Canadian Public Administration publique du Canada

Transcription

1 j j 2015 vm 58 mb mé 2 Cd Pb Adm pbq d Cd Ayzg, pv,, mp, bg d gv p hgg wd Ay pq d gv, pv,, mp, h d md év g gx L f pbq d pd pè Hp M C Advy Cmm A N-Gvm Py A Bg Hd? Tw F N Chg: Impvg Dkg W Qy d Md R D Cv Ahy Bd Cmp M? bk vw mp d Pv Exp d Tfmg Gb Dvpm F Ov h Cff? Ag Nw Avd Nw Bwk Bkpy Th I Hdbk f Pb F Mgm

2 Cd Pb Adm Adm pbq d Cd Ed Off / B d éd 1075 By S, S 401 T ON M5S 2B1 CANADA T/Té.: (416) ; Fx/Téé.: (416) d/éd Ev A. Ldq, Pf d D, Sh f Pb Adm, Uvy f V d/éd é D S-M, Pf, Uvé d Mé d/éd é Cyh Whk, Vv, Bh Cmb mgg d/d d éd Chy Pddk CEO/d géé Rb Ty d bd/mé d éd F Ab, C Uvy L B, ENAP Sdfd B, Uvy f T Kh Bwy, M Ry Uvy Fd Cd, I Dvpm Rh C I D. Ck, Uvy f T L Côé, Obv d dm pbq, Qéb Kh Fbk, Dh Uvy Tby Fyf, Uvy f Ow M Gg, Uvy f Ow Adw Ghm, Q Uvy V Y. H III, Uvé d Mé Jph Kh, Bk Uvy Jm A. MA, My f F, O P F. MK, Pb Sfy Iv, I., Nv S J O Fy, Uvy f Mb G Rd, MM Uvy K Rm, Uvy f Rg Ad Rb, Sffk Uvy Lw Sh Lyd Rb, My f Tp, O Jffy Ry, Dh Uvy T Sb, Uvé d Mé Dvd Sg, Bk Uvy P H, Uvy f Uh A My Tmp, Uvy f Edbgh Ghm Wh, Uvy f T Cd Pb Adm/Adm pbq d Cd (ISSN [p], ISSN []) pbhd qy bhf f h I f Pb Adm f Cd by Wy Sbp Sv, I., Wy Cmpy, 111 Rv S., Hbk, NJ Adm pbq d Cd (ISSN [mpmé], ISSN [ g]) pbé f p m m d I d dm pbq d Cd p Wy Sbp Sv, I., Wy Cmpy, 111 Rv S., Hbk, NJ W gf h S S d Hm Rh C f Cd f f pp h pb f h J/N m C d hh hm d Cd d d f è q pp à pb d Rv. ISSN J/j 2015 pbhd qy pbé mm Th I f Pb Adm f Cd/L I d dm pbq d Cd A gh vd/t d évé. PAP Rg N /Egm p d pb Pg pd T/P pyé à T. W kwdg h f h Gvm f Cd hgh h Pb A Pgm wd mg. N d f è d gvm d Cd, p m d Pgmm d d x pb (PAP), p dép d v p.

3 Cd Pb Adm Adm pbq d Cd J/j 2015 Vm 58, Nmb/m 2 I Mmm Rd P/E mm d Rd P /v Og / A gx L f pbq d pd pè D. Sv/205 L dm pbq m d mp hgm d dè. L h f pbq d p p v pv p pd x dmd d ff d p. M f, mp m gg f dmq. Cmm dm pbq p- dv m g? Q fm dv ^ m p p y pv? Th pb v h g hgh mj hg h fw y. S pb v hv gy b kg h pv m h p q bm m ff. B dg, h pb v h b kkd ff mg d h gd dm f. Hw dv g m? Wh kd f fm d b mpmd g? M C Advy Cmm d h Hp gvm P. W/227 I 2010, h pm m d ym f M C Advy Cmm (MCAC), qg m wh h bkbh g bf kg py pp b. D MCAC MP f v gvm py d p gf v h hp bw h xv d gvm? E 2010, Pm m m pd yèm d m f d d m (CCCM), xg q m èg dp d èb v d p pp d pq Cb. E d b d m mè d pq f Pm m d gm pq g j d pp gq, CCCM p- mp v d xf gvm? A -gvm py bg hd? Ag Nw Pb Gv B. Ev/249 H. Sph Hw d gvm d -gvm py wk gg wh h h py p? Th d gg h py - d -pd gf f f h p b h m d f. I h x f py ggm bdy v h pp f Nw Gv gg? Cmm b d pq gvmx gvmx g- d p d b d pq? L d d

4 q -p pd d pq d q mp d p, m q x b d. L p d ggm pq - gm v q d dp d Nv gv? Rfg h : Dkg w F N O J. MCgh/271 K. Fhbkhh Hw d h F N h mmy f p df? Th d fm O v h df f xd byd h h m pf gwh, mpym, d fg py vm. Wh h mp f py dg, mpvg pgm mgm, d g F N mmm? Cmm mm dp hq d Pmè N df- è? L d d O vè q df d è v -d d dm hq p pm pf, mp, vm pq pp. Q mp p p d pq, m d g d pgmm, m d ggm d Pmè N? Ngg b, vgg h mz: F N pp xp f md J. Lv/295 J. Kf A. Bw S. Mh J. O N S. S K. BSky Wh h xp f mmb f F N kg md? D hpd by hkg bdg, fgmd pgm vg, d jd f. I pvd dvy d pp pp f b d d? Wh py fm qd? Q xp d mmb d Pmè N q hh dmg p v è d mdx? L d d p d mp bdg, fgm d hmp d pp d pgmm, f d d jd. L v d df d d p - - q pp d pp d pd b d df? Q fm gq? Cv Ahy Bd mp d py mpm J. Ly/315 A pzd h vg v mp ky b m fhf h md h h vg g mpy? Th mp h Upp Thm Rv Cv Ahy (UTRCA) d fgmd bd wh h Hm Cv Ahy (HCA) d dd bd. Th mp whh bd mp ff py mpm. L ff d p d p dv p mp - pb d ^ p fdè md q x q dv q mp? C mp Off d p d d Upp Thm (UTRCA) d dm fgm d d Off d p d d Hm (HCA). L mp v mp d d dm f m œv d pq.

5 Bk vw / Cmp d Gvg F: Pv Exp d h Tfm f Gb Dvpm F, by Jq B Ov h Cff? Ag Nw Avd Nw Bwk Bkpy, by Rhd S Th I Hdbk f Pb F Mgm, dd by Rhd A, Rhd Hmmg d By H. P I. Sm/333 R. Vgp/336 J. A. MA/339

6 CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION h fd hy pb f h I f Pb Adm f Cd (IPAC). Th J mmd h xm f h, p, p d m f pb py d pb mgm d xv, gv, jd d q-jd f h v f Cd gvm. A m b mp h mhdgy d b h -h d. Pbhd qy, h J f pmy Cd, b mp wm f hy mp Cd d pb- d p wh h h, f hy xm m h gz h f p v h pb dm mmy Cd. Ah w y gd Mp bmd f pb hd xd 7,500 wd d hd b mpd by 100-wd b d fv p q fm h x f h. Ah kd m h mb f x, d f, h y gd f whh b fd h IPAC wb ( N-mp wh h qm my dy pb. Cb h bk vw d h hd xd 1,250 d 5,500 wd, pvy. Hw bm mp Cd Pb Adm pf v mp bm y g Mp C. T bm mp, p g h J Mp C hmpg (hp://m.mp.m/p). Lg k h C A p f y f-m f Mp C. Af bmg y mp, y w v fm -m. Y Mp C y m hk h f y mp. Th J w fm y by -m d h b md. Gg hp wh y bm Eh pg f h Mp C wb h G Hp Nw g dy h pp ym hp://mhp.mp.m/ghpw/.hm d ph pp vb hgh h US ShO pp ff If y d hv I bm, h Ed Off w hp wh bm. P h Ed Off, by ph by -m pddk@ p.. A mp d d pd hd b v m h Ed h I f Pb Adm f Cd (@p.). ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA v v, m v d p, d d dm pbq d Cd (IAPC). L Rv gg xm, pd, dm d pq pbq d mgm pb f dmv, gv, jd q-jd x p d gvm d Cd. L dv ^ mpq d mhdg b p. L Rv, pb f p m, p m d q d; f, pv m d m d q mp pq d pb d d py xm d q d d py; d d gm x, q p pè p d dm pbq d. Gd d y L m m p pb dv p dp m dv ^ mpg d mm d 100 m d q xg d x d. L p d m g q f d d x, d d f d Gd d y q v Wb d IAPC ( L p d xg p ^ı d d d pb. L m p bq «Cmp d» «N d hh» dv p dp m m pvm. Cmm m m L v Adm pbq d Cd pfè v qm m d m p b d Mp C. P m m, vz v d pg d d Mp C p Rv (hp://m.mp.m/p). Ovz qz p «C mp» v z Mp C p pmè f. U f v m vy, v vz fm p v q. Vx pvz gm d Mp C mp q mm p vf d v m. L Rv v fm p d d q p. Ob d d v v m Chq pg d I d Mp C ^ «Ob d d m» q dm yèm d g hp://mhp.mp.m/ghpw/.hm. L b d US ShO ff gm d d ph S v vz p è I v pvz p m g, B d d p v d. Vz mmq v p ph pddk@p..

7 D p 1992, I d dm pb qdc d( I APC)dé P xr d P m f ç p h q é d vadm pb qdcd.c' v p f d q R v dé è dr d P 22 v Emé m d R dp NéàM é, 1 3d é mb , R dp d é mm d ' É d h é d mm d M é. I p v é d v é m q à F éd D d P à ' I d ' É d p q d P. Dé b è à ' É d h é d mm à ' U v éd M é mm p f d é m q, p b è d m v d ' b dà d d g é é d C d ' é m q d Q é b ( ), d é d m mb d p , p q d f d d ' Of f d p f d Q é b ( ). I v à ' g m àp d f d ' É d ' d m p b q, q d ' d é é ê v ' d m p b q, p f d q d ' x p é d ' p p g v m. I é ép f à ' ÉNAPd à d à , q ' p v d p f é mé. M P g é, gd è, d è mb x p p éà p v g, d ' b d ' é m d Q é b d C d, p m g m p b. I mm d A y d p q g v m ( PUL, ). P é mm, d g é p b d ' mp v g M g m p b ( PUQ, ) q b ép è d ' v g d è g d ' ÉNAP. M P j p é p d p p, q ' m éàp p àd mb x q, q ' àd d z d ' é m d d d é é v. A d è, é é p p éà é g p d v g m f, ào wq ' à Q é b - mm C d A, C d h h h m d C d d à , C d ' é m q d à , C mm d ' E g m p é d C p é d ' Éd d à I f f éd mb m d p f d ' é v d p p y d ' Af q f p h é ém mb d C f q d ' É d B d x( , ). T gd ' d b è d p d 4 0, à d p f, d h h, d ' d m p b, R dp b é, p p p ' é, d é v p p m d d m v p p q é p b. D q, b éàf m p d g p b q p v é. L é p d d P xr dp p é é d C g è d I APCq d àh f x( û , ).L d é p d d P xr d P p p î h q é d mé d d é mb d v APC.

8 S 1992, hi fpb Adm fc d( I PAC)h p d hr d P Aw df hb F h g g pp hy Cd Pb Adm.I w hd p d h hj hp gfr d P Ap 22,2015. I M m m R dp B M D mb 1 3, , R dp g dd g b d f m h É d h é d mm d M é ( HECM é ). H dh d m h P F y fl w d h I fp S d fp. S gh HECM é d h U v éd M é p f f m, h d kb d m v f g m g f h B d fq é b ' m ( ), fwh hh w m mb , d h f d gd f h Of f fp g fq b ( ). H d h g b yf d g h É d ' d m p b q ( ENAP), wh hg v h m h p p y f h w dp b d m, k g d v g fh f v y h g v m. Hw p f ENAPf m df m , wh h d p f m. R dp p d m d b d v b k h Q b d C d my d p b m g m. H h d A y d p q g v m ( PUL ). M y, h d d h p b fm j b k, M g m P b ( PUQ ), wh h y wd z fh g f menap b d. R d P w w y d v p p z k w d g, wh h dh m p p m f w d z f d d v p g m. S v m v h, h v d v d v yb d, b h O w dq b, d g h C d C, h S S dh m R hc fc d f m , h B d f m p yf m , d h C mm fh g h Ed f h H g h C fed f m Hh d d m p g d m m v ff p h Af, dh w m mb f h f f h I S h fb d x( , ). Th g h 4 0 y p f, h, dp b d m, R dp b d h d v p m f d m v p p d h p b, b yw d db y w g. D g h 4 0y, h h p d h d d fp b dp v m g. Th y p f h R dp Aw dw b d I PAC m g H f x( A g ).A f p f h R dp Aw d p p y y h J D mb.

9 Dd J. Sv L f pbq d pd pè Smm : I y d, d dm g-m, p dp d m ç p p dm d b d pq pbq p h f dv d m g. L gvm d Cd y p f xp. Em, p dd d v pv p m g d pb. C ff h, ^ h x bb mp m d f pbq fd. C q f pbq b d dv, q d bd hyphè mp x ^ p x mdè ddf m v q fm p d pv p gd d hgm pdf d pb. Ab: Sm hy y g, p Ag-Am dm dd f m dgd gv hm h pp hd hpg pb py d ph pb v bm b mg. Th gvm f Cd w xp. P y ddd k h pv mpv pb mgm. Th ff hv fd, hv b y xpy, d hv kkd h fd pb v ff mg. Th g h h pb v d dv d wk wy fm mp mp d m f- d ddv md d fm h m h fm pd by h pv dv pdv hg h pb. I y 30, gvm d Cd mb^ı p dmbx py dx q d fm f pbq. I pv db bjf : d pb mbb pv x p p dm d b d pq pbq. I x m d pv è dm m q p b h m d b d pq, ff p q g d pb mb bv d pv h. L v pv d p d d, mm p Mg Thh Gd-Bg, bqm m f pdgm d Y, M. L q b dv vg p f vmè. Dd J. Sv d Ch d hh d Cd dm pbq gv, Uv d M. CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA VOLUME 58, NO. 2 (JUNE/JUIN 2015), PP VC Th I f Pb Adm f Cd/L I d dm pbq d Cd 2015

10 206 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES P A (A 1995 : 113) : «L f d è, p d dm g-m, b d p mm v jm v d p è.» P, d p ddè d p dd x pç q, b gvm b h f b hgm. N m b pb d g d v d, g-, m pp vbm x q vd pmv hgm. L p dpg b gvm mm v pp ^, h q mpm pb d m ff d. L b, ffm-, p m^ı d d d mp d fv hgm q pq mmbm. E jd h, p q f mpg g «mp d hgm» d mp d è. L f dv b m, p p p dfd. I x m d pv è dm m q p b h m d b d pq, ff p q g d pb mb bv d pv h I y d, d v h è gm m q v d f. L h d hx pb d v vb d pp d E : phmè d pg d, fm d bm d pgmm. I d, dè, dm pbq p mm, m mm mb d b q hh «mxm bdg» d p q hh q p vgx p x p ^ p mq. L h d hx pb v v mèd mp p fm pp d E : d. L h d hx pb p d «p mpm (...) q hmm fdmm g ı» (M 2003). L m pm b h d hx pb v d q dvd mp m p q p mp d pb. Cmm f mq Ad Rb (2010), h d hx pb d «mg p» d p,

11 DONALD J. SAVOIE 207 d b, f, d «dm b». P, mg p p b mb d bv d p d, dv p ıq m p d d b. O p d d h œ. L h d hx dv h dm d d mbx dpm d pq d dm g-m. B. Gy P (2005) q pdm gd q MhO pmv «v mv d v m». L gq fdm q -d h d hx pb h d hx m^m : m dvd h dèqdvdmdgvpp ^. B mb d mb gq p x pm d p d v mq, m pbbm p vg p mb d pp. E ff, h d hx pb d hx d p d mp d m mm «v» «pp» (Amd 2003; Cm 1973). L v h, jm pfd d hz p d mp d v d b d pq, f f df ^. E dvg g q p p v d p d ^ d pv. E mè d pq : qd 2 2 pv f 5 L mh q gvm p gq d ^ b df pq d p-pvm q y (Fh 2003). L mh d y d pq, pb d xm d fç fq (pvm) pbèm x pq pbq, d b d hyphè d vf p y q g, dfv dp L f pp gvm q v q d dm d. I m mhd d hh mpq, x dg x hq d hg, pd dq d d d, pd d d, d - d y ^-vg b d mdè mq v ff pdv (W 1990). S p m pq pb d mpd d h, d q pbèm v d m pq. L è Thh, m d vm dm d p mp d

12 208 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES pgmm pq fç gpè dfv hf ppffd b d pq. A pq, q b d pq pbq, p p d dg, pp p, p d mm md j x g. U d p d Id Cd xpq :«Nmmd p dx dx pv m f q 1». L h f j. P A vq hbd d «dm d hm» p pgmm d gvm, q mm q p f v pp è p q y q f mpx dv pq «pm p», p v bq, --d m p d gvm d j m dp hg q p dff èd (A, Sympm 2004 d APEX). L f p pb d g d p d dv mè gm x p^ q d mè, m d q mph ppfd d gq d dm d v. D Dmmd, h f fd, f g d Jy Bg, gffè d C pv, p v v d b d pq d mè pè q «ffb» d xm d pgmm d L v d b d pq, d m^m q v d v d pgmm v d v, ff , q mb db d vx p y. C f p mp^h Dmmd d g 2011 dm mb d Ow mè d hh pq d gvm (Dmmd 2011 : 345). D Dmmd vq p d «p d y» d gvm, q «g hq mhd qv» (Dmmd Ibd. : 337). I ffm q, dè, d mp hgm d d q d ^ pb mm mmg vm p mpg d y d pq mbb v d Ad d b-hg d dp d x pd v (Dmmd Ibd. : 338). M Shkh, hf d Cd, m dm d d gvm d bd fm d d m d mp p q^ v. P pè p gvm q m d 2011 mpd q v bg d fm, 370 gp pp d f d d p. L

