A New Binary Logarithmic Arbitration Method for Ethernet

Transcription

1 Nw Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd fr Ehr Mr L M Th Rpr CRI-9 pr 99 (Rd J 99) Cmpr m Rrh I Ur f Tr Tr, Cd M5 Th Cmpr m Rrh I (CRI) rdpr grp frmd d rrh d dpm r mpr m d hr pp I I wh h F f ppd d Egrg, d h F f r d, h Ur f Tr, d pprd pr b h Nr d Egrg Rrh C f Cd Cprgh 99, Mr L M

2 Nw Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd fr Ehr Mr L M Cmpr m Rrh I prm f Cmpr Ur f Tr Tr, Cd M5 br R, Ehr brd wh rr Or h r, h prg pd f h hd h h rd b r rdr f mgd, h p whr h r bdwdh f 0 Mbp Ehr h f frm mr h dq ppr rg rpr wrk (wh z wr p fw pr, w), mrg f gh ppr g hgh prfrm dkp wrk h m m, h Ehr drd h d rpr w hg h ph r, dg w md, w gg mhd, d ppr fr hghr d r Hwr, h MC r pr h rmd hgd frm h r d f dmdg pp rg rg mbr f w h I h ppr, w rg h m rw h MC r d rpr d md h pr prfrm fd r h w r Fr, w drb r -kw f b h dm bhr f h rr Trd Br Exp Bkff (BEB) grhm, d xp hw h fr gf prfrm prbm fr r f rg wrk fgr W h hw h h bkff grhm b mdfd m f h prfrm m, wh rfg prfrm r rprb wh xg Ehr mpb d Idd, h prfrm hrr f h rg grhm, whh w h Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd (BLM), fw h d dg g fr BEB I Prfrm Imp f h Crr MC Lr Pr I Hw Ehr Ud Th rg dg g fr Ehr wr dg mm m whh grw mh mmd r bdg f f pr mpr [mph ddd] d h f dd fr hr ppr [] I hr wrd, h rm fr whh w dgd d f rg, -pd f w h (h h Xrx mmpr [30]), h d h wrk fr h r rh f rr, hrd prr, hgh PECmrk rg b fr h, r w (mprd Ehr) hd b b frm h f h mp ddr frg h pr f bk--bk mmm-gh pk w rprd p 0% f h CPU [30] Of r, pr d h h mh mr prg pwr h, d w f wrk r h mrgd, dg rm f m, dk wrk, X-rm, mmd, d mr Hgh d dkp wrk r 0Mbp Ehr, d ( f F 99) fw d r 00Mbp FI rg Th, h pr m fw pp wd rmmd rg ppr mr h fw dz h g 0Mbp Ehr (Of r, 00Mbp Ehr wd prd ff bdwdh ppr r hdrd h wh mr rff dmd) Idd, 0Mbp m b prfrm bk fr g hgh prfrm wrk bg d d- pp k mmd, mpr dd dg, r d z

3 Bw, wh w d h mp f r prfrm, w w r h prbm rm f hr ff fwg hr f wrk g Th fr wrkgrp f pr mpr, whh f rb m r d hrd rr Th pr h rm h w d b h rg dgr f Ehr Th d h pwr r, wh r d- pp hgh prfrm wrk Th hrd bkb r ghr r rr mh, r hgh prfrm h dr h bkb wrk (prhp m hghr-pd rpr-wd wrk, r TM wh) Ib b, Cp d h Ch Cpr Eff Ehr rdm- MC r pr, bgg h h, CM, d CM/C pr fm r rqrm fr g f h pr g h b q: w h bdwdh, d gr mr hrgh p fdbk ff whr h rrmd pk mp wh fr rr mk h d h h d grw wh m Fr, w rgr pr mr h 0 r g h h pr d b bzd b mpg b dm r prdr fr rhdg pk fr h [0] h, m b r grhm h b fd [9,, 0] Ufr, h b f Ehr br xp bkff mwh p db O h hd, w-kw xbk mk h bd m h Th gr m h rgb h rdd 03 LN w p [9, p 6], whr pbhd mrm d [6] f Ehr prfrm dr rd prd rg rxmp h m ( wh h mbr f h rbg h rd r m, hr bd d h) Thr r fg r h hr rr Fr xmp, d [3] prd h -rd r f h grhm b fr -zr hrghp h m f bdd mbr f h Th b h rg pk d h m wd b f, r prpr f h pk w r b drd, mr hw m rrm mp wr wd O h hr hd, Gdm [] hwd h b fr m g md mbr f bffrd h Ufr, fr d b hkr [], h dm f h h hrg rpr h wr-pb hdg dp Th, h m rqrd qr h h d h x pk h rm q rmb rr r : m pk g h rh h hd f h rm q, b fw ffr pr rg d W w m bk d h d mp f h rb h x Fr w, w w m r d xp f R h dr BEB, h pd h r h h r d dpd, d rp rm mp b h g h Th, prr, h wr g r r fr f pk rm Th mmr h rm f h r prm g b h pr h wrk fr xdd prd f m, h fwg w If w xm h m drg r, wh r h r mpg fr r f h h, w wd xp h f hm p -zr r E, f h h w qr h h d dr pk h x d-f-rrr, h rmg h w h -zr r, b h wg h w r r zr bfr rrg h mp If h wg h h mr pk rm q (d wrk rf f gh), fr rm x pk mmd Cr, h r f h h m b dd hr bkff r xpr Frhrmr, hd f hm d wh h wg h, br h h wr rdmz fr rr r h m pb bkff r, whr 3

4 h hr h rdmz hr x rr r (mh) rgr r Th, h m h k w d m, whh h m w b rpd h x d-f-rrr xp h hr h r h g rgr Th, mr k h h wr r f gd k w rm q mpd, r m hr pk h r wrp rd fr 6 fd mp g mp mr ggr fr r f h h fr rprg x rrr hgh h Ehr pr ff gf hr-rm fr ( rm f h h d xprd b dffr h), m frg h f h hp prfrm dr m rm I prr, pr r h p f h wrk b wg h prd h f qrg h h drg Ehr MC r prd r mp pk rm L df h rmzd p f wrk b h r f h mxmm b hrghp ( b/) h rw h d r ( b/) fr h g mb f pk z d mbr/ f h, wh rgrd fr h rg pk d Grzg h mp rw-p rgm drbd b Mf d Bgg [] fr h pr ff, w w drb h pr f h wrk q f, h g f h-p prd fwd b ( r f) pk rm() b h wg h I h, h rmzd p m b xprd h r f h rg m rqrd rm h pk h r ddd b h rg dr f h r (dg d prd) B mg h h mbr f h rg d kg mrp w f h wrk (whr h d f h f h bkff grhm h h r grd), Mf d Bgg d h d h frm m h rg gh f prd Udr h md, w m h rgh f r w h f rm f pk b f h h, whr 707 h b f h r grhm Th, f h h rg pk gh B b d h rg r gh K pk pr, h w b h fwg m fr h rmzd p: K K B B ( ) 5 Ug h frm, w b p m fr r mb f pk z d r gh, mr h prd [, Tb I] Fr xmp, f h rg pk gh rg (g, 500 b), h wh h pr ff h frm hw h h rmzd p x f 093 O h hr hd, f h rg pk gh m (g, h wr- f 6 b), h h b f pr (, K B = 5), h b p m drp / 036, whh h p f d h Hwr, mh hghr p r pb b f h pr ff, f w w h r gh grw ff rg Fr xmp, w r h rg r gh K =,,, 6, h md p r m 053, 0700, 03, 0903, rp B h h rm mprm ( rm f rd p) dmhg rpd w kp dbg K, d rmmbr h h g r gh wd mprm fr b frg h hr h dr pb rg wrk d Th, hgh m dgr f pr hpf wg h wrk p wh rg m f hr pk, h hd b wd pr h wrk fr xdd prd f m h b br b hw h Ehr pr ff ff wrk p wr bd h mp md, w h w dmr h d f r g h w-kw Ehr mrm d d Bgg [6] I hr d, Bgg dd r f mrm xprm drm hw h p f Ehr ffd b h pk z d mbr f h Thr xprm wrk d f wrk, q ddd mg fr rgr-pd r g 3000 f b wrk r f

5 rf grd rff pr wr ppd h wrk r d rd fr 5d wrmp prd, h h h rrdd rg hrghp d h d r0dmrm r I Fgr, w h rprdd m f h pbhd Ehr mrm frm [6] fr h f fxd-gh pk N h h mxmm gb hrghp ( Mb/) rprd fr h pk gh rrd w-h m ( hr-h m, h f 6 b pk) Th b h EC T wrk d h d r q w b rr drd: h hr f [6] rprd h h wrk rr h h hd b r b rrp r (g pprxm 00 µ, r b w mp bkff -m) fr h f pk rm Cr h Ehr pr ff drbd b d h b fr hr r, hr h wrfr w k dg f Th,wm fd hr xp frxpd hgh p rprd [6] I rdr r h, w h rrd h p [6] dd m md g h MURPH Pr Mdg Erm [] Or m md fhf rpr bh hr wrk pg d h f h h, g f rr pr xg C d h m f d d q h MC r pr pf [, ] Fgr 3 hw h pbhd d frm [6] d h rrpdg d frm r mr wh h hk m rqrd r h rm pr h 00 µ d 0µ, rp I hd b r frm mpr f Fgr h r m md h fhf rrd h xprm p [6] N,, h ff f pdg p h rm pr h h, hw Fgr 3 I prr, h fr h rf hg h r gf, rm f rg h r z (p wh hr pk)dh rb h zmg h dffr h Th r fr Ehr Uz mrd MB/ rprd [6] hd b rd wh, p h f hr pk Th b h hr f [6] h dd b f rhd h MC frm, g f 96 b-m rpk prd, 6-b prmb d 3-b rdd hkm, bfr g h z MB/ (W frhr h rdg h Ehr pf [, 3], h 3-b CRC rd dd h gh f MC frm h rhd q r 0 b d h h mxmm-gh frm hd b 5 b dg b f MC r hdr d CRC, rhr h 536 b d h r f [6]) Nrh, prm mpr f r m r wh h w-kw d, w h dpd hr dff zfr r r-r f hr xprm m I gr, hwr, w wdp h mr r pprh f g h MC frm wrd h z Th hg wd rd h rprd z f b 9Mbp fr 0 h dg 6 b pk dw b 65Mbp Idd, h m gf mpf r m md w h dfr pr m p drg h fr 6 µ fr d-f-rrr, h rf m p kg fr h x r-f-rrr d mp mm h x rm mp w dd md g gg ff h mgh mk rrr d rb, w h h (g) rg f ppg mmd rdr rd h mbr f h rqrd prg W xp h m mpm wd w gr bfr mmg, whh mgh m fw f h r h xprd Hwr, h xprm wrk [6] w pprxm 6 b-m g, d h mmm frgm 96 b g, wh fg pgm frgm hdb rr 5

6 Ehr Uz MB/ d f Uz KB/ Nmbr f H Nmbr f H > Nmbr f H Nmbr f H Ehr Uz Pk/ d f Uz Pk/ rg Trm Md Nmbr f H d f Trm Md Nmbr f H Fgr : Pbhd mrm d Ehr prfrm dr rd d Grph hw b rrpd Fgr 3-3 hrgh 3- frm [6], p--bm, f-rgh rdr, d r prgh 9 b g Eqpm Crpr Ud b prm 6

