Packaging wastes: The City of Vienna works as a contract partner of the Austrian Green Dot -system (ARA-System), so the collection and treatment of licensed packaging waste materials are financed by the ARA- System. package wastes and non-package recyclable wastes have to be financed by the residual waste fees. Extra services For bulky waste collection, non-household waste collection and commercial delivery of waste to the waste treatment plants, there exist extra tariffs for individual charging Operational safety: Based on the legal act for operational safety, a lot of measures have been realized during the last few years to improve operational safety and working conditions within the waste collection and treatment facilities. For example: Extensive analysis and evaluation of possible risks and unhealthy working conditions, Provision and permanent improvement of effective protective clothing for all workers, Continuous instructions to all employees on operational safety, Continuous logging and analysis of all accidents and near accidents, Occupational medicine care, inclusive preventive medical checkups, immunisations etc., Technical improvement of equipment, collection trucks and machines due to operational safety experiences. 1.3 Recommendation According to surveys, the majority of the Viennise people are satisfied with the delivery of the Viennese waste management service. The people generally have a full service system for residual waste, waste paper and a bring system for other kinds of waste. Some considerations about sideloaders have taken place. But they have not been a major success because there is not enough space in the street for that kind of collection. Furthermore, Vienna has two and soon will have three incineration plants in the city area and so the advantage of the removable bodies of the truck (you can remove them and take two or more filled bodies for long distance transportation) doesn t come into operation. 12

15 One of the still unsolved problems is the ever increasing amount of waste we are facing every year. Although the municipality has started a lot of public relations activities on that topic, this problem remains yet unsolved. 13

16 2 FINLAND, Region of Tampere Markku Salo, M.Sc.Tech., Finnish Solid Waste Association Jätelaitosyhdistys ry, Opastinsilta FIN Helsinki, Finland 2.1 History Due to hygienic problems in fast growing towns, waste collection and disposal was arranged by municipalities in some major towns in Finland in the later part of the 1800s. The town healthcare boards arranged for horse driven carts to collect night soils and street cleaning. As early as 1904 Helsinki started collecting waste in bins and as early as 1910 the first source separation scheme using two bins was introduced. In Helsinki biodegradable waste; manure, food waste and ashes were collected separately in closed 110 l bins from other garbage. As Helsinki s first source separation scheme it ended in 1928 due to high costs. After that the mixed wastes were collected at dumping sites round the town area. The new town houses were equipped with on site incinerators (smelly and smokey) which were used until the 1960s when they were completely banned. The first national waste law was implemented in the late 1970s and requested more effort to be implemented onto municipal waste management practices. New waste law, harmonised with EU directive was put into force during Regional waste management and co-operation between municipalities were developed in most parts of the country in the 1990s. Regional municipal waste management companies were introduced around cities and major provincial towns. All the municipal household waste collection was outsourced by the beginning of 1990s and the remaining fleet was sold to private operators. The national waste plan up to 2005 was approved in The plan distributes tasks and targets to various operators in waste production and treatment. In 2003 the proposal for biodegradable waste management in Finland was introduced. In addition to waste prevention, the biodegradable municipal solid waste to be disposed of to landfill should be limited to 20 % by the year