13 DONALD J. SAVOIE 209 gvm pd f v q d p b d gm mç Cd d p d mpm m d mp q d m. L m pb d Sq Cd xpq q gvm hh d j qb b d b d d d d pg v pv d y 2. P d, Shkh g q Sq Cd v b b v Cmm v pv d Cd q d d d m v v q v d v pv (Shkh 2011 : ). Shkh m dm pè q m q d my d q^ v d q mpb d d d q d d m q -m^m Sq Cd ppy d. M Shkh m q pg d md j h p d Sq Cd m d pp g (Shkh Ibd. : ). P d, gq d q q^ v p jm mp m bg (Th Gb & M, 22 j 2010). Shkh mm p mb d q q dm p. C q h œ d p-pvm d p d f d h f pbq d fçm d pq pbq. I g d q v : L gvm -- y vm q d dm d q d d d q^ v? A-- d mm p d q f b d mè d d? A-- xm q gv q p b d pq, y mp d gvm fd? Lq p y, pq gvm -- p d d? A-- p q d p d q p pp d vg qq p p d v pv (Shkh Ibd. : 327)? D md dx dx pv f q, p vm d pd q. D, Shkh d j d p. L d hh, qp d y gp d p x f pfd v d b d pq mp p f. L p pv m d md d d hh p b p q hh mp q q d pq. C v mb d p pq, d gh d. S q p, p pv j f pp x qq bby Ow,

14 210 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES q g j md d f v p d v d. O v m^m d bby q v pmv ^ d d d b. S v b d pq p b, p pv m md d p b d v mm v b d (Sv 2008 : 156). I y d, ^ d f d è pm d b d pq hh fm p, y d d x p fm gvm. A pq, fm d p fm b (Fh 1998 : ). D j, p f hh Gg mp q q d pq b pdm fm p. S b d pq q d p d md p-pv dx dx pv f q, hh Gg pv f b f p 3. D mg q d v, v d gvm, b ^, è v d md pq md bq L hh Gg fèm dmq. E v dm d b d pq qq y. A Ggg è b xpm q : «L m d ^ mx g, d ^ bh d v ^ v p dm ^ı ffm d f d. P q, mm p v bh d d dg pq q mb p mpd qd, pg xp xpm d mè q p^ı hq. N m dg pq p dp v, m v d bd fhm dm pbèm p p» (Ggg 2011). I p j q h f p p dp. I mp^h q v hbd v d d gvm, mm v bv p q d m dpd hm p. L f q h h mm v q q mp vm, p d v q m mè v gv, jg p d pmv pf d d pm m mè d pq d dfd ^ d mè, p v,

15 DONALD J. SAVOIE 211 x d gm x d d d m m. E mm, q mp p f mbx, pd mp «p» yèm d Ow p. L g x m x, x q pb d h mm (Sv 1994 : 175). D j, -m p d mp d d m. I d q g pq dx f p d mp d v p d q q pp m (Bg 1997 : 21-22). L v d v v mb p d g v ^ı fm d d d mg, p q dm mdq m f d fm d g d gvm. D mg q d v, v d gvm, b ^, è v d md pq md bq (Bg, Ibd.) L ybp, md x, h^ı d fm, jm d q, pp p gd p v d g d Pm (x q b^m) f q x^mm dff, v mpb, d x ^ fm b mb (Hd 2011 : ). L : f p v d mg d gvm p p p. O m q dm fd mp pm èg mm g d mm, d d Cb d pm m B d C pv. L mb d p d mm mm gm m db d 1980 gmp fèh dè. P d 700 p x dè m 4. S Rd, d d mm d Pm m P M, xpq : «D mx pq, y v p vm d p ff pp d d mm db d E 2003, hq m v f d d mm h d p... O vy pd g d hgm, q dq m mp gd q h x mm d pq q d f pbq 5.» A d p gf p q h f pm d g hh v b^m. C bv, d Rph Hzm, g q f j d p p ^ d mm, ffm q dp b v p v pç «y v gvm d j -d d y v

16 212 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES ^ pb b -d d v d m^m d f d» (Hzm 2010). L g : m pv... Jq p Rpd h m b d pq pbq q p d pgmm. L p d fm dm d f pbq d d g v pv p v p. I p xg d ffm q p d d q d gh hh dp 30 dè md pb mg d pv. S p d g, h f q pd dvg d pp d v d pp dm q pd x d vœx d B d vf g, d mp d fm g d pb p q mb d pv R ff dm d q B d C pv S d C d T mp p vb p d md d ff p d pq d g d gvm. A d -m, f f «d v», «p d v» «f». A mm p mm d hh v gff d C pv, d d m m p d «v d gvm» d «pf g d v d ppv d pv» (Cd, B d C pv 30 m 2007 : 4 9). I p. D qèm pp, Cm f f pbq mm p pm m, pd p gff P T m Dvd Em, mpy m g «b» 14 p d dm d 11 pg. L Cm p mm f pbq d «fm mhd d v», ffm q «mdè p dj p d v dmf fgm ff ^x» q gvm f «g y d v» (Cd, Cm f f pbq m 2011). D xèm pp, Cm xh gvm dp «

17 DONALD J. SAVOIE 213 v mdè d v x pq d pv» (Cd, B d C pv m 2012 : 4). L v p d pb mbb pv m p ^ h x bb. L g d pv d d p d g d v v p d d v p. L pv p ffh m b f q d q b d v è d p. L g d pb, q f q d v dm (Jb 1992). Bf, pp dff pb pv, q d pv g x f d f, d q d pb x f d (W 1989). L gm gvmx dv d m bp p gd q p pv pv d b d bjf q pd p j x pf d d p d gm. Cmm xpq Jm Q. W, «^ d, d f d pd d bjf d gm dv gd p d q x x gm g, bx, p gp d ^» (W, Ibd.). I q, v, p d gvm f x dmd d «x» d mp qm d gm. C p, p W, q d g d gvm dm p x gm p^ q p ^h q mb, q g d pb x vbm g x. P q g d pb m g d pv, f q v. V m d fm d g Ow dp S p d g, h f q pd dvg d pp d v d pp dm q pd x d vœx d B d vf g, d mp d fm g d pb p q mb d pv. E q, mè Ow mp m d d x q pd d pp d, d g d q v x pgmm d m dm. O pç pd q d mbx h f d d v d J L Gd mv d pb, q q «dff, v mpb» d b^ yèm vb d m d v pm d dq m d dm (L Gd 2003).

18 214 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES Nm, d ^ d g d pb d pd d pp, - q p m x p q g d ff pbq p ^ d q bv d pv. P d mè d x p d v p ffm q v ^ mè p, q d q p fm g d pb p d mbb d pv m v. Rmm, mè d Df (MDN) d p v d g mp x d mè. L -g Adw L m x d xm d fm d Mè v d pb d d ^, q, -- p, «hh pd» (Cd, mè d Df 2011). L x d «fm» d L p «d» d dp d 31 m m M. L dm q p d q gx p p d Mè gm d v 40 % q «fpp» (.--d. p d p / p d dpyb) d 10 %. D p, pp q (v 5000 p, d gd mb Ow) v g m v 2,7 md d d q mb h. L g d d d g p v x d p d p b (Cd, mè d Df 2011 : x x). L pp d L d g d mè d pè q v g pbq dv md q d v m p m œv md d g p d pv. M. L f mq q bjf d «mj p d g» dpy d d d ff p g v p d dp v «m d q d m d pb». I j : «T md v m^m m hq g b d mb dv b pp g.» C q pp pp d x fx,, q «fff m dm b p hg, d q d dpyb d pmè g d bp p q q pv dp» (Cd, mè d Df 2011 : 5-6). L dm d Mè f L bv x d p d pmè g. L h d

19 DONALD J. SAVOIE 215 mb d mpy d q gx Ow q f p d d pmè g, mb d f mpy d g d p «f bd d 61 p 100». I p g q «mb d mpy m v q x d f x (...) gm d mè dpp, m^m d d ff p pd mp v dmd p p d d v g b 2005». L m q M. L d mm «d mb h d p bq mpx q mpdf ff» (Cd, mè d Df 2011 : 31-32). M. L pp q m mpy d fç, m q «dp d dp d p d g». I g q ^ x p Ow dv ^ pp d ^ p (Cd, mè d Df 2011 : 21). P, M. L xh mè d d 22 m d d p bdg d dpm, q pm d ^ı pdv. I q dpm py q g v gm q f p bj d g h. O d m v gd mb d p pv q gè v mm f MDN. L g d pb, d gd m, q d v b^m L f gm d mp MDN p. L Cmm d f pbq dp d pp q f d d p. L pp d Cmm vè q mb d d p ( gp d d) p d m m 2011 (Cd, Rpp ). U f d C d T dq m d 2011 q mb b v d q d pp d C d T d L pm gp d d bm m mb d g q d p. D mb, d d p p d f d dm Ow p. M^m mbh d f pbq d d pp d g d py , h bp p p d g (b d p d 17 %) q d g d p (10 %)

20 216 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES (Cd : h. 2). L Bbhèq d Pm d m j d pg d mp d g d p p pp x g. E 2010, pp q v 42 % d f fdx p d g d p q pp v bd dp 1990, q d v 26 % 7. L ff p mp d pq d g d pv p mp d f q pb pv fdmm dff d p f mp mp. L g d pv q d, d gm d p d mh d f. L g d pb, d gd m, q d v b^m. Dx d g j d gvm fd dp d ppv è dff. L gd v h ppm d p d b d pq, d m, d gm x, d pd d q d h f. L gd v b v x v y,, pgmm, p d pgmm, vx d v g d p d fè. L g d pp d pd, d p d pm m d m, d g d md d d v pd qq df. E h ppm v b^m. L d g d q mp p ^ h f f. L d g dd gè hx q d d d hh mmd. Rm q d g d g fb, m^m, my ^ p f d bd è (Sv 2013). C, gm x dg p d mè d x p db d pv d g mè d d, d f d f d p, d fè. Cmm dj m, m m pv d f p d mbh d p pp dm v d f. I y qq p, -m d p d mè v pv d dp d fd d d 5 ( d pgmm) d 1 (dp d fm) p pd x b f f d p d vx p. L dg d pv f mpg d bg d pd d pp d v d pp dm

21 DONALD J. SAVOIE 217 pè. L g jm f f mdè d dd d mp fd. A pè, Vf g g q p d m dm d mè dq p q dm fd dvg d d ff f. A pè, S d C d T f v q mè d x dv m v d v d pgmm. L C d T pd m pp «d f d v» v d fm d v d 10,7 m d d p p gm ff x f d v h d gvm. S pp d 2010 f p fb, d d «m d v p p d p gd v d d» (Cd, Rpp 2010). E p, d, ff j ff. M p S d C d T B d vf g q f v è md p v pp dm p q v dpd d dm, vm p q x mh p d pp d v d dm 8. L dp Chmb d mm mf b p d ^ p pp. L pd d Cm d mp pb xpq q pp «mq d db d bjv q g m d vbg p d vd» (Mphy 2010 : 37). S y m pm q dv p pp, b Cm d mp pb. D m^m, md, dp fdx p bp, v p d, p^ x vm d pp m pè Pm hq. O p fq pp, m p èg C q f, q p fq pp, m q p dffm fq pq, ègm d p gm x. L pm v g pbq, d dm pbq. I ff d gd v d yd d pb pv p dff mq dx. L yd d pb pp p pp x ff v q dm pdv. A v, m dm «d m

22 218 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES m d v p q dv p v j q mpy pv ^ d b d p d gp». Eyz p v q ç d d pv. D p, yd d pb «p q g d f pbq p f pv d ffmm d bjv d q p v dm d m dm d mè mp» (Cd 2007). P p, yd d pv p p f q f. E f, mj d v ydq v m d pb. L pv v pp d v ydq h d 26 % % 2003 (Cd 2004). E 2010, m 14,1 % d v d pv pp yd, q p d 71 % d mpy d pb ff yd (Cd 2004, Ibd.). L yd d pv vdmm p b d ^ı p d v d v d b d vg x p mpy. Cpd, dg ydx dv j mp d d mq j dmd, pf b mm f mm d d mb. L dmd d yd d pv pv p p d f d mh d, d d v vm mp p p d d ^ m v (C 2006 : 46; Gd, Pk T 2005). L d m md ff pfd yd d pv v, q p d pb. L yd d pb d pp b dff. C d p d f mm q y j ^ d d g, g p d bjf mè d pq pbq. I p xg d ffm q bjf d dg ydx d pb d f d v d x q v p d pb x q y v (Th Gb d M Spmb 5, 2011 : 44). L yd d pb bf d vg mq hmg d pv. U h f d S d C d T xpq : «Sv, d p ydx pph d mmb d pp f d dm d gm fm d b q ^ı dm d mb d mpy d f pbq fd d p. L dg ydx dè p q g d v pq p, ffm q f p dfd ^ d mmb 9.» Jh Bd,

23 DONALD J. SAVOIE 219 f m d gvm, pm j ^ d dp Ow q d q «y p d mp mp d f pbq d m pd g d 2011 (Ow Cz 8 ^ 2010)». Cpd, p d gd-h j dp q gvm b md mj d pè q Hp Exm gq f L xm f pp d d x p v d my d p dp. L pè, d, y mp xm xhf d m p C d T, dm q d mpy d f pbq fd g y mp p d v EX1 g p d hmg d pv q vg x bm m q x d pv. L 30 dè f ffmm d pv q jm pb d d dm d pb mbb g d pv, d b, d fm D g mb dq, pd, q v p p mx d f pbq fd. D dg vè pbèm d m q b p gm mq d mb d p d vd d f pbq fd dè (Ow Cz 28 j 2011). S pp d A d F pbq d Cd, pè d f d p dmd d p d vd L b mx, ppm dp x, mp p pè d 50 % d p. E 1991, b mx p q 23,7 % d p d vd. B Wk, fd d Gb B d Em Rdb Add d M Hh, d m d v d gvm fd mm «vm vd d m» «d v pq hbb» (Ow Cz 28 j 2011). Sq Cd pp 2009 q«dgm pd hz d v» q, «d v d mbx mpy, m d v p v f d g, fv p f vm pf» (Cd m 2009). P bv mm x df q p m d f pbq fd (W 2010).

24 220 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES L md d q gvm f jd h b dff d q y p 30. L v g pbq, v gv pbq fm d pb d vx mvm d p. P f m^m, p mvm d p p v d pmè g. Cx q f p m dp fd, md x gp mm x p d f p p. L fç d Ow pd d, fç d dp fç d f v pb fm p d bg dd m v, ^ ff, v d g d Pm (x q b^m), d mpg pm d ^ mm. I p xg d ffm q p m^m p d f pbq b d p pq (Thm 1998). Jh R m q f bv : «O d b q f v p d gvm d p pq q ff v d b. P q, x f dx» (R 2010). L Exm gq f p gvm Hp d 2011 m p p g. I èv q v : Cmp d fm mb d g d pb d 30 dè, pq d bd -- mbh f? O vd q gvm fd f mb d v xg bp d m-d œv (d p p) x gvm pvx d p d 1990, q pp dxèm q : Pq gvm Hp -- b d dp 20 m d d h d x p d dm p d dp? U èm q : Pq vx mpy - mbh d v d v d pq d v d dm q p h d ^h? E q : Dv- p q d mp d bdg d dp d gvm pb qm q pm m hg q d m d pè b d md mj p gvm (p. x., Exm d pgmm d gvm Ch-M d Exm gq f d gvm Hp )? L 30 dè f ffmm d pv q jm pb d d dm d pb

25 DONALD J. SAVOIE 221 mbb g d pv, d b, d fm. L ff d gvm p g d TI, mhd d f d mpy, d m^m q pp d v pp dm q, b v, p mpm pb d pv (Th Gb d M 11 pmb 2011). E pd q d mbx dg d p pv d d èg x, ppm d vx d g m^ d ff (Zbff 1988), d p d f pbq fd d d bx gx x, gd dm j d p pqm vx d g. Q f? Cmm A Wdvky, «f pbq m p bv m» (P 1998 : 97). N pq m v dmv q y 40. L mpg pm, d vx md jm d q, è fm d pfd p g d pb p pè m^m mp q p dd d p d pv p v d fç d f g d f pbq. A, mm m^m md dmd d p mè d gvm dp fd pb hh d my d q f p p qv h d pp wb, dm d èg pd d f ff p mxm f d v. L vd? N v m, p d dè d, d phm d ^ d fm d E v v, pè 30 d ff p fm f pbq, «d d pg d f pbq», mm Ch P G Bk (2000) d vg gm Pb Mgm Rfm. N dv m pmv d q f pbq j d, d d md d (Ly 2006). N dv ffm ^ d dm pv p d d df d ^ d pb d pq d dd. L d, q dv d pm dm pbq d hpp x hyphè mp x ^ mq p x mdè ddf, d b d «m» q fm p d

26 222 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES pv pv gd d hgm pdf d pb. L bjf dv d v x ^ pdx x èg d pd, è d d pb dv d fg d f pbq (Hd 1994). P T, d Cb gvm My, d x md q h f dv dv p d «d x m q f» (Ow Cz 22 vmb 2006, p. A1). C pd p mpm p q h p q d Cb ffm q f. I q d x f p d g, mm q q d g. S p pb, y dv p q f pbq jm h d. E d ^ m p d ff ^ bp p h q x bb. E dvd d p p dff d p p mp p b d f pbq. I f v pfd md d m d m. I p ppp q pm m gff d C pv h p dg pm b m d dd q pv d gm x q p d xp è d p d pgmm d v pp d. D gm pm d yp Wm gvm pvx v p d m d pb (A Jv 2005). I bp p f p fddv x q x pv d f d q m p d p d ff, q q x-m^m p v dx dvd p, pm m gff d C pv, q pv d dd q pvd mm. P m pv pm f pbq fd d b db pè d bb d : mp, d èg ff, d p ff, q pb pèd pp q èq, pm d d pm d v d gvm, hh mpf, p, m p d m d d gq fd d d pb. L dp Chmb d mm mb d Cd d Cd mx m d mpd v d gvm

27 DONALD J. SAVOIE 223 d dm «q p d q pb d b» (Lw 1990). L df, d d bjf. A pphd fd, p q p q p db d v d mp q f pbq. Tf, m p pd d dgm d d b, q j d p my d f f pbq. U mp hgm d gvm, q pd m p d, pm p d q x d m q g f pbq. P f, f v fdm d q f pbq b f, d q b d v b f d q mp q h b f. L f pbq v p x d b gvm p d Cd d b d b d m md. L ^h xg q md m m p^, mm p f x-m^m. L h f pv p h dè v d ym p d d v d. I dv db vm d ^ q f pbq d j x d df d ^ pb. N 1 E v d p d Id Cd M, 23 dmb 2011 [d]. 2 V,, «Ty Cm h», hp:// m/w/p/w-bk/y-m--h---/ /, 21 j «Mkg pygh wk b : A pg p», Gg Pb Py Bgbgp.m, 2 pmb D pè d gm d S d C d T, q pp d Sv Mh, «Hp PR b fg p d py pb v», hp://bg.hpv.m/2011/12/02/ph-mh-ph-hp-p-b-fg-p-d-py--pb-v/, 30 vmb C d «PM Hp k mm gy wh w v», H Tm (Ow), 21 vmb 2011 : 33 [d]. 6 E v f d S d C d T Ow, 17 b 2011; Cd, Rpp Pm : g d hm. Ow, S d C d T, 2010,. 2, fg Rgm f p J Dwg, S d f d E, Bbhèq d Pm, p dmd d gm d Dm LB, dp fd, 15 vmb L B d vf g f v q xm d dm ff p qp d p. L xm p 2009 p qp d vf x v m dg p A N Ad Off. V Cd, Rv x, Ow, B d vf g, E v h f d S d C d T Ow, 16 m 2010.

