Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain)

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1 Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) MARCELA SKUHRAVÁ 1 and VÁCLAV SKUHRAVY 2 1. Czech Zoological Society, Vinicna 7, CZ Praha 2, Czech Republic. 2. Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. Recibido: Aceptado: ISSN: ABSTRACT In the course of investigations at 7 localities in Mallorca in 1997, 28 gall midge species were found. Together with 8 species found by earlier researchers, the present gall midge fauna is comprised of 33 species, of which 25 are new records for Mallorca and 13 new records for Spain. At individual localities 4 to 13 species were found, with the average 9.5 species per locality. The highest number (13 species) was found at Manacor and Bunyola. Most of these gall midges belong to phytophagous species, except three predacious species of the genus Arthrocnodax, larvae of which prey on mites in their galls. Gall midges are associated with 25 host plant species. The gall midge fauna is composed of 82% Mediterranean and sub- Mediterranean, 15% European and 3% Euro-Siberian species. The group of Mediterranean species in Mallorca is the highest among the gall midge faunas of Mediterranean islands. An annotated list of gall midge species and a list of host plant species attacked by gall midges is given. Key words: Cecidomyiidae, faunistics, zoogeography, distribution, Spain, Balearic Islands, Mallorca. RESUMEN Mosquitos de las agallas (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) de Mallorca (Islas Baleares, España) En el curso de nuestras investigaciones en 7 localidades de Mallorca en 1997, se encontraron 28 especies de mosquitos de las agallas. Junto con las 8 especies encontradas en investigaciones anteriores, la fauna de estos dipteros comprende 33 especies, de las cuales 25 son nuevas citas para Mallorca y 13 para España. En cada localidad se encontraron de 4 a 13 especies, con un promedio de 9,5 especies por localidad. El número máximo (13 especies) se encontró en Manacor y en Bunyola. La mayoría de estos dipteros son especies fitófagas excepto tres especies depredadoras del género Arthrocnodax, que depredan a las larvas de los ácaros que habitan en las agallas. Los mosquitos de las agallas se asocian con 25 especies de plantas huéspedes. La fauna de mosquitos de las agallas constituye el 82% de especies

2 106 MARCELA SKUHRAVÁ and VÁCLAV SKUHRAVY mediterráneas y sub-mediterráneas, el 15% de especies europeas, y el 3% de especies eurosiberianas. El grupo de especies mediterráneas en Mallorca es el más alto de esta fauna en las islas mediterráneas. Se presenta una lista de los mosquitos de las agallas así como una lista de sus plantas huéspedes. Palabras clave: Cecidomyiidae, faunística, zoogeografía, distribución, España, Islas Baleares, Mallorca INTRODUCTION Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) are one of the largest families of Diptera and include about 2200 species described from the Palaearctic Region (SKUHRAVÁ, 1986). Larvae of the majority of species are phytophagous, causing galls on their host plants. Some are free-living in association with plants, some are zoophagous preying on other gall midges, aphids, mites and other invertebrates and some are mycophagous (SKUHRAVÁ et al., 1984). Many gall midge species occur in Central Europe, for example more than 500 species are known to occur in the Czech Republic (SKUHRAVÁ, 1994 a,b). The species number falls towards southern Europe (SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVÁ, 1994, 1998; SKUHRAVÁ et al., 1996). Up to 1997, only six gall midge species were known to occur in Mallorca. HOUARD (1913) mentioned two gall midge species, Contarinia luteola Tavares, 1902, and Dryomyia lichtensteini (F. Löw, 1878). Larvae of two other species, Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer, 1897, and Ozirhincus anthemidis (Rübsaamen, 1915), were discovered by MÖHN (1968) when he searched for material in old botanical collections. TRAVESET (1994) found gall midge larvae of Probruggmanniella phillyreae (Tavares, 1907) developing in swollen fruits of Phillyrea angustifolia and later sent us for identification galls on fruits of Solanum nigrum which are caused by Asphondylia trabuti Marchal, For our zoogeographical studies we need data about the occurrence of gall midges from various parts of Europe to determine the limits of distribution areas. Low level of knowledge was the reason why we decided to investigate the composition of the gall midge fauna of Mallorca, the largest island of the Balearic Islands lying in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea. Investigations of the gall midge fauna in Mallorca were carried out in June 1997 with financial help and sponsoring by the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha (Project Nr. A ).