17 In Finland the municipalities are responsible for providing waste collection and treatment services for domestic waste and for the treatment facilities dealing with the waste. An exception to this basic rule is that municipalities can tender the private operators to provide their services direct to individual houses. In this case the responsibility of the service remains with the municipality. Some regions and towns still operate on this system even though the municipal control and management on household waste is less effective. Industry and commerce arrange their waste collection and treatment on an individual basis. 2.2 Status Quo The example area presented is Tampere Regional Solid Waste Management Ltd. The company was established to provide the solid waste management services for the region on behalf of its owner municipalities. Tampere town has inhabitants and the whole Tampere Regional Waste Management area has inhabitants. The company was established in 1994 and is today owned by 23 municipalities including the city of Tampere. In 2001 the number of employees was 59 and the turnover was 16.5 million euro. The company achieved ISO environmental management system certification. EU and national legislation and targets for municipal waste management implements an obligation for materials recycling and energy recovery. The producer responsibility of packaging and paper waste has withdrawn the responsibility of these wastes from the municipal companies as well as a partial withdraw for the service operations. Paper collection based on producer responsibility covers almost all the apartment houses within town areas and drop off points within the rural areas. Some collectors offer packaging waste collection from the properties at cost, which is not covered by the producer responsibility. Source separation schemes include biowaste (kitchen waste) for biological treatment, dry waste for recovered fuel production and other separately collected recyclables. Source separation requires more collection and transportation work, even though full source separation systems are applied only in buildings with more than 5 flats. In lower density areas the source separation systems are usually carried out by the use of drop off sites. The waste bins are typically collected from the wastebin shed in the house yard. Kerbside collection is not possible mainly due to winter conditions and snow. The drop off sites for producer responsibility recyclables are typically located near markets and retail shops or in rural areas at road junctions. Waste management in Tampere is financed by the waste producers (except for part of the producer responsibility waste) using the polluter pays principle. The households are billed according to the waste volume they produce and they can decide the volume and the collection interval to suit their needs. The regional household waste regulation orders the type of waste bins, maximum collection interval and the level of the source separation. The waste fees also cover domestic hazardous waste management and part of the collection costs of recyclables. Consumer advice on waste management issues are also covered in these fees. Issues of workers safety within waste collection were discussed and have been developed in recent years. Municipal waste regulations order frequent waste bin washing and maintenance. Due 15

18 to this increased maintenance some of the old heavy metal waste bins were taken out of use. The regulations include locations for waste bins and site maintenance on yards (snow and ice removal) to avoid some potential health hazards for collection workers. Concerns over hygiene hazards, especially for kitchen biowaste collection and treatment has arisen but have not been solved yet Waste management in practice The company organises the collection of municipal solid waste and hazardous waste from households. The door-to-door collection of waste is contracted out to private transport companies on a competitive tendering basis. The industrial sector is responsible for managing its own waste, but the municipal waste disposal and processing facilities receive large quantities of industrial waste as well. In urban areas inhabitants have their own separate refuse bins for dry residual waste. The bins are emptied on a regular basis anywhere from a 2 day to 2 week interval. Buildings that have at least five apartments must also have bins for paper and biowaste (kitchen waste). In rural areas inhabitants can either have their own separate refuse bins or they can use local drop-off collection points for the residual waste, after paying an annual waste charge. The routing of waste collection vehicles is performed with computerised registers and GPS systems. Households separate at source hazardous waste, dry residual waste and the following recyclable materials: paper, biowaste, cardboard, glass and metal. There are more than 200 drop-off collection points for recyclables around the Tampere region. The domestic hazardous wastes are brought to municipal waste centres or other controlled drop off sites, for example at eco-centres, contracted petrol stations or other service facilities. Old and unused medicines are usually dropped off at pharmacies. The company organises a scheduled collection for household hazardous waste and recyclable metals. Bulky wastes are collected directly from households, on request. 16

19 Country Name of the Area Size in km² Inhabitants Describtion Finland Tampere Regional Waste management km2 population 5,2 million 23 municipalities Annotation Number of Households companies Type % town, 35 other urban areas, 10 % rural e.g.: Town with multi storage building or one family houses, rural etc. Table. 4: General Information about the Region of Tampere Collection System Full Service Kerbside Bring Collection Equipment Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Recycling Station Underground Deep Collection Scheduled coll 2/yr Scheduled coll 2/yr. By order Residual Waste X X X X Type of Household Waste Organic Waste X X Paper X (X) X X Glass X X X Metal X X X X Leightweight/Plastic X X X Hazardous Waste X Waste, Bulky, WEE X X Table. 5: Type of Collection Equipment used in the Region of Tampere 17

20 Collection System Full Service Kerbside Bring Collection Vehicle Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Residual Waste X X x Type of Household Waste Organic Waste X Paper X X x Glass X X Metal X X X Leightweight/Plastic X X Hazardous Waste X x Waste X Table. 6: Type of Collection Vehicle used in the Region of Tampere Finnish Solid Waste Association Recommendation for wastebin colours in Finland MIXED WASTE PMS 431, C:11,5 % M:0 % Y:0 % K:65 % BIOWASTE PMS 168, C:0 % M:56 % Y:100 % K:60 % ENERGY WASTE (dry, combustable) PAPER PMS 361, C:76 % M:0 % Y:91 % K:0 % TAI MUSTA VÄRI CARDBOARD PMS 300, C:100 % M:43 % Y:0 % K:0 % METAL Black 18