7 U z U d Nmbr f H Nmbr f H 000 P k / P k / d Nmbr f H Nmbr f H T r d Nmbr f H Nmbr f H Fgr : Rprd f h d frm Fgr dd m md 7

8 0 000 U 975 z U d Nmbr f H Nmbr f H P k / P k 00 / 600 d Nmbr f H Nmbr f H T r d Nmbr f H Nmbr f H Fgr 3: Eff f rdg h m rqrd r h rm pr 0 h m md frm Fgr (N h gf hg f h bw z d bh drd d f Uz grph)

9 q 0 00 P r 000 b H R Tm = 00 µ H q 0 00 P r 000 b H R Tm = 00 µ H MRU k ph MRU k ph q 0 00 P r 000 b H R Tm = 0 µ H q 0 00 P r 000 b H R Tm = 0 µ H MRU k ph MRU k ph Fgr : mr f h h pr ff Br Exp Bkff, pp h xprm p [6] Hrz x mr h wrk rff, xprd h prbb h h d f h dr f rdm h pk w b h Kh m-r r ddr h wrk, kg bkwrd m Vr xmp fgr frm Fgr 3 r hw, dd h grph Ug xr mrm d w d r m md, w h drd rhr rprg p f h Ehr pr ff Cpr r m h h wrk rm gd fr m prd f m Hwr, m wh w h rf, h dm f h pr ff f h rd rm b grp f h, wh h grp z drmd b h mxmm rm r pr h I Fgr, w hw m w mrm ghrd frm h m r h wr d prd Fgr 3 Th mrm hw grz f h b h pr 9

10 d, whr p r gh f pk wh h m r ddr h p rm I h Fgr, hwr, w h dpd h p f frm h d f pgd r mmr m dmr h grp f w h (h h EC T wrk [6]) ff g f h mpzg h h T prd h Fgr, w md f h ddr rd M R Ud (MRU) rdr Th, f w k h m, h h h rr rmg (r h rmd m r, f h h rr d) w b p, h x m-r f h w b p, d h h wh m-r pk rm frh h p h d f h Eh m pk, w rm r rrpdg h rr p f h dg h h MRU k, d pp hf m h dg h h p f h k Th, h d h Fgr hw h r bw h rr MRU k dph fr h d h prbb h w qr h wrk d rm h x pk N h f hr wr pr ff, h h wd b q k d h x pk, mr whh h b f r Cr, dr mp pr b g h (, xh r rdd h), w wd h prbb 0 fr h k h k p, d 00 fr h r Lkg w h d prd Fgr, rg hw bd h prbb r wh h h h h rmd r (d h r d r h p f h MRU k) bg b 00 m mr k qr h h h h hr Frhrmr, h ff f wg h h d 00 µ r m mr h prg grp xpd frm g h rg pr f h ( r h f 6 b pk), d h r ff h wrk q prbb fr h h h r dpr h MRU k I rg h m fgr hw, h q prbb fr h dp h MRU k r f f h pk gh Th h d hw h gr, g h pr h wrk fr pf m f m, rhr h fr h rm f pf mbr f pk whh rprg g h h m BEB (whh drm hw g h hr h rm drm) r dpd f h pk z I rg mpr h mr r d wh h prdd r gh g h mp p md h w drd rr Cdr h mrd f rmzd p (dg b f MC r rhd pr pk h hrghp, drbd b) wh 6-b pk d hr r h, rprd b Bgg [6] Ug B = b d h rp p bd frm [6] h p frm w drd b, w h md b m f h rg r gh, whh pprxm 3 pk g h -h p, r 0 pk g h h p Th fgr r rmrkb h r w bd frm r r ddr mrm: f w dr rfr h h MRU k dph r b f h rr r, h w h d frm Fgr m h rg r gh pprxm 5 pk g h -h k rfr d, r 5 pk g h -h k rfr d Fr mpr prp, Tb hw h rrpdg r fr mr rd mr f h pr ff: h m, drd d, d mxmm r gh brd drg m f h xprm rprd Fgr 3 Wh h mgd f h r gh Tb (wh H R Tm = 0) mpr, wh prhp mr mpr h mp k f d hw h h pr ff kg p Tb ( wh H R Tm = 00 µ) Frhrmr, b mprg h d m f Tb, w h h h hdg m b g h rgh r prpr h mbr f h 0

11 Pk z H: Tb : Mrd r gh frm h xprm d r Fgr, whr h H R Tm = 00 µ Eh r f rp, rprg h m, drd d, d mxmm r gh brd r r-r f h xprm frm [6] Th d hw prd d h h pr ff pr h m Pk z H: Tb : Mrd r gh frm h xprm d r Fgr 3, whr H R Tm = 0 µ Th m, h r gh r hw h gf f h pr ff I L frm Qg Thr: Mkg Ur Hpp I m g hrd rr, m b rf f h prp f h r prdr wh h f h r I h f L r Nwrk (k Ehr), h prmr r f h r prdr hrghp,, whr hr r pk h m d f rm, h wrk hd b ggd drg f hm Th r, h hr hd, r prmr rd wh d, whh f bh m (whh mr h m h prr pk pd h hd f w rm q) d wg m (whh mr h m pd frm h gr f prr pk rr h hd f h rm q) Frhrmr, m pp d r ( kw d jr ) mpr rg d I w kw h hm r h rg dk fr prdb rg h r r rq r h x gm f m md k r d Uprdb rp m mk dff b fr pr m: f

12 kw h h rg rp m wr d, wd h rb ddg whhr d,, w pprpr m If h r hd drm rp m f d, h r h wd b f Hwr, f / f h r k 0 d d h rmg 9/ f h r k d (fr rg f 0 d), h h m wd xpr prmr mr h 0% f h m 3 Bh hrghp d d r ffd b h gb hdg dp mp drmd b h MC r pr Th, fwg h f dr f m pk rgg frm h X, w wh fd whh pk w b drd x Th ff f hdg dp h b wd dd h qg hr rr fr m dd [, 7] Fr r prp, h w m mpr r mmrzd hr b Kgm [6], whr h drd md whh: () h hdg dp d kw h r dmd (, pk z, q gh) f h r; () dffr r (pk) h mr r dmd; d () h m wrk rg, whh m h h hrd rr w ggd mhg f f hr r wg fr r Udr h d, Kgm hwd h h rg d dpd f h gb hdg dp Frhrmr, h hwd h h r f h d mmzd f r r d fr-m fr-rd rdr, d mxmzd f r r d -m fr-rd rdr L w dr p f k d frm Kgm r h hp h q f r p f h Ehr MC r pr prfrm Th m b q h h mp hdg p prdd b h BEB grhm b m -r fr whh m h m -m fr-rd Th, m fr-rd hdg h wr hg d rm f mxmzg h rb f h rp m, Ehr w h xrm prdb rp m Thr, hwr, mr r prfrm q dr, b BEB wrk rg hdg dp Cdr wh hpp drg prd f g I k h m k h() w ffr mp d p rgh hrgh h d f h gd prd, wg fr bkff d xpr Ob, h m h h h w b g d hgh hr r pk h m wg b rmd Hwr, h mp f h f d r- r mdr dd m, hw bw Fgr 5 Ehr hrd rr, d h h m mp wh h hr h qr x h rr bfr dr f pk, m g h prfrm hd mpr f fxd m f rff rd mg mr d mr mbr f h Fr xmp, f hd f rr d h dd wrk, h wd xp h pg h wrk rff r w wrk rf h m wrk wd mk hg wr rhr h br, b wd w h rr d wh f rprg, hw Fgr 5, h mp m b r dr d f mdr h d ( 50 0% z) wh rg d dr h mbr f h r f h d h m hd fxd I h Fgr, rmr h d m md hw hw h rg d (dg m d wg m) ffd b h mbr f h Th m fgr 3 Of r pb d h pr fr b mg h r f h rp m g wh hr m, d djg m rdg [7, 5 0] Nrh, h rg mpm rhr h g h drg prbm: r wd b mh hppr f rp m wr mr prdb, h ghr m d b d Idd, rdg h Chbh q [, 37], h prbb h w r wrg m h r h b wh m g m r xpr prpr h rp m r

13 Ehr Rp Tm Offrd Ld f r m 00 0 M # f frm rw Offrd Ld Fgr 5: Eff f Nmbr f H Ehr Rp Tm (dg bh wg m d m) d : m d b rmr [5] hd : pprxm frm d m d Lzwk [], whh bd h mp p [] d : prdd p g m d Lzwk frm, whh gr h pr ff d prd h Fgr mr h rprd b Bgg [6], xp h rmr d bmd pk gh drb (wh /3 hr 3 b pk d /3 g 096 b pk, fr rg z f 775 b) d mmr P rr pr h h Frm h Fgr, w hr d prg rgm dffr hrghp Fr, wh h hrghp h b 5Mbp, h wrk q Hr qg d r m mprd h rm m fr pk, d h mp frm dpd b m d Lzwk [] gd grm wh h m r, m b df Th d rg r hrghp bw 5Mbp d Mbp, whr h wrk rg g q b Hr h qg d bw p dd, d w r f h d r whr h wr d prfrm m wh h fw h N h h d frm gr pm, h p whr h r d xhb h rr rdr f mgd Th f rg r hrghp x f Mbp, whr h wrk bmg rd Hr h d r dppr d h pr ff k r, wg h hrghp xd h mxmm prdd b h frm b b m I rg h x whh h pr ff rfr wh h hr-rm fr f h pr: h wrk bm mp rd, h h -h m w rg rm mr h 00 frm rw bfr wg h hr d hg Th bhr f h m wh h wrk hr q r rd drd Th m bhr h mdd rg r b BEB wrk rg p Udr h rff d, h wrk mwh rd fr rff Hwr, f N h gr, h r gh mbr r grm wh h Tb fr mr pk z (, 76 b), xp fr h -h m W rb h drp h f h rmr d rprg p m pprhg r, whr h d Tb fr d m h r 3

14 m h b xg g bkff d wh h h d, h pk d r hr pk h m rm q r kd f h wrk h mbr f h dr (fr xmp, b brdgg h gm g grp f wh hr gm g hr m rr), h mbr f dd pk fd h m rm q r Th, h ffrg d b g g bkff d hrd b m pk W w g m gh frm p f w-kw frm h g h m d pf qg m I h frm, w h λ rpr h rg mr rr r ( mr pr m), X d σ X rpr h m d r f h r m drb (mrd h m λ), d ρ λ X rpr h z f h q (, hw b h rr, f 0 [d] [rd]) Th fr frm d h Pk-Khh (P-K) q, whh g x xpr fr h m wg m M/G/ q: m wh P rr d rbrr r dmd fr h mr Hr w fd h h rg wg m, W, g b h fwg frm: ) W = λ (σ X X () ( ρ) Th d frm pprxm h wg m dr h d G/G/ q (whh w bh rbrr rr pr d rbrr r dmd): W!! = "#" " " " " " " " " λ (σ X σ λ ), () ( ρ) whr σ λ rpr h r f h mr rrr m drb I rg h Eq ( ) r m h m, xp fr rm h mrr Th, h P rff mp r r mpr drmg d h dd m, h pprxm Eq () g br d br ρ Th m p f rdg h qg frm mphz h mpr f r m rb (, σ X ) drmg d, d h q f r prd b h r, h d xp h r rd m (, ρ ) xpd I prr, bh q hw h f w kp h z f h m fxd, h h m d prpr h r f h r m Th ddd rfm Eq () mr h h d prpr h r f h mr rr pr (whh fxd h qr f h m P pr) Id Bhmrkg Rd L w k r k h d mp f h Ehr mrm rprd b Bgg [6] I 35 f h ppr, h hr rgd h Ehr mpr frb wh d rd-rb m (h d k rg 5 ), h r f h x d (, h dffr bw h mrd m m -h m d h gh f pg d -h rd-rb m) q m Hwr, p h rg Ehr hd j d dg r k-pg m dr gh rff, $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 5 N h hr FI r h IEEE 05 Tk Rg r h d, whh h h wd rm g pk fr r b h d k I prr, g M h wrk wh h rgh d h md-k pr FI dgr rpg pr whr h h g f h hr bdwh drg f r M k r d f h bdwdh drg h rmg M f M k r, whh r r hgh d r