28 224 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES Bbgph Amd, S.M Rzg Cp Dmy : Th Cd W Og f R Ch Lbm. Chg : Uvy f Chg P. A, P «P, pb v d pb mgm : Gg gvm gh», d B. Gy P Dd J. Sv (d.), Gv Chgg Evm. M : MG-Q Uvy P : 113 [d] «Ifg pb py d d-mkg : Pw hf», p p d Sympm 2004 d APEX, «L Pm, y f pbq», 6 7 b 2004 Ow : 4. A, P Mk D. Jv Md bg d d mp d gvm : d d fm. Ow : E d f pbq d Cd; Cd, Cmm d q^ pgmm d mmd v pb, b d d T, 5 b Bg, Jq. «D Kfk N : d -m p ^ gd», G 22, 8 2( 1997) : Ibd. Cd L mp v ppv (Sq Cd), v. 5, 8 8 (2004). V «Wh d hf mmbhp m f Cd?», hp:// 5 pmb Ibd. Cd Qzèm pp Pm m f pbq d Cd. Ow : B d C pv, 30 m 2007 : 4 9. Cd Exm d dp mpb d pq d m d pb fd, Ow, S d C d T, 2007, v. I, Cd Sdg pè d f fdx, Ow, Sq Cd, 12 m Cd Rpp 2010 d f d v, hp:// Cd Cqèm pp Pm m : f pbq h d df. Ow : Cm f f pbq mm p Pm m, m Rpp fm 2011, Ow, mè d Df.. Ibd. : x x.. Ibd. : Ibd. : Ibd. : 21. V «G p f dm bd my ffg», hp:// 19 ^ Cd Rpp Ow : Cmm d f pbq : h. 2. Cd Sxèm pp d Cm f f pbq mm p Pm m V v : vm d f pbq pd d. Ow : B d C pv, m 2012 : 4. Cm, Jm Th Mhm f Cv A. Ld : Hm. C, M «Lb d h 1990 mpym gm Cd d Bz», J Lb - 9 (m 2006) : 46. V Gd, M. A. Pk D.G. T (d.), U-Mgm R Cd. T : P Pbhg. Dmmd, D «P f h f pb py y Cd», d Fd Gb Adw Shp (d.), Nw D f Ig

29 DONALD J. SAVOIE 225 Gvm Cd : Pp H f I Sw. Ow : C d d d vx d v : Ibd. : 337 [d].. Ibd. : 338. Fh, Fk «Byd mpm : Py qy ppv ppv», Py Sd 26, 8 1 (pmp 1998) : Rfmg pb py : Dv p d dbv p. Oxfd : Oxfd Uvy P. Th Gb d M. 5 pmb «Wh d hf mmbhp m f Cd?» : 44. Th Gb d M. 11 pmb «Rp, fw mmd vg Ty p m d», hp:// 11 pmb Ggg, A «Tg h kd h gd p», hp:// m/gb-db/g-h-kd-h--gd-p/ /, 19 dmb 2011 [d]. Hzm, Rph «Ly f», Opmm O 40, 8 1 (m 2010) : 6 [d]. Hd, Chph Expg Em Py Rv. Bkghm : Op Uvy P «Fm FOI Wd WkLk Wd: A Nw Chp h Tpy Sy?». Gv 24, 8 4 (b 2011) : Jb, J Sym f Svv. Nw Yk : Rdm H. Lw, Hd P : Wh G Wh, Wh, Hw, v d. G (MA) : P Smh. Ly, L E Pb Mgm : Od d Nw. Ld : Rdg. L Gd, J Mv, Agy, d Pb Py : Of Kgh d Kv, Pw d Q. Oxfd : Oxfd Uvy P : 47 [d]. M, D Pb Ch III. Nw Yk : Cmbdg Uvy P : 1-2 [d]. Mphy, Shw. C d «A dpm pfm p k dby, bjvy», H Tm (18 b 2010) : 37 [d]. Ow Cz «My d p g fx PS f Hp», 22 vmb 2006, p. A1 [d] «Pb v w mj : Bd», 8 ^ 2010 [d] «PS dby m g», hp://www2.d.m/wz/w/ y.hm?d=15f1937f b58-b27-142bb61220f, 28 j V «Dp PS pb hh», hp://www2.d.m/wz/ y.hm?d=d5df3f-2f f7d6f6, 10 jv C d «PS dby m g» [d]. P, B. Gy I Thy P S : Th Nw Im. Ld : Cm : 47 [d]. P Chph Mgm d h Pb Sv : Th Ag-Am Exp. Oxfd : B Bkw : 97. P, Chph G Bk Pb Mgm Rfm : A Cmpv Ay. Oxfd : Oxfd Uvy P : 92. Rb, Ad Th Lg f Dp : Gb Cpm d h Ah f Gvm. Oxfd : Oxfd Uvy P : 11 [d].

30 226 LA FONCTION PUBLIQUE CANADIENNE A PERDU SES REP ERES R, Jh d «Dm xp Hp b wh», hp:// 6 j Sv, Dd J Thh, Rg, My : I Sh f Nw By. T : Uvy f T P : C Gvm d h Cp f Aby Cd d h Ud Kgdm. T : Uvy f T P : Whv Hppd h M Th : Hw Gvm Dd d Why. M : MG-Q Uvy P. Shkh, M «Gd d d g gvm», d Gb Shp (d.), Nw D f Ig Gvm Cd : Ibd. : Ibd. : 327. Thm, P G «Th hgg f by», d B. Gy P Dd J. Sv (d.), Tkg Sk : Ag Pb S Rfm. M Kg : MG-Q Uvy P : 36. W, C «Py h : D, d, gm?», d P Wg. (d.), S S d Md S. Cmbdg : Cmbdg Uvy P. W, Jm Q By : Wh Gvm Ag D d Why Thy D I. Nw Yk : B Bk : h W Hgh «A w y f h pb v», Q Am Rvw (Kg), v. 84, 8 2 (2010) : 29. Zbff, Shh I h Ag f h Sm Mh : Th F f Wk d Pw. Nw Yk : B Bk.

31 R. P W M C Advy Cmm d h Hp gvm Ab: I 2010 Pm M Sph Hp qy d ym f M C Advy Cmm (MCAC), qg m wh h bkbh g bf kg py pp b. Bd vw wh Cvv MP, m, p ff d pb v, h pp g h MCAC MP f v gvm py d h h wh h gvm pmy. By g m py fdm d pvdg h pm m wh g p g g py pp, MCAC f h p-m wh b d p gf v h hp bw h xv d gvm. Smm : E 2010, Pm m Sph Hp dèm yèm d m f d d m (CCCM), xg q m èg dp d è-b v d p pp d pq Cb. Rp d v v d dp v, d m, p m f, q CCCM f d dp pq gvm m hdpm d gvm. E m b d m mè d pq f Pm m d gm pq g d pq, CCCM f pm d Cb p mp v d xf gvm. Id Cz f pw h hzd v Cd fd gvm P Td (Sv 1999; Bkv 2001; Smp 2001); b h p f (M 2010) wdy pvd hv fd d Pm M Sph Hp d bjg Cvv Py f Cd (CPC) Mmb f Pm h d f h Pm M Off (PMO). Sh y mpy R. P W pf h Cy Rdd Gd Pgm P Mgm, C Uvy. A v f h pp w pd h 2d Cd A f Pgm Pb Adm (CAPPA) f, Ry Uvy, My 28, Th h wh hk P C, Jh My, P E.J. Thm, h J d d w ym vw f h mm. CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA VOLUME 58, NO. 2 (JUNE/JUIN 2015), PP VC Th I f Pb Adm f Cd/L I d dm pbq d Cd 2015

32 228 R. PAUL WILSON h h Hp gvm h xdd gdg b xv py dp d bkbh d w hgh. Wh dbd h h Hp gvm x gh, m m (T d Wdd 2012:72) py pb mg v MP, qfd p f h mgzd v vk mp v: Hp 2010 f M C Advy Cmm (MCAC). Th mm f bkbh Cvv MP d, d m w qd wh hm p f h fm b py dvpm p Af dg h h x f mgm d h p xp f vvm hd by Cvv MP, py h mg fm h Rfm Py d d W Cd, h pp xm h g d f h Hp MCAC p d y mp -b. I w g h, wh gvm w wh hw b wh bkbh, h Hp MCAC p g fh m f fmy d, d, pp h pv fd p. Th ym mpf, dpdg h p f MP d m d qg fm by h pm m. Fh, y dm h mpx hp bw d d mmb h gvm bh. Nvh, dvy mm v h wh h Cvv pmy by g h py f f bkbh MP d mkg hm f m vd m py. I pg m dvy mm mp f h pm m mpg m py y, h pp pvd mp v xg mp f vbg dp d bkbh mgz h Hp. Th pp bd m-d vw wh fm mmb f h Cvv pmy fm g f h y, dg d f b m, d dg B Rhgb, Cvv MP fm Edm wh q h py J 2013 v h gvm p h pv mmb b. Ivw w dd wh v fm p ff fm wh h MCAC, d h pb v. I d g dd mm, pp w pmd ymy, hgh gd b dfd. S dfd gy h x (f xmp, MP1, M 2), d vw d pvdd ppdx. Th pp d p bv fm h h bd h m d f py h Pm M Off fm Fby 2009 J Tw m hd b d.

33 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 229 F, wh mm g f p wh, m b md h hy y pv. Sd, v f d b fdy pf xmp f py d d, h mg b f MP m f f. Th m ky ppy bdy y d f -b (Thm 1985; My 2003: 19). C mgm: h h x T bw p p b wh h pmy. A pmy py d j h pm m k y d fy dv h py wd h g f gg kpg pw d hy hv my h dp dg, k d pd v. Th g f h d dp f ppd by Ozbd (1970) m h dm pdgm f hzg hw d p y. Fwg Ozbd (1970:305), h h dd h bjv d f y f mg mmb, wh dp mp b h hgh. 1 Gv h mp f h wh pmy ym, v q why MP mvd h py, vy, why hy mb h dd f d (Hdm d Thm ), whh by pkg pby, vg g h whp, v vg h py. Th mp wh mpg h MCAC d h ff bkbh h. Th pp h xp dm h : dg,, d -pyhg. Mv my xv (Km 2009) d w mp dvd dff dg d dff m. Py mv Idg xp p h MP mxmz h w d py pf (Km 2009:12), vg wh g h py dg h g wh h d f h v h. I hy, vy hgh dg h wh wd mk dp y (Bw, F, Kz 1999; Ow 2003). B Cd, p p hv dd xhb h pp w h d hgh dp (My 2003) d hd mg y pmy x wh mmb w hd gh y by h hd py g h g f gv.

34 230 R. PAUL WILSON I mv I xp gz h MP m kg h w py pf; h hy m wk wh mpx vm, d, p fm fm v d dv, pp d fm h py dhp bd f-, whh wh p py h p d h pp f -, dvm p-p p (Ow 2003; Sb 2006; Km 2009). A w kw, py d d h pm m m f my v gp h. F xmp, ppm gf m f gg p; dd, Km bv h h pm m pgv pp d pp m h hp f py y (2006:561). Pm m wd h fd v h, b d xm mv MP fm h py v, d h Cd E A, f g dd m pp. Ld m pq h h vb p y, h ff p v pp, ph p f MP, vg MP dg f fdg v dg gh mpg. N f f gf d by h d. F xmp, whh MP h h y qfd f h pmy p mgh f h h d v wh g h py whp (W 2013). S-pyhg mv Sg f hp xp why MP m py y. A pm, hy p f fm wb f hy (Cw 1986:162), whh z hm m h yy d py dy, d mk hm pv pp dy h fdy h py pfm. Th m vy dg h dffg d d f pf p p. Th p bg p MP v h g (Hz 2003) d hgh h wh v pm wh, h bd bm hb d (Cw 1986; Km 2009). Th d d f dff p p pvd h x fmwk whh MP f (My 2003). Th d h mp f -pyhg d (R 2012) b v d v wd my b mp h p wh h m (Thm 1985; Cw 1986; Thm 1991; R 2012). O m kp md h wd d f MP p (Thm 1998:3). Affv mv

35 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 231 h m dm f m (P 1980:2-3). Sm MP y dvp, v fmy-k hp wh g (Cd Sdy f Pm Gp 1998); h f y m py. Ad h y f MP b f d, whh hy h f pw f (Ny 2004) p yy v hgh xv mmd d. P vm Fh mpxy fm p vm f h dm h p x f hp. Th d vb h : h p dg pb p p; wh dm h pmy d md gd, h by g dg h fdg f v; hw g h gvm h b pw d wh md (Cwy d S 2014). Th dpd bw xv d bkbh wh h gvm mp bg: gvm MP fmd b pmg pp h hy xp h vw pvy h m d php mdf h gvm pgm p bg xpd h py pb (Dw 1948) Tw x f, hwv, m py gf: f, whh py pp gvm; d d, whh mjy my pm, d f wh z. Ch mg gvm MP v, wh d my mb dmg pp py, b mmdy f f h xv whh dpd bkbh pp y hv py g b f vy vv. I Kg (1976:16) vw, h m f d wh gvm bkbh ky b d. B h f w dff mjy g, wh h gvm mfby m v w p, ppd my, wh d fm m mb f gvm MP mgh b gh df. I h bkbh v d phmy d php v y hgh pmm. A my pm, hf, h f f bkbh MP (Thm 1985; Thm 2007). A h m m, b h p f d hgh, hghd p MP fm m py my mk dp f my (W 2013). Th hd b Pm M Td xp. I 1974 d vw, h dbd hw h my

36 232 R. PAUL WILSON pm dd h wg f mmb d fm h gvm (Hk 1977:151). Th dpd bw xv d bkbh wh h gvm mp bg: gvm MP fmd b pmg pp h hy xp h vw pvy h m d php mdf h gvm pgm p bg xpd h py pb (Dw 1948). Th, hf, y hw d dp bkbh; Bw, F d Kz p h q v: hw bkbh dp d d g hm pm p d p h h bkbh kg? (1999:14-15). Th hp -dd, d d m b ppd mmd d g wh h MP (Ow 2003; Km 2009; Cwy d S 2014). Of Cd, h d wh h wky ( f) mg whh h b pv f f gg hm, py dy, d dd h... (My 2003:119). F, hwv, mpf fm f py db b f bh m d fm (Thm 1985; Sv 1999). Th, gv h mp f py y wh pmy ym, d w f h d h hgh vy f, d f Sph Hp, M C Advy Cmm f hd. Cvv xp f vvm Pv pm m hd gd h m wh bkbh pmg py v m gy d d h wky mg. B m g hv b v d dpd h p f dvd m. P Td hd fmy qd m wh MP p kg pp b, bhg py mm (Thm 1985, 1996) d pg h b dm f h (Td 1993; Nh 2006). N m mpd, hwv (Thm 1985, 1996), d h ym pvd wkb (Thm 1985:98). Ud J Ch, mmd b (MC) dd d C d Ppv, wh m mgh d mm p, hgh hy w qd (Cd, Pvy C Off 2004). Th d f d m xv wh bkbh MP w mp P M dm fm v (A d Tb 2003), d h vd MC mp d w d P

37 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 233 Ppv, whh d d h m f wh, xpd f C d/ Pm (Cd, Pvy C Off 2004). O fm M MP bv h h pm m wd m m, d h h mgh hv mvd fmz h d hd h d g gvm. B w qd d, h d, m h d mgh mgh wh MP (MP13). Af h 2006, Sph Hp d g fm bw m d h g. Th 2006 v f Ab Gvm d h m hd k h pp f mmb f h gvm p pv mmb b, d h m hd wh Rg M d ffd mmb mpdg m (Cd, Pvy C Off 2006:15, 23). MC dd h b C Cd d whh m d mm h vw ( wh hy hgh wd b h vw) f h g. Hwv, m d MP, w fm d dpdd gy dvd py. Sm m w ffv d bv, wh h d wkg wh (MP6, MP8, M 2, Rhgb). Th v pph fd MP wh xpd m gf, d mm hy vd dg h wky mg. A m d, h md h PM vy hppy b h w wy h h m d hv hdd h ff f h h hd d h jb ppy (M 2). Adg MP, v v w dg hw d w gg m fm wy b g h w mg fwd (MP14). Wh dd Cvv Py MP xp g vvm py dvpm? Tw m py v. F, Wh (2005) h hw, my pv gvm hv d bkbh pp y, d by Ab d, x, BC, pv h h f fd Cvv pp. Sd, h Rfm Py ( d Hp w d CPC) hd b xvy vvd py d, h dg h xp f my v Cvv MP. I hf f xm bfy h pv xpm hd pp. C vvm Ab d Bh Cmb Ab Pm Rph K fmzd h f gvm MLA d-mkg by g Sdg Py Cmm. Th w hybd mm f b d whh, hd by