3 GALL MIDGES (CECIDOMYIIDAE, DIPTERA) OF MALLORCA 107 STUDY AREA Mallorca is an island situated in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea between 2º.45-3º30 eastern longitude and 39º24-39º94 northern latitude. It is the largest of four islands belonging to the Balearic Islands situated about 200 km eastwards from Spain. It occupies about 3640 square kilometers (Fig. 1). In the northwest there are the Serra de Tramuntana mountains, 80 km long, with the highest point, the mount Puig Major, 1445 m a.s.l. In the southeastern part there are the Serra de Llevant mountains with the highest points reaching about 500 meters. Between these two mountain systems there is spread the large wawed middle part characterized with fertile soils, the socalled Es Pla plain. The climate of Mallorca is very dry and hot. Vegetation is composed mainly of subtropical plant species, fruits and vegetables. The landscape includes pine forests, olive groves and in the agriculture zone there are grown olives, figs, apricots, oranges, almond trees, cereals, lucerne and legumes. Agriculture must use irrigation. From the biogeographical point of view, UDVARDY (1975) classifies the island of Mallorca as part of the Mediterranean Sclerophyll Biogeographic Province. NOIRFALISE (1987) characterized this island as covered with sclerophyllous oak forests with Quercus ilex and as a semi-arid thermomediterranean zone with scrubs formed of Asparagus, Juniperus, Chamaerops and other shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants. MATERIAL AND METHODS We collected gall midge galls at seven localities in western, northern and eastern parts of Mallorca during eight days from June 18th to 25th, At each locality we recorded all gall midge species found there to obtain data about the frequency of gall midge species occurring in this island. One part of the collected plants with galls was prepared as a herbarium collection for determination of host plant species another part was put into emergence cages to obtain adults and the last part was put into vials with 75% alcohol for morphological studies. Determination of galls is based on HOUARD ( ), BUHR ( ), of larvae on MÖHN (1955) and of adults on SKUHRAVÁ (1997a). The nomenclature of gall midge species is based on SKUHRAVÁ (1986, 1989). Determination of host plant species is based on BLAMEY & GREY- WILSON (1998), BONAFE (1979). Nomenclature of host plant species is mainly according to TUTIN et al. ( ). Data on gall midges gathered during these investigations are analysed and evaluated from the zoogeographical

4 108 MARCELA SKUHRAVÁ and VÁCLAV SKUHRAVY Fig. 1. Map of Mallorca with localites where faunistic investigations were carried out in 1997: 1 Alcúdia, 2 Sòller, 3 Valldemossa, 4 Bunyola, 5 Castillo Bendinat, 6 Illetas, 7 Manacor. Fig. 1. Mapa de Mallorca con las localidades en las que se han llevado a cabo los trabajos faunísticos durante 1997: 1 Alcúdia, 2 Sòller, 3 Valldemossa, 4 Bunyola, 5 Castillo Bendinat, 6 Illetas, 7 Manacor. point of view using methods described by SKUHRAVÁ (1987, 1994 a, b, 1997 b). Data about harmful species of gall midges may be found in BARNES ( ), NIJVELDT (1969) and DARVAS et al. (2000). LOCALITIES EXAMINED The following data are given for each locality: the name of the locality, its altitude, UTM code in parantheses, short ecological characteristic together

