Effectiveness Monitoring of Invasive Tamarisk Control
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1 Effectiveness Monitoring of Invasive Tamarisk Control Principal Investigators: Tom Dudley (Univ. of Calif. Santa Barbara & Univ. of Nevada, Reno) Matthew Brooks (US Geol Survey, Biol Res Div Henderson/Yosemite) Virgin River, NV 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 1
2 Why control Tamarisk? Competes with native plants Desiccates & salinates soils High water transpiration 18 Erosion & sedimentation number of birds/species per point (+/- SE) Wildfire hazard # birds native # birds tamarisk # species native # species tamarisk 0 Humboldt Walker Owens site Poor quality habitat 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 2
3 Two decades of tamarisk control & riparian restoration in Clark County springs and rivers Co-operator treatments: NPS (Curt Deuser), BLM (Tim Rasch, Nora Caplette) Hand & mechanical treatments Stump & foliar herbicide applications Do control efforts reduce tamarisk impacts? Do native vegetation and wildlife recover? What treatment methods are most effective? 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 3
4 Evaluation of Restoration Treatments: Vegetation responses Lead: Steve Ostoja (USGS-BRD Bishop) 1. Vegetation surveys in upland seeps and springs (March-June 2009) Tamarix spp. control evaluation at 34 unique sites and resulted in 164 plots Plots were randomly located at historic NPS control locations 2. Vegetation (and avian) surveys in floodplain systems (Virgin River) (April-July 2009) In each of 70 BLM sites, two plots were surveyed to evaluate vegetation responses and derive bird-habitat associations 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 4
5 1. Effects of Tamarix control on upland seep/spring plant communities 30 x 5 m plot 1. Species richness 2. Shrub and tree cover and density 3. Herbaceous species cover and density 4. Nudds board (avian habitat) 5. Tamarix condition 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 5
6 1. Vegetation surveys in upland seeps and springs (preliminary!) NPS efforts have effectively re-directed these sites toward communities dominated by native woody or perennial species Non-native grasses and forbs are major elements of understory assemblages Data analysis & interpretation August - December UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 6
7 250 m 250 m 35 Control Plots 35 Treatment Plots Each plot 6.25 ha Two veg plots/bird plot 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 7
8 2. Vegetation in floodplain treatments Plant diversity lower than upland spring sites BLM mechanical/chemical treatments strongly reduced Tamarix live cover Soil disturbance leads to secondary invaders (e.g. Salsola, Xanthium, Polypogon) and Tamarix seedlings Active restoration was needed: Prosopis spp. (mesquites) survived better than Salicaceae (cottonwoods & willows) - partly owing to herbivory 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 8
9 Effects of Tamarisk control on Bird Communities Lead: Dr. Susan Roberts (USGS-BRD Fresno) April July 2009: Field Data Field Methods = Spot Mapping - 8 surveys at each plot 560 surveys total - Map territories - Identify species - Nest searches Aug Dec 2009: Analyze Data Quantify & Compare: 1. Home range size 2. Abundance 3. Species Diversity T. Munson 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 9
10 Effects of Tamarisk control on Birds Preliminary Results: Species Richness Control Plots (>60% Tam cover) = 65 bird species Treatment Plots (<5% Tam cover) = 74 bird species Overlap = 52 species, 9 unique to Controls, 13 unique to treatments Some birds may just forage or rest in open treatment plots -- real differences will be based on comparing abundance and nesting G. Tepke 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 10
11 Saltcedar Control Mechanical/chemical control: Aerial > $400/ha. Ground methods = $3,000 to $12,000/ha. Temporary, impractical in remote/sensitive habitats Classical Biological Control program initiated in 1980 s to provide safe, sustainable control Evaluate potential for tamarisk biocontrol in Clark Co UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 11
12 Diorhabda elongata (tamarisk leaf beetle) from central Asia Tested 10 yrs to ensure specificity and safety Released north of 37 lat. in 2001 Sevier R., UT; Humboldt, Walker & Truckee R., NV, 7 other states 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 12
13 No Paired Plants w/ vs. w/out Diorhabda June 11 June 22 June 26 July 9 Yes Humboldt Sink, NV 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 13
14 Impact can be Rapid & Dramatic 2007 Colorado River, UT Re-growth rapid Dieback gradual & Mortality slow 2003 Humboldt R, NV Survival 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 14
15 gh 2 O/branch/hr Transpiration Beetles Without Beetles Biocontrol Benefits w/out Mortality Avian Diversity & Abundance increase w/ beetles as food source 0 Seasonal water loss to ET reduced 65% Yr 1 >90% Yr 2 Data from Humboldt & Walker Rivers, NV Pattison et al., Hitchcock et al. bushtit yellow warbler sage sparrow Bullock's oriole Say's phoebe Townsend's warbler black-bill magpie lark sparrow western kingbird western meadowlark warbling vireo Bewick's wren blue grosbeak brown-head cowbird raven blue-grey gnatcatcher spotted towhee lazuli bunting Diorhabda present Diorhabda absent 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 15
16 Concerns re: Tamarix Biocontrol Short-term habitat change with defoliation potentially disrupts wildlife use Lawsuit by Center for Biological Diversity centered on Virgin River - Fear re: SW willow flycatcher impact Potential elevated wildfire risk 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 16