15 rrg pk bg rm mmd (mg h h h b d fr r-frm gp) d f wg fr h x f h k Th, f h wrk b gh fr h mpr rd-rb mk, h hd b b h wg m r k b mh rgr h m, whh r bd h p f hr mrm d Frhrmr, h r mr hw h h rg m q rb, b hw hg b xrm prdb L rxm h d d mpr h dd Ehr d d rd-rb m [6], b h m w h r r h rg wg m d f j h rg m (Rmmbr h hr xprm w r h dd wrk, h ρ rm h dmr f h wg m xpr w r h wg m r mh rgr h m) W h f r h rm q g h, rg h m fr h pk h hd f h rm q r m d Eq () m h rg wg m xprd b pk T b fr Ehr, w h gr h x d whh wd ρ r d h brg rd h dd m h mh r h d xp ρ = Th, h b dffr bw Ehr d h d rd-rb m h f σ X Nw h d rd-rb m, hd b r h σ X 0, h pk rm w r rdg fxd hd T g h rrpdg r fr Ehr, w mpr Fgr 3-7 d 3- frm [6] drm h σ X 3 X%% wh h (g, rgh 65 m r m wh 0 b frm, d 5 m r m wh 5 b frm) Th, σ X b 9 m bggr h X&& Wh 5 h, h r rgr b f h x f h r Fgr 3-: σ X 5 X'' d h σ X b 0 m bggr h X(( If w w b h h mrr f Eq (), w h h pbhd d [6] d h dr h d h d Ehr mr h m rgr h d rd-rb m, f w gr h x d ff I Ehr rp Cb Ldg BkB Nwrk r TM wh O mjr rd h f LN h Ehr m m f r (k FI) b mg p--p r m-p drp b frm ff pr h bkb wrk hr wrd w bm h R-3 b f h 990 Th bkb wrk m b hghr pd LN, pd bkb mpr brdg r rr, r L TM wh Th w b r h z d/r rff hdg pb f (r)wrk, wh prrg h xg m Ehr-mpb g LN qpm Ufr, h pp brg h wr h rr Ehr MC r pr, whh wr dgd fr gh dd m wh rg mbr f w h Fr xmp, dr h xrm w wrk z rprd h r Ehr mrm d, d h fwg drp f h hm frm [5, 9]: Udr rm [mph ddd] d, rmg rr h dfr d hr r fw Th, h m fr mpg rm r zr mr, h bkff r dr BEB d bz h mhrmd 0 m whh fr bg fr h pp pwr r d bkb wh pr b ddd Ehr w xp b b d p h h f r Hwr, b f h r rg d r d b BEB, h r r k b dppd wh h rrgm, d hrfr wh h wh p 5

16 f Ehr bkb wrk 6 If Prdb Prfrm Wrh mhg I p f dm f h LN mrk r h dd, h mr d hrmg f Ehr rm bj f rg db rg pr f h rr d b hm r: wh p, pp d r m h h d drd Rgh w, pp r d kw hw h prfrm f hr Ehr, d mp q k: Hw m h b pprd b wrk? r Hw mh rff b pprd b wrk? r Hw m pb? d h drdb, wd pd wr h w w h r f hmb h h z f mpxr hd xd 0% [7, 6] Th, rmr prd h Ehr d X, r h m hr hg ( k rg) r br fr Y Frhrmr, h m drmd prfrm w g drgd wh h rz h h d,, dpd m d dd h b f rff d mbr f h I prr, h x pg (whh ff prpg d) d h x mg f h rff grd b h h (whh ghr wh pg drm h khd f ) d h hr f h r h r d (whh ff h q gh d r h h) h gf f Wh h p h ff f h mg gr pr f h mjr pp bg r h h, h m pd grhm bg d b h rpr r pr, d h pb f h wrk rf, mpg mp g p prfrm prd d m h Ehr m kd f h m fr hg p drb ffr mf rg drd Ehr prfrm r m r, I h f rhd h fwg Fr, w mk h MC r pr CM/C, h r k drdg prfrm prg h f h BEB grhm Idd, [6] w dpd h b rr b frm 7 rg hrghp,, h rm mp r, G, fr d -pr CM/C b m fr mdg Ehr (whr w wd k b b prd h rg mbr f pr pk, (G )/, f f m d, ) b f h rg f f BEB h hr-rm rff pr ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 6 Fr r md, h wr- MC-r prfrm wh Ehr d p--p b frm wrk bkb wh pr b dd g h prpd F px mdf If h ph r f pr f dr p--p h (h wd pr r p fbr), h b dbg h d d pbk rr h d w r h wrk pr f dpd, -fr dr h g h rm r d h r r h hr d Hwr, h d wrk fr m wh mr h w d pr dm, fr m g x b, r fr 00BT m (whh 3 f wr pr pr d h d g dr) 7 Th rdr wh fmr wh h brf gd h hr d [6] m h r ppr w dd, whh fr b r ppr rrd r rrr h mhm md f Tkg d Krk [], whh w dd 6 Th rr hrghp r d h h pr db-pkd hp, r h mxmm hrghp md 50% h zr prpg d m bh f whh wr b wrg g h mrd hrghp d prd [6] 6

17 Th d h k h mr r md b fd f w gr h f h h d rm q z J drbg h mbd f h wrk rf fr h d mbr xp: h d-f-rrr, w drm wh w hpp x wh kwg bh h r d h rmg m h rr bkff d (f ) xpr fr h h [33] prgr fdg b md w dpd mpfg h wb f h d-f-rrr Th rdd pd h bkff r h Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd prd j h rd, d h h pb f prfrm md h bh rb d r II I W ppd Wrk Th W II Br Exp Bkff R Lr rh fr Q M pp d drd h r f Ehr Trd Br Exp Bkff (BEB) grhm Ob, h bkff d r d b g h r xp wh h mbr f I h k h h f qr h Ehr fr r mp dmd ffr r rg d prdb wrk d Hwr, hgh h m ppr h rg Mf d Bgg CCM ppr [], m Ehr r m wg p h dr rm f h d pk h h m, b h b w BEB df rm xp qk Ufr, w h w, BEB r j r grhm rm f r m r rd Th, rhr w dpg r rd d Fr r prp, m h h f h mp bkff m (r 5 b), w drm h rg m fr h grhm b g m, rhr h gg bggd dw mg [6] d/r gmr [3] d N h h d 96 b-m r-pk p d bw 96 d b 570 b m f,, h f rgh 3/ /3 bkff m, h q mp w b pm m Nw dr h hpp h wd r f m rggrd rg mbr f h r rmg m (Th pb f h brd rm w kw wrk dmrr, fr xmp, h b rggrd b fgr rrr h mp h mp frwrd brd Th wd bm r f hr prp h pr ff wr dpd whh h bkff grhm fr h w r fr r f rm) Nr h m f h Bg Bg, hd b b h f h mbr f h rg, f hr r rm mp h hp f dg W h f, ghr wh h mpfd d mpd b h Bg Bg drm h rg m h fr f pk rm r h m Fr, w d drm h prbb P h prr h w mk hr rm mp h h m p, g h bd h b f drg h fr p Nw, r h dr BEB, h rg m fr h x mp w b rdm d frm h x m (, 0), whr h mbr f pr mp fr h pk Th, hd b r h r prr h m fr fr mp, d hrfr m fr mp f d f,,, m(, 0) fr h mp Th, w * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Th wr bd m frm h f h h 3-b jm bg mp 6-b prmb h b ; h ppr bd m frm wr- mg fr, drbd ppdx 3 f h Ehr pf [] 7

18 drm {P } g h q: P = Σ 5 P () (3) =0 whr P () h prbb h prr h mk mp, g h bd h f qrd h h drg h fr p, d P () drmd b h fwg f rr q: P (0) =, P () = 0 P (0) = P (5) P () = P () = Σ k =mx(, ) Σ k =mx(, 0 ),,,,,,,, P k ( ) P k ( ) 0 > 0 > >, < 0 >, 0 Fgr 6 p h mp prbb h bkff, P, f f g-g r h fr 00,000 fr h Bg Bg (rgh 5 d, whh h wrmp m h mrm xprm rprd b Bgg, [6]) Tw p f h (r)rm r hrr f BEB r prr rkg h Fgr Th fr h r f /P r h fr,000 (50 m), whr h r bdd b d bw b h mp f: -- P // (W w m bk h d p h x ) N h d w h pr: 9 hr rpg pr h d mmm h m h mbr dx r pwr f (,,,, ), d mxmm b hf w h x pwr f w Th md f h hrm f r h fwg w Fr, dr h prbb d f fr h h mp, P () If m, h rdm rb h m f r dpd (b d drbd!) hr rdm rb, h f whh f bkff d h b BEB fr h pk Th, rgzg h kg grhm ( w d h x-x f Fgr 6) gr rd h dffr bw h mp rdm rb, w xp h Cr Lm Thrm m p,, h m f dpd d mr drbd rdm rb hd d wrd rm drb Th, h pdf fr P (), hw dd r Fgr 6, hd b b hpd, whh h mxm P r h rg whr P () d P ( ) h gf rp I hr wrd, h mp r fr h h dr BEB j r h hrm (, /) f, whh mh p h b ddd r f rr k frm h r rdg pr whr h xp rg wdh d drg hg fr h w rr r bd w h prr h r hrm rd () N h h d frm pr hrm f mr mpr h mp bg h, m h hf h m h prbb f hg rp h x bkff w b hghr h w!