38 234 R. PAUL WILSON bkbh, w fmy p f h xv d-mkg ym (Ab 1993; Kb d MKz 1997; Cd, Pvy C Off 1998). Thy d v pp mvg b f d (Cd, Pvy C Off 1998), b d py d (Kb d MKz 1997) d v pp h pyg p f bdgg (Bh 1997:227). Hwv, gvg bkbh MLA h f h xv f bd h bw d b d bd h p-zd, pm-d y whh Bwy bv hzd Ab h K (2005:210). Wh h f fmd gvm Bh Cmb 2001, Pm Gd Cmpb mpd Ab ym f hybd -b mm. Th w Gvm C Cmm, g f gvm bkbh wh m v-h d ppd by b p ff, y gd Lb MLA xv wk d h gd f h (Rff 2005, 2010). Rfm Py Af vg Ow 1993, Rfm Py MP ppd xvy d fmy py dvpm. Th w dfg f f h py pmy p hgh x. Shdw ppd C I Sm ky py f ppv by v f h wh. Fh, yd gvm b d mmdd p f ppv fm v f k p g v x pp wh f f (f xmp, Rfm Py f Cd C 1999b). Hwv, h py v fmy ddd hw Rfm gvm wd. Th mp w h wk f h py Dm Ppm III k f 1999, whh d bkbh pp v pv gvm, d p K p f dg py mm Ab, b dd f hd ff xp mk pf mmd. Id, h f p d h w h Rfm Cb vd h mp d b p whh hv dy hzd h Exv Cd, d w g f dvd Rfm MP wh pd h (Rfm Py f Cd 1999:17). Th dff m dbdy bd bhg xp h Cvv f h Th MP hd p xp wh h Ab fm: Skw Dy d B Rhgb mmb f h K, d R Amb pv pb v. Ad Ab d BC MP

39 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 235 mpd h f gvy f h CPC, py m f pmy xp. I h 40h Pm ( ), 35 Cvv MP hd f b d p h 2003 f h w, mgd py. Of h, 30 hd b Rfm Cd A MP, d 22 w fm Ab BC. Th, wh y fw mmb hd d p xp wh mhd d h gvm, my h wd hv b fm wh d ppv f h p, py Rfm MP wh m fm g f bkbh pp. I f, m mmb h, wh pp, Hp hd md b mm d hd xpd h K p (M 1). S h Ab xp w h Cvv d d y. Dvpm d mpm f w p MP d f g py p w mp bhd h f w ym (Hdm d Thm 2013). B Hp m hv b mvd by w dd d my fg d: mgm d py b. H w w h h g p h my pm w g-m fd f h. Adg Cvv, h pm m hd, f h 2008, xpd v h, v mjy gvm, h g dp vdd my pm mgh vp (Sff 1). Gvg MP g y py w wy bd hm m y h gvm gd. Hwv, h p f g p fm mp py b MP ky dv gg fh, f wh h py p gd. Y hy hghy v pb p h dg, d mm p p pbm, f xmp, g, h mgh hv b dfd by h m d h dpm. A d f py h Pm M Off. I kw h h pm m p gf wgh hw h MP d pp b h wd mm k m f b wh h MC dd pvd ff fm. H wd kw MP vw, d h wd hm dd h p, py h f d. I y 2010, Hp kd h hf f ff, Gy G, d S. Ch MP Rk Dyk, wh hd pvy d pb hg wh h pm m (Sff 3), df p f g MP

40 236 R. PAUL WILSON vvm h f d f py dvpm. Hp d h w ym MP h mm py mg Ow Ag, 2010 (MLd 2010; Ph 2010, d 2010b; Sby 2010; Tb 2010). Cmm p Twy-h M C Advy Cmm w bhd. Eh MCAC f x Cvv MP (y h CPC mmb f h pdg H f Cmm dg mm) d v Cvv S. Mg hd by h m pmy y d y hd mhy h m ff h pm m d wh h C Advy Cmm y ppy py d xpd pp (Cd, Pvy C Off 2011:11). I kw h h pm m p gf wgh hw h MP d pp b h wd mm k m f b wh h MC dd pvd ff fm. H wd kw MP vw, d h wd hm dd h p, py h f d Th m m d mg f h MCAC, y mpd by p ff mmb, d vd (dv 9) wh h h ppp.amp gd h mm xpd d. Idd, Cvv mmb pmd d y MCAC mg, hgh, mg gd d d f h g mm mmbhp, h MP m pvy k d. M dm h gd wh h pmy y. A mmm hy w bg fwd pp whh hy d f v d b. B hy w py v pf f h m w b f (Sff 8). Th wkg pp h b. Gd m, d MP, bg d f dv hy. B m d y bx k pb. B h h xp, h (MP3). O m y h h my bg h mm w: h g f d d g bf kg h f pp b (M 4). MP

41 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 237 m b mp h h d dy md d h mm vw d m. If MP pk p g h hy bg k f gd, hy f py g, f xmp by kg h m m bk x mh wh m fm. Gy MP v bfg dm, ppd by h m p ff, by h pb v. P v. Sm m ff db m dv; h pvd bf gd d h hd d k bk bfg pp h mg. Pv f f dm my fh mp hw MP hv b whh mm, d w MP xpd b vg bfg pp f gh dv (Rhgb; MP1). Rhgb f h m f p mp h gvm h m h bfg m mm k m k h h y f h b. Wh b d m w md by h MP, h gf yhg h gg MP gv f fm h h p dm h p. Rpg fm MCAC: w ky ym C g my mmdd db p. I fd pq f m b py mm gd. I Spmb 2010, PCO d vd Mmdm Cb mp whh d w d Rp f C C p f h fm, vg b d. Th w m : Pvd d wh, dg h dk wh h C Advy Cmm, h pp. Id whh ppv d h M pph f ddg y dg h my hv b d dg. If hv b dk, h m b pvdd. (T b ppd by h M Off) (Cd, Pvy C Off 2010). Wh md xp (h y, g m mmy v f whh mgh mp f mk), h m b mpd PCO w hd h m mg gd. Th vy bd qm MC qd y f w g b f y w py f bv mdm xg py (Cd, Pvy C Off 2013). I vw wh Sm, fm Cvv M Chk Sh dbd h qm f q fm d q d ffmd h fd. Y h d dpy pp y d bg [h pp] fwd (L d MM

42 238 R. PAUL WILSON 2014:152). O m mmd p h mp f h hg: pvy, MC d j b wh mgh y, wh hy y yg, b h MCAC gv -h-gd kwdg b wh mmb y hk (M 3). Hw MCAC pd? Gy ff fm h m ff d h MCAC k, w h h pmy y. (Th ff w p S y h hy pmd wk wh b dm.) Th f h mg, dg y dg v v, h dd by h m ff h df MC. [T]h MCAC w ky ym (Sff 9) whh gv MP fd h h mm y bg hd by h pg m, b fd ff b bm, dd by m d h b d, mv, mmd dy h pm m wh m f (MP7, Sff 9) Th ym mgd by C Advy Cmm Cd, MP Rk Dyk. H v py f mm mm d h mh d p h pm m wh, wdy dd by bh MP d ff, vw h y. I h wy, h MCAC w ky ym (Sff 9) whh gv MP fd h h mm y bg hd by h pg m, b fd ff b bm, dd by m d h b d, mv, mmd dy h pm m wh m f (MP7, Sff 9). Pb v Dpm ff d d MCAC mg, d hy pvd d pp by wy f m bfg. Ev PCO md vfyg h h f h MC h b mpd, d hy hw vvd vg Cmm p. Th MCAC ym hf bk bx h pb v (ADM 1). Th, d dpy m, m h, y f, MCAC dd m d wk f dpm ppg bfg pd g pb v p p. Id, h ff vwd f h h bgg p dffy wh p mg, py wh hd wh m xpd g b.

43 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 239 Adg ADM, y bf p kd h w p...wh hpp f k p wk hd f b d h MP hw dwy? Nw h vy mpd pbm f h m (ADM 1). Ah ff mmd p h xp: I p h m pb v w y b hk h ym h hy xpd. I f, h p, m f h m MP vd h dpm y. I y bg dff (ADM 2). MP m f MCAC Th MCAC p pvd mp v h mg f -g Cvv gvm fg dp mp h. P W (2013: 389) db hw Bd V, fm My m w bk b, w fd by h Hp hd gd dy MP hgh h MCAC ym. Wh w xp (Rhgb, MP1), MP vwd f h dy f gy h h w p d h f v d bgg p f h m d pvdd hm wh g d b ppy f gvm py d. A MP xpd, MCAC pd h f f MP wh w bg bddd f d wd hv p (MP8). Ah d h hy pvd MP dg f v h wh w vvd, h w j mhp f g d v whh w hd y (MP10). MP 6 f h MCAC wk ffmd h v f h p Ow: My Gd, myb I d hv b m wh pm...wh w wd pp, w d. I w-w. MCAC d MP my ggm wh gvm py pp y h m f, wh m h d h xv h dy ddd p. A M 3 xpd: By f h py h f h b. Th MCAC wy f MP hv p wh h h h b. Thy, d MP 7, h mp, m d wy f MP hv d fg gvm d. Ad m MP bv hy hv mp. Fm, q, bkbh ppv, d, I v p, hg, p hgd d h mm (MP6). Ah MP d h h xp mm pvd...gd p, d m d pd hm h hy g g ff pp hy mk mdf (MP11). O d hw f g hd xpd b d h m d h wd m bk h mm wh w

44 240 R. PAUL WILSON mmd. Th pv, h d, w w-w-w f MP, h m d h gvm (MP4). Th dg f pv dpd x py. Sm m, hk MP, w p d mk d bd. Oh m hv md p h md d y kg f bx k (MP3). Sm wf m (M 2) my y mh y m h mmm hhd. Ad p whh m d k y, m MP. I h m wh bg ff h hy g b p (MP8). B, h bv, h hppg d. MCAC d MP my ggm wh gvm py pp y h m f, wh m h d h xv h dy ddd p Wh gzd h MCAC dvy d h m h f d wh pp bg fwd, MP bv h h vw, by v f h MC, gv d h b ph. O MP d, I kw h xmp wh h MCAC k h m vw b (MP2). A m xpd hw h MCAC md vy h m b (M 3), d h f h my wd b vy dff f m pd wh pp h dd hv MCAC pp. A h dd, MCAC mmd mk bv dff d fd g f h b py p. Ahgh h pmy pp f h dvy mm f m h f MP, mm, bv m, j hg f b ppy [f MP] (M 1) d h w d d, h fm mg gd whdg. Oh kwdgd h hy b py d (M 3, MP3, MP4, MP7, MP9). I wd, hwv, b wg v h dm gf py by MCAC ky. F, MP dm f v v pb v bfg, hy f k h h kwdg gg f dd wy. Th v, ggd m dv, g hw w b vd by h pb, py wh p g d (Sff 7). Sd, v py by m d by h d fm h pm m md (Zm 2013) by h qm f p fdg (Cd, Pvy C Off 2013). I h vw f m, MP

45 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 241 ppd h h hm xp wh h w dg d why: Th w my md, I hv d, h wd y. I p y m, j h wy. Ad mmb ppd h b hy wd hw hv kw wh w bhd (M 2). Of d b h bg py d, b h h d. A m my hk h, wh h dpm, h h wkd vyhg, b h MCAC hp fm h hg md. W xp dff p f vw, w xp dff g f d, M 4 d. W vy g, h d, d h gv hm ddd fd wh gg b, py kwg h h g mp f py hv b dd. Spf xmp f MCAC f d v f b d fdy. Hwv, h MP py xpd hw pg 2013 mdm h E A w dyd b mm fm MP h MCAC w fd, d (bvy fd wh h jf) fd pp (MP10, MP11, MP14). O MP xpd h mmb f h MCAC hd dd h p gh wh h m. Th f kwdg d xp whh d d p d wg h b h f f h gm w g... I m pv h wd hv d hgh ppd w f h MCAC (MP 10). Wh h b, vy dd h F E A, vd d m fm wd g f xp, w, dg w p, Cvv MP bhd h wh phd f y mdm d w h y bhd pg (Dhb 2014). Th xmp yp MP hghy kwdgb d f-d wh p E A mdm. Nvh, dm h p f MP hmv hgh h MCAC p wh hy mvd d. Cmm b MCAC f vy pv. O MP f h p h gdy d h m f d h k f dm d h dmkg p (MP1). Fh, h ddd, p I hv xmp f hw h hgd h m f py d. Th dff fm wh m MP pd d php f v f xp bw dff m d mm, bh wh p mg, pv f dm, d v py mp. Th k f y hd b dd wk h ym. Fm Cvv MP B Rhgb dbd h xp wh MCAC. Thy, h d, h g ppy f mmb f wh h db b pdg p f g xp h h m d h m ff wh d h hg. Ad h b h

46 242 R. PAUL WILSON hg, whh wh w hd bf. H pp h h MCAC py v bd d d hv fm d-mkg pw. I hk h mm pppy md. Th ky wd dvy. Thy dvy mm. Thy dmv bd; hy djdv bd. Thy hv, h vw, h, d my d hg h hp f MP h gvm. H h xp wh h pv mmb b C-461 xmp. Ahgh, h y, h g h dvy mm, d v h m, gd wh mh f h pp, h b dpd dff p h b d d Cvv MP md h pmy dg mm g. C h MCAC w gh dm gvm py, php b, k wh h E A, gp w mvd dp h b p. S wh h MCAC m by qg hm p b, d mkg hd pd h f f gv vd h fm vb h pm m d, wh, h p-m wh b Th w dff fm h xp Ab MLA wh, g dg py mm, h ffvy bkdd h w gvm g f v y (R 2008). K dg py mm w, Rhgb d, vy, vy dff fm h MCAC...m w pd, v w hd, w ppd, d hy w d-mkg bd. I hk h w mh b md f bkbh hv mgf p h py mkg p. Cy Ab w dff md, b whh bd d m wy d h bw h xv d h g. Hp MCAC ym dby m h d dm, d MP wh wh x xv pw d b w y b dppd. Id f f PM I h vw f m ff, Umy, f h MCAC p dpd h PM. If h dd g h ym h w mp hm, d h bp mm h MC pb, hy wd qky bm bx-hkg x (Sff

47 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 243 8). M 1 h, dbdy p g, h pm m d g b f hkg wh h MCAC: Th mg g hgh h ym q qky, h fmd, y m d m ff, b dpm ff, d ( w y dd) MP. Thy bv h h pm m fghg f hm b m vvd h p d hy gv hm gf d f h. Ov, wh d h MCAC p d f h pm m? F, h p p p wh MP b h hmp h g m wh my w h f. Sd, pvd py v f gp v gvm pp d h d h k f wm p. Thd, h by mg b by gvg hm dd p g f qg m d hg h w jdgm. Wh Sph Hp h p f xg gh dp v h, h 2010 f M C Advy Cmm p mp f g h wh h pmy S wh h MCAC m by qg hm p b, d mkg hd pd h f f gv vd h fm vb h pm m d, wh, h p-m wh b. I h p, MCAC, hgh hy h f f bkbh, fh v z d d pw wh h pm m h xp f dvd m. A f fh h B h MCAC hv h p h f MP wh h gvm, hy gg v f fh h. F xmp, wh, v m, w b h mp f Cvv vg p? T d, Cvv gvm MP hv b m ky h pp MP bk py k (Cy d Thmp 2013). W h, w, Thm pd (1996:274-5; 1997:8) g f bhd d d fmy wh h py h H f Cmm? Sd, w MP hd d fmzd m h hp wh bby wh wy kg v f f v

48 244 R. PAUL WILSON gvm py? Th whh MCAC pvd h h p h g mpyd by bby Ow, d d h wh g. C Wh Sph Hp h p f xg gh dp v h, h 2010 f M C Advy Cmm p mp f g h wh h pmy. A Rhgb g dmd, MCAC mpf m d ff hmv d. Hwv, h mm pk h h mv f h dfd h h : py mv, b hy h h by f bkbh MP p h w dg pf d f gvm py; mv, b hy hp MP fh h f by dvg gm wh h py pfm d h d f h ; d -pyhg mv, b hy MP fg f bgg d mp h pmy m. B wh h pm m hf mv f g MCAC my hv b m py v py d hpp MP, h mm m fdm d pvd h pm m wh g p g gvm py v B wh h pm m hf mv f g MCAC my hv b m py v py d hpp MP, h mm m fdm d pvd h pm m wh g p g gvm py v. Umy h f h pm m p-m wh bh b d. Ahgh y f hghy mpx pmy vm, MCAC h p gf v h hp bw h b d gvm MP.

49 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 245 Appdx L f Ivw Cdd MP d S MP 1 Nv. 23, 2012 MP 8 My 2 d O 31, 2013 MP 2 Mh 22 d MP 9 My 3, 2013 O 25, 2013 S Mh 26, 2013 MP 10 My 6, 2013 MP 3 Mh 28, 2013 MP 11 My 10, 2013 MP 4 Mh 28, 2013 MP 12 My 13, 2013 MP 5 Ap 29, 2013 MP 13 My 13, 2013 (m) MP 6 Ap 30, 2013 MP 14 My 22 d O 30, 2013 MP 7 My 2, 2013 B Rhgb, MP J 27, 2013 M M 1 O 23, 2012 M 3 My 2, 2013 M 2 Ap 30, 2013 M 4 D. 9, 2013 Pb Sv Dpy M A DM 1 Ap 3, 2013 A DM 2 My 2, 2013 Mh 27, 2013 Sff 1 O 17 d O 28, 2012 P Sff (MP, M d Py) Sff 7 My 2, 2013 Sff 2 Nv. 6, 2012 Sff 8 My 10, 2013 Sff 3 Nv 7, 2012 Sff 9 My 13, 2013 Sff 4 D 3, 2012 Sff 10 My 17, 2013 Sff 5 Fb. 22, 2013 Sff 11 J 12, 2013 Sff 6 Ap 30, 2013 N 1 Hz bv h h p f h d dp hd b dghd, h h dp wh h f. (2003:3). Hwv, wh hy my p p ph y, hy, Ow g, mpy dghb bv (2003:29). 2 Th h wh hk J Hdm d P E.J. Thm f pm h pp, whh w pd h 2013 mg f h Cd P S A.