5 GALL MIDGES (CECIDOMYIIDAE, DIPTERA) OF MALLORCA 109 with the main plant community and important plant species, date of investigation and the number of the locality referring to its position on the map (Fig.1.). Alcúdia, m a.s.l., (31S EE11): stands along the path to the hill covered with sparse Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex, Rhamnus, Pistacia, Erica, Calicotome and Chamaerops humilis; 24 June,1997 (1). Bunyola, m a.s.l.(31s DD79): trees and shrubs along the road from the village up to the mountain saddle; olive tree grove up to the mountains; Ceratonia siliqua, Pinus halepensis, Crataegus, Juniperus oxycedrus and Pteridium aquilinum; 21 June, 1997 (4). Castillo Bendinat, m a.s.l. (31S DD77): sparse forest with Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea, Pistacia and Ceratonia siliqua; 19 June, 1997 (5). Illetas, 0-10 m a.s.l. (31S DD77): rocky communities with very poor vegetation; 18 June, 1997 (6). Manacor, m a.s.l. (31S ED18): scrub along the road and along fences of gardens and orchards, and sparse forest with Quercus ilex, Rhamnus and Pistacia; 23 June, 1997 (7). Sòller, m a.s.l. (31T DE70): olive grove situated on terraces from lowlands to mountains; Ceratonia siliqua, Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris, Myrtus, Pinus halepensis and Erica scoparia; 20 June, 1997 (2). Valldemossa, m a.s.l. (31S DD69): forest stands along the path following the isohypse on the hill-side with olive groves, with Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, Crataegus and Ulmus; 22 June, 1997 (3). RESULTS Annotated list of gall midge species The following data are given for each species: short description of gall, host plant species (Appendix 1) and plant family; life history (if known), site of pupation, number of generations per year; localities where the species was found and its zoogeographical characteristic. Arthrocnodax clematitis Marchal, 1897 Zoophagous larvae develop in leaf edge rollings caused by the mite Epitrimerus flammulae Gerber, 1901 (Eriophyidae, Acari) on Clematis flammula L. (Ranunculaceae). This species was originally described based on specimens reared from mite galls caused by Epitrimerus heterogaster (Nalepa, 1891) on Clematis cirrhosa at Blidah, Algeria. - Locality: Bunyola. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.

6 110 MARCELA SKUHRAVÁ and VÁCLAV SKUHRAVY Arthocnodax sp. Zoophagous larvae develop in flower galls caused by the mite Aceria (Eriophyes) rubiae (Canestrini, 1897) (Eriophyidae, Acari) on Rubia peregrina L. (Rubiaceae). - Locality: Bunyola. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain. Arthrocnodax sp. Zoophagous larvae develop in deformed flowers and in erineum caused by the mite Aceria trifolii (Nalepa, 1892) (Eriophyidae, Acari) on Ononis spinosa L.(Fabaceae). - Locality: Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain. Asphondylia borzi (Stefani, 1898) Stefani (1898) described adults of A. borzi which he reared from malformed flower buds of Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae) in Sicily. Probably one generation develops a year. Pupation takes place in the gall.- Locality: Alcúdia, Manacor (on Rhamnus alaternus). - A. Traveset found malformed flower buds of Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris Chodat, an endemic shrub to Balaearic Islands, on Cabrera Island in September 1995, and at Binifaldo, Mallorca, in July 1997 (det. M. Skuhravá). At present A.Traveset is studying the life cycle of A. borzi developing on Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris. - Distribution: Mediterranean. Asphondylia calycotomae Kieffer in Houard, 1912 A solitary larva develops in a swollen leaf bud (hibernating generation) and in a swollen pod (summer generation) of Calicotome spinosa (L.) Link. (Fabaceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca. Asphondylia dorycnii (Müller, 1870) A solitary larva develops in a swollen leaf bud or in a swollen fruit of Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. (Fabaceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation in the gall.- Locality: Sòller. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca. Asphondylia gennadii (Marchal, 1904) Larvae develop in deformed siliquas of Ceratonia siliqua L. (Caesalpiniaceae). Several generations develops a year. GAGNÉ & ORPHANIDES (1992) mentioned that this species in Cyprus uses an alternation of host plants species in its