21 GLASS White HAZARDOUS WASTE PMS 032, C:0 % M:91 % Y:87 % K:0 % OTHER RECYCLABLES (Plastic, Milk and juice carton, Textiles) PMS 109, C:0 % M:8,5 % Y:94 % K:0 % SYMBOLS Energy waste Biowaste Hazardous waste Finnish Solid Waste Association 2002 Table. 7: Recommendation for Waste Bin Colours in Finland 2.3 Recommendations The population density in Finland is very low, which requires municipal co-operation to provide the population with a sufficiently and operationally sound waste management service. Public-private partnership with outsourcing of certain basic operations through competitive tendering gives a sound basis for cost effective waste management. In certain areas household waste collection is still operated by private companies directly contracting with the properties. Experiences of this type of direct contracting are not all positive. Due to weak competition in these direct waste collection contracts for private properties between 19

22 private collectors the prices have in some cases been up to 40 % more expensive than the same area collection costs after competitive tendering by the municipal waste company. With this experience the municipalities and the regional municipal companies are switching to tendered waste collection in many regions. The source separation system of various waste components, widely applied in Finland, requires a lot of transportation. Flexible multichamber vehicles could be used especially in rural areas where the waste volumes are small and the transportation distances are long. Optical and mechanical sorting of the residual waste can be applied in some regions to replace complete source separation. The producer responsibility in packaging materials does not function satisfactorily from the consumer and the municipal waste management point of view. The national recycling targets are too low and as a result producer responsibility is applied only to the easiest or the most profitable sectors of the packaging waste. The national packaging waste collection targets are expected to be changed. The major collection equipment is the 600 l (660 l) plastic bins emptied with 2-4 axle rear loaders. The emptying of the bins, especially during the winter, is an occupational risk for the employees due to the heavy loads. Mechanisation of collection could be a solution if sufficient space could be made available. Developing the operational functionality is necessary for the waste collection sites, both in houses and rural drop off sites. 20

23 3 SWEDEN, Gothenburg Bo Antoni, City of Gothenburg, Kretsloppsnämnden S Göteborg (Gothenburg), Sweden 3.1 History A city-owned cleansing department started in 1885 in Göteborg, due to a bad sanitary situation in the city, with diseases like cholera as a consequence. The cleansing department became responsible for collection of household and latrine waste. A factory was constructed for farming purposes, where manures where produced. In 1907 water closets were introduced in Göteborg and gradually more and more latrine waste was handled via this system. At the end of World War I households were requested to separate their waste into bio waste from the kitchen and residual waste. The bio waste was used as food for pigs in a city-owned pig farm. It turned out to be a costly solution so at the end of the 1920s the pig farm was closed. Currently recycling has been substituted by a getting rid of the waste philosophy. Waste was disposed of at refuse tips. When more and more chemicals were developed in society, increasing volumes of hazardous waste were also deposited at refuse tips. Until the early 1970s this was the general method of handling such waste types then an incineration plant was inaugurated. It was managed by GRAAB, a company owned by the City of Göteborg and some neighbouring cities. In the beginning there was air pollution from the plant, but this has gradually been reduced to a minimum by investments in emission cleaning technology. At the end of the 1980s there was again a shift in the view of waste. There was a renaissance in the view of waste as a resource. The responsibility for waste handling was partially given back to producers and consumers. The Producers Responsibility was introduced in the mid 1990s for packaging and paper. Producers responsibility waste is collected at 440 recycling stations. A large number of householders have local door-to-door collection of materials in-hous At the end of the 1990s a system for the separation of bio waste was introduced. Householders have the opportunity to either compost their bio waste themselves or leave bio waste separately in paper bags for collection for central composting. Sixty percent of households particiapte by leaving bio waste for separate collection. There are economic incentives, which promote separate handling of bio waste. The residual waste is incinerated. In 1998 a buy-sell concept was introduced in waste handling. The former cleansing department was sold to the regional company GRAAB, and changed its name to Renova, and is now a player in a competitive market situation. Transportation of waste is put out for tender by the Recycling Board. This has lead to the situation where several companies transport household waste. 21