19 65 0 P ,000 0,000 00,000 C Nmbr, Fgr 6: Nwrk d drp ff w fr h Bg Bg d d h prbb, P, h g h w mp rrm h h bkff, mg f rr mp wr f hd bdg P r h hrm f / d /, rp hd wr f h gmr f / rh hpd dd hw, frm f rgh, h mp f P (3),, P (6) G h frm b h f P, w h rg mbr f frm h Bg Bg h fr f pk rm Frm h d w b r h r m fr BEB rpd r rd d r f f h mbr f h, m W prd fw Fr, w rgz h, f h mbr f h rg, h w r h f h f hm dpd rr h rg mbr f rm mp h bkff Th pr h p f h b rprd b h bm drb, whh h gr m b xprd : β(m, N, P) P[M f N dpd r, h wh b P, m p] = M N3 P M ( P) N M I h pp, w h,m β(,m,p ) h prbb h f h m h qr h h fr f rm h h bkff, g h f hm h b f rr mp (Th r pprxm b w r h f h h h dpd,, w m h h f hm m dd mk hr mp wh prbb P ) G h f,m, w L m, h rg mbr f bkff h fr f rm r, rg frm m-h Bg Bg, g h fwg frm: L m = = Σ = Σ 9: = 7,m Π ( j,m ) j = Σ <;,m Π ( j,m ) k = j = = Σ => k = Π ( j,m ) =k j = 9

20 Σ B j = = k = k C Π ( j,m ) Σ F k, (5) k = whr F 0 =, d F k = ( k,m ) F k fr k >0, rpr h prbb h h h fd qr h wrk drg h fr k bkff m h f F k drg gmr f k r, L m dp h f mm Fgr 7 hw p f L m f f m hw h mp m bd b M Cr m, whr w h rpd h m-h Bg Bg xprm h wdh f h 95% fd r bw % f h m N h x grm bw Eq (5) d h m d, p fr m, whh hw h h dpd mp r mpr N h L m grwg r wh h mbr f f h, m, wh L m /9 m wh m >> R T 0 m 5 L m Nmbr f H, m Fgr 7: rg m h fr f rm fr h Bg Bg, rg frm m h d frm Eq (5), whh pprxm b f dpd mp hd h mp m bd b M Cr m f h x m d frm Eq (6), whh h q r fr h Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd h w b rdd III IIb BEB ppd b b fr p 0 H, b I hr p f Fgr 6 wrh g h rg d- fr h 000h m, h pb h h r h wrppd rd fr 6 f mp bm mr gf I prr, h pr f dmpd h mp dd zr h d, whh p h d- prbb h h g h rm h bkff pprxm 0 /5 Th r m h Ehr g BEB w bm bb f E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E 0 W x q g h fwg rgm Th fr mp fr w pk k x, h d mp q k k r, d, h rg m w h x rrr h d f h 6h mp : F F F F F GHG G G G G G G G G 3 6 II I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 = 3 0 JKJ LKL 5 MKM 9 NKN N N 53 6 OKO O O O 05 = P#P P P P P P P P P P Th, rgzg h g h mk 6 rm mp r h, w h d rb h h rff (3 7 0) / 3 = / rm mp pr m I 0

21 h mbr f h g dm gf rgr h 5, d prr h hg pprhg 0 h w b prbm Th, f r r h m whr m f h h wr rg rm pk h m m, hr h h h m d r h d prg md, whr h h dpd rd bkff/rr p, grg rg f pk r 5 m If h mbr f h mh rgr h 5, h m r mp w d hr d h m w rm h dgrdd prg md fr r g m N h bb bhr d r m h h m, wh rd frm gd (k h q), w wrk I mp m h w m frm gd prg md bd, d pb bk g Th m p h gd prg md dpd h fr rg d h m d dd pg d rff frm, whh bd h p f h ppr Hwr, mpr h h pr f h m drg h bd prg md d dpd dd rff pr: g h h rm q rm -mp, fr rm m r mp drmd b h MC r pr d prr, BEB dr m grhm, hrzg h rm b dffr h m gr mp f m bd d-f-rrr, pg f mr mpr rd Fgr r h b prbm wh rg mbr f h I h Fgr, rmr [5] h d m rprd h mrm xprm rprd b Bgg, [6] rdd Ehr, h fgr wh m hdrd f h d b gd Wh m rkg b h Fgr h drm q hg h brd bhr wh w rh hdrd f h (P h f grhm x-x fr m f h grph) I prr, m pk ffr x rrr, d h rg f h r fr h pk whh r f rmd pprhg mxmm N hw h z fg h mbr f h r, p wh hr pk Th rr f h ff f rg h pk z bw Ehr Thrghp d Prg f rppd Frm b xpd fw Fr, h f rm f rg pk w rb gf h z b/, z rg f f pk z Hwr, h f h f pk p h h fr h g m, m h ( h wg fr b dffr bkff m xpr) r h dfrrg drg f h rm B f h -pr rm r, f h h w d wh h hr h x d-f-rrr Th, h r rg f f pk z II B Exp Bkff C Hg fr m Pk, rg Lgh Ld E hgh BEB gb k r rh fr Q, m frg h,, frm h prp f dd h, h bkff d fr h r rg xp r, h m drb h r g,, m fr f h pk xpr d h r xrm rg mprd h m w rd dd I h x f d rb, h f h fw pk ffr rg d mpr b rfr wh r rp m d f hghr-r pr dp m/g r grhm I hr wrd, f h m hghr pr r mrd d, h f pk frm mg h hd rmd r d drd m fh, h r grd f r m b gf ffd Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q h h d- Eq () P ( ) = P ( ) = = P 5 ( ), d h h w dd hg b h rr f h r frm h f h h rm w

22 R R j z Ehr Trm Ehr Thrghp b / Nmbr f H 0 00 Nmbr f H Prg f rppd Frm Rrm pr frm 0 60 % m p q r w x 56 { { ,56,000 k T U V W X Y [ Z \ ^ ] _ ` b d f g h 6 m žžÿ ṧ œ ,56,000 ƒ ˆ Š Œ Ž 6 } ~ Nmbr f H 0 00 Nmbr f H Fgr : Ib h pr f rg mbr f h R hw wr bd b rmr [5], wh d m xrp h mrm xprm f Bgg [6] m wh hdrd f h Fgr 9 r h ff f h d rb wr- Th d hw k frm h m m xprm d r Fgr 3,, 0-d k rd m whh w r h pk z d h mbr f h Th d hw rpr h mxmm brd m fr h r h 0 d mrm r h g xprm, d hd b mprd wh h m d r f h d hw h bm pr f grph Fgr 3 (b h hg f frm m ) I rg h, k h m d drd d, h mxmm brd m d

23 m dpd h mbr f h Ob, m hr fr m b rpb fr h r W b b h wrp rd f h r fr 6 fd mp, whh h g h dd r h r whh mp qr h h Ug h -m hw h pr, w fd h h rg m h dr x rrr b 5 µ ( 3 5)/ = 0, wh h mxmm m bg w rg (I h wr, dfrr 6 f rm rh h m 5%) Th, m, h mxmm brd m m rpr r 3 mp f h r 5 5 M x 6 M x 6 5 H R Tm = 00 µ H 5 H R Tm = 0 µ H Pk z Pk z Fgr 9: Mxmm brd m (mrd d) frm m f h xprm d r Fgr 3 Fgr 0 hw h h d r ff r pr gh dd prd Ehr rm T prd h Fgr, w rd dgd hrdwr mr r wh h UI b g h dprm w rr (whh PRC IPC wrk) 0B5 rr Th mr w rrd wrk h UI b (, r/d f h r, rm, d g) wh b-m r, whh w h fr r w rrd r f b wrk I h xprm, w h d pk h xprd, d h mrd: () h m prbb drb f fr h d, F (x), xprd h prbb h rdm h pk h m x b m fr h r f fr ); () h d prbb, G(x), h rdm h h w mp rrm pk x b m fr h r f fr, g h h m h mm; d () h d prbb, (x), h rdm h rrm mp w b f, g h r x b m fr h r f h pk fr Th r hw r bd b fr mg h d rg mbr f bk, d h mrgg bk rg m g grd dp grhm h mbr mp h bk prpr h grhm f h rmg mbr f pk m m Thrfr, h f h b mr d dpd fr h bk h b w mr r wr brd fr h d hr hr Ehr, dg h PRC wrk m ff, Grph /30 ( mjr dprm mp rr), d IBM PC mpb dkp mpr d mxd Ux/N wrk h rpr grg dprm f mp Th xp h -h m wh H R Tm = 00 µ, whh h pr dm dgr rd-rb hrg 3

24 P0 r 00 b 000 b P r0 b 06 b 0 0 P Tm fr mp ( b) Fgr 0: Mrd rr frm fr PRC IPC wrk, whh h dprm w rr Th d hw w drd frm mrg h pk rm mp b h h r r wk pprxm 9% f h 7 m pk rmd b h h drg h mrm prd xprd whr N h rg gp h G (x) f bw rgh d d 0 d, whh w rb h m rqrd fr h hghr r pr rpd xcerrr f hr r hr pk rd fr rm h m q N h h ppr m h m rpr 0 d f pd m 0 Mb/ wrk, r d 00 Mb/ wrk r rg fr r d frm h d Th fr h g f h d drb: hgh h wrk q gh dd (rgh % 0% f h pk xpr, dpdg h m f d), h pk h ffr r k xpr rg d T mk hg mr r, dr h 0 Mb/ Ehr, h d d h 0% f h pk h xprd w fr 5 m, % w fr 50 m, d 0% w fr 00 m bw h r f hr fr d h r f hr f rm d, w h rprg gd grm bw h prdd hrm rrm mp prbb frm Fgr 5 d h mrd d Fgr 0, p fr rg f x F (x) G (x) (x)

25 whr h rpp r d 3 Th dffr bw h prdd d mrd r r d b dfrr rg pk, whh wr drd h Bg Bg r d Fgr 5 Fr xmp, h pr f rg dp fwd b dd r G (x) h b r 000 b m d b dfrr m hr h rmg mxmm-gh pk mr, f w gr h pk d frhr dfrr, h h f G (x) b fwg h f P fr x > 50,000 b m, xp fr bg hfd h rgh b h md dfrr m Th ppr mr mprg x r b r grph h grhm x, h hf dd b h dfrr, whh grw r wh h mbr f mp, bm prpr mr r h xp grwh f h md bkff d d f, dppg hw (x) fr h pk rm q w, fr m rrm mp Th, hgh h prbb f fr fr mp q hgh (, 09 09, dpdg h m f d), h prbb f fr h rrm mp dm hghr h 06, d h drp b 0 fr h fr md wh gf mprm r m N h h d prbb f d r hrp drp h gd wh f h mjr pk h rrm mp r r whh r d b h grd rm-fr-dfrr h r hrr f h bhr f h dr -pr CM/C II Lr rh Vr w W Fd Q rdg [, 6], h rg m fr dpg BEB w pprxm h pm /Q grhm, whh h f h Q h h wrk dpd mk rdm d rm x pk h x wh prbb /Q Th d bhd BEB w, hrfr, w h h m Q drbd w, bd h fdbk r (, r ) fwg h rm mp Ufr, w w II, h BEB grhm prr ff m hm fr fdg Q, b r br h r rh fr Q Th r fr h pr hwg h h h p m fr f h b frm Th wh BEB gb k r rh fr Q hgh h h rdg rrm r b xp m I prr, h r r frm h (hdg) mk f hr Th, r Bg Bg r, f h grp f h h 3 Th drg bw P d G(x) bd 3 m b m d wh h rg m rqrd mp 6 f mp, whh gg h h g h d mp g mmd h x pk h rm q wh xcerrr r Idd, h mp k f mp bw rgh d 0 d gg h hr m b m m d wrk Th /Q grhm pm r h f mmr d r, d pp h prp f grp g [3] d/r f r grhm [9] r frm m f pr d r mr ff grhm Fr xmp, dr h rg mbr f m p h fr f rm rg frm Q =3 Udr h /Q grhm, h prbb f wd w b 3 /3 ( /3) = /9 r, mr hw m f hr r O h hr hd, fwg k, grhm wh mmr mgh rr k fr r h dd rm k whh wd d f d f f h hr h dd prp h pr I h, h prbb f k g k b b 3 /3 ( /3) 3 /3 ( /3) /3 3 = 6/7 whh m w rg g wh h /Q grhm N h fr rg Q, h ff f h /Q grhm br h d h (, / 036), whr f r grhm h 07 dr h m d 5