7 GALL MIDGES (CECIDOMYIIDAE, DIPTERA) OF MALLORCA 111 development. - Locality: Castillo Bendinat. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain. Asphondylia ononidis F. Löw, 1873 A solitary larva induces a leaf bud gall on Ononis minutissima L. (Fabaceae). Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Sòller. - Distribution: European and Sub-Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca. Asphondylia trabuti Marchal, 1896 MARCHAL (1896) described adults of A. trabutii which were bred from fruit galls on Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) in Algeria. Recently RIZZO & MASSA (1998) found similar galls caused by A. trabutii on S. nigrum L. in Sicily. They observed 1 3 larvae living gregariously inside the fruits and reported that up to five generations develop in Sicily during one year. Pupation takes place in galls. - Locality: galls on Solanum nigrum L., Palma, adults , leg. A. Traveset, det. M. Skuhravá (TRAVESET & MAS, 1999). - Distribution: Mediterranean. Asphondylia verbasci (Vallot, 1827) Larvae induce flower bud galls on Verbascum sinuatum L. (Scrophulariaceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia, Manacor (young, fresh galls). - Distribution: Mediterranean and sub- Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca. Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer, 1897 Larvae cause swellings of internodes of Arthrocnemum (Salicornia) fruticosum (L.) and other species and genera of Chenopodiaceae. One larva develops in a chamber of the gall where larvae also pupate. One generation develops a year. - Locality: Palma/Mallorca, larva only, , without name of the collector, in the collection of Möhn (MÖHN, 1968). - Distribution: Mediterranean. Braueriella phillyreae (F. Löw, 1877) Yellow larva develops in a blister gall on the leaf of Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae). One generation develops a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca. Contarinia cocciferae Tavares, 1902 Larvae develop in cone-shaped leaf bud galls on Quercus ilex L. and Q. coccifera L. (Fagaceae). One generation develops a year. Hibernation and pupation takes place in the soil. - Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Manacor, Sòller, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain.

8 112 MARCELA SKUHRAVÁ and VÁCLAV SKUHRAVY Contarinia ilicis Kieffer, 1898 Larvae develop in small conical galls on leaves of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). One generation develops a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Manacor, Sòller, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca. Contarinia lueola Tavares, 1902 Yellowish larvae cause galls in bark parenchyma of young branches of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). One generation develops a year. Hibernation and pupation takes place in the gall. Adults appear from May to April. - Locality: Mallorca (HOUARD,1913). - Distribution: Mediterranean. Contarinia sp. Orange coloured larvae (third instar) and white smaller larvae (second instar) develop together inside unopened, hardened flower buds of Spartium (Pterospartium) junceum L. (Fabaceae). One generation develops a year. Hibernation in the soil. - Locality: Valldemossa - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and Spain. Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen, 1914) Larvae develop in blister galls on leaves and stems of Chondrilla juncea L. (Asteraceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in galls or in the soil. - Locality: Illetas, Manacor. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain. Cystiphora sp. Larvae develop in blister galls on leaves of Sonchus tenerrimus (Asteraceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in galls or in the soil. - Locality: Alcúdia, Castillo Bendinat. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain. Dasineura capsulae (Kieffer, 1901) Larvae develop in hard galls at the vegetative tips of Euphorbia pithyusa L. (Euphorbiaceae). Inside the gall is a large chamber where 4-6 larvae develop. One generation develops a year. Hibernation in the soil. - Locality: Bunyola, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Europe to Africa. New record for Mallorca. Dasineura plicatrix (H. Loew, 1850) Larvae develop in contorted and twisted young leaves of Rubus ulmifolius Schott (Rosaceae). Two or more generations develop a year. Pupation takes