24 Renova also developed the mobile vacuum collection system during the 1990s. There was a need to introduce vacuum systems for residential areas with lower density of the population (see photo), and the combination of a refuse truck equipped with a vacuum system and a compactor tank solved the problem. The product was sold later to the Swedish company Centralsug (now Envac), which today is the world leader for automated collection systems. Figure. 4: Mobile Vacuum Collection Truck in Operation 3.2 Status Quo Country Name of the Area Size in km² Inhabitants Number of Households Type Describtion Sweden Gothenburg ha Second largest city in Sweden with 80% muli-storage buildnings Annotation Table. 8: General Information about Gothenburg 22

25 Collection System Full Service Kerbside Bring Collection Equipment Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Recycling Station Underground Deep Collection Residual Waste x Type of Household Waste Organic Waste Paper Glass Metal Leightweight/Plastic Hazardous Waste x x x x x x Waste x Table. 9: Type of Collection Equipment used in Gothenburg Collection System Full Service Kerbside Bring Collection Vehicle Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System (1) Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System (2) Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Type of Household Waste Residual Waste x x Organic Waste x x Paper Glass Metal Leightweight/Plastic Hazardous Waste Waste x x x x x (1) Vacuum collection systems; (2) Recycling stations and gaz stations for hazardous waste. Table. 10: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Gothenburg Sizes and Colours of Waste Bins For household waste 150 litre bins 1000 litre bins are used. There are also compacting bins with capacities of 400 litres. Bio waste is collected in sacks or bins, with capacities of 120 litres 190 litres. The householder uses paper bags for collecting bio waste prior to placing into the sack or bin households are connected to vacuum systems. Both stationary and mobile systems are used. 23

26 The colour of bins is generally green Funding The fees are decided by the City Council after proposal from The Recycling Board. The householder pays different fees depending on a. type of bin b. frequency of collection c. type of service There are incentives for the separate handling of bio waste. A villa household with its own compost and collection of residual waste every 14-day pays around 150 euros per year. A villa household which leaves mixed waste every week pays 170 euros per year. 24

27 4 GERMANY, Hamburg Bernd Leowald, Stadtreinigung Hamburg Bullerdeich 19 D Hamburg 4.1 Status Quo in Hamburg Today in Hamburg waste is collected in different ways. In the spreadsheets below, you can see that nearly every kind of waste (except paper) is collected in containers. The reason for this system possibly is that Hamburg started to collect residual waste very early in closed steel containers because of dust pollution and the danger of fire caused by hot ashes. Today we use plastic containers (80l, 120l, 240l, 1100l) because of the light weight and low price. Only in households with ovens do we still use steel containers (this accounts for less than 10%). Once a collection system is introduced it has an impact on any following systems for separate collection. The application of the same kind of collection vehicle s lifting device for the collection of residual waste and recycled materials necessitated the same kind of containers to be used. The collection of hazardous waste and bulky waste takes place in recycling stations, established for the population of Hamburg to deliver its waste free of charge. The common collection vehicle in Hamburg is a rear loader with 2 to 4 workers (especially in the inner districts with full service). Figure. 5: Waste Collection in Hamburg s Inner City 25

28 Country Name of the Area Size in km² Inhabitants Number of Households Type Describtion Germany Hamburg 755,32 km² 1,715,392 about Big City with multi-storage buildings Table. 11: General Information about Hamburg Collection System Full Service Kerbside Bring Collection Equipment Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Recycling Station Underground Deep Collection Residual Waste X X X X Type of Household Waste Organic Waste X X X X Paper X X X X X Glass X X Metal X Leightweight/Plastic X X X X Hazardous Waste X Waste X Table. 12: Type of Collection Equipment used in Hamburg 26