26 pkd h m bkff d fr hr k mp xpr, h rmg k grp h d rgr bkff d fr hr k mp g hd wh hr hdd rm mp w, hgh h mp w prbb r Th, hgh h h g BEB gg g h rr m fr Q wh g Q r, h ( pd m pr grhm p) f mkg h w g grwg xp, d h rg m f h grhm r Fr, gb f mg Q b rdd b g Q m mp b hg h h p Th, whr h wg fr bkff mr xpr d hr h h, mp h r f bkff r, rm r, d prd f hd b prp h I hd b r h dr h mdf, h gb rm r f drg xp h drg r I hr wrd, wr Bg Bg mg Q r, hr w b b g Q rw h fr k p Th br rh rg hw h dhd h wr f f Fgr 6, d rprd h Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd h w b rdd bw III IId Th Cpr Eff d rg h r d f Ehr dpm, m h md b h d wd m whr xp mmd dkp (r pp) pr mpr wd b f gh r Ehr I, hr w r wrr b h ff f h pwrf h dd g Fr, hr mprr mpr m rhr r hr fwr pr mpm wr pb f grg rff h qk Fr xmp, rrd m wh qr-rp mg pr wr rprd b h rdr f 0 f md b hh d Hpp [5] 90, drg b md b h md 90 rdg G [3] mr, pk f rfr r bw VX Ux m h rdr f 05 Mbp wr bg rprd h r 90 [3], d V Jb 9 hm f 9 Mbp bw pr f 3/60 wrk [5] w wd wh mxr f mzm d kpm I dd, wrk rf dg frm h m prd pd pprg hgh hrghp Fr xmp, dr Mf r pbhd f mpr wrk rf dg [] Hgh h w Th wrk dm h bk d, h pd h dk d prg m wr rpb fr mg h hb f rfr r hrgh h r PP6/0 rp rf b 0% f ph pd Frhrmr, h p prr h m wr w d m z ( Mk f rd ): hrg h CRC hrdwr bw h dg d rg d, g g -brd pk bffr, d kg h h h rqrd bkff d wr d m r hr f h dg rdff d h w f hgh hrghp r b g h, b bd rd wh h wrk w mh fr h f h h III Br grhm: Br Lgrhm rbr III g G fr h Nw grhm Th m prp fr dpg h w grhm h prfrm prbm drbd I d II f h ppr Mr pf, w h h g md: Bkwrd Cmpb I wd b dff hg xg Ehr d g wrk h w grhm, d h m hg d b d rgh Thrfr bkwrd mpb, h h h d d w MC r pr 6

27 x h m wrk, p prr Lmd Chg E f br grhm d b dgd rg frm h, h rg m m b rgzb Ehr d j hr mpb LN drd Fr Th pr ff d -wrk rg prpr f Ehr r b dffr h b rd r dffr dr h rr grhm hgh h bh prp h m ( ) Imprd Rp Tm W d rd h d dr mdr h d d N L Cp Th mr f mrkg h h Nrh, h mrd p f h m rdg w-kw bhmrkg hd b rfd m h hr g b wh h Mxmm f 0 H hgh 0Mbp b f gh ppr whr r h mbr f h, 00Mbp Ehr m b f gh, hgh mwh kg ggrph rg Thrfr h MC r pr hd d h w IIIb grhm I I fr grhm (d f r) m dp r rd Th pd h r r h r mp mmr, bd f rdd wg fr g bkff r fh fr h g g I ppr FI-k h hdg m m r h ff h pr f hr pk fr h h f qrd h wrk drg r, h xp d r f h wrk h h hr h hdg m m xpr r h h r f pk whhr m fr Th mdf w hgh hrghp b hd wh h rg pk gh hr, mr h w h h h pr ff BEB hp r hrghp gd m Hwr, k h mp hdg prr g h h rm pk dr BEB whh h r d ff rm f d r mhd p drm m h h pr m (Th m b mpr rm h brdgg pr d rr wh hr r f hr pk, k X-wdw) Or mhd xmp f md g f r grhm, whh m h h h h bg mr h h wh hr rm q mp Idd, h grhm pf dgd w w r qk r h mp m mr, h dppr f r bw fr d h f rm f pk d drp h m Hwr, k hr md g grhm (whh mpm -m fr-rd hdg), r mhd mpm h prr hrg hdg dp, whh mr fr d h br d hrr Or mhd ppr pf x wh xg MC r d Idd, h dd f m h g h w grhm m hp h prfrm f h xg h Rb hrgh m, rpd rr frm fdbk rrr, h mkg f rm fr r r 7

28 III d rp I h, w pr -mh bd drp f h rm pr h h dr BLM Th drp hr bd b dg h C r d d d mm fr h h rmr pr h MURF mr h w d gr h xprm r hw h ppr W b h r rpr f h MC grhm wd ppr Ehr rf mdfd fw h BLM grhm Hwr, prd mpm wd rqr m mr dd d wh g g d f f Vrb d C Tm drd Ehr, q 5 b m rfrmgp drd Ehr, q 96 b m mplm drd Ehr ; rmmd rg frm 6 0 ( IV) CCr h BLM r rb; rp drd Ehr rb mp Bk BLM rb g h m r grd bkff d rdg h drd Ehr r,, dr frm gr mp f h Tm r h rg 0 m{ccr, 0} Brr BLM rb, d mrk h r f h h hdg m r fr h f h BrLgh BLM, hd h mxmm m fr Brr whh h f h bg hr pk rm wh rrg h rbr ph Brp BLM, q 9 b m (, w rfrmgp ) MxId BLM, q 0 b m (, w Tm ) I d r m fr drmg CCr h b f h h CrrTm h rr m ( r rg h h b r w d, w r b m dffr, rhr h b) Iz Ph Nw H J h grhm r: Th h, whr h bg h grhm wh gr fr pk fr m prd f B f md g, w m h h h d kw h gb f h grhm, d z h BLM h hdg mr Brr dfd, d CCr f W fr d-f-rrr (f r), h prd dbkff f w rrd fd rrr pr r w j wd h d f f rm (N h h m BLM dd, d f mmd, rm r fr h fr mp N,, h w hd h f mg hr h m hr h h md f rm br, r h w rbr prd b bg Fr mpb wh rgr Ehr h, w pk h r, whh fr h bg w rbr prd) Ohrw, w m h j wd h d f, whh rbr prd m b prgr (fr whh w d kw h rr f CCr), w prd wc rbr Ph H r mpg qr h Ch dbkff: h r rd w bkff d fwg pd CCr Th BLM h hdg mr Brr hd b dfd, d hr hd b rrr pr (xp, fr bkwrd mpb wh drd Ehr, w w h d bg hr bkff r h d f hr w jm g d f wg fr df-rrr) C w bkff d, Bk, g h rd br xp drb h w, h prd fw

29 If Bk=0, h prd frrg h h w mmd rm mp h rfrmgp h pd Ohrw, f Bk MxId, h m fr CrrTm Bk d w fr h x, whh m b: () r-f-rrr, whh w g OhrB, r () m xprd, whh w g frrg F, f Bk > MxId, h m fr CrrTm MxId d w fr h x, whh m b: () r-f-rrr, whh w g OhrB, r () m xprd, whh w g TQ 3 TQ: W m h d prd gr h MxId m h r md f Q g rg R CCr mx {CCr, } d rr dbkff (N: mr mpx mh wh gh br rdmzg prpr wd pd h bkff r fr hg CCr Bk = fr(bk / ) Tm, whr h fr d d bh b d g hf, d f rrg frm rh dbkff Th hg h h dg f rg h h h h Bk = MxId wd h hg hdd rm m) frrg: Th h w mmd rm mp Fw h drd Ehr dfr r r prpr rfrmgp d prd Xm 5 Xm: Th h bg rmg pk g Brr = CrrTm, h r b d w fr h x If dd, prd Xbr Ohrw, prd X wh h rm fhd 6 Xbr: Th h dd drg rm mp g Brr = dfd, CCr = CCr, d w h mp prmb h b rmd (f r) r rmg JM pr d prd J 7 J: If CCr=mpLm, h rpr xcerrr d g CCr = W fr rm f h JM pr fh d prd dbkff OhrB: O (r mr) hr h rmd bfr w dd g Brr = CrrTm r b f rm, d w fr d-f-rrr If w j wd, h h rbr ph g prd wc Ohrw, h hr h h qrd h wrk d w prd w 9 wc: W j wd g hr h g Brr = dfd, h mgd qr h h, pd CCr r mmr dr BLM, g CCr = CCr hgh w dd prp h If CCr=mpLm, h rpr xcerrr d g CCr = Prd dbkff hr H h qrd h Nwrk fr Trm Br 0 w: W j wd h d f f rm b m hr h, h hd r hr p f CCr prpr fr h r f h x rbr prd I h m m, w m dd whhr r d r f h wrk h f h If rrtm Brr < BrLgh rfrmgp, h dr BLM h f h m b prmd d hr pk wh rfr I h, m fr CrrTm Brp d w fr h x, whh m b: () r-f-rrr, whh w prd MrB, r () m xprd, whh w prd Ohr- Ohrw, h h hdg m d m h fd: g Brr = dfd d 9

30 prd dbkff Ohr: Th f h r f pk bfr h hdg mr xprd g Brr = dfd d prd dbkff MrB: Th f h g d pk br W d-f-rrr If w j wd hr f rm (h rm ), h prd w Ohrw, w wd, w prd wc (C r d b h h r hr w, d d kw h f h grhm, r r g h drd Ehr grhm, d d b BLM) Th H h qrd h Nwrk fr Trm Br 3 X: Th h h mpd f pk rm Th, d rr br br gh mr r, f bg rmg hr pk bfr h hr h m d r Ohr Mr pr, f: () h h bg x pk rm bfr h h hdg mr xpr,, rrtm Brr BrLgh mx{rfrmgp, H R Tm}, r () h rpk pg w b rg pr h hr h frm rggrg mr,, Brp H R Tm rfrmgp /, r () h h rm q mp, h rm br r: g Brr = dfd d prd r Ohrw, h h rm br: w fr h h rf b r (f r) d prd XMr, f r-f-rrr dd h m m, r XRbbd, hrw XMr: Th h xp rm hr pk wh rfr frm (xp fr w h, d h g h drd Ehr grhm) Fw h drd Ehr dfr r r prpr rfrmgp, h r rmg h x pk, d w fr h x If dd, prd Xbr Ohrw, prd X wh h rm fhd 5 XRbbd: Th h hd rm br hr b g Brr = dfd, d prd r IV Prfrm Cmpr IV Lgrhm r Lr R Tm R h II, w hwd h BEB r rh grhm, rm f bh h r whh h md f Q r (Fgr 6) d h rg r m r rd frm h Bg Bg h fr f pk (Fgr 7) W w hw h BLM h fdm dg r BEB rm f m mpx dr h prg d Fr, BLM r rh fr h grhm f Q (, grhm rh fr Q) T h, dr wh hpp wh h fr rd fwg h m r pd h r I h, h: () h rmdr f hr rr bkff d (f ); () rm hr r (hrb dbg h bkff r, f CCr w bw 0); d () w bkff d frm drbd r h w bkff r whhr r h prpd h Th, k BEB w rh fr Q g xp rg rm Hwr, k BEB, h pr rh p w bkff m rhr h xp rg mbr f bkff m d, h rg m frm h Bg Bg h fr f pk rm prpr h grhm f Q Idd, h O(g Q) m mpx m h BLM f gh w h xr f gb rg h r fr f pk 30