9 GALL MIDGES (CECIDOMYIIDAE, DIPTERA) OF MALLORCA 113 place in the soil. - Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Castillo Bendinat, Illetas, Manacor, Sòller, Valldemossa. This species is one of the most common species occurring in Mallorca. - Distribution: European, in the south occurring in northern Africa. New record for Mallorca. Dasineura rufescens (Stefani, 1898) Larvae cause swellings of branches of Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae). One generation develops a year. Larva overwinter in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain. Dasineura turionum (Kieffer & Trotter, in Trotter, 1904) Larvae live under the scale-shaped and swollen leaf buds of Asparagus acutifolius L. (Liliaceae). Attacked stems are stunted and leaves are deformed. One generation develops a year. - Locality: Illetas, Bunyola, Manacor, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca. Dasineura sp. Galls on Astragalus stipularis Forskal (Liliaceae). The base of the thorn is swollen. Localities: Alcúdia, Illetas, Manacor, Sòller. Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain. Dasineura sp. Larvae develop among damaged leaves clustered at stem tips of Euphorbia pithyusa L. (Euphorbiaceae). The attacked plant is dwarfed. Probably one generation develops a year. - Locality: Bunyola. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain. Dryomyia lichtensteini (F. Löw, 1878) Larvae develop in galls on leaves of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). The gall is egg-shaped or hemispherical on the lower part with an opening on the upper side of the leaf. One generation develops a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Mallorca (HOUARD,1913); Alcúdia, Bunyola, Manacor, Sòller, Valldemossa. - Distribution: Mediterranean. Kiefferia pericarpiicola (Bremi, 1847) Larvae develop in swollen fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and various other species and genera of the family Apiaceae. One generation develops a year. Pupation in the soil. Locality: Sòller. Distribution: Euro-Siberian. New record for Mallorca.

10 114 MARCELA SKUHRAVÁ and VÁCLAV SKUHRAVY Lasioptera carophila F. Löw, 1874 Larvae develop in unilocular swellings at bases of umbellules in inflorescences of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. and various other species and genera of the family Apiaceae. Two generations develop a year. Pupation in the gall. - Locality: Bunyola, Castillo Bendinat, Manacor, Valldemossa. - Distribution: European (to north Africa). New record for Mallorca. Lasioptera eryngii (Vallot, 1829) Larvae cause plurilocular swellings on stems of Eryngium maritimum L. (Apiaceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Bunyola. - Distribution: Mediterranean and Sub-Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca. Macrodiplosis volvens Kieffer, 1895 Larvae cause galls on Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae). The gall is formed by a rolled leaf segment situated between two lobes. One generation develops a year. Hibernation in the soil.- Locality: Manacor. - Distribution: European. New record for Mallorca. Myricomyia mediterranea (F. Löw, 1885) One larva develops in a small rosette gall on the twig of Erica multiflora L. (Ericaceae). One generation develops a year. Pupation in the gall. - Locality: Alcúdia, Bunyola, Castillo Bendinat, Sòller. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca. Ozirhincus anthemidis (Rübsaamen, 1915) Larvae cause fruit galls on Anthemis arvensis L. (Asteraceae). Two generations develop a year. Pupation in the gall. - Locality: Palma/Mallorca, larva, found on , without name of the collector, material preserved in the collection of Möhn (MÖHN, 1968). - Distribution: European. Probruggmanniella phillyreae (Tavares, 1907) Larvae cause fruit galls on Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae). The development of one generation lasts up to three years. The larva grows very slowly inside the ovary of the flower bud (TRAVESET, 1994). Pupation takes place in the gall. - Locality: Cabrera, leg. A. Traveset. - Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Balearic Islands and for Spain. Cecidomyiidae sp. Attacked fruits of Asparagus stipularis Forskal (= A. horridus L.) (Liliaceae) are whitish, inside empty, with a small hole; normal, unattacked fruits are