29 Collection System Full Service Kerbside Bring Collection Vehicle Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System 1) Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Type of Household Waste Residual Waste X X X X Organic Waste X X X Paper X X X X Glass X X Metal X Leightweight/Plastic X X X X Hazardous Waste X Waste X X 1) Recycling Stations Table. 13: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Hamburg 4.2 Recommendation Surveys of the population of Hamburg have shown that most householders are satisfied with their waste management service. A full service is provided for residual and paper waste and there is a bring system for other kinds of waste. Some consideration was given to using side loaders and a test commenced in November 2002, in the outer regions of Hamburg. Hamburg has four waste incineration plants within the town unfortunately 40 foot container transportation is required to fulfil the existing contracts with these plants. Regarding the traffic situation Hamburg has some hot spots (especially the Elbe Tunnel) so collection vehicles are not driven to our incineration plant in the South. Waste is transported through the tunnel at night in closed containers. 27

30 5 AUSTRALIA, Brisbane Max Spedding, 5.1 Introduction Brisbane is the state capital of Queensland and is located on the Brisbane River in the south-east of the state. Brisbane is unusual in comparison to other state capitals in Australia as it is not broken into several local government areas but is a single city council. Brisbane is a commercial/administrative city without significant heavy industry. Brisbane is located in a sub-tropical climate. 5.2 History in Respect to Waste Management Household waste management infrastructure and services are the responsibility of local government in Australia. Since the mid-eighties contracting out of collection services has increased. In the case of Brisbane all current operations are undertaken by contractors. In respect to the developments leading to the current systems the relevant history is: 1970s Collection with rear-loaders operated by council staff Unlimited 80L steel bins supplied by the household Bins placed at kerbside by householder 1980s Collection with rear-loaders operated by contractor s staff Introduction of 240L cart (MGB) supplied by council MGB placed at kerbside by householder (only one service per week) 1990s Collection by single operator side-loaders operated by contractor s staff Replacement of 2401 MGB with a: 120L MBG for refuse 240L split MGB for recyclables 28

31 Continued weekly collection of refuse Introduction of fortnightly collection of recyclables MGB s placed at kerbside by householder plus Re-organisation of waste management infrastructure with the closure and rehabilitation of the city s numerous local landfills and the construction of: a central landfill two major transfer stations two community drop-off centres two material recovery centres 2000s 1990s program but with the elimination of the split in the bin for recycling Introduction of a twin chamber single-pass side-loader trucks for collection of refuse and recyclables Construction of third material recovery centre Conversion of one community drop-off to a full transfer station 5.3 Current Services Country City Australia Brisbane Area (km 2 ) 1220 km 2 Inhabitants 898,000 Type Major city with majority living in single family detached houses: Dwellings 338,349 / Units 46,192 / Flats 5,729 / Commercial 26,731 Table. 14: General Information about Brisbane Services Brisbane City Council renewed its refuse and recycling collection contracts commencing 1 July The contracts accommodate the provision to householders and commercial premises of a 29

32 weekly refuse collection service utilising existing 120 and some 240 litre bins to householders and a fortnightly recyclable materials collection service utilising 240 litre bins. A recycling bin is available to each residential property. Multiple attached housing (unit blocks) and town house developments generally receive one recycling bin per four units, but may receive on request, additional bins up to the total number of units. Additionally some community based organisations including schools, child care centres, nursing homes etc. who wish to participate in the recycling program can, on request, receive a 240 litre recycling bin. Four combined refuse and recycling collection contracts were offered to tender. One contractor (Sita) won all four contracts. Refuse collected is delivered to one of the Council s refuse transfer stations ie Nudgee, Willawong and Chandler. The collected recyclable materials are delivered to any one of three Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF) ie Rocklea, Nudgee and Gibson Island. The operation of those MRFs for processing of recyclable materials is covered by a separate contract (Visy). The bulk bin refuse collection service also is provided under a separate contract. Commercial and industrial businesses and multiple attached housing (unit blocks) and town house developments can elect to utilise the services available under the Council s programs Statistics Of approximately 365,000 rateable properties in Brisbane, about 300,000 are residential and 30,000 are commercial/industrial. Approximately 360,000 refuse bins and 298,000 recycling bins are currently in use in the City. The following table contains information based on the best available statistics or data available at the time of production of this document and no guarantee is given as to the accuracy. North South- West South- East Central Total Presentation Rate Weight Collected Number of Refuse- Entitled collection Services 115,800 88,000 97,800 60, , % 250,000T Number of bins at Recycling-Entitled Properties 95,300 72,400 80,600 49, , % 44,000Tps Number of In-Home Services* ,860 * In Home Services are offered to residents who because of disability cannot take their MGB to the kerbside. Table. 15: Waste Statistics of Brisbane 30