31 rm mpr fr T bh h r, w m fd h rg mbr f grhm p (, m, f bkff m) frm h mm h f pk rm rggr h r hr r h r f h x pk rm W d h b g m f q dfg h rg rg m f h grhm f f Q Fwg h frm II, w df L m (C, I) h rg mbr f bkff frm w h fr f rm r m-h m, g h h rr h r f C, C <6, d hr h b I d h pd h r, 0 I < ( BLM z h h C =, I = 0 fr h f pk rm, fw h L m (, 0) rpr h r m fr BLM, whh mprb Eq (5) fr BEB) G h b drp f hw BLM pr, p m f q frm whh w drm {L m (C, I)} Idd, w d drm h x (f ) fwg h hr pb h (, d,, ) rg frm rbrr (C, I) If d r, h w hr m (C, I ) f I < ( w r bw h m h mbr f d ) r (mx{c, }, 0) hrw If r, h w r d h d f h m p d, f, f r, h w m (C, 0) C = 6, whh w rpr xcerrr d rr (,0) Th, hd b r h {L m (C, I)} b fd h fwg m f q: L m (C, 0) = β(0, m, /B) [ L m (C, )] β(, m, /B) ( β(0, m, /B) β(, m, /B)) [ L m (C, 0)] L m (C, ) = β(0, m, /(B )) [ L m (mx{c, }, 0)] β(, m, /(B )) ( β(0, m, /(B )) β(, m, /(B ))) [ L m (C, 0)] C < 5 L m (5, ) = β(0, m, /(B )) [ L m (5, 0)] β(, m, /(B )) ( β(0, m, /(B )) β(, m, /(B ))) [ L m (, 0)] C = 5 whr B = m{0, C} h gh f h rr bkff r N h h b m f q dpd: L m (C, ) dpd L m (C, 0) fr C < 5, d L m (5, ) dpd L m (, 0) Th, Eq (6) m b d hr r, r b G m Frm h, w b h f r m dr BLM, m L m (, 0), whh hw h dd r Fgr 7 Th O(g m) m mpx f BLM b frm h Fgr, frm whh w drm mpr h L m (, 0) g (m) Th drm mprm r h O(m) m mpx f BEB, p fr rg m IVb N L Thrghp, Mh Lwr d Mr Prdb I Fgr, w h k r dd m md f h xprm p [6] d hgd h bkff grhm h h Br Lgrhm rbr Th d h Fgr r dr mprb Fgr 3, w m h h h r f gh gr bk--bk pk (, h m r h wrk rf h h md b 0 µ) N h h p f BLM h m BEB Hwr, h drd d mr h b rdd gf I Fgr d Tb 3, w hw dr- d r gh frm, rp, fr h m f m wr hw Fgr d Tb xp fr h rpm f BEB b BLM I d frm mpr f Fgr d h BLM h drm rd h fr f h m Idd, fr pk gh grr h 500 b (h hdg m m (6) 3

32 0 0 U 975 z U d Nmbr f H Nmbr f H P k / P k / d Nmbr f H Nmbr f H T r d Nmbr f H Nmbr f H Fgr : Eff f rdg h w Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd h m md frm Fgr 3 (N h gf hg h bw z d drd d grph) 3

33 w h dpd BLM), h pr prf fr h prr hrg : m, h prbb h h f h h qr h h d h x pk h m, m /M fr M-h m Wh hrr, B-b pk, h h hdg mr w h d br f (500 )/Bª pk wh rfr b f h hr h Th w BLM r h p bf f h h pr ff, b wh g d ff rm f rd d Fr xmp, -h m g 5 b pk, BLM w h h d pk hr m bfr hg rr h h rbr ph Th, w wd xp h fr pk frm rbrr h 3-pk br rg frm f h h wh prbb /, b h x pk hrfr wd w rg frm h h h p f h MRU k H, fr (/)/3 = 7/ 070 f h pk hd rg frm h h h p f h MRU k, d fr (/)/3 = / 007 f h pk hd rg frm h f h hr h Th gr q w wh h xprm d hw Fgr, whh 069 fr h p f h MRU k, d rg bw 003 d 0055 fr h hr q 0 00 P r 000 b H R Tm = 0 µ H q 0 00 P r 000 b H R Tm = 0 µ H MRU k ph MRU k ph Fgr : g h h pr ff g BLM: h r q k qr h h, xp h hr h d h wrk h rr h p f h MRU k fr,000 b m Th d k frm h m xprm d r Fgr, g h m f fgr wr dd Fgr Th m r gh hw Tb 3 r hk g h h hdg m m Fr xmp, h bm rw f h Tb (rprg 6-h m), r h mg f «(500 )/B fr M >>, wh rf d B h b f rhd drbd [6] Idd, h r h m r q h mg mpd b /( /M) = M /(M ), whh h rg r gh dr prr hrg 33

34 Pk z H: ±± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ²² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ³³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ Tb 3: Mrd r gh frm h xprm d r Fgr, whh r d h hw Tb, xp fr rpg BEB b BLM Fgr 3 hw hw rdg BLM rd h wr- d rdd m J Fgr 9 rpr h wr- d dr BEB fr m f h xprm d r Fgr 3, w h Fgr 3 rprd h q wr- d dr BLM h wr bd frm h rrpdg f xprm d r Fgr Fgr 3 hw h, gr, wr- d r h pk z Th b xpd dr h p f rd, h w mp kp rmg h h hdg mr xpr Th xp h fr h (g) 307 d 000 b pk, whr g pk rm fr gf gr h h hdg m Th Fgr hw h h wr- d r grwg r wh h mbr f h Th xpd, BLM r r fr h prr hrg, h h h m g h frm mg M h qr h h w b gmr drbd ( mp f h h hdg m) wh prmr /M 5 6 M x Pk z Fgr 3: Mxmm brd m (mrd d) frm m f h xprm d r Fgr Th xprm r d h rprd Fgr 9, xp fr rpg BEB b BLM h, b p h hg fr h -x Fgr 6 hw h mpr hrghp d hrr f BEB (dd b dhd ) d BLM (dd b d ) fr r m fgr I, h mbr d pm f h fw h xprm p f Bgg [6], b h 3

35 w m mmr P rff r h h Eh Fgr rpr h r fr fxd pk z, whr bh h z d h mbr f h rd N h, h r fr BLM r gf br h fr BEB p h mdd rg whr h wrk bmg mdr b I prr, h rg qg d fr BEB f 0 r 00 m rgr h fr BLM h rg, whh x wh w xp, bd Eq ( ), b f h b wr m drd d dr BLM IV Ex C Errr R M mhg Wrg R h dr BEB, h MC r mh rpr xcerrr whr g pk xpr 6 rw Ufr, h rrr d h mhg wrg wh h wrk Fr xmp, Fgr 0 hw h h prbb f rp rrm mp d d wh h mbr f rr, r q wrk Th, xcerrr rm (b rr) md wrk, hr rr f hghr r wrk mgm f rg dg fr d 5 Udr BLM, h hr hd, h pd p fr h r h b hgd gf, h h r h r r fr r f pk rm h wrk Wh w md h hg prm fr, h h ddd bf f rg h xcerrr f wrk dg g W hw h w dffr w Fr, Fgr 7, w hw h mxmm brd r m f h m xprm w h drbd rr h ppr Th f m f grph h Fgr hw h mxmm brd r r 000 d f md m f f rmzd hrghp fr p m wh P rr d r mb f pk gh d mbr f h Th d r bd frm h m xprm w d r Fgr 6 Th rgh m f grph d frm h xprm w d r Fgr, 3 d, whh fw h mhdg drbd [6] Th hw h mxmm brd r r 0 d mrm prd f f h mbr f h rd m, fr h m f pk gh Ug Fgr 7, w h gr, h bhr f r q r dffr bw BEB d BLM Fr xmp, h h mxmm brd r h rd m r 0 m rgr g BEB d f BLM, b hr hr h pk z r mbr f h 6 mr, fr h p m, h mxmm r bh rgr d grwg mh fr dr BEB h BLM µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ 5 Fr xmp, h rg rpr pf [], h wrk prg grhm rggrd f h mbr f xd hrhd f 30 Th m m w dd h drf f h 00BT rpr h w drbd h Mrh 99 0 Pr mg, hgh hr w m d b rg h hrhd 50 6 Of r, g H R Tm f 00 µ m h f h b r mpb fr h fr f rm r N h rg h H R Tm d mk hg wr fr BEB, whh w rb h f h h pr grp f h f whh h (r) m r, d m b b b h g h bfr qr h h 35

36 Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g Uz (Wh Orhd) Q d 6 6 Fgr : Cmpr f h M d drd f h Tm d Qg bw h drd Ehr d h Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd, mg 0 b pk, mmr P rr, d r mbr f h Nwrk pg fw h xprm p [6] hd rpr m wh drd Ehr h, wh d rpr h m m g BLM 36

37 Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g Uz (Wh Orhd) Q d 6 6 Fgr 5: Rp f Fgr g 56 b pk 37

38 Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g Uz (Wh Orhd) Q d 6 6 Fgr 6: Rp f Fgr g 6 b pk 3

39 M 00 x C C 0 r Nrmzd Thrghp M 00 x C C 0 r Nmbr f H 6 M 00 x C C 0 r Nrmzd Thrghp 6 6 M 00 x C C 0 r Nmbr f H M 00 x C C 0 r Nrmzd Thrghp 6 6 M 00 x C C 0 r Nmbr f H Fgr 7: Th mxmm brd r frm r f h m xprm d r Fgr 6 (f m) d Fgr, 3 d (rgh m) I h, BEB wh H R Tm 00 µ hw dd, BEB wh H R Tm 0 hw d, d BLM hw dhd d, w hq drm h drb f r pk dprr dr BLM, f f h mbr f h Th, w wh fd h q F CC (k), whh fr grph r w df h prbb h h 39

40 r dprg pk grr h r q k Fr g f k, F CC (k) b fd frm r f h mbddd Mrk h dfd h m wh h f h r pdd,, w pk (zd ), (rmd b ), d d d (drmd b ) Th, w m h bh CCr = k d f rm r brbg fr h Mrk h, d h prbb h h m, wh rd frm CCr =, w b brbd b k d f h h f h r Mrk (, x dpd h rr d h h m drg h x bkff m), w fr F CC (k) g h fwg m f q L f j b h prbb h h m w r h brbg (, CCr = k), g h CCr = j h rr G h df f BLM, hd b r h: () CCr hg rm; () h rggr r; d () w d rggr dr Th, b mprg h brp prbb w d m p h fr, w bh h fwg m f b q: P, f j = f j = P j, j fj P j, j fj < j < k ¹ j = k, whr h r prbb, P, j r g b d P j, j = P[ w d rg frm CCr = j M h ] = β(0, M, /B) β(0, M, /(B )) P j, j = P[, r d fwd b, rg frm CCr = j M h ] = P j, j β(, M, /B) β(0, M, /B) β(, M, /(B )), m{j, 0} B = h rr gh f h bkff r Rrrgg rm Eq (7), w b: f = f j = f / P, (f j f j Pj, j ) / P j, j 0 < j < k, bj h bdr d h f k = N h w Eq () h r q {f j } wh rmz p, b mg rbrr fr f 0 d h g h bdr d fr f k rmz h r Th, F CC (k) f, w qk dr h r drb f b fdg -rmzd, fˆj, Eq () d g F CC (k) fˆ / fˆk I prr, f w pp h (-rmzd) bdr d fˆ =, h w mmd h: F CC (k) = ºº º, (9) fˆk (7) () whr fˆ = d {fˆj} r bd, rr, frm Eq () 0