11 GALL MIDGES (CECIDOMYIIDAE, DIPTERA) OF MALLORCA 115 hard and green coloured. Locality: Manacor. Distribution: Mediterranean. New record for Mallorca and for Spain. Number of species forming present fauna In the course of our investigations at 7 localities in 1997 we found 28 gall midge species. Together with eight species found by earlier researchers, the present gall midge fauna of Mallorca is formed of 33 species, of which 26 are new records for Mallorca and 13 new records for Spain (in comparison with the list given by SKUHRAVÁ et al., 1996). At individual localities in the course of several hours of searching we found from four to thirteen species, with the average 9,5 species per locality. It is a relatively high species number found in such a limited collecting period in the Mediterranean area. The gall midge fauna of Mallorca is not very rich in comparison with the central-european gall midge faunas but it corresponds to the species richness of other islands in the Mediterrranean Sea, viz. 38 species in Crete (SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVY, 1997), 36 species in Malta (SKUHRAVÁ et al., 2002), 44 species in Sardinia (SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVY, 2002) and 30 species in Cyprus (SKUHRAVÁ & SKUHRAVY, 2003). The richest gall midge species composition was found at localities with higher diversity of plants: 13 gall midge species were found at Bunyola and at Manacor, 12 species at Alcúdia, 11 species at Valldemossa, 9 species at Sòller, 5 species at Castillo Bendinat and 4 species at Illetas. Most of these gall midges are phytophagous species, except three predacious species of the genus Arthrocnodax, larvae of which are predators of mites in their galls. Gall midge species are associated with 25 host plant species (see the Appendix 1). Results of our investigations were included in the catalog edited by CARLES-TOLRÁ HJORTH-ANDERSEN (2002). Zoogeography The gall midge fauna which occurs in Mallorca may be divided based on zoogeographical analysis - according to the character of the occurrence of species in the Palaaearctic region, into three groups. The majority - 27 species (82%) belong to Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean species, five species (15%) to European and only one species (3%) to Euro-Siberian species. It is interesting that we did not discover any Holarctic species in Mallorca. Mediterranean species are associated with host plant species which have centres of their origin in the Mediterranean area. In this group there belong

12 116 MARCELA SKUHRAVÁ and VÁCLAV SKUHRAVY species of the genus Asphondylia associated with Calicotome spinosa, Ceratonia siliqua, Dorycnium pentaphyllum, Ononis minutissima, Rhamnus alaternus, Solanum nigrum and Verbascum sinuatum; Braueriella phillyreae, Dasineura rufescens and Probruggmanniella phillyreae associated with Phillyrea angustifolia; Dasineura turionum and Dasineura sp. larvae of which cause galls on Asparagus spp.; Contarinia cocciferae, C. ilicis, C. luteola and Dryomyia lichtensteini associated with Quercus coccifera and Q. ilex; Myricomyia mediterranea larvae of which cause galls on Erica multiflora; Baldratia salicorniae larvae of which develop in galls on Arthrocnemum fruticosum. The number of Mediterranean species found in Mallorca is the highest among the gall midge faunas of Mediterranean islands. Some species, which occur in the Mediterranean, may reach up to the southern part of central Europe. They are sub-mediterranean species, as for example Asphondylia dorycnii, A. ononidis, A. verbasci, Cystiphora schmidti and Lasioptera eryngii. European species are associated with European host plant species which have centres of origin in Europe. Dasineura capsulae, D. plicatrix, Lasioptera carophila, Macrodiplosis volvens and Ozirhincus anthemidis are European species. Dasineura plicatrix is a typical representative of European species. It occupies a large distribution area from Great Britain and Portugal in western Europe to Greece in eastern Europe and to Algeria in northern Africa and it has been found recently in Malta and Cyprus. It is an oligophagous species - larvae are associated with several host plant species of only one genus (Rubus). D. plicatrix occurs in Europe usually on Rubus caesius, in southern Europe mainly on R. ulmifolius. Euro-Siberian species occur in Europe and occur in western, middle and, for a few species in eastern Siberia, to the Far East. The only one representative of this element is Kiefferia pericarpiicola. It is a polyphagous species and its larvae may feed and develop on host plant species of various genera of the family Apiaceae. This fact is the reason why it may occupy so large a distribution area from western Europe to the Far East of Russia. At present, nothing is known about the economic importance of gall midges in Mallorca. In the course of our investigations, one species was found which can be considered to be a potential pest, viz. Asphondylia gennadii, larvae of which develop inside pods of Ceratonia siliqua. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha for financial help and for sponsoring our investigations (Project Nr. A ). We are grateful to Dr. K. M. Harris, Ripley,