33 The Annual Property Growth Rate is 2 3 % Equipment Refuse (only) Refuse/Recyclables Garden Waste Hard Waste Apartment Blocks* Side-loader (with rear-loader in central business area) and 120L MGB Twin chamber single-pass side-loader for household collection and 120L (refuse) & 240L (recyclables) MGB s Delivered to the transfer station by householders in open trucks/trailers Rear-loader collected form the kerbside or delivered to the transfer stations by householders in open trucks/trailers Front-lift collection and 3m 3 steel containers Table. 16: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Brisbane Colour of Bins There is no uniform colour standard for bins in Australia. Generally, however, the following combinations are used: Co-mingled recyclables - green with yellow lid Paper - blue Infectious medical waste - yellow Organics and garden 'green' waste - green with red lid Residual waste - green, grey or black Safety Occupation Health and Safety (OH&S) is regulated by State governments in Australia and varies from State to State. Generally, however, core standards are fairly uniform. 31

34 Major issues at this time are: Operators crossing the road (the trend is for collection from one side of the road at a time only). Operators riding on the rear of the vehicle (the plan is to eliminate this altogether). Operators manually lifting bins (the move is towards eliminating all manual lifting and to utilise mechanical lifting for all MSW collections). Drivers operating lifting equipment within 1 metre of overhead powerlines. Except in inner-city areas most MSW collection is now undertaken by driver-only side load vehicles Funding In most cities in Australia (including Brisbane) collection is managed by the local municipality. Generally charges for MSW collection and disposal are based on a user-pay approach, eg in the City of Kingston in Melbourne residents have a choice of the following services/costs: 120lt waste/240lt green org/240lt split recyclables 80lt waste/240lt green org/240lt split recyclables 120lt waste/120lt green org/240lt split recyclables 80lt waste/120lt green org/240lt split recyclables 120lt waste/240lt split recyclables 80lt waste/240lt split recyclables At this time no services are charged by weight. Charges are recovered together with property taxes. As most MSW collection is performed by private contractors funding for capital items such as trucks and containers is via financial leasing Compliance with Strategy Over the past fifteen years most Australian States have encouraged their municipalities to divert waste from landfill. This encouragement has generally been voluntary but strong public opinion in favour of resource recovery has driven significant change. 32

35 In Victoria the State government has recently released a broad-based waste strategy that sets targets for MSW of 45% diversion by 2008 and 65% by Future issues to be considered by the Brisbane City Council are: Reduction of greenhouse emission by the collection fleet 1 Overall reduction in waste generated as this is continuing to rise Better use of green waste Separate collection of organics (when these can be viably processed) Introduction of energy-from-waste infrastructure 1 Council seriously considered moving to CNG powered trucks at the last tender but elected to go with the single-pass truck as a step towards reduced traffic and greenhouse emission. 33

36 6 ITALY, Forlì Massimo Vienna, UNICA S.p.A. Via Balzella 24 I Forli 6.1 History The history of household waste collection in Forlì from the first years of the 1900s is still in progress, by the research of data and the collection of testimonies. Only the situation from the 1960s is available. The waste was stored in bags (about l) in the house. The collectors took them from the house and emptied them in their vehicle. In 1977 containers along the road were introduced in Forlì, along the periphery. They were l containers, made of steel or fiberglass/resin compound, and collected with rear loader vehicles. For each vehicle there was 2 3 operators. In 1985 waste collection was still with bags carried from the houses by the waste collectors, in some inner areas. In 1990 the container system along the road was established all over Forlì. From 1990 the container size increased gradually, up to l, made of plastic or steel. 6.2 Status Quo Today in Forlì the waste is collected in different ways. The situation in summarised in the tables below. Most of the waste is collected via kerbside collection, but there is some separate collection. For residual waste collection l containers (in some inner areas) and l containers are used. The common collection vehicle in Forlì is the side loader with a single operator. In inner areas rear loader vehicles with one or two operators are used. For separate collection there are some little stations along the road (about one for each 900 inhabitants) with some l containers to collect paper, plastic, glass and one multimaterial box to collect aluminium, batteries and medicines. Moreover there are bring systems with two stations where the people can bring separated waste and weigh it free of charge. Citizens will be awarded for their delivery. 34