50 246 R. PAUL WILSON Rf Ab Nw : Gvm mm ym dwzd: F w dg py mm d, 15 Jy. Edm. A, P, d L Tb Th dm df: P M d pmy fm. Cd Pb Adm 46 (4) W: Bkv, Hm Pm m d b Cd: y d f fm? J f Cd Sd 35 (4) w: Bh, P Th w pph bdgg Ab. I A Gvm Rvd: A Sdy f Ab Df Em Pgm, dd by Chph J. B, Rd D. Kb d Kh J. MKz. T: Oxfd Uvy P. Bw, Sh, Dvd M. F d Rhd S. Kz Py h, py dp d pm. I Py Dp d Pmy Gvm, dd by Shw Bw, Dvd M. F d Rhd S. Kz. Cmb: Oh S Uvy P. Bwy, Kh Th p-zd b: Th dmv y f Ab. I Exv Sy Cd, dd by L B, Kh Bwy d Mh Hw. T: Uvy f T P. Cd. Pvy C Off D-mkg p d g Cd: Fd, pv d p. Ow Cb mm vvw. Avb hp://wb.hv.g/wb/ /hp:// Ad My 15, Ab Gvm: A Gd f M. Ow: H Mjy h Q Rgh f Cd Mmd Cb (Tmp). Updd 17 Sp. Avb hp:// g5g&pg5fm&b5pb&d5m/m_.hm. Ad My 25, Ab Gvm: A Gd f M d M f S. Ow: H Mjy h Q Rgh f Cd A df gd b dm. Avb hp:// /d/fm/pb/m/d/d-gd-g.pdf. Ad Fb Cd Sdy f Pm Gp Py : Bhd d d. Rp f A Cf, Nvmb Ow. Cwy, Php d Mk S I h Bw ff?: Lb bkbh d d Gd Bw, Cmpy Bh Hy 28 (1): Cw, Edwd Th wb f hy: Py yy d h Bh H f Cmm. Lgv Sd Qy 11 (2) My: Cy, B d S Thmp Vg d hw Ty MP m p bk k. Th Gb d M 4: A4 Dw, Rb MGg Th Gvm f Cd. T: Uvy f T P. Dhb, Jf Cvv fmy bhd v f fm b. Wpg F P ( d), 30 Ap. Avb hp:// m/d/vv--fmy-bhd-v-f--fm-b hm. Ad 1 My, Hz, Rv Y D h q dp? Twd p d. J f Lgv Sd 9 (4) w: Hdm, J d P E. J. Thm Cmbg h dd f d: Bkbh f h Cd H f Cmm. Pp pd h mg f h Cd P S A, Uvy f V.

51 MINISTER S CAUCUS ADVISORY COMMITTEES 247 Hk, Thm A., d P Td h pm m wh pymkg d wh h py. I Apx f Pw: Th Pm M d P Ldhp Cd, 2d d by Thm A. Hk.. Sbgh: P-H. Km, Chph J Dm d d h Cd Lb Py. Bh J f P S 36 (3) Jy: Py Dp d Pmy P. Cmbdg: Cmbdg Uvy P. Kg, Ahy Md f xv-gv : G B, F, d W Gmy. Lgv Sd Qy 1 (1) Fby: Kb, Rd D. d Kh J. MKz Th p bhd fm Ab. I A Gvm Rvd: A Sdy f Ab Df Em Pgm, dd by Chph J. B, Rd D. Kb d Kh J. MKz. T: Oxfd Uvy P. L, A d Mh MM Tgdy h Cmm: Fm Mmb f Pm Spk O Ab Cd Fg Dmy. T: Rdm H. MLd, H Ty mm w hp m vd mp. H Tm, 23 Ag: 1, 6. My, Jh Hgh dp, w h? Th p f Cd pmy py gp. J f Lgv Sd 9 (4) w: M, Lw Hpd: Th P f C. T: Vkg Cd. Nh, Ad A fm MP mmb fm PM. J f Cd Sd 40 (1) w: Ny, Jph Sf Pw: Th M S Wd P. Nw Yk: Pb Aff. Ow, Jh E Expg py h d dp dm g: ppv d x. J f Lgv Sd 9 (4) w: Ozbd, Eg Py Ch W Dm: A C Ay. Bvy H, CA: Sg Pb. P, Gg C Th Ty Sydm: Ldhp P h Pgv Cvv Py. M: MG-Q Uvy P. Ph, Ag Pm M m gv h m f. T S, 15 Ag: A b. Hp w Ty vvd py-mkg. H Tm, 16 Ag: 1, 10. Rfm Py f Cd Dm Ppm III Tk F Rp. Uvy f Cgy Ahv. Th Rfm Py f Cd fd, mb Rfm Py f Cd C. 1999b. Lgv Cp Gd, Rfm Py C Agd, Fb. 17h. Rff, Nm J Th W Ax: Exv d dmv y Bh Cmb. I Exv Sy Cd: Cb S d Ldhp P Cd Gvm, dd by L B, Kh Bwy d Mh Hw. T: Uvy f T P Exv dm: Cb d h ff f pm Bh Cmb. I Bh Cmb P d Gvm, dd by Mh Hw, D P d Ty Smmv. T: Emd Mgmy. R, Ch Sg-m d m hgh hg. Edm J. Avb hp://www2.d.m/dmj/w/y.hm?d f709-4b-b b9954. Ad Jy 6, R, Mg Pmy py h: Sm xp fm pyhgy. Py P f pbhd Ag 14, 2012 d: / Avb hp://ppq.gpb.m//y/2012/08/12/ Sv, Dd Gvg Fm h C. T: Uvy f T P.

52 248 R. PAUL WILSON Sb, Uh Py y pmy dm: A mpv y. J f Lgv Sd 12 (2): Smp, Jffy Th Fdy Dhp. T: MCd d Sw. Sby, W.T C pd hg p? Th PM d h Cvv w mm. Th H Tm, 11 Ob: 20. Tb, J Hp T v p p dm. Th Gb d M, 11 Sp: A.7 T, Dvd d Chph Wdd Th 2011 fd d h fm f Cd md d p. I Hw Cd Cmm IV: Md d P, dd by Dvd T d Chph Wdd. Edm: Ahb Uvy P. Thm, P E.J Mg h ffv f my pm. Cd Pmy Rvw 30 (1) Spg: Thm, P G Th f py. I Py Gvm d Rg Rp Cd, dd by P A. Ry Cmm h Em U d Dvpm Pp f Cd, h d v. 36. T: Uvy f T P P d g p. I Rp, Ig d P P Cd, dd by Hm Bkv. Vm 14 f h Rh Sd f h Ry Cmm E Rfm d Py Fg. T: Dd P P pm: Th f py. I Cd P T, dd by A. B Tgy d A-G. Gg. 2d d. T: N Cd C d p Cd. Ky dd h Cd Sdy f Pm Gp f f, Nvmb 21, Ow: Cd Sdy f Pm Gp. Td, P E Mm. T: MCd d Sw. W, P Th Lg I m Pm M: Sph Hp d Cd, T: Rdm H. Wh, Ghm Cb d F M. Vv: UBC P. Zm, Dvd Off d Rg: Th Pp d Pf f Gvm T Cd. T: Uvy f T P.

53 By Ev H Sph A -gvm py bg hd? Ag Nw Pb Gv h Cd pv Ab: Th bd k fm vy f NGO d pv gvm py wk. Th pp pvd mpy bd m f hw gvm d -gvm py wk gg wh h h py p. Th d gg h py - d -pd gf f f h p b h m d f. Th d pd h d h h x f py ggm my b bdy v h pp f Nw Gv gg. Smm : L p p d p d dg p d b d pq d ONG d gvm pvx. I v f v mpq d mè d b d pq gvmx gvmx g d p d b d pq. L d d q -p pd d q mp d p m q x b d. L d p dq q p d ggm pq p v q d dp d Nv gv. Id Pb py gv d f Nw Pb Gv (NPG) d wh hw py d wk d gv h pb py p (Ob 2010: 6). Th vg f ky q d pg ggm bw py wk gvm d -gvm gz wh gg wh h h -gv f pb py p h Cd pv x. Th h pd h md, d h mp gp fh q. Th vhg h By Ev pf, Dpm f P d Pb Adm, Ry Uvy, T. H Sph h COMPAS Rh, Hm, O. Th h gfy kwdg h S S d Hm Rh C f Cd f gy fdg h h. CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA VOLUME 58, NO. 2 (JUNE/JUIN 2015), PP VC Th I f Pb Adm f Cd/L I d dm pbq d Cd 2015

54 250 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA q : wh h f -gv h Cd x? Sbdy q d: wh h f -gvm gz h pv py p? Wh d wh d - pp d hw fqy? I h hhy f ggm wh -gvm khd? Ad hw d h b ddg f -pd d - f py? Py -pd d - dghd fw. C-pd d wh h pp f - dvy mpm f py, wh - d wh h y- pz d dg f py. Th d mp b h y d wh NPG (-) d Nw Pb Mgm (-pd). NPG d h gv gy hzd by py py p md. Hwv, h d pd f - dvg d mpmg py. Nw Pb Mgm (NPM), hwv, pmy d wh ffv d ff mpm. C pm fy zd NPG wh - pp m fy h py p whh my dff p f y h p fm y- v mp p. Th vg f ky q d pg ggm bw py wk gvm d -gvm gz wh gg wh h h -gv f pb py p h Cd pv x. Th pp fmd by vy f -gvm d pv gvm py wk h pv f O, Bh Cmb d Skhw. I k h f h py p h b- jd by f wh hy f g h NPM/ NPG m. Th d pd h gg h pv NGO py vy v pp m g f h py p b h h pp d d b wghd wd h v dvy f. Ovvw f, ky p d vw Php (2007) kd: A py p Cd y p d ppy h md f gv gg? (p. 497). Ngvm py d hv gf, b gy fd

55 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 251 mpm d v dvy h h pp gy mp dg wk. NPG h d w wg fdm hf gvg md mkd by pz f py mkg, wh h b py d mk d h d Wb hh f pb dm hv gv wy wk. I mv/h m h md dpd, pw hp, d g d p, (Php d Smh 2011:4-5). Thgh b d db, v py gg py -pd (Kkk 2004). Th,, h d. Th m -pd h b ppd dff x dg z pp gg fm v pv py-mkg d py mpm (Pff 2012:17). Hwv, h d dd -pd d pmy wh vvm f hd h dvy mpm f pb py (V 2012:80). Th fmg f NPM wh mpm hgh m h p pp g d g (Ev d Shd 2010; P d Tb 2004). Gv h bd mg gd -pd, p dghg hw NPG d NPM v f z pp. Th d pd h gg h pv NGO py vy v pp m g f h py p b h h pp d d b wghd wd h v dvy f. W pp xp w p - d mpm h dff NPG d NPM pvy b h f - h py p. Th m - d wh pb py wh bg dgd d my wh bg mpmd (V 2012: 81). Whh h vv - dg mpm, bh, d m: - g py wh NPG mg f m p d m- py p. C-pd, wh mph mpm, m wh NPM wy dfd f -gv, wh pb py dv fm m (V 2009: 289 d 303). If NPG pph kg hd, w hd h hp bw gvm d hd - hzd by g b whfdhpdfgvmdngowkg gh (Njm 2000: 382).

56 252 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA T wh x d NGO pp py p d wh h py d? Th vy w dk w fmd by h py p md, dfyg fv g f py-mkg: gd-g, fm, d-mkg, mpm d v (W. 2010: 7). W gh wh - ppd h py y. O vw f h pp wd q vd f pp g h y g wh dg d m h d dbd d d h - md gg. Wh m g h h py y md h vd f (Sb 1991: 147), gd hw gvm gz py mkg d pvd py g (Cy.d.). I f gv mp pg py wk d fmd hw w d vy q. O f h vy fw mp d f h py f Cd NGO fd h y 22 p f NGO bd fd pb py dvpm p f h m. Th vy w pg f NGO ppg py p h fd v h hg d wh k f b h hy d hv h py (m xp) gg pb py (C 2011: 431). A EKOS vy fd h NGO dfd b py pp whh dd: k f m d ff gg py dvpm (25 p ); k f fdg mm pb py dvpm (18 p ); k f xp NGO b ffvy (13 p ); d k f h py p d md d-mk f ppy pvd p (20 p ) (EKOS 2008: 58). N-gvm py d hv gf, b gy fd mpm d v dvy h h pp gy mp dg wk. O h h v py h NGO pm. O dy, py d wh NGO vvm h v, fd h b w h m f py. Th b m NGO hv fw, my gg w py fd, d gzd y. Hby d Lf (2011) fm h d f bd f gy bd gzg h m ffv m gg pv gvm. Oh Cd h hd d pb py gg h md py x b NGO py

57 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 253 ggm. Px, Bq, d Svd (2007: 300) dfd pm hpg gvm-hd Qb: 1) gvm p h hd ; 2) h f h v gvm py; 3) h hg k f bjv; 4) h p b f dd gdg f; 5) h dg f y d fmm f ; 6) hw gvm f h hd ; 7) h dg f hd my; 8) h x whh h hp zd; d 9) h d g f h f -d. I h wd,, d p vb dfg h -NGO wkg hp py gf. Th fgg vb, whh p b, f hw d wh NGO pp h py y. Pp h y ph f h p d h b f NGO dgg py,, fm xp h pf. Th pm dfd by Px, Bq d Svd vy pvd b f dmg h b f NGO pp. Gv h NGO v bgg py v h py gd, b fw g vvd py fm (C 2011: 432), gg fm d ppd / h py p. Th, d py-mkg x w hp h y f py wk, dg ggm wh -gvm (Hw d Ldq 2004: 226). Gv h Cd f f h, h hgy f h p, y f gv d z f h pv x f. C gvm pf dpm g my fqy wh khd, hwv dfd, wh h w d. Mv, Cd gvm d pf m v d w-ky (Hw d Ldq 2004: 238 d 240) h v, d Cd m pv bvy hv py. Qb, hgh bj f dy h, pvd xmp f h md dvy f y Cd. Fm , Qb pph py dvpm h b wh V (2009: 296) d dm - md, wh m -pd d - f py b fd wh pp f khd fm h mk d v y. Th zd php bw h Qb d NGO fm h my d gf py v. Th dph d ph f h md d x wh Cd (E d Rg 2010). O dy f h pv w dp ddg f h dv pph gv.

58 254 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA Expy hm Th h pd h d wh h xpy hm. Th f d wh h fqy f mg bw gvm d -gvm d whh h k p p fm fm v xdd by h gvm. Sd, w xm whh g h py p d -gvm gz y pp. Ad hd, wh whm gvm d gvm m? Fqy d yp f mg Th fqy f mg bw fm h w d h x whh py d, f d fm xhgd b. Fh, my b b mk f h g zg f h vd p f h py p. I p, h mg k w fm: fm wh gvm pp d v h pb pd f hdd mg wh gvm py ff d/ d ff; fm wh xp gv bj d/ -gvm gz vd m pvy wh h m d py ff, mm py d. Th my b j b gg my b k h dv. A gvm v gg fmy fmy b g. Fm v p d v dd gvm bjv: mppg khd p, gv pf h gvm bh h v py mmy b h g pb, d v bd g f py gh, whh my b hpf hpg h v w, g, pgm. Ifm whh w pf d m xv ypy f h y-gy f h d p b f pp. Th fm mg gy b dd b m q m f dy fmg py d. N-gvm py pp d g h p Eggm dff g f h py p d h gvm g -gvm py fmg py. NGO b h y g f h p, g, b vd f m h ff by gvm bd p wh py bjv d dg d md.