41 P r b b Mxmm C Cr Fgr : Th prbb drb f, F CC (k), fr h r f dprg pk dr BLM, dd M, h mbr f h rr (Cr frm f rgh rrpd M =,,, 6, 3, 6,, 56, 5, 0) Fgr hw F CC (k) fr r mbr f h I rg hw h hp f h r r r ffd b h r bw h r d h gh f h bkff r g h r bw 0, h r r h m xp fr r h rgh Th b xpd, h mbr f mp pr hd b m d f w bh db h mbr f h (, m h x r) d h h f hr rp rm prbb (, r CCr b ) Frhrmr, h f h r bd CCr = 0 j g, w wd xp h bkff r, B, d hg mr Th, w r mr kg h f gmr drb, whh rgh m-g I rg mpr h mxmm brd r dr BLM frm Fgr 7 F CC (k) I prr, w h h brd mxm rrpd q h r fr whh F CC (k) 0 N h fr M, h prbb f f rggrg xcerrr ggb (, 0 r ) I h wr (m rd 0 h wrk), h prbb r /9, whh prhp rg b k r d f r prbm wh h wrk Hwr, f h prfrm f h m wh hdrd f h h m dm mpr, h w gg wg fr h r rh 0 bfr drg xcerrr Th hg rd h wr- prbb f f rggrg h d /367, whh m mr h dq fr gg r rrr d h wrk IVd Cx f Od d Nw Ehr-k rdm- m h b dd x fr mr h 0 r, h p r h dff fd w grhm h h br prfrm Hwr, ff j m p wh br grhm b w mp hrw w xg Ehr-mpb qpm d r frh d f w dd r, w mgh r w d p wh

42 mp dffr hm h d rmb Ehr! Th, f h m mpr fr f BLM b x wh drd Ehr h h m wrk Th, f hr b d (d p mfgr) r dg (ph- f h w grhm) w d p rg hrg wrk h mxr f d (BEB) d w (BLM) h, h wrk m f rr Fgr 9 hw h BLM d dd m h dg rqrm I h Fgr, w rp h xprm rprd Fgr 6, b h m w fgr hf h h BEB d h hr hf BLM Wh r rmrkb b h Fgr h d h hrg m f prpr, b h dd f m BLM h mpr h d hrr f h BEB h m 7 IV B h G Trff Pr r Rpr f R Nwrk f h r fr h rprd m wh r rff pr Th, w h hw h r prfrm f BEB d BLM fr m h r hr mp rdd (whh w h bh h rdb f r d mpr h w-kw xprm r rprd [6]) r rrg mp P rff mx (whh w h fr mp, d fr mpb wh mdg d) I h, w hw h h r mr f BLM pp mr r rff md Th, Fgr w h mdfd h mr r-dr fr h pk z, r d d ddr, d rr m Th r f r rd h fwg w Fr, w d h pdmp prgrm, rg PRC wrk (Th wrk r f, d qppd wh md k whh w d d fd b r wh fw md r m hr) Th r wr k f h w Ehr h Ur f Tr Udrgrd Cmpg p F, whh pr IPC wrk, PRCrr 90 f rr, PRCrr 690 md 0 mp rr, mr hd h f rr, p h r mh, whh w j p brr m f h m hr ddr pprg h r (dg h mh CF hr Ehr) wr mppd d d h Od d Eh wrk h 00MB dk g /mp, wp pr d f h drd Ux br d hm drr r h f rr, d NF Tp rff h wrk f NF, rm r g, rm X-Wdw rff, d drbd r rg g PVM Tr wr k rm r m wk, wh g rg frm h f f f d dg prgrmmg gm, hg 35 rm Mb d Xmp h mp rr, b d f Xrk d NTrk Th rg pk z w b 0 b, rgh bmd bw h m d rg pk z Eh r d hr, wh h d rg rgg frm % g r 60% p r wh -hr rg d f 7% wd h -m d rg rg bw % d 0%, d r brd r 70% Ld wr drbd r h r mmr, wh h f rr bg h r d d f h gr mbr f pk, fwd b hr h mp rr r h NTrk gm rr M hr h hd ggb d mpr gf (d ppr wd drd!) prbm wh h r h wrk mr rrd dprr m d f rr m fr h pk Th, f h wrk»»»»»»»»»»»»»»» 7 B mprg h r bw Fgr 6 d Fgr 9, h h xp whr h dd f BLM h mk hg wr fr h rmg BEB h r w pprh r wh hr pk Hwr, h rg qg d h r f h rdr f d w, h f pr gf

43 Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g Uz (Wh Orhd) Q d 6 6 Fgr 9: Eff f mxg h g h drd Ehr grhm d h Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd h m wrk m p Fgr, b h m, hf h h h drd Ehr pr (dhd ) d h hr hf BLM 3

44 Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g Uz (Wh Orhd) Q d 6 6 Fgr 0: Rp f Fgr 9, mg 56 b pk

45 Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g Uz (Wh Orhd) Q d 6 6 Fgr : Rp f Fgr 9, mg 6 b pk 5

46 gf b, h h ff f h MC r dfrr d bkff w dr h rr pr gf Frhrmr, prfrm bd b g h r dr wrk mr wd b xrm mdg: wrk fd wh r f w (rd hdd) dprr pr wd xpr d qg d Th, r w drd r wh rg z r h hr w mr h 00 ( rd h dr d b MC r dfrr d bkff), d h r mp r r ggrg r hg h drd d Ob h prf, b r mh mr r h mp P md Bfr hg wh w f r h wr bd g h r-dr m mhdg, w fr d bh h h pprhddd g mh br pr f h bhr f p Ehr m h h mp P md Th, w w w hw h h r-dr m mhdg gd gh prrm f h d f h d drb frm I Fgr, w h hw hr mp f rr d, whr h hw h q frm Fgr 0 fr dffr m I pr () f h Fgr, h rw d w bd g h m -b hrdwr mr h w d Fgr 0, b h m d hr h (h hr PRC wrk), whh d hr Ehr Nrh, h w f d xhb m mr, d hrd b h h d wbd h m w I pr (b) f h Fgr, h rw d w bd b rmg r mr rrd h m frm fr h h r hrdwr mr pp fr g h Th mr w r fr hr f md m, g r-dr p f d h wrk rg hrghp f pprxm Mb/ O g, h w d q r mr h w rr f d, d ppr h b bd h m w Th, w f q jfd gg hgh dgr f rdb h mrm w b g h r dr m pprh O h hr hd, h d hw pr () f h Fgr b r dffr frm h hr pr (b), h rw d w grd g r r-dr m mhdg, d dd w r-d h x m r-dr p f d h m rdm mbr d Th hg w md w mdf h MC r mh h h BLM d f BEB B mprg pr (b) d () f Fgr, w h hgg h bkff grhm h gf ff hr f h rr r Fr, h f h d drb, F(x), mh hrr, wh h prbb h pk h m fg ff q drm bd,000 b (whh h h hdg m m dr BLM) d, d rrm mp r, G(x), fr rg f x(rhr h drg k h f P )frw frh pkd b dfrr d, f, h d prbb f h mp, (x), b b mr b dr BLM h dr BEB Th drp r,000 b m (, h h hdg m) hpp b h mbr f h dh gh fh rg bprd rp rrd ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ Th f h G(x)ppr b bdd bw 0 d 0 3 b xpd b rgzg h, dr BLM, h h mk rg f rm mp pr (b CCr zd, b / f h h rm h fr ; f hr, h b / f h h rm h d,, d /// =) d h rg gh f rgh h rdr f 0 3 (f h wg h d g hr pk) 0 (f h wg h fh hdgm) b 6

47 F (x) G P (x) P (x) F (x) G (x) (x) G F (x) P () (b) () Tm fr mp ( b) Fgr : Rp f Fgr 0 g d frm (p bm): () 0 hr f mrm frm h hrdwr mr hd h hr wrk; (b) hr f d frm r-dr m f r 33-h drd Ehr wrk prg dg f Mb/; () h m r-dr p f ppd 33-h BLM wrk (x) 7

48 0 05 BEB BLM d BEB BLM Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) BEB Q 00 0 g 0 BEB BLM Q00 0 d 0 BLM Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) Fgr 3: Cmpr f h M d drd f h Tm d Qg bw h drd Ehr d h Br Lgrhm Bkff Mhd, g 33- H m wh r-dr pk z d rrr m Thr rp f h xprm r hw hd d m whr r h h drd Ehr BEB grhm d d m whr r h h BLM grhm Th hr dd d mxd m, whr h 0 5 BEB d h 6 3 BLM: bd r hw h r q, wh h bd r hw h r pr fr h w hp Fgr 3 d hw h ff f rdg r-dr rff h p f xprm rprd Fgr 6 d 9 Eh Fgr dp h r frm hr pr xprm g h m r-dr p: h dhd rpr m whr h BEB, h d rpr m whr h BLM,dh dd rprhrgm whr m h BEB d h r BLM N h bh 33-H (Fgr 3) d -H (Fgr ) fgr, BLM gf prfrm BEB, d h ddg m BLM h g mpr h prfrmfh BEB h mxd rm

49 0 05 BEB BLM d BEB BLM Uz (Wh Orhd) Uz (Wh Orhd) 0000 Q BEB 000 BLM 00 g Uz (Wh Orhd) 0000 Q d 0 0 BEB BLM Uz (Wh Orhd) Fgr : Rp f Fgr 3 g -H r dr xprm hd d r g BEB h, d d r g BLM h, d dd d mxd fgr Fgr 5 prd mr d b h grd f r xprd b h dd h Hr h p rpr h prfrm f g h g xprm, wh h mp r rprg h g BEB d h d r rprg h g BLM Fgr 5 d 6 h hw h hg prfrm h r frm whg h frm BEB BLM w dffr f z Fgr 7 hwh m p Fgr 5, b wh hf h h g BEB d h hr hf g BLM Fgr hwh rrpdg r fr -H fgr 9

50 H Uz (Wh Orhd) ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ H Uz (Wh Orhd) d ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ H Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g H Uz (Wh Orhd) Q d À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À Fgr 5: f h pr-h f h M d drd f h Tm d Qg rff gr r R hw r fr 33-H wrk g r-dr p fr pk gh d rr m Th pk gh drb h m f b d drd d f 35 b T z (wh rhd) 055, wh h x-x dg h z f h dd h Th xprm w rpd w, g h x m r-dr p, wh h g hr h drd Ehr BEB grhm (dd b ) r h Br Lgrhm Bkff Mhd (dd b Á ) 50

51 H Uz (Wh Orhd) Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ä Ä Ä Ä Ã Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã Ã H Uz (Wh Orhd) d Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Ç Ç Ç Ç Æ Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ H Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g È È È È È È È È È È È È È È È È É É É É É É É É Ê Ê Ê Ê É Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê É É É É É É H Uz (Wh Orhd) Q d Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ë Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Í Í Í Í Ì Í Í Í Í Í Í Í Í Í Í Í Í Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Fgr 6: f h pr-h f h M d drd f h Tm d Qg bkff grhm m p Fgr 5, d w h m f r-dr p Hwr, h m w k pr f mpmr hrg 33-h m fgr I h fr fgr, h 0 5 g BEB (dd b ) d h 6 33 g BLM (dd b Î ) Th d fgr mrrr mg, wh h 0 5 g BLM (dd b Ï ) d h 6 33 g BEB (dd b Ð ) N h h grph rmrkb mr Fgr 5, d h BLM (d mb) prd gf br prfrm mprd BEB (p mb) mr hw h r f h h r fgrd 5