13 GALL MIDGES (CECIDOMYIIDAE, DIPTERA) OF MALLORCA 117 Woking, Surrey, UK, for critical reading and improvement of the manuscript. We are indebted to Dr. A. Traveset and to Eva Moragues from the Institut of Mediterranean Advanced Studies and to Dr. Maurici Mus of the Botanic Department of the University of the Balearic Islands for identification of host plant species and for comments on the manuscript. We thank Dra Maria Verdu for her help in searching the UTM codes of the localities under study. BIBLIOGRAPHY BARNES, H. F Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol.1-7. London. BLAMEY, M. & GREY-WILSON, C Mediterranean Wild Flowers. Harper Collins Publishers, London, 560 pp. BONAFE, F., Flora de Mallorca. Vol. IV. Palma de Mallorca. BUHR, H Bestimmungstabellen der Gallen (Zoo- und Phytocecidien) an Pflanzen Mittel- und Nordeuropas. Vol Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1572 pp. CARLES-TOLRÁ HJORTH-ANDERSEN, M. (ed.) Catálogo de los Diptera de España, Portugal y Andorra (Insecta). Monografias Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 8, Zaragoza, 323 pp. DARVAS, B., SKUHRAVÁ, M. & ANDERSEN, A Agricultural dipteran pests of the Palaearctic region, pp In: PAPP, L. & DARVAS, B. (editors) Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. General and Applied Dipterology. Budapest, 978 pp. GAGNÉ, R. J. & ORPHANIDES, G. M The pupa and larva of Asphondylia gennadii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and taxonomic implications. Bulletin of Entomological Reseach, 82: HOUARD, C Les Zoocécidies des Plantes d Europe et du Bassin de la Méditerranée. Vol A. Hermann et Fils, Paris, 1247 pp. HOUARD, C., Les collections cécidologiques du Laboratoire d Entomologie du Muséum d Histoire naturelle de Paris: Galles du Dr. P. Marchal. Marcellia 12: MARCHAL, P Sur deux Cécidomyes nouvelles (Dipt.) vivant sur la pomme de terre et sur le lierre. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 65: MÖHN, E Beiträge zur Systematik der Larven der Itonididae (=Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). 1. Teil: Porricondylinae und Itonidinae Mitteleuropas. Zoologica, Stuttgart, 38 (105): MÖHN, E Cecidomyiidae (=Itonididae). In Lindner E. (ed.): Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region. 2. Lieferung 269: 1-48 (1966), 273: (1968), 274: (1968), 277: (1969), 288: (1971). NIJVELDT, W Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol. 8. London, 221 pp. NOIRFALISE, A., Map of natural vegetation of the member countries of the European Community and the Council of Europe. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, RIZZO, M. C. & MASSA, B On two Italian gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and their parasitoids. Entomologica, Bari, 32: SKUHRAVÁ, M Cecidomyiidae, pp In: SOÓS, Á. & PAPP, L. (editors): Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 4. Sciaridae - Anisopodidae. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 441 pp. SKUHRAVÁ, M Analysis of areas of distribution of some Palaearctic gall midge species (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). Cecidologia Internationale, 8 (1+2): 1-48.

14 118 MARCELA SKUHRAVÁ and VÁCLAV SKUHRAVY SKUHRAVÁ, M Taxonomic changes and records in Palaearctic Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 86: SKUHRAVÁ, M. 1994a. The zoogeography of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of the Czech Republic. I. Evaluation of faunistic researches in the period. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 57 (1993): SKUHRAVÁ, M. 1994b. The zoogeography of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of the Czech Republic. II. Review of gall midge species including zoogeographical diagnoses. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 58: SKUHRAVÁ, M. 1997a. Cecidomyiidae, pp In: PAPP, L. & DARVAS, B. (editors): Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 2. Nematocera and Lower Brachycera. Budapest, 592 pp. SKUHRAVÁ, M. 1997b. Gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) of the Czech and Slovak Republics as members of zoogeographical units in the Palaearctic Region. Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis, Biologia 95: SKUHRAVÁ, M. & SKUHRAVY, V Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Italy. Entomologica, Bari, 28: SKUHRAVÁ, M. & SKUHRAVY, V Gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) of Greece. Entomologica, Bari, 31: SKUHRAVÁ, M. & SKUHRAVY, V The zoogeographic significance of European and Asian gall midge faunas (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), pp In: CSÓKA, G., MATTSON, W. J., STONE, G. N. & PRICE, P. W. (editors) The biology of gall-inducing arthropods. General Technical Report NC-199. St. Paul, MN: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 329 pp. SKUHRAVÁ, M. & SKUHRAVY, V Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Sardinia - second contribution to the gall midge fauna of Italy. Entomologica, Bari, 36: SKUHRAVÁ, M. & SKUHRAVY, V Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Cyprus. Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis, Biol. 107 (in press). SKUHRAVÁ, M., SKUHRAVY, V., BLASCO-ZUMETA, J. & PUJADE, J Gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) of the Iberian Peninsula. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 20 (1-2): SKUHRAVÁ, M., SKUHRAVY, V. & EBEJER, M Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Malta. Entomologica, Bari, 36: SKUHRAVÁ, M., SKUHRAVY, V. & BREWER, J. W Biology of gall midges, pp In: ANANTHAKRISHNAN, T. N. (editor): Biology of Gall Insects. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, 362 pp. STEFANI, DE T Zoocecidii dell orto botanico de Palermo. Bolletino del R. Orto Botanico di Palermo, 1: TRAVESET, A., Reproductive biology of Phillyrea angustifolia L. (Oleaceae) and effect of galling-insects on its reproductive output. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 114: TRAVESET, A. & MAS, R.E., Presencia de galles induides per cecidomids, Asphondylia trabuti Marchal 1896, en els fruits de Solanum nigrum L a Mallorca. Boletin Societat D Història Natural de les Balears 2: TUTIN, T. G., HEYWOOD, V. H., BURGES, N. A., VALENTINE, D. H., WALTERS, S. M. & WEBB, A. A Flora Europaea. Vol Cambridge University Press. UDVARDY, M. D. F A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 18, Morges, Switzerland, 48 pp.

15 GALL MIDGES (CECIDOMYIIDAE, DIPTERA) OF MALLORCA 119 Appendix 1. List of host plant species attacked by gall midges Apéndice 1. Lista de especies hospedadoras atacadas por mosquitos gallícolas Host plant species Gall midge species Anthemis arvensis Ozirhincus anthemidis (Rübsaamen, 1915) Arthrocnemum fruticosum Baldratia salicorniae Kieffer, 1897 Asparagus acutifolius Dasineura turionum (Kieffer & Trotter, in Trotter, 1904) Asparagus stipularis Dasineura sp. (swollen thorn basis) Cecidomyiidae sp. (damaged fruits) Calicotome spinosa Asphondylia calycotomae Kieffer in Houard, 1912 Ceratonia siliqua Asphondylia gennadii (Marchal, 1904) Clematis flammula Arthrocnodax clematitis Marchal, 1897, zoophagous Chondrilla juncea Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen, 1914) Dorycnium pentaphyllum Asphondylia dorycnii (Müller, 1870) Erica multiflora Myricomyia mediterranea (F. Löw, 1885) Eryngium maritimum Lasioptera eryngii (Vallot, 1829) Euphorbia pithyusa Dasineura capsulae (Kieffer, 1901) Dasineura sp. Foeniculum vulgare Lasioptera carophila F. Löw, 1874 Kiefferia pericarpiicola (Bremi, 1847) Ononis minutissima Asphondylia ononidis F. Löw, 1873 Ononis spinosa Arthrocnodax sp., zoophagous Phillyrea angustifolia Braueriella phillyreae (F. Löw, 1877) Dasineura rufescens (Stefani, 1898) Probruggmanniella phillyreae (Tavares, 1907) Quercus coccifera Contarinia cocciferae Tavares, 1902 Quercus ilex Contarinia cocciferae Tavares, 1902 Contarinia ilicis Kieffer, 1898 Contarinia luteola Tavares, 1902 Dryomyia lichtensteini (F. Löw, 1878) Macrodiplosis volvens Kieffer, 1895 Rhamnus alaternus Asphondylia borzi (Stefani, 1898) Rubia peregrina Arthrocnodax sp., zoophagous Rubus ulmifolius Dasineura plicatrix (H. Loew, 1850) Solanum nigrum Asphondylia trabuti Marchal, 1896 Sonchus tenerrimus Spartium (Pterospertium) junceum Cystiphora sp. Contarinia sp. Verbascum sinuatum Asphondylia verbasci (Vallot, 1827)