59 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 255 Wh gvm g? Wh whm h gvm hhy -gvm py mg? Th k d f f h gvm ff bg d ff m gh h pp f h mg. If h mg wh dpy m m v k, h ky m g, d wh py g, dg, d bjv. I fh xp h h d/ p v h gvm p p fm -gvm. Cvy, mg wh wkg ff h bh d, -mgm py y, f- pgm ff b dd dffy. Mg wh py bh d py y wd ky vv fm xhg h py dg g php b pfy. Mg wh pgm v ff wy d wh p mpm. Sh mg y mp, b h pp d f dff. D d h mhd I Jy 2012, w vy m w 2458 pv gvm py wk d 1995 NGO-bd py wk d O, Bh Cmb, d Skhw. A db g h - m dd f h mp pp w d fm pby vb h d, g kywd h m dg py y, h, y, dv, d, d, d p, ppg jb dp. Sh jb w hd f bh gvm d -gvm gz h y h yp f f pd wd b md. I m, dd m w ddd fm hd-py, dg gvm gz m. 1 Th pv f O, Bh Cmb, d Skhw w h b hy pd hg m f p, hy d m d dmgph. F py dm w d vm, hh, mmg, d b pvd v h pf d bdh f d p whh NGO mgh gg gvm. Th h vd wh p p pf (hh d vm w hgh; b d mmg w w), vdy b (hh d vm w gy bd, b d mmg w m py dv), d h x f d v dvy (hh d mmg vvd d dvy; b d vm hd gy f). Eh dm hd gf mb f -gvm khd wh py. Th h dpd hghy x f. D

60 256 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA p, w y p ggg d y d bk- f h pv. S h Appdx f dd fm wh p h vy d. A f 1510 p w d; h f p w p. Wh h xp f h NGO b pd, h pg f pd pdd y wh h pp dfd by h h. Th g d w wghd g v pp fg kg mhd. Th vy w dgd p hw py wk gvm d NGO vw h wk hy d, hw hy g b dff kd f py wk, d hw hy dd h h py p. Th bjv w g gh h dy--dy wk f h d h pp f h wk. Q d wh hg v m w pd h vy. Ay f v (ANOVA) w dd h m p vy q. Th Tky HSD w d f p h mp. Cm V w d xm gh f bw vb f. Th ph v f.05 w d f. 2 Fdg: Ppv f gvm d NGO py wk Th xm h vy d h pp f gvm d -gvm pd b py ggm. W d hw f NGO khd m wh gvm ff fm fm b, wh g h py p d pp k p, d wh v f h gvm hhy d gvm gg wh gvm ff. Fqy d yp f py ggm Th d d h gvm pd d m fqy v khd wk wh hm py m fm b. Iv pp fmy qy mhy b w xdd by 52.2 p f gvm pd. Fm v w dby w 38.1 p (Tb 1). Th db v gvm pd w by pv, b h p gy h fm/fm dhmy. F xmp, Skhw pd gg khd m fqy gd f whh fmy fmy (Tb 2). Thy pd h 57.9 p v khd wk wh hm fmy qy mhy b. BC pd ky

61 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 257 Tb 1. Eggg Skhd (Gvm) Ifmy Fmy Ivg khd N % N % Nv Ay Sm-y Qy Mhy T Mg Sym T Ivg khd Tb 2. Eggg Skhd by Pv (Gvm) Ifmy % BC ON SK Fmy % Ifmy % Fmy % Ifmy % Fmy % Nv Ay Smy Qy Mhy T N d, wh 46.1 p vg khd mhy qy b. Iv pp m fqy fm p mm b h pv dff mh m gf. Ag, Skhw gvm py pd d h 48.7 p v khd pp mhy qy b. A h h d, BC pd, g, w ky pp fm py ggm (y 26.1 p dd hy xdd v khd). NGO pd, m gvm pd, d h fm v pvd p py m fq h fm (Tb 3). Qy mhy fm v w pd by 33.6 p f NGO pd mpd 22.3 p pg fm v. Igy, 30.3 p f NGO pd dd hy hd v vd fm v, wh 28 p

62 258 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA Tb 3. Eggg Skhd (NGO) Ifmy Fmy Iv f p N % N % Nv Ay Sm-y Qy Mhy T Mg Sym T Tb 4. Sg f NGO Pp h Py P (NGO) Sg f pp N % A g Ey g Dg dy dmd Impm g N T Mg Sym 135 T 603 pd v hvg fm v (Tb 3). Th m fq NGO p w v y fm f wh h pv gvm. Th w fwd by v. Py p g d NGO pp Hw d h h pv p wh p h NPG d NPM md f ggm? Hv hy mvd m dbd, py fm f -gv? O, d hy m mbddd h NPM md? O h mx f py gv pph? Th NGO pd pv d 42.9 p w vvd g h y g f py dvpm (Tb 4). A ghy g mb, 46.5 p, d hy ppd y f h ky dg d hd b md h mpm g. Gv h y 10.6 p f NGO pd pd h p, pp h -gv hhy h h pv

63 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 259 vyd h. NGO pp py - d pd bd, whh gg h h gv md h pv p h md-g bw NPG d NPM. Ufy, wh pv d wh whh mp, w dm f h mvm wd md h h. Th dff mg h pv (Tb 5). O pd pd hgh v f pp h py p g h y g wh bv d dg d md (47.5 p ). Th mdy g h Skhw (40.5 p ) d BC (38.6 p ). BC my vv NGO p h mpm g, f ky dg d bv d w md (52.6 p ). Th hp bw pv d h g f v f NGO h py y w y gf (Ch q , p=0.031) b wk (Cm V =0.135). Th d gg h w gv mg f p d v py p vy d vy p b d fd dbd v fh pv. Th d gg h w gv mg f p d v py p vy d vy p b d fd dbd v fh pv. A x xp f h O my yd m gh f h jd. O pp pvy ggg wh NGO h y dg g f py p h b dbd by kg pb v f f h MGy gvm dpd py p whh w hzd by f pv khd py h Pm Off (P Cpd wh fm Dpy M Nvmb, 24, 2013). W h p x ggm q h MGy pmhp? Th pv O Cvv gvm w hzd by d py h hd b h py 1995 pfm. Idd h w phb mg wh d. S, mg h h g d v pph ggm w f f h bdg-bdg gy f p gvm, w m fh h f f h f, O wd pp m h h pv? Ag, h h q qg fh h. A y gf (Ch q , p=0.001) b wk (Cm V=0.152) hp w fd bw h z f h NGO md by mb f ff wh wk py d h g f

64 260 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA Tb 5. Sg f NGO Pp h Py P by Pv (NGO Svy) BC ON SK Sg f pp N % N % N % A g Ey g Dg dy dmd Impm g N T Mg Sym T h p whh hy bm ggd. N db hp pp. Php pdby, NGO vvd y g f h p m ky b h m m f py ffg (Tb 6). O wd hk h h g NGO wd b vvd g b h d d dm h. Idd, NGO wh 6 10 py ff h m ky b vvd g wh h g (20 m), wh kg d, dby bhd h 6-10 gpg. Pp d h NGO z h g d f ky d hv b md g. Th my d md-g fm f -gv h pv, mpg mx f -, -pd, d hybd f bh. Tb 6. Sg f Pp d Nmb f Ddd Py Sff (NGO) Hw my pp y gz ddd py-d wk? A wh g f h gvm py p y gz ypy vd pp? A g A h vy y g Af h ky dg/ m hv b dmd A h mpm g N T (Nmb) % 19.3% 37.7% 11.4% 12.0% % 9.5% 27.0% 4.8% 7.9% % 12.2% 43.9% 12.2% 7.3% 41 M h % 12.2% 36.6% 7.3% 9.8% 41

65 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 261 Hw f d h fwg wh khd? Tb 7. C wh Skhd (Gvm) N % wky mhy M/M ff Dpy M A Dpy M f h v dv S v v v (.g., D) Mdd v v v (.g., Py y, Rh) Wkg v ff (.g., Fd Off) Gvm hhy d NGO pp Ov, h d gg hhy f ggm wh -gvm khd (Tb 7). Svy- p f pd dd h -kg pb v h d m wh x khd mhy wky. Th d m fq v f w wh wkg-v ff ( fd/pgm ff). A h h d f h m, 61.4 p f pd pd h dpy m m wh khd h wky mhy. Mg wh h m m ff w ghy m fq 62.3 p. Mhy wky mg wh md-v pb v h h d py y w, pgy, mh m fq h h 62.9 p. Cmpg h h pv vd y gf dff mg hm. Th gggd m f h fq wh NGO py wk p ggg wh gvm ff dpy h m hhy h pd by gvm py wk (Tb 8). Th m fq v f wh gvm pd wh f- ff wh 59.4 p pd qy mhy. Qy mhy wh md-kg gvm mg pf ff w fqy pd 43.1 p d 40.3 p, pvy. A mgh b xpd, h fqy f wh h m b d p v w h m. O x NGO pd d qy mhy mg wh h m d/ h m ff. Ab 21 p f NGO pd xp h qy mhy mg k p wh -kg pb v.

66 262 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA Tb 8. I wh Gvm (NGO) Hw f d y wh h fwg h f y py d wk? N % qy mhy M/M ff S v pv gvm mgm Mdd v pv gvm mgm Pf gvm ff F- ff Th y gf dff fd mg h h pv y f h fqy q pd. Th d gg h, p h py p, gvm d NGO-bd py hv dff pp f hd py ggm v d vw f h w v. Tb 4 hw h y 43 p f NGO pd vvd g f h p h y- g. Hwv, Tb 3 d h y 13.2 p f NGO pd vd m wh gvm fm b mhy. Fm mhy v fm gvm fw 6 p. Th pd d gg gf dpy bw pp pf g d v, fm d fm, m wh gvm ff. Oh d gg h gvm d NGO pd hv hpy dff pp f h fqy f h mg wh v k f gvm ff d py m. F xmp, Tb 7 p h pp f gvm-mpyd py ff f hw fqy v k f gvm ff, fm M d h p ff h px f- pgm ff, m wh -gvm gz pv, khd, hy f fd. Tb 7 p y h m fq mb f mg h: wky mhy h d h d vm f ff bw h w. Svy- p f gvm pd pvd h v, b xv, pb v (h bh d) m h wky mhy wh -gvm pv. I, NGO p pv h fqy f mg h v mh w 21.1 p (S Tb 8). D d p Sh dp q xp d f. F, wh p h py g d fqy f v whh

67 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 263 fm fm b wh gvm. Th vy m dd p d whh b d dd whh h f NPG-yp -gv d wh x md f, -pd, hybd f bh ggd. Th NGO ppv hw fqy hy d p pp wh h gvm py -gv d pp h bv f Cp, Ry, d Z (2012) h dy f p-dy, vm, d fy py Cd, h UK, d Gmy. Thy dd h wh h x f g dy wd py gv h pdm y w hzd by h p f...m pw (p. 68). I h wd, -gv d m wd -pd md h h wh h pw hp py hd. Cmpg NGO d gvm p gdg h fqy by whh v vd by NGO, by gvm ff, v dff pp f fqy. Gvm pd bv h hy v -gvm khd m m f h NGO p bv b h. Th my b m f dff pp d m xp f vy vg f -gvm khd f py d. NGO pd mx f d, d (Ev d Shd 2014: 119), d hybd h w vy fm, h py gvm, d h g f h y. Cqy m NGO fd h hy v y h g f v my ff fm fg dpdg h hp wh h g gvm. Sd, h vy m pg h fqy f v fm gvm fm fm b dd p m gh h mbddd f py dg bw gvm d -gvm. I y h h m f h vy k pvd m f gh h yp f py wk h p d gg -gvm b, by kg b h fqy f fm d fm, w g m ppv h x whh gvm pfy d zg NGO p. NGO p d h fq d py wh h gvm fm b. Sh fm my b m mgf hy vy vd d wh py m w pf d fd m. Th b, j pb pg. A d, fm ypy d wh h mp h d vg -gvm whm h gvm k vy y. Oy v hd. I dd, h, bh fm d fm, my k p y g f h p. Idd, fm my w k p p

68 264 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA y p m gvm wghg p d dmg py gd p, wh mv d wh df bd. I hd b fh d h h vb m f hw my hd, f, d qy hv d h p hy dd dd b. Thy my, my, y d y dfb p. Th, wh h w m vp bw h w, y h. Thy b d x whh d. Hwv, h xp, p, hw w mgh dd h dpy pd h gvm d NGO p. Th d q pg h py d php vy f py ggm, gv hw mm h fm p jd. Bh md (fm d fm) wdy ppd by gvm b h p gg h fm ggm m fq h fm pph. Hwv, fm v d b m fq b. Ag, h ky f h fm p, bg m d, pd d f g pf, w b mm gv h hy q db h d mg khd d php pb xp. Php h m ghf fdg b h f -gv w h 43 p f NGO pd w vvd g h y g wh ky dg d g d dmd. A mgy g mb, 46.5 p, fd h pp fd h g, h xdd fm hpg ky g d. I hd b d h fqy, whh m m, y gg g h b f py ggm. Ifq mg my h b bv. M m my w b. Hwv, m fq mg, mmm, dv f gvm hg fm khd d/ g h p wh h my x py mmy. Expg h dff bw h pv b bd vyg y f gv d. Hwv, wd xp h Skhw, h m, gfy f h h, wd mpy fm by m h O, b hy dmy dff. Hwv, Skhw gfy m ky fm mp Bh Cmb. Th mp d xp why h g pv d

69 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 265 f h m wd bh vy y qy z fm pph. Why BC wd wd p f fq d mwh m fm pph py - q b h gv y h pv w. W w xpg h dp f h fqy f mg bw -gvm d v k h gvm hhy. Th hhy f wh NGO m wh gvm d h gd NGO pmy f py d d v m f p p d wh mpm d dvy. Th m v b dd g py m d h p mgm f h py mmy vvd wh ggm wh f- d php v md-v pb v my b d wh m p mmg fm pgm dvy d mpm. N h h dm mp b fq mg wh dpy m d m h ff f h p y f NGO py mmy gvm. Th gvm vy d gg h p d dw h gvm hhy h db ggm wh h NGO py mm. Pdby, h fqy f mg d mv p wd h dpy m d m ff. S, h fqy f pd wky/mhy mg gf. Th NGO vy f m v p. I wh -kg pb v d f py NPM-yp md. E h v my b fq, b b md h h d f fq mg h v h mb f pp f h w b m md h py wdw d p fqy. A h v f h hhy, gg b bh g d bv. Th gg h h NPM pd, wh f mpm/p, h ppd pdgm f gv. Hwv, wh h pdx h, h my f h g f -gv h pv. Igy, gvm pd w by m ky h -gvm pd, h p k, fm f- ff M, bv h h ff m wh gvm pv wky mhy b. Th my b f bh bg h m. Gvm pd my f g mb f m fq mg b h wh d py wh hv dy py ym, b h h f gp f f xdd (My, v D d B 2004: 180). NGO pd, bd d hdx gp, wd b mpd f bh d d

70 266 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA d. Sm w hv g h h. Th Advy C Fmwk (AFC) pvd v h d/d dhmy. A f AFC h py pp w k wh pp wh hd m py bf mg g, gy ff, gp d, jdg, h, d (Sb d Wb 2007: 196). A hg h bf w b xdd fm h d wd fd g h py p m hgg. Bh h ppy py y ppv d h f AFC hp xp h dpy xpd h d. C O fdg hv mp f fh h d h p f py -gv. Wh p h y f py ggm, gvm vyd h fvd vg -gvm m fm b. Php h m ghf fdg b h f -gv w h 43 p f NGO pd w vvd g h y g wh ky dg d g d dmd. A mgy g mb, 46.5 p, fd h pp fd h g, h xdd fm hpg ky g d. Oy 10 p hd. I dd, dff bw h pv db ggg p py ggm y x wh h pv. Ad pg h fdg h -gvm d wh -kg pb v wh py p bw h f h xv d. Py d d mg v gkp f whh py pp d f khd g bgh h f m -kg ff. M zd k p bw f- gvm ff d -gvm. W d h -gv h h x p m f - d -pd. Ch f w gv gm -x wh h d wh NPM pph. Wh h Cd -gv xv, ky b d y q h x whh g w gv p x, xp f Qb (E 2011; Lf 2011; Php 2007; V 2012). O fdg gg h g d f py - p, m h h gg. Hwv, fdg d h vh db ppy f xpdg mgf py ggm. Wh mgg p, f gvm b g d pg b p f py ggm wh NGO khd, hy d

71 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 267 bh m pp f d f pp by gvm. Impy, h hd d x khd pby dmd gf p d h m by h gvm. Gvm mgh d hw dfy hw NGO wh py b bd pp. Th mgh vv zg -gv pvd h p d y f gg dg. Th vy fdg gg v f f h. F, d m gg b ddg h dff pp gvm d -gvm py wk f h fqy f ggm fm fm b. O v mgh b dw h d/d dhmy pb xp f h pvd dff. Expg py hw h h f NGO (h, z, f pz, hp h gvm.) fm h py, f y, wd b vg. Sd, mpv m f h h f NGO by py dm, d h hy gd by gvm, wd dp kwdg f hw p f d vd wk fm py dvpm, d f p vy by py. Thd, fh qv h pp fm d/ fm v p mgh pd gh whh m mg vby g m b py -gv, fw mg d vd f hw dg f ggm, d whh h by gd NGO y m f dff g f h py y. Fy, w d m b dff pv y f -gv d wh xp h dff. E (2014) xm f wk gv h pv v h m phd ff d xmg h pv/hd py hp. Th wk bh h fd f fh h hw d by h pv f py ggm b -gv. I h p, gv h dvy f pph wk gv dfd by E, h f h p vm hpg d fmg py ggm pm yd ppd d hy h gh. I h, wh h h pd h w xpy, my g q mg fm h y. Th d pvd b whh b d mp -gv p v m. O pg h q d dp h pj f Cd -gv h.

72 268 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA Appdx Tb 1A. Pv L NGO Gvm Pv N % N % Bh Cmb O Skhw T Tb 2A. Sf-Idfd S (NGO) BC ON SK NGO N % N % N % Evm Hh Immg Lb T Tb 3A. Sf-Idfd S (Gvm) BC ON SK Gvm N % N % N % Evm Hh Immg Lb T N 1 Th vy w h -m d dd g Zmg, mm fw v. 2 Th d w yzd g SPSS 20.0.