37 Country Name of the Area Size in km² Inhabitants Number of Households Type ITALY FORLI' 228,2 Describtion population 5,2 million 23 municipalities companies Town with multistorage buildings and rural Annotation e.g.: Town with multi storage building or one family houses, rural etc. Table. 17: General Information about Forlì Collection System Full Service Kerbside Bring Collection Equipment Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Container Plastic Bag Paper Bag Recycling Station Underground Deep Collection Scheduled coll 2/yr Scheduled coll 2/yr. By order Residual Waste X X Type of Household Waste Organic Waste Paper Glass Metal Leightweight/Plastic Hazardous Waste X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Waste, Bulky, WEE Table. 18: Type of Collection Equipment used in Forlì 35

38 Collection System Full Service Kerbside Bring Type of Household Waste Collection Vehicle Residual Waste Organic Waste Paper Glass Metal Leightweight/Plastic Hazardous Waste Waste Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System Front Loader Rear Loader Side Loader Open Truck Air System X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Table. 19: Type of Collection Vehicle used in Forlì 6.3 Recommendations The waste collected in Forlì is increasing every year. The percentage of separately collected waste is around 24%, but an improvement of the system is expected by increasing the number of containers and stations. In two years the percentage of separately collected waste will be around 35%. In Forlì one solid waste incinerator plant is operating with a capacity of around t/year. In the next few years a new solid waste incinerator plant with a capacity of t/year will be completed. 36

39 7 ITALY, Bologna Ing. Valentina Cipriano, Federambiente Servizio Tecnico Via Cavour 179/a I Roma 7.1 Past Situation Waste production has always gone hand in hand with human evolution and, as a consequence, it has always been necessary to arrange for its disposal. MSW collection and disposal service had to adapt to society s development which, in the last fifty years, has been growing at an extremely fast pace. For a good many years everyday objects were produced with some difficulty and at high costs, so families used their own for a long time before discarding them. More recent times have seen the arising of the so called consumer culture, characterised by the production of a great many articles at very low costs, so that one can afford to buy a lot of objects which have, however, a very short life cycle and very quickly become waste to be disposed of. In Bologna, this kind of evolution involved and it still involves a continuous adaptation of the waste collecting service. The problem was tackled by adopting an industrial-like system which, at the beginning of the fifties, was characterised by the use of dustbins for families and rubbish skips with a capacity of l. for blocks of flats, emptied by vehicles especially equipped for nonseparate collection and landfilling. At the beginning of the seventies, in order to meet the growing waste production - both in weight and in volume - it was necessary to adopt a new system. This meant using l. fibreglass street containers, while the disposal of non-separate waste was carried out both at the new incineration plant and at the landfill. MSW quality is characterised by the presence of valuable, or in any case recyclable, materials. So, starting from 1980, new containers for separate collection of some MSW fractions (glass, paper and plastic, etc.) were placed next to non-separate collection containers made of metal and with an ever increasing capacity, to be emptied by means of automated vehicles. Waste separation before collection calls for a more complex system. In fact it requires an ever growing awareness and commitment on the part of the citizens who do not limit themselves to discard all their waste in one container, but have to make a selective delivery according to the kind of waste they are disposing of. 7.2 Present Situation The increase in waste production and the development of separate collection both as collected amounts and number of separately collected fractions gave rise to a proliferation of containers. Coming in different shapes and colours, they have, by now, become part of the urban landscape, but they also produce some drawbacks, such as taking up space in the ever more jammed streets, or creating more difficulties for citizens who have to separate waste before disposing of it. 37