52 H Uz (Wh Orhd) Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ ÑÒÑ Ñ H Uz (Wh Orhd) d Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó H Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô H Uz (Wh Orhd) Q d Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Fgr 7: Rp f Fgr 5 rd 33-H wrk T z (wh rhd) 0655, d h pk gh drb h m f 0 b d drd d f 3 b Th xprm w rpd w, g h x m r-dr p, wh h g hr h drd Ehr BEB grhm (dd b ) r h Br Lgrhm Bkff Mhd (dd b Ö ) 5

53 Ù Ù Ù Ù Ø Ú Ø Ú Ø Ø Ú Ú d H Uz (Wh Orhd) H Uz (Wh Orhd) Q g Q 00 d H Uz (Wh Orhd) H Uz (Wh Orhd) Fgr : Rp f Fgr 5 fr r-dr -h m fgr whh h z (wh rhd) 063 d h pk z drb h m f 96 b d drd d f 305 b fr w xprm r hw, wh BEB dd b d BLM dd b Û V Impm Cdr M f h dg f BLM r BEB m frm drg mr frm b h f h wrk frm h b g mg h h rf frm h hd mdm (, rr) Th, dmr h b f BLM, w m hw h h frm dd b, d r dd mpm mpx mprd BEB Th prmr d bw BLM d BEB rm f gg h f rr (, d / / ) frm b h h Ob, rrr g b d dgh d h frm b, h hw h dfr pr dfd Frhrmr, f h g h rmg, h d b d dgh frm, g hr g g hrd md (, 0B5 d 0B) r dg g dr p--p h (m, -pbk rm d rp wd pr r p fbr) Th, rm hw hw p brr dgh bw r whh w r d Or f fg h prd f f d f dr b, fr dg h prmb, h h mmm frm gh f 5 b N h h dd wrk h pr f h h, h m d fr frg frgm bfr pg frm 53

54 h h rf Frhrmr, d rqr ddg h frm w, dg h rf f h frm CRC Or mhd f frg h hdg m m drbd w h Brp (mrd b) d whhr r f h wh d mr pk h m rm br Th f Brp bd h f h h rfrm pg bw w pk rgg frm h m r hg b m 7 b m b f h rb f rrr q rpr,, h wr- rm ph bg h prd wh mp drm whhr r h h h h pr pk d d hr Th, f h h rm x pk wh b m f m rfrmgp whh w wh h pb f m rr wrk h hr h w d r-f-rrr bfr hr Brp m xpr d h w rfr wh h f h W b h h d f rdg h p f h hdg m mpr ff h pr f hr pk mpr rb f h wrk Th, w rg rmmd h r mpm f wrk rf h ppr BLM hd 3KB f bffrg fr bh rm d rp, whh ff hd h d h h wd rm drg g rm br Th, f h h ppr hgh hrghp r d b (b hr h prg pd f h hd h r h h-rf d rfr r bk), k f dg f BLM Of, h pr f ff f rb h f f rrr, r prhp m ddd mpx h r fr wg w h j rg wrk r xg h I BLM, w md gf ffr mk h grhm r h prbm I prr, h grhm dgd wrk rr hrg rm whh m f h h r g h drd Ehr BEB grhm Th, w h whg j h wrk d mmd, mr b g k drd Ehr h If rr drg d prd h wrk, h w mmd bm hrzd wh h gb f h grhm If rr drg rbr prd, h w mmd bm m hrzd wh h gb grhm: h mg p f frm h rr f CCr, whh gr m b grr h h p hgh h w h m j mprr dg drg h rbr prd b f w f CCr, w qr h rr h fr f rm r d, f, f rr drg m hr h rm br, h w r d hr h w fw h bgg f w rbr prd mr, h dprr f xg h f rh drg h rbr prd, r pr w hrgh rm br h r ff h hr h I h frmr, rm mp m h d CCr h hr h grw r rg Hwr, w rr h r f p pr MxId, d wh w rh CCr = w r r rm rmg pk() wh w m Cr, h r, h fr dffr h h f h rg f pk d, w b bk rm wh Brp F, r ph r rm rrr d r gf dd prbm dr BLM, mpr drd Ehr g BEB Fr xmp, x g w h -prpg h r h w If f h prp rrm mmd, h Brp r h -prp w rr h rbr ph (b wh CCr = d f CCr > fr h prp h g ) d m k f h -prp w qr h wrk fr h d f h f h rm 5

55 br, h (dg h rpb fr h x g ) w rr h rbr ph Hwr, h mmm f CCr, h m g r gg r g VI C I h ppr, w h drbd r mjr prfrm prbm d b h rd Br Exp Bkff (BEB) grhm h pr f h Ehr drd Th prbm d rfr wh h m p f h wrk, dfd h mxmm b hrghp wh rgrd d Hwr, h gf dgrd f h r w f h r prdd b h wrk, hw b h rg d xrm prdb d h r dr mdr h rff d Th d m b r gh rfr wh p wrkg pp, h p whr Ehr m b bd mp wh hr hg T h prfrm prbm, w h dpd w bkff grhm d h Br Lgrhm rbr Mhd (BLM), whh m f h prfrm m wh rdg w prbm f w Th, w hw h BLM ffr r gf dg r BEB, d dd h whg h w grhm r hrm m prfrm BLM d rd h m p f h wrk mprd BEB BLM j drm d dg r BEB dr mdr hgh d d BLM bkwrd mpb wh BEB h h dffr h g bh bkff grhm hpp x h m wrk Idd, ddg m BLM h xg m mpr h prfrm f BEB h m I r r, Ehr w bmg h Frr f h 90 : prg ffr hr w hg h prf b g h jb d d rf g w p f h rd f f w d mprd r Hwr, w hd h rg pr f Frr g d h g ffr f pprr rpr w d (h rr, pr, d md []), d f mp mkg d wh rg fr, k h d r rr h rhm IF d mpd GOTO m h pr m, Ehr hw r d h w f mpr d m f ppd r Thr w rmd d b f Ehr mpb qpm h wrd, whh pp r wg drd wh gd r Hwr, w b h b h h prfrm m BEB w h mmm f Ehr b, p h mrgg hghr pd mrk Th mpr h prbm w, b pdg h MC r pr w h f h BLM grhm kwdgm Th hr grf kwdg h rb f W H h prj, wh wh ffr hr wd h b m xprm fr m rpr h ppr Th Cmpg p F f h prm f Cmpr h Ur f Tr prdd bh m m f w prr CPU m hr r f PRC wrk ( h rdr f CPU-r!) fr rg m xprm, d h r fr h d d r r-dr m xprm Th rrh w pprd b h Nr d Egrg Rrh C f Cd, dr gr #557, d b h Ifrm Thg Rrh Cr f h Pr f Or, Cd 55

56 Rfr [] Crrr Mp wh C (CM/C), IEEE d Ed (IO/I 0-3), IEEE, Nw Yrk (990) [] J C dm, W Brrd, J T Mr, B T mh, d J L Wgr, Frr 90 Hdbk: Cmp NI / IO Rfr, Irx MGrw-H (99) [3] J d, Um Ib f Exp Bk-Off Pr fr kwdgm- Bd Trm Cr f Rdm Cmm Ch, IEEE Tr Ifrm Thr IT-33(), pp 9-3 (Mrh 97) [] G T m d E Lzwk, Th Bhr f Ehr-Lk Cmpr Cmm Nwrk, Pr 7h mpm Oprg m Prp, pp66- (979) [5] rmr, O h Bhr f Ehr: r Exg Md dq?, Th Rpr CRI-59, Cmpr m Rrh I, Ur f Tr, Tr (Fbrr 99) (M h) [6] R Bgg, J C Mg, d C K, Mrd Cp f Ehr: Mh d R, CM IGCOMM mpm Cmm rhr & Pr, pp- 3 (g 6-9, 9) [7] E Cmr, Irwrkg wh TCP/IP V I: Prp, Pr, d rhr, Pr-H (99) (d Ed) [] R W Cw, W L Mxw, d L W Mr, Thr f hdg, dd-w (967) [9] G Cghm d J Mdh, rbd Rrm Cr fr d, Npr, d Vr Tm CM, IEEE Tr Cmm COM-36(6), pp65-69 (J 9) [0] G F, E Gb, d J Lb, b d Opm Cr f h Pk whg Brd Ch, Jr f h CM (3), pp (J 977) [] P Gbrzk d P Rdk, Th MURPH Pr Mdg Erm (r ), prm f Cmpg, Ur f br, Edm (Obr 99) [] J Gdm, G Grbrg, N Mdr, d P Mrh, b f Br Exp Bkff, Jr f h CM 35(3), pp (J 9) [3] R G, Mrm d f k Wrk Trff Ehr, IEEE Tr Cmm 3(9) (pmbr 990) [] B Hjk d T L, rzd m Cr f M Brd Ch, IEEE Tr m Cr C-7(3), pp (J 9) [5] V Jb, B TCP Ehr Thrghp, Ir Nwgrp Cmpprp-p (Obr, 9) 39 [6] J F C Kgm, Th Eff f Q p Wg Tm Vr, Prdg f h Cmbrdg Phph 5, pp63-6 (96) [7] L Krk, Qg m, Vm II: Cmpr pp, W-Ir, Nw Yrk (976) 56

57 [] L-Gr, Prbb d Rdm Pr fr Er Egrg, dd-w, Rdg, M (99) [9] J L M, G Edr, IEEE Tr Ifrm Thr IT-3(), pp 7- (Mrh 95) [0] J Mdh d C L, b d Opmz f h CM d CM/C Ch, IEEE Tr Cmm COM-3(6), pp (J 93) [] R M Mf d R Bgg, Ehr: rbd Pk whg fr L Cmpr Nwrk, Cmm f h CM 9(7) (J 976) [] R M Mf, Cmpr/Nwrk Irf g: L frm rp d Ehr, IEEE Jr d r Cmm C-(), p73,0 (Fbrr 993) [3] M L M, K hrb, d N Vp,, p-tm Md f hr CM Pr fr L r Nwrk, IEEE Jr d r Cmm C-5(6), pp (J 97) [] hkr, m Cjr h Bhr f kwdgm-bd Trm Cr f Rdm Cmm Ch, CM IGMETRIC 7 Cfr Mrm d Mdg f Cmpr m,, pp5-55 (M 97) [5] J F hh d J Hpp, Mrd Prfrm f Ehr L Nwrk, Cmm f h CM 3(), pp 7-7 (mbr 90) [6] K hrb, M L M, d N Vp, Cmm Thrghp fr Pr CM m, IEEE Tr Cmm COM-35(), pp0-3 (Fbrr 97) [7] J prgg, J L Hmmd, d K Pwkwk, Tmm: Pr d g, dd-w (99) [] H Tkg d L Krk, Thrghp f Pr CM m, IEEE Tr Cmm COM-33, pp67-63 (J 95) [9] Tbm, Cmpr Nwrk, Pr-H, I, Egwd Cff, N J (9) (d Ed) [30] C P Thkr, E M MCrgh, B W Lmp, R F pr, d R Bgg, : Pr Cmpr, pp Cmpr rr: Prp d Exmp, d P wrk, C G B d Nw, MGrw-H (9) [3] R Wh d R Grwz, Crg h BBN TCP/IP B, Ux 9 mmr Cfr Prdg, pp5-6 (J 5, 9) [3] J K Wf, Br g Grp Tg: M Cmm, IEEE Tr Ifrm Thr IT-3(), pp 5-9 (Mrh 95) [33] Z Z d M L M, Mdg h Exp Bkff grhm CM/C Nwrk, Th Rpr CRI-79, Cmpr m Rrh I, Ur f Tr, (Obr 99) 57