73 POLICY ENGAGEMENT 269 Rf Cy, P. Hw py hy hv mp py mkg? Th f hy-d dm-p d. Thg Pb Adm 32 (2) Spmb: Fhmg. Cp, Gb, Jmy Ry, d Ahy Z Gv fm h bm p: Cmpxy d dvg mpv ppv. Pb Adm 90 (1: C, S Pb py d h pf. Th Phhp 23 (4): EKOS Rh A Svy f Vy S Ogz. E, P Hgh Id d Nb I: Vy S-Gvm R Cd, T: Uvy f T P Thd wv, hd : A mpv pv y f h gv f hd. Cd Pb Adm 57 (4): E, P, d D Rg V f Cmmy: Th Rp f Npf Ogz d S Ep O d Qb, T: S Emy C, Uvy f T. Ev, By, d Jh Shd Th hd d h pv f pb gd: Php, g, d h -b. I Th Hdbk f Cd Pb Adm, dd by C. D. D M: Oxfd Uvy P Npf ggm wh pv py ff: Th f NGO py v Cd mmg m v. Py d Sy 33: Hby, J., d R. Lf Cpv d h : Th f O. Cd J f Npf d S Emy Rh 2 (2): Hw, Mh, d Ev Ldq Py Ay d Gv: Ay d Py Sy Cd. J f Cmpv py Ay 6 (3): Kkk, B Nw Gv g hgh d h wd. M Lw Rvw 89: Lf, Rh Vy S Ogz d h S. Vv, T: UBC P. My, Ig, E v D, d P W.G. B Ppv py y: fmwk f ddg d dg. I J f Thgy, Py d Mgm v. 4 (2): Njm, A Th F C f h Thd S-Gvm R: Cp, f, mpmy d p. Npf Mgm d Ldhp, 10,. 4: Ob, Sph, d Id: Th (Nw) Pb Gv: b f m? I Th Nw Pb Gv: Emgg ppv h hy d p f pb gv. Ld: Rdg. Pff, V S Sv Ep: Sm C Cp I. I Nw Pb Gv, h Thd S d C-pd, dd by V Pff, T Bd d Bm Vh. Nw Yk: Rdg. Php, S Py y d h vy : Evvg py y. I Py Ay Cd: Th S f h A, dd by L. Dbzk, M. Hw, d D. Lyk. T: Uvy f T P. Php, S., d S. Smh Bw gv d g. I Gv d Rg h Thd S, dd by S. Php, d S. Smh. Nw Yk d Ld: Rdg. P, Chph, d C Tb Ubdd Gvm. Ld: Rdg. Px, J, D Bq, d Sb Svd Th Gvm-Thd S If Qb. V 18:

74 270 BRYAN EVANS, HALINA SAPEHA Sb, P Twd b h f h py p. PS: P S d P 24 (2: Sb, P, d Chph Wb Th Advy C Fmwk: Iv d Cf. I Th f h Py P, 2d d, dd by P Sb. Bd, CO: Wvw P. V, Yv S Emy h C- f Pb Py. A f Pb d C-pv Em 80,.2: Thd d h C- f Cd Pb Py. I Nw Pb Gv, h Thd S d C-pd, dd by V Pff, T Bd, d Bm Vh. Nw Yk: Rdg. W, X, M. Rmh, Mh Hw, d S Fz Th Pb Py Pm. Ld d Nw Yk: Rdg.

75 J MCgh Khw Fhbkhh Rfg h : Dkg w F N O Ab: Th xm h df f F N dkg w v vd by h F N h mmy f p. Th h xp dfy hm d f fm wkb df f py-mk. Rh vwd x h p O g m-d pph. D y vd df f h xd byd h h bdy d pf gwh, mpym, d fg py vm. Th mphv df pvd b f py d pgm d F N by- d f v vm f dkg w mpvm. Smm : L p xm df d è d p d v d pb x Pmè N q xpm p m hq d Pmè N. L d xm xmp d f d hèm f d è p fm df xpb p b d pq. L hh vw z p hq O p b d pph m-. L y d d v df d è q v -d d fè hq p pf, mp, vm pq pp. C df mphv f b p mmd d d d pp d pq f d ^ı d Pmè N d g vm f p pp d m mè d pb. Dkg w hg F N mm hv pd Cd p d md pgh f w v dd. If gp, hm wh ppd w ppy d h dkg w dv dg dd dkg w mgy d mmy v b m f h ffg h mm. Dp y f gd fd v, h hg f, qy d k pp m. J MCgh fm h h Sh f Egg, Uvy f Gph. Khw Fhbkhh pf h Sh f Egg, Uvy f Gph. Th h wd k hk mmb f h F N h mmy f p O f h gd d pp. CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA VOLUME 58, NO. 2 (JUNE/JUIN 2015), PP VC Th I f Pb Adm f Cd/L I d dm pbq d Cd 2015

76 272 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH T b dd pp f mvg fwd, w xpd h df f dkg w vd by h F N h mmy f p O (mmy f p, hf). W p h v pph qy w h w f ppy h df pph wd hw m. I h, w dvp df f, dfy h d f, d ff py mmd f gg h f fd p d pgm. B f, w xz qy hgh bf hy f F N dkg w d h vw ky h hg, m d ppd. Cx A h hy f F N dkg w Mp v F N mm fy phm: 1963 w y h p f F N hm vd by -hm ppd w ym, p vd by -hm wg dp ym d fy-f p vd by y (Wv 1981). By 1977, mmy v hd hgd gfy: ffy p f hm hd -hm ppd w ym, fy-fv p hd -hm wg dp ym d y p hd y (Cd, Id d I Aff Pgm 1977). Fh hg d mp f mpvm h 1980, 1990 d 2000 d mp v dby, wh v y-gh p f hm vd by -hm ppd w ym d y-gh p vd by -hm wg dp ym by 2009 (Ng Bd Lmd 2011). J h q f mp v phm f F N, h dvpm d mpm f p, pgm d h d pp h v. F N dkg w w f bgh h pb py 1977 by wy f mmdm b h ppd q f v -v mm h pvdd ghbg ff-v mm (Cd, Exp P Sf Dkg W f F N [Exp P] 2006). I w h 1990, hwv, h gd py d pgm ff bg. I 1991, Hh Cd (2010) d -v dkg w mg d g. I 1994, Abg Aff d Nh Dvpm Cd (AANDC), gh wh Hh Cd, dvpd h C Rd Tg Pgm: v-bd h pp d g v f F N

77 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 273 p (N Cbg C f Pb Hh [NCCPH] 2010). Th f h v gz fwd f, dg O 1995: h O F N Th Sv Cp (wh URL Jy 2013 w hp:// d h Abg W d Ww A f O (wh URL Jy 2013 w hp:// Th gwh pp h 1990 dd wh pd f p vm h w F N dmd g v h w ff (I Gv 1997). Th fd gvm pdd wh py d pgm dvpm fd f-gvm, -mgm d pgm v dv (Hw 1994). Th py ph d gd f f dkg w v pby fm AANDC dvd F N (Cd, Exp P 2006). Th py ppg p, hwv, m by-pd f h dkg w gdy Wk, O 2000 (O, Wk Iqy 2002). Th dh Wk d h pb fh mp dkg w ym d pmpd h fd gvm vw Cd dkg w p d pgm, dg h f F N mm. Hh Cd (2010) vd v dkg w qy mg d pg pgm, wh AANDC d fdg f F N dkg w ym p d m, d mpmd f gd fdg pgm pd 1.5 b d bw 2003 d 2012 f w d ww f pgd d (Sm d Tk 2012). Fh Hh Cd d AANDC pgm hg, h wd v dkg w fy d h fm f h Exp P Sf Dkg W f F N. Th Exp P p mphzd h d dd h b f gy fmwk f dkg w F N mm (Cd, Exp P Sf Dkg W 2006). Th fd gvm pdd d, dp gf p phbk fm F N p gz, B S-8 (Th Sf Dkg W f F N A, 41 Pm, 1 S, 2013) pd w 19 J Th y f F N dkg w v, hwv, b y dd wh h x. I h x, w vw h h hg mm m dkg w ym (SDWS), F N hw. Sym hg Hh Cd (2005) df SDWS h ym h v pp f 5,000. Th M W C (2005) fh f h

78 274 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH Tb 1. A Smp f SDWS Chg Th py R/f mgm py Mg py Op k gp Ag k gp Pvv m pg k gp Hgh f p v b Lmd x xp d h pp Lw ffg mb d xg ff f mp b Hgh d p p p b Lk f gy fd f mg b Lw v g d (M W C 2005). b (Dzgwk d Bk 2004). (M 2004). d (Bw, Wk, d d L 2005). Rpd gv ff v A p p mmz f b Cfg p f gvm vm df h ym h hv md d py, pfy h, f mgm d mg py. Th d py df hg h dy--dy p f SDWS ( Tb 1), whh mk SDWS hy vb m d ym mf (Wd Hh Ogz 2006) d dff pd dkg w qy (M W C 2005). Th p hh mp f SDWS h bg vy dbd. Wh mxmm v pp f 5,000 pp d ffy vy-fv p f w-b d bk Cd bd SDWS (NCCPH 2011), Cd xp pb hh k hd qy by b. Hdy (2008) d h h vby f SDWS Cd h b xbd by h dv f dkg w pb gvm, gd f z. Th g gvm p wh h bd wh h m gvm, pg mh f Cd, vwhmd. Th w- ym f w ppy, ghy p g h b- dvd (Hdy 2008: 975). SDWS h d hg py v F N mm (Smh. 2006). A 2009 dmgph ph p h md pp f F N mm 406 d h mxmm mmy pp 11,449. Fh y m h y 99 p f F N mm Cd hv pp f 5,000 (Ng Bd Lmd 2011), mg m hv SDWS d h h vb.

79 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 275 Chg d m Th pp-pf f SDWS py d hg mm bh F N mm d Cd. Sv f q F N xb h vb f SDWS h mm. 1. Th bd f dv hv F N gvm h h mp p. F N m dm fgvm v d pb, h d, hh d v, d m dvpm, mg h. Th bdh f h v h gv gd mk h mp f fd h m (I Gv 1999). 2. Th gd f f pb h d mpx mjd wkg vm: () Hh Cd m w qy; () AANDC pvd dg, d p fd w dg d qy ; d () F N mg f dg, d ym p (Cd, Id d Nh Aff Cd 2006). Uk mp, pv hv fm h dkg w v F N mm (Wh, Mphy, d Sp 2012), d qy F N m h pp h pv pvd mm d h jd (I Gv 1999). 3. F N y q h, f mgm d mg py f hdg SDWS, b hy q gf dmv py vg h fd gvm by fd d dm pgm (P 2003). Th hg md m by h mpxy f h mjd wkg vm md pvy. 4. A hgh pp gwh F N mm g h p dkg w f, g dd w vby d pm dzg f dkg w ym (Cd, Exp P 2006). 5. Ny 17 p f F N mm d hv yd d (Ng Bd Lmd 2011). Th d dy--dy ppy w bv h dy hgh p p f SDWS. Th bw x d ym hg h d dkg w hzd by f gp (Ng Bd Lmd 2011), pm f d (Cd, INAC 2007), dkg w dv (Egg 2008), wdpd pp f

80 276 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH dkg w k (EKOS Rh A 2009) d vd f mg mmy mmb d F N dhp (CBC Nw 2005). Ppd A by Wh, Mphy, d Sp (2012) dd fd d F N ppv h F N dkg w. H, w vw h fdg d mmz h dm ppv. W kwdg h mh f m fm Wh ; hwv, w y f g f fg y. Fd Gvm f Cd Th fd gvm pph vg h dkg w d wd h. Impmd d () fdg w f ym mpvm (Sm d Tk 2012), () g by g d mg (Cd, Hh Cd 2010), () g h p dm (Cd, INAC 2006) d, m y, (v) dvpg dkg w g f -v dkg w ym (Cd, Exp P 2006). F N Th F N pph h h hd mxd. Ppd g bh mmd h w g-m fgv d g. Th mxd pph hzd by () dmd f d f d p d m fdg (Nhwb Ak N 2012; Amby f F N 2013), () mph py bdg d h g f p (Chf f O 2001), () z f mgf pp d d-mkg (Chf f O 2012) d (v) v f f d hy v w-d d-mkg F N (Amby f F N 2007). Adm d py Th ppv d b m vv d h xhb hm vg. Ppd d () pvdg pp k h pvdd by pv mp (I Gv 1999); () dg g h d mg py ggg mxmz m f (Hdy 2008); () ggg p, pb wk mg d bd dd hgh mppg (MCgh d Fhbkhh 2013); (v) g p d pgm d

81 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 277 dpv by md bd mmy py d fby (Wh, Mphy, d Sp 2012); (v) g fxb pgmmg mmd dff f pk d ppd f dvvd pb (MCgh d Fhbkhh 2012); d (v) vg h fdg d whp md m h p bw fdg g d w-p (Smh. 2006). Wh h x, ym hg, xg m d ppd pvdg bkdp qy, w xpy h b dd pp f mvg fwd. O dy dd hg h dy dfd; h, m dd bdh h dg by dg w ppv: h ppv f h mmy f p h b h dy--dy pby f pvdg dkg w v F N mm. Mhd Th dy w dd g h qv h mhdgy f gdd hy. I df gd pvdd by Idg dm, w ppd wy fm df pph h d fmd h q g v pph qy (Smh 1999; Idg Pp Hh Rh C [IPHRC] 2004). O dy dd hg h dy dfd; h, m dd bdh h dg by dg w ppv: h ppv f h mmy f p h b h dy-dy pby f pvdg dkg w v F N mm Rh pp w dw fm h F N h mmy f p O h gg pvdg dkg w v. A F N h p w dfd h p, F N hw, wh hd pf pby wd F N gz f h g f () pg mgg dkg w ym, () g g dkg w ym p, () dmg dvg dkg w ym pj (v) yzg dkg w f d v pv p. Dkg w v w bdy dfd d g vvd bgg dkg w p, pfy f mpm (h,

82 278 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH Tb 2. D S Pf Sf F N gz D Qy Bd dm Op 1 Pb wk mg 2 F N v gz T 3 Eg 3 Pj mg 2 F N wd gg fm Egg 3 F N p gz Py dv 2 pj, ym dg, ym ) d f p (h, p d m). W d h pp g wb mpg d vy m hgh ffd fm bh F N h dhw O. A f d p w fd dg pf d ggph wk, d h fd pvd f ph f h pf d ggph dvy f h mmy f p O. Tb 2 d Fg 1 mmz h f d. Th vw p d f h f--f vw wh f x p fm h pv (h vw Fg 1. Ggph Sf f D S Ggph Wk A Nh d Sh* Nh 2 3 Sh 4 0 ** 7 Ab Rm Ab d Rm* Rd-A Cf *Sv p wkd wh F N h pv. **Th m mm h O.

83 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 279 hd w pp). Thy-fv w d. Th vw p vd v 6,000 km f d v bh h d h O bw Spmb d Nvmb P p dd ppv fm h d h O, m d d-b mm, d dv pf. Fv p w wm d v p vy f-dfd bg F N z. Spf fm dvd pp ppfy vg fdy. W gh b dkg w F N mm O. W bg h vw wh d h kwdgd h bd df f dkg w v d h kd p w p-dd q: () I m d kw m f h gd w dkg w v pv: m f h h fd. C y m y h y w f? fwd by () Wh f d y bv bd h? W fwd Mv (2004) gd f wg v fw p f fd. Th wd p y y h d y dkg w hw. Th fdm d m dv fm dkg w v, b mmzd bxg- p pf h-pd p. D d y fwd gdd hy mhdgy (Cw 2007). Th d f m-d, p-d vw gd; vbm p f d-dd vw; p dg f p g QSR I NVv 8 fw; pmy dg vd hgh pp vw-dfdbk p; xm f vgg vd (h p wh mp pp gd); x dg f dm hm; v dg f md dvpm (g mppg); d v dvpm. Cy vd w pvdd hgh py g x f vb F N f. Cdg dm w mpd dg h mb f p wh d p hm f, d h b mb f, d mg h f f g p pvdg mp f h m hm f. Eff w md mmd Idg-hd h h d b p. R dd pb fm Em d Eg (1991), Smh (1999), IPHRC (2004) d N Abg Hh Ogz (2007). Th Uvy f Gph Rh Eh Bd ppvd h dy wh vb, fmd pvdd by h dy pp. Up dy mp, mmy dm w pvdd h pp.

84 280 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH S F N h p vgd fv hm. I d f dg dm, h () pf gwh, () w v mpvm, () mpym pp, (v) y dv d (v) pv pj x xp. W xpd h hm d dfy h d f. Thm pd dg fdy bw hm h h hm dm. Pf gwh f dvd d gz Idvd d gz pf gwh w h m mm y hm. S f dvd gwh mphzd h q f dy-gzd k d f, wh f gz gwh mphzd h qy, g d dph f v dvy. Th m pv dvd gwh y w dbdy h f w m p (WTP) p f. 1 P y pk hghy f f, y g f d m f f dvd mm: h wh Op [Dpm] gd w y, gh? Th wy hy fd (P3), d f F N g: I fd h b gg. Th f h pp [ h pv] y gg d (P47). Op h h v hgh h f md mp h f qm. F xmp, my p py p fm m mm d hv hgh h dpm G Ed Dvpm (GED) dpm, d qy gg wh h f qm. Th fwg y pk h gg d h bq m f hvg h GED: P4: I y my p wh w d g h GED wh hy [Pv f O] hgd h g. P3: Oh yh, h bg. Ivw: S w kg, pbby, ff v fy y d? P4: Yh, hy h f. P3: Exy! Ivw: Th d d k mh f! P3: N! Pbby w, b h y kw dm w h hy w pd f hmv f, gh? P w p f y hvm d f f, b y f fh mpvm, dg

85 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 281 w v f p fm h mmy, d jb f, d d pf fd. O p d hw h d fd fmd xg d wd x pp gy, Sf W Op Pgm (SWOP) : 2 A m, w k: Thy [SWOP] mg, y gg h d d m gy fm T gg b g y w, mkg w h. B w h h mm hv h w mmy mmb h fd, vyhg gd. Ad hy [mmy mmb] fd f h v h dg. S wk w, h wy d. I y h h d g wy. B f y [h p] kw h y dg hg ppy, wh f [SWOP] m, h h.... S h m fd h fm gd wk. (P11) Th w g dm y f gz gwh. S dd F N dpg ISO f dd f WTP, F N kg pby f pw g v d b g m-dpd pj mgm mpy. S h w fmd m f Fb 500 hvm b h ffm f gz pby d m v p h Cd -m dp. I m, gz pby w d m m g h h dd f hgh py ff gz: h p... h wh w k f (P7). Oh mwh d mh g g: [S]m b h hv fhd h [b pm] hv y p m-gh pj mgm mp h wk ff f h pj mgm fd. Thy hg pf g, [] my F N pf g.... S hy g h py b b k h [f] pj. (P10) S f f dvd pf gwh () p mv, () g, () mpym d (v) g f v. F gz gwh, f () g py d () w d. G py d f mgm, mg d h py, wh w d f kg pby f v vd d kg y f. Th fwg y f m mmy pph pw g w d: I wk wh mmy h h pd d gg dpd pw hy f y d y. Ad hy d h f jb. Thy hgg h pp hgh h vybdy... y hv hg, y hv py f... Ad hy v b dg bg-p jb. Thy dg h gy f g. Thy h h, hy bdg d. Thy dg g jb b f h g hgh h f d hy hv h p h d, whh xpv.... Thy ph bk. Thy dg -ff, gh? Ad by, wh Id d

86 282 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH Nh Aff [AANDC] yg, Y kw wh? Y hd hv dvpd h py yf!... Y hd hv j dmpd k I F N dd, O Hyd, d wkd wy. (P5) S f d h mvd dd gw hgh pv wkg hp d by pg g wh jb. Ogz h h hd gw by kg h bd f pby d hvg h py. Empym pp Empym hwd F N z fdg jb hgh h F N pb wk dpm w, w hgh p wk pj f p h b, b- d g. S d ff -v mpym d h wh pb (P15). Th fwg y hw F N vgg pb wk dpm mpym pp: Th p f why w bgh h qpm [ mk mpvm].... W v [w] g w wh fv gy. W y hd p d vb, w fgd pd 100,000 d, by bkh d dmp k, d w d dpg jb, w h, p. A h ff w d, ppd g 120, 130 d h. Ad w [wd] hv whp qpm, d gy y gg y xp. (P47) Ivw d h wk w h v f mpym xd byd h w mmd f g, wh pv mp h my w mmy py dvpm hgh hd- wk xp. A p d: [w]hv pj w v b f g fdd h, w hv hgh f. S wh d, [ h] bdg py... Evy m w g pj, w bdg py wh h mmy (P3). P y pk hghy f f, y g f d m f f dvd mm A fh bf w h bx f pd h m fm mmy mmb fg pf p d gg mmy gy. I h wd, hvg mmy-bd p, w, dp, g wk pj w

87 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 283 mmy hd p v F N z. Th fwg v pk h bx: my mmy d I m pd f h h ff h hy hv vb hm. Thy mk ff k h hpp [f-k f pj]. Ad wh I k h v h w wk f... I bg h xmp: Oh, h wh Aph F N d... fm hm (P2). S f f gg d g mpym pp () gz py, () -v pj, () p f qfd dd d (v) b fdg. I mmy, bd d b d h kw-hw -v pj, p f dd wh dy-gzd k d f f h p (f xmp, f, d k, dg), d fd py f dd. Ly dv Th hm f v h pd gb bf hg f mmy. S dd pvy phg bk-p WTP qpm d ym vby, kg f v bd gz py, wkg d f h AANDC Mj Cp Wk p xpd dg d f mmy f, d pg v-gg pp f my. Th fwg y hw b h O fy pd v-gg pp wh h d y f h mmb F N: [T]hy [b ] gg mg gm wh mg mp, wh h F N v-h. Thy gg gh ff h p f h g v.... Ad w hy dg h m hg wh hyd- pj. Thy gg bhf f h F N, gh? F h hyd- pj.... I db v m h h F N gg f, f gf whp.... Th w fv m mm h w dd hv- mm.... Ad h b d g: g dvpm p, hy v g my h bk, hy v g vm, hy v vd ff-v.... Th gy hv mgd g w m p h mm. Thy v k f h b d. Ad h hy gg p byd m f. (P1) Ly dv dd wd w m m: d F N d whp, d hd mmy f. A mm mhm f hvg h m, py f hd mmy f, w p d f h bhd fd pgm d p d dvp w mhd f g dd g. Th fwg y pk h phm:

88 284 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH MP8: [T]hy [Omg F N] g h x d fm h gvm hgh h m p, hy h h my pd wh dg f h.... Thy dd hv vv h vw [ AANDC] y: Th hw h b d.... W gg fd q h m h wh fm y. Thy [Omg F N] d: W, w g h vvd d w dg h wy w w d h z h w w. Rgh? B hy d hv wy b h gy v h T yg: N, h hw d. S h hy dd hmv d hy g h dg d hy p gh. Th w qg hw w d. Thy d h d hmv h F N b b d. Ad hy pd f, gh? S h mk hg dff. MP7: Thy g h dg dwg d d hy dd p h d dm. Thy w dy d p, wh h [fdg] m w md Jy, y kw, wh h wk h d dm. C dy.... Th dvg wh hy [Omg F N] dd w hy w hv-dy. Ad m h m pkg gd [Cd Em A P] h T. Td g. Thy pbby gg [] h f. Ly dv f () w d, () p w k k, () fd d (v) g py, py f mgm py. I mmy, bd d b h h w by kg h bd d pby f v, kg y f d wg f AANDC ppv. Th mhm f hg, hwv, q fd, m mmy fd, d h py mg ffvy h fd. Pv pj x xp Th hm pk h p f mvg f pj fm p hgh. Gv AANDC jd hp F N, h d f AANDC Mj Cp Wk p (p wk p, hf). P qy hd gh h p. S h w fmd m f Fb 500 hvm b h ffm f gz pby d m v p h Cd -m dp S y y hw g d: pv pj x xp pp h m f p wk p h by-pd, py m f h f-d g f h p. 3 Th F N d b h by-pd h p, p f, dmd y f-kd f g b pfy fyg xp bd dd by.

89 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 285 Th m pv y d h Cd Em A P (CEAP) fdg pgm: pgm dvpd d f AANDC h pmd F N d b pp by-p h p wk p. Spfy, CEAP ffd md by h xpdd -fdg ppv d d mm qg d f. F N d h pgm by g fd mp h f-d g h w d y h ppd f CEAP fdg. Cmpg h f-d g bfhd wd pp b hv-dy d h g mmd fd, h bk f pj. A mm mhm f hvg h m, py f hd mmy f, w p d f h bhd fd pgm d p d dvp w mhd f g dd g A m mhm w d by-p h f-d g f h p wk p d - h p h g. I h, F N d fd mp h f-d g d h ppy f AANDC fdg hgh h d-f-f fdg ppy. 4 A, h pj by-pd m f h p wk p, whh dd ppwk, d fdg ppv d dd pj m. O p dd hw vgg h f-d g d wg f h ppv d wg f h my wd dd y h p (P7): y byd h m dy qd hv h h dvb. Th fwg p h xp f by-pg p f h p wk p: [W]h hy [F N] hv h w [f], hy f-d jb. Thy g g d bf Id Aff [AANDC] v ppvd h dg pj. Thy w h g d g dg d h hy g Id Aff d y: Y kw wh? If y hv y p d, w hv h pj dgd dy. Ad vby hpp. Th ppg wh y. Pj h ppd g, d. Ad h mm k dvg f h. B hy hv hv h w. Thy hv hv h by mg h.... Wh f y d hv h d d h, y j h q. (P1) Th f h d pv pj x xp () p w wk d h AANDC p d () fd. I h, pv pj x xp hvd wh h pj m h gy, wh gy fd by h p w k k d h fd pp h v. I g, p md h w

90 286 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH f f fmd k-kg d dhp, d p p q-jmpg. W v mpvm Th xmp f phy d p hg h d mpvd dkg w. S f phy hg mphzd h q f w dkg w f h q f bk-p WTP mp. S f p hg mwh mphzd p mpvm, h h pp gz, g f-m bk-p p d mpmg qy dd. Cy h m h f h hm, h fm qg h phy m d h p py pvd f, w v mmy mmb. A p d, hvd, bm h w dd f mmy: O mmy xp qy f w. A dd f w h hy v gw md, b w v wy b b pvd h: qy f w h m h pv dd, 24/7, 365 dy f h y. Th m mhg g wg h [ h WTP], hy w kw wh gg. B hy m hvg, pb w. (P6) Ah m mg fm p h pv ymbm h mp b pb f F N. Th vdd h fwg mm: Kpp F N k gd w y f wy b f h pg. Y kw, wh pp mp F N mm d h f h w p, ww p hy d mp hm -F N mm, gh? B w Kpp F N b d md f F N mm g. A md fw gd h w-ww mgm, h b mgm, h f mgm....f xmp, h w dpm, y d hy hv d p, hy d hv SWOP, hy d hv OCWA [O C W Agy]. 5 Thy hv d f hm b f h ff hghy mp. (P14) S f d w v mpvm () g py, () g dhp d () fd. I mmy, mm xp mpvd w v wh F N h gd p, gd gg [d] gd mgm ff (P14); wh bd mm g h dkg w bdg fm h mmy pgmmg bdg; wh fd d p bd fd fm h dkg w bdg h mmy d; d wh p, bd, d b

91 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 287 Fg 2. Md f S Sd Adg Skhd Sph f If Fd Sph f If F (P v Pj Ex Exp) Wk A (Empym Opp ) (Ly Dv A ) Bf (W Sv Impvm) Gw (Pf Gwh f Idvd d Ogz ) F N Sph f If dp vv pph g d mgg f. Th fwg q m f h f: F h f ff, w d hv bw y f fdg fm [h] pgm fd yhg.... A h bdg y h wy hy d. W d hv hff hm d d fd mhg b w hv h fd [ v] vb. (P47) Dfg Cdg h fv hm mphv df f dkg w h xd w byd h h bdy. M fy dfd, dkg w p-w p f mphv mmy dvpm fdd pfm f dkg w f mpm d p. Fg 2 p md f h p d df h khd (h, F N fd gvm) h hd h g f v p hm. Th m y h df f dkg w ; hwv, mphv df d h h m b gd wh d h bd hp h x wh h hm. Th f mp dvpd dg h f y b hw h d gph fh pp h. 6 I hw h f hv mp ph

92 288 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH f f, bg m h hm. T mk f wkb f py-mk, w ppd fqy y d dd f h g: w d, py d. Mvg fwd W mmd h py-mk xpy pp mphv p d pgm. Th df f p w h pp: f, w pp h h md b d py-v pd p by- fm h mmy f p; d d, w pp h py mmd g f fd p d pgm. A m f by- A py-v, h md fm py-mk whh ppd py pgm pp mphv df f, h vy, d hb y f h m. Tb 3 pz h. M fy dfd, dkg w pw p f mphv mmy dvpm fdd pfm f dkg w f mpm d p T b xz h p pp f h pyv, w hw w py d pgm xmp h mgd dg p vw.. SWOP pgm: AANDC SWOP pgm w dvpd ff xp x p g, pp d, f d b, v f h pp f pvdg f dkg w mmy. Th v mp hwv p h dmm f pvdg f dkg w h xp f pf gwh d mpym.. Pb dg p: Tw pb dg p mgd dg h f h p vw, AANDC F N Pb Tdg Py d F N w Ty-Spf Tdg Py. Bh p hv h g mpym. Th, hwv, mf dffy. Th fwg q pk h mpym hd hgh AANDC F N Pb Tdg Py:

93 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 289 Tb 3. Py-Ev T Cmphv m Gw Wk A F Bf T qy [Q: D h py pgm pp hb...] Gwh dvd mpy d mpyby? Gwh gz mpy d pby f v dvy? Jb dkg w f mpm p? C v d p dkg w fm wh h F N? Rdd ppwk vv pph f-kg h p wk p? Rdd dkg w vby hgh mpvd p w f? O pj h w q w w Th F N.... hy zd h dg py mh hy d d hy w wkg wh vy fxb h w wg v bh f h pj d F N d h pj. I pbby f h hgh p f F N h w v. Ab wy-fv p f h pj w d y. Ad h gd mb. Wh INAC [AANDC] h b yg kp fv p, j: H pp, h k. B wkg wh y gd m gh dw fm h d h wh dd hw h hg wkd h pj b q gd f F N.... B, y y hv k. (P10) Th x q m y, b bd h F N Ty-Spf Tdg Py. Th py pp h m mpv bddg pp AANDC dg py xp h h m pb f h pb wh h F N y h h h Cd pb g. Th bf h mmy d: P3: W hv w dg py h.... Th wy wk w pby dv wh h y. Ivw: Oh, Kpp F N y? P3: Th gh. S pby dvd wh h y. Ad mpv p: w g f mmm f h d vy m.... S h wy mmy d dpp hv h f h. If hy m wh wh w kw h v f h wk d hy qfd hy g h pj. Ivw: S h g byd h mmm [AANDC qm f ]? P3: Yh. T, p p, y kw? Ad h f h why I fgh hd g xmpd fm h. I m I wd hv d [h ghbg mmy] d h dg. Y wd hv hm [

94 290 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH Tb 4. Py d Pgm Rmmd Rmmd I Mhm Spp py dvpm Spp F w d Bd py d mpyby. Bd h F N v v. R d g-m gz py. Eb h-m f pg d x. Mxmz mphv mmy-bd gv d pg b g-m mmy dvpm. F b jd d pv ym f f, g d h pp. Impm dmv, mg d f mgm g pgm d pp ym f bd dm d b ff. Adp m-y fdg fm f dkg w fdg pgm. Tf pz d pg. Bd mg fd, dg y-fwd, m-y mfm. Adp pf mgm by F N d by bj m (.g., hg, w d). A p d p fd h F N mg. Cp f m d mj p. F N ] h h m, y kw? Ad h wd d yhg f my, py bdg. Th q dm h dff pph d m bw h- dg py d mphv dg py. Th h- pph g b f f h w, wh mpym wh pb. Th mphv pph g mmy dvpm hgh mpym, py dvpm, whp f pby, m g, d pp f mmy my mphd wh h x f f. Th pv xmp m f h hwd

95 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 291 p d pgm; h, hy h p f gg by- fm h mmy f p hgh mphv py d pgm dvpm d f pdg h by- g h py-v. Py d pgm mmd W pp h py d pgm mmd g f fd p d pgm ( Tb 4). Rmmd w hpd hgh vw f h qv d d d g h mp, whh vfd h h ppd mmd pvd pp f h h d hm. W h h f g f v d p mv byd h h f ppd mmd. Pf mgm by F N my k h p fh by yzg F N hd pph ddg h mphv hg fd by h mm h h fhg gvm-dd pph h f bj m pf m, h dg dkg w dv mkg f m -ffv Impmg h mmd w pp h F N dvp w df f wh g h fd gvm p. Pf mgm by F N my k h p fh by yzg F N hd pph ddg h mphv hg fd by h mm h h fhg gvm-dd pph h f bj m pf m, h dg dkg w dv mkg f m -ffv. Tw p dd bf d dd mp mg F N f bg f f fdg d fg-p f AANDC h d dmv ff wk gh wh F N ppv. W h by m my b qd; hwv, h m byd h p f h dy. C W gg h h b ppy f mvg fwd hgh mphv b pfm f by- d pk fm h

96 292 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH mmy f p. T d, h fd gvm m bd pph byd h pfm m d f mphv mmy dvpm. Th ff py-v d h py d pgm mmd pp h hg pph. Th m v fdg. F, f d y qk f h dkg w hg f, qy d k pp. Wh d ff, hwv, f p f F N d h fd gvm vg h dg h m df f. Sd, w pd mp f h v d ppv fm h mmy f p O; d p h mmy f p, h v f F N dhp h F N. O f hgh dm h h f h pbm ffg Idg Pp. I fm h Cd, h pph vby p Idg Pp, h mpym d hh d, d h f h -Idg mjy. Th d f phgy d vmz Idg Pp h hwv h md gf g ppy h ffd by d h y. Th v pph h y pvd b dmy ghf b pfy fhg h. N 1 A h m h vw k p, F N w gd; h, p f w h mpy fb. 2 SWOP AANDC-fdd pgm h pvd h pp p x p WTP wh qd f pb hh. 3 F-d f k p d d, dg h fby dy, pmy dg, dd dg d d dm pp. 4 Ed-f-f fdg ppy p AANDC ff xpd y mg bdg p f h f y mp. Th gy bw Jy d Mh OCWA h Pv f O WTP p v, h d g gy. I h F N x, OCWA SWOP v pvd (wh URL Jy 2013 w hp:// 6 F h f mp, h M.A.S. d (pg 179) (wh URL Mh 2014 w hp://hd.hd./10214/2680). Rf Amby f F N Exp P Rp Sf Dkg W f F N [P Pp],.d. Jy. Ow: Amby f F N B S-8: Sf Dkg W f F N A [bm h H f Cmm Sdg Cmm Abg Aff d Nh Dvpm], 27 My. Ow: Amby f F N.

97 DRINKING WATER SUCCESS IN FIRST NATIONS IN ONTARIO 293 Bw, B, Af Wk, d Rb C. d L Mg f py d h ff f gy hg m w ym Nv S. Cd W R J 30 (3): Cd. Exp P Sf Dkg W f F N Rp. Vm 1. Ow: Dpm f Id Aff d Nh Dvpm. Rp ppd by Hy Sw, S L d Sv E. Hdy Gd f Pvdg Sf Dkg W A f Fd Jd. Ow: M f Hh Eg Sf Dkg W F N Cmm Cd. Ow: M f Hh S Rp: Lg f Ifm Rd h Hg Nd Ay. Ow: Dpm f Id Aff d Nh Dvpm P f Sf Dkg W F N Cmm. Ow: M f Pb Wk d Gvm Sv Cd Smmv Ev f h F N W Mgm Sgy. Ow: M f Pb Wk d Gvm Sv Cd. CBC Nw M d w p pb. Cd Bdg Cp, 27 Ob. Rvd fm hp:// Chf f O Dkg W O F N Cmm: P Chg d F D f O-Rv W Tm h Pv f O. T: Chf f O Fd B S-8 f p dkg w f F N [w ], 1 Mh. T: Chf f O. Cw, Jh W Qv Iqy d Rh Dg: Chg Amg Fv Apph. Thd Ok: Sg Pb Ipd. Dzgwk, B d Tm Bk Th d d h p f m mmy w ym. J f Cmmpy W Rh & Ed 128: Egg, L Dp fd pm, F N w pbm p. Ed. Cd Md A J 178 (8): 985. EKOS Rh A W Qy O-Rv: Qv Rh. Ow: M f Hh. Em, P d Gv Eg P Fmwk f Cmmy L Wk Nv Cmm. Bd: J Pbhg. Hw, Mh Py pdgm d py hg: L fm h d d w Cd p wd Abg pp. Py Sd J 22 (4): Hdy, Sv E Sf w? Dpd wh y v! Ed. Cd Md A J 178 (8): 975. Idg Pp Hh Rh C Th Eh f Rh Ivvg Idg Pp. Rg: Idg Pp Hh Rh C. I Gv Smmy f h F Rp f h Ry Cmm Abg Pp. Ow: I Gv Pb Wk Sm d R Mp. Ow: I Gv. M, Jm Em d f mgm py f m w ym. J f Cmmpy W Rh & Ed 128: Mv, Am B Qv Rh