Pathology of the female genital organs
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1 Pathology of the female genital organs Ovaries, uterin tubes and the uterus Structure of the ovary 1 - hilus 2 - primary follicules 3 - secundary follicule 4 - tertiary follicule 5 - Graafian follicule 6 - atretic follicule 7 - ruptured follicule 8 - corpus luteum 9 atretic corpus luteum 10 - corpus albicans 11 - interstitial cells 12 - zona vasculosa Grouping of the ovarian cysts I. Secondary or non-ruptured tertiary follicles 1./ Follicular theca cysts 2./ Follicular lutein cysts II. From the corpus luteum, which remains following follicle rupture 1. corpus-luteum-cyst III. Other routes of cyst formation: 1./ Inclusion (germinal) cysts 2./ Parovarian cysts (3./ Dermoid cyst) Follicular theca cyst Most frequently seen, solitary or multiple small cystic degeneration Granulosa & theca cells are present Non ruptured, filled with clear serous fluid Pressure atrophy Degeneration of granulosa cells and ovum No estrogen production Cause: fusariotoxicosis in sow Large follicular theca cyst in sow 1
2 Multiple cysts Small cystic degeneration (sus) In pigs below the age of sexual maturity as an estrogen effect (fusariotoxins) Red, proliferating uterine tube, hyperplasia of the uterus Huge solitary cyst in rabbit Follicular theca cyst Degenerated layer of granulosa cells Normal 2
3 Follicular lutein cyst From the mature, but non-ruptured Graafian follicles Usually solitary Lined by lutein cells The wall is yellow Ova and granulosa cells are not found within these cysts Occurs rarely Sometimes seen in cattle Producing progesteron Follicular lutein cyst (bo) Corpus luteum cyst Formed from the ruptured Graafian follicles from the corpus luteum Appearence globe shaped spherical central cavities are filled with water-like fluid Similar to follicular lutein cyst Corpus luteum,, FLC, CLC (bo( bo) Corpus luteum cyst, cattle 3
4 Cells of the corpus luteum Cytoplasm of the lutein cells contains abundant fat droplets Other type of cysts Corpus luteum albicans Inclusion or germinal cysts Peritoneum embedded in the place of the ovum Often multiple (bo, eq, ca) Parovarial cysts from the remnants of embryonic structures Wolffian ducts Different damaging effect Do not produce hormone! Focal pressure atrophy in the ovary Parovarial cysts Inclusion cyst, sow 4
5 Inflammation of the ovaries Oophoritis Rarely independent sometimes Mycoplasma infection (bo) Route of infection: Hematogenous, ascending or direct contact Serous, purulent, or non purulent chronic Miliary tubercles formation in cattle Usually together with endometritis Pasteurella multocida (rabbit) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (sheep) Epithelial origin Tumors From the surface epithelium From the granulosa cells Dysgerminoma (ca, fe, bo, sus) From primordial germ cells Thecoma, luteoma Mesenchymal origin Fibroma, sarcoma, leiomyma,haemangioma Mixed tumor (teratoma) Papillary adenocarcinoma (ca) Granulosa cell tumor (eq( eq) Tumor of the ovary (Marek disease) Pathologic changes of the uterine tubes Agenesia, atrophy, hyperplasia Salpingitis Cattle, rabbit Usually bacterial infection Ascending, descending, hematogenous Forms Acute or chronic, catarrhal-purulent Obstruction hydrosalpinx, mucosalpinx, pyosalpinx 5
6 Metritis Purulent salpingitis, rabbit Types Endo-, myo-, peri-, para- Causes Mechanical, physical, chemical, infectious Route of infection hematogenous during pregnancy descending intracanalicular ascending Inflammations of the uterus I. Endometritis Acute Catarrhal, purulent, ichorous, necrotizing Pseudomembranous (croupous, diphteric) Chronic Catarrhal (villosa, fibroplastica, calciphicans) Purulent (cum et sine pyorrhoea pyometra) II. Metritis (endo-, myo-, perimetritis) Septica, emphysematosa, necroticans, granulomatosa Pathogens Acute catarrhal Bo: Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, trichomonas fetus Eq: Taylorella equigenitalis - contagious equine metritis (CEM) ca: distemper virus sus: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie Acute purulent Bo: Brucella abortus, Listeria monocytogenes Eq: Taylorella equigenitalis, Rhodococcus equi sus: Brucella suis ca: Escherichia coli, Proteus sp. hare: Brucella suis (biotype 2) Acute catarrhal endometritis 3 weeks after mating 6
7 Catarrhal endometritis (ca) Purulent endometritis (sus) Necrotic endometritis Appearance Superficial or deep necrosis of the mucous membrane Diffusely pale, dry Miliary nodules former glands Pathogens sus and oryct: Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing sus: Arcanobacterium pyogenes necrotizing-purulent 7
8 Necrotizing endometritis (sus) Necrotizing endometritis (oryct) Pathologic connection between the uterus and the ovaries Long term, prolonged hormonal stimulation Estrogen effect (FTC) proliferation in the uterus Hyperplasia Cattle, sheep, rabbit Progesterone effect (FLC, CLC, CLP) secretion phase Dog, cat, horse Without ovum cysts are formed HGCE Cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium Predisposing factor for infections Pyogenic bacteria enter - pyometra Hyperplasia glandularis cystica endometrii (HGCE) Chronic purulent endometritis, sine pyorrhoea (fe) 8
9 Pyometra (estrogen effect) HGCE FTC Pyometra, dog Pyometra (dog) Consequences Metaplasia of the epithelium Spreading to the peritoneum purulent peritonitis Proteolysis autointoxication Prolonged resorption of toxins septic liver dystrophy Abscesses in the wall of the uterus, in the ligaments 9
10 Squamous epithelium in the uterus of a mare Metritis After parturition Septic (streptococcus, staphylococcus, E. coli) all layers edema, hyperemia, pseudomembranes on the serous membrane Consequence: septicemia - death Emphysematous (physometra) Cl. septicum, novyi, histolyticum Gas gangrene exotoxins, toxaemia Necrotizing Fusobacterium necrophorum, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium Granulomatous Mycobacteria Tubercles, tubercle conglomerates, predom. exudative Gümıkóros méhgyulladás Pathologic changes of the uterus Displacements Invagination (inversio) Prolapse (prolapsus) in cattle in connection with parturition Consequences congestion, necrosis of the mucosa and serous-hemorrhagic infarction secondary bacterial infection, severe septicemia Torsio uteri in pregnant animals or when the uterus contains fluid Large amount of pus or other liquid material is also capable of torsion Forms: uniparous animals (mainly in cattle) the entire uterus undergoes torsion multiparous animals (fe, oryct) only one cornu or one part of the uterine cornu congestion, edema, sero-hemorrhagic infiltration followed by necrosis 10
11 Torsio uteri, cat Abnormal content of the uterus Mucometra - Hydrometra - Pyometra - Urometra Physometra - Pneumometra - Haemotometra - Lochiometra - Mucoid fluid Thin fluid Pus Urine Gas Air Blood Ichorous lochia Lesions of continuity Ruptura Partial or complete Spontaneous increased internal pressure uterine torsion, external trauma on the abdominal wall, emphysematous embryo, heavy labour pains Degeneration in the structure of the wall Inflammed wall - metritis in the region of placental attachment (dog, placenta zonaria) Perforation Usually during parturition improper uterine manipulation Rupture of the uterus (bo) Ruptura uteri, fresh blood-clot 11
12 Vital reaction Ruptured uterus, sow Placenta zonaria Caruncules Corpus luteum 12
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