Active Solar Systems and Integration

Transcription

1 Retrofitting Sustainability to Offices and High Rise Residential bioclimatic approaches, Brisbane 2007 The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia Active Solar Systems and Integration Presenter: Professor Deo Prasad Director: Centre for a Sustainable Built Environment, Faculty of the Built Environment The University of New South Wales, Sydney CRICOS Provider code: 00098G

2 Contents Sustainability overview Interdependencies and interconnectedness Green or Sustainable Building Emerging Technologies Role of assessment tools Design process implications Conclusion w w w f b e u n s w e d u a u

3 Sustainable buildings According to the Worldwatch Institute about 40% of the world's total energy usage is dedicated to the construction and operation of buildings The building industry consumes 3 billion tons of raw materials annually % of the total material flow in the global economy Only about 0003 % of earth's water is readily available as fresh water for human use (Miller, 1992) Building materials manufacturing, construction and operations consumes 16% of available fresh water annually Buildings account for about one-third of the emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and two-fifths of acid rain-causing sulfur-dioxide and nitrogen oxides Low hanging fruit the no cost and low cost options

4 Why is Interdependency important to understand? Buildings, the built environment and the process of building are all components of ecosystems All communities are ultimately dependent on each other for their prosperity Life quality depends on the functioning of the whole system and the viability of its non-living components Acknowledge system interdependencies Need to have a systems perspective

5 Sustainable Buildings Move from Passive Solar to wider range of indicators Total energy and greenhouse gas emissions Water, waste, materials, air, biodiversity Increasing use of Assessment Tools Increasing knowledge availability of technologies advanced materials, demand side technologies and supply options Increasing role of designers in whole of building considerations to achieve project goals Triple Bottom line context Consideration of productivity and health No Cost, Low Cost and Cost Effective investments

6 Green or Sustainable The terms green and sustainable are often used interchangeably and although discussions regarding the most appropriate terminology to describe environmentally progressive buildings can deteriorate to meaningless semantics, the distinction between the notions of `Green and `Sustainable is critical in structuring environmental assessment methods (Cole 1999) In the assessment communities the term Green is commonly used to estimate how different a building is as compared to a business as usual scenario Becoming sustainable would require an understanding of the absolute impact or stress that building design and operation place on ecological systems to ensure that it is within the assimilative capability of the local and global ecosystems (Cole 1998)

7 Evolving form FOSTER AND PARTNERS ARCHITECTS

8 FOSTER AND PARTNERS ARCHITECTS

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10 High rise buildings use up to 30% of Australia s grid power Embodied energy(manufacturing process) + Grey energy (transportation) + Induced energy (construction) + Operating energy

11 Green facade

12 Follow land-form Patterns - site sensitivity Tadao Ando: Rokko Housing Kobe Japan

13 NORTH ELEVATION OF CH 2 Council House 2 (CH2 Building), Melbourne

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16 Technologies: Architectural Appeal

17 Photovoltaic Products and Integration CELLS Mono Poly Amorphous Efficiencies 12-18% 10-14% 6-8% Area/kW 8m 2 10m 2 17m 2

18 PV cell texture and colour (PV 셀 조직과 컬러)

19 BIPV Roof Systems

20 Roof systems Habitat Synergies wwwdemositech conference

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23 SBIC building - Tokyo, Japan

24 Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV)- applications Shading systems - eaves, rainscreen cladding

25 Semi transparent PV Translucent BiPV ECN building

26 Photovoltaic (PV) metal roof PV in double glazing Sunshading + high performance glass DESIGN BASIS DESIGN Reduce energy BASIS Reduce consumption energy consumption Generate green energy energy PV in double glazing

27 System (UPS) Solar Electricity goes to the DC bus of the UPS Power generated: 140,000 kwh = 6% of total building s demand or Enough to power 30 to 40 houses BENEFITS OF INTEGRATED SOLAR ENERGY AND LOW ENERGY SYSTEMS 20% + return on $1M invested Building 20% more energy efficient Reduction of CO 2 per annum = 1600 tonnes Operational cost saving of $214,000 / year Building qualifies for 5 star SEDA greenhouse rating

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29 Four Times Square, NY 48-storey skyscraper 1st major office building built in NY in 1990s BIPV curtain wall from 37 th to 43 rd floor on south and east facades replacing spandrel glass BIPV attached to building in same way as standard glass

30 731kWp Doxford UK Studio-E architects

31 Doxford UK Studio-E architects

32 Performance Solar radiation for the area (horizontal plane) Active area of solar cells = 532m² = 950kWh/m²/y

33 Performance Estimated annual energy output = 55,200kWh/y First two years = 113,000 kwh/y

34 An overview of architectural BiPV design criteria from IEA Task 7 (wwwtask7org) NATURALLY INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURALLY PLEASING GOOD COMPOSITION GRID, HARMONY and COMPOSITION CONTEXTUALITY The PV system is a natural part of the building Without PV, the building would be lacking something - the PV system completes the building; Based on a good design, does the PV system add eyecatching features to the design; The colour and texture of the PV system should be in harmony with the other materials Often, also a specific design of the PV system can be aimed at (eg frameless vs framed modules); The sizing of the PV system matches the sizing and grid of the building; The total image of a building should be in harmony with the PV system On a historic building, tiles or slates will probably fit better than large glass modules; WELL-ENGINEERED INNOVATIVE NEW DESIGN This does not concern the watertightness of PV roof, but more the elegance of design details Have details been well-conceived? Has the amount of materials been minimised? Are details convincing? PV is an innovative technology, asking for innovative, creative, thinking of architects New ideas can enhance the PV market and add value to buildings

35 Shading time of day generation

36 Achievable levels of PV power International contributions Sustainable to electricity consumption, using building surfaces with more than 80% of maximum output 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Australia Austria Canada Denmark Finland Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States

37 Integrated Design Approach Design tools assistance for integrated design Daylight Assessment Building Thermal Modeling Plant and systems modeling Air movement PV Thermal systems Material impact assessment CAD linked for ease Role of Design Charette

38 Assessment Tools and their use BREEAM LEED GBTOOL NABERS GREEN STAR Management Sustainable Sites Resource consumption Health and comfort Water Efficiency Environmental Loadings Energy Energy and Atmosphere IEQ Energy use and GHG emissions Water use Storm water runoff Management IEQ Energy Transport Materials and Resources Quality of service Storm water pollution Transport Water Indoor Environmental Quality Economics Sewage outfall volume Water Materials Pre-operations Transport Materials Land use Community Transportation Landscape diversity Land Use and Ecology Site Ecology Toxic materials Emissions Pollution Waste Innovation Indoor air quality Occupant satisfaction

39 Task 7 book Targeted at architects building practitioners financiers planners prospective clients Publisher - Images Australia wwwimagescomau International Case studies Non building examples Electrical concepts Non-technical market mechanisms & barriers

40 Creating sustainable futures `If, therefore, anyone wishes to search out the truth of all things In earnest, he/she ought not to select one special science, for all the sciences are cojoined and interdependent''- Descartes, Rules for the Direction of the Mind, 1629 w w w w e b a d d r e s s c o m a u