17 Defoliation Simulation experiments Leads: Gail Drus, MeghanTaylor (UCSB) Low-dose herbicides used to simulate beetle defoliation Fall 08 Track flora, fauna & soil Test fire behavior with prescription burn 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 17
18 Fire behavior: green vs. brown foliage Valley of Fire Wash Experimental Burn Foliage desiccation enhanced fire intensity, but only slightly Thus, fire risk not substantially elevated by biocontrol Toquop Wash July UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 18
19 Diorhabda now in Virgin Watershed Carp NV Meadow V. Wash 2008 Dispersal zone Introduced from Sevier R, UT to St. George by County agents in 2006 Beaver Dam Wash Littlefield AZ St George UT Defoliation 2008 Defoliation zone Virgin Valley Mesquite NV 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 19
20 Virgin Gorge - Cedar Pocket: Colonized 2008 Defoliated UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 20
21 Distribution Pheromone detection traps Map prepared by Levi Jamison Colo Dept Ag, Tamarisk Coalition & UCSB 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 21
22 Virgin Valley nr. Littlefield AZ July 2009 Defoliation - May respond to photoperiod and enter diapause early August - Will over-winter in litter - Weekly collection for development 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 22
23 Biocontrol as Tamarisk Treatment Implement long-term monitoring (10 yr) to track responses of flora, fauna & physical factors (e.g. soil, water, nutrients, channel form) Assess flood & fire risks Evaluate/carry out restoration Provide objective data for lawsuit Outreach to inform public and managers of what the is going on No one else is going to do it, except narrowly focused flycatcher monitoring 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 23
24 Insect Population Monitoring Track larval and adult stages of Diorhabda; Impacts to Tamarix 1. Predators can limit establishment 2. May increase with new 2.5 prey resource Preds per Sweep UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 24
25 Biocontrol and Herpetofauna Will native lizards prey on Diorhabda? Feeding trials -- common lizard species readily consume beetles Herp response to habitat change Compare vegetation architecture before and after leaf beetle establishment Mark recapture data to track abundances Relate changes in herp abundance to changes in habitat Lead: Heather Bateman Arizona State Univ UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 25
26 Birds and Tamarisk Lead: Mike Kuehn (UCSB) Wet/Mixed Repeated Point Counts and Nest Searches Mixed Veg (Prosopis or Salix) vs. Monotypic Tamarix Wet/Mesic (lower terrace) vs. Dry/Xeric (higher terrace) Dry/Mixed Common Taxa for Analysis Lucy s warbler Yellow warbler Yellow breasted chat Bell s vireo Aberts towhee Song sparrow Blue-grey & Black-tailed gnatcatchers Lazuli & Indigo buntings Dry/Tam Preliminary Relationships Abundance: WM > WT > DM >> DT Spp Richness: WM > DM > WT >> DT Wet/Tam WM = Wet/Mixed, WT = Wet/Tamarisk DM = Dry/Mixed, DT = Dry/Tamarisk 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 26
27 Avian Community Response to Tamarisk BioControl Short-term effects of beetles Does defoliation affect nesting success? Do beetles increase food resources? Defoliated versus un-defoliated nest sites -Compare nest concealment and success -Compare nest microclimate and hatching success -Compare incubation behavior (film nests) Do parents respond behaviorally? High versus low beetle abundance -Compare nestling feeding behavior (video) Higher feeding rates and nestling growth rates where beetles abundant? Long-term avian community responses Do beetles ultimately improve bird habitat? Tracking changes through time -Compare avian diversity and abundance between years at monitoring sites Greatest change expected in tamariskdominant habitats Changes linked to increased native veg component? 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 27
28 Need for Restoration Follow-up for Biocontrol Reduce fire hazard and promote post-fire habitat Lead: Meghan Taylor (green); Ken Lair Co-op: Nora Caplette - BLM (orange), Steve Ostoja USGS (puzzled) Toquop Wash wildfire July 2009 VIP s: John Brekke & Liz Bickmore Riverside Bridge Restoration Site Treatment Upland Riparian Shallow planting x X Deep planting x X Polymer x X Wattle X Pole planting X Zeolite column X Repeat Treatments Fall UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 28
29 Evaluate Natural Recruitment of Cottonwood (Populus fremontii) Seedlings Adult trees Adult trees present absent 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 29
30 Restoration & Recruitment Beaver Dam, AZ Hypothesis: Native recovery limited by lack of propagules Monitor seedlings & proximity to mature cottonwoods Determine spatial dimensions of reproductive plants & seed rain Site 1 Riverside Site 2 Mesquite, NV Site 3 Site 4 Establish propagule islands to provide seed for post-flood natural recruitment Protect against herbivory - livestock, rabbits, rodents, etc Use marine recruitment models to determine optimal seed dispersal with minimized effort and expense Mixed stands/native vegetation Riverbank surveyed Restoration sites 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 30
31 2005-UCSB-552, year 1 of 3 progress report, page 31 Transpiration Evaluation Before/After Biocontrol (Ben Conrad UNLV) same sites of Devitt, Smith et al. in 1990 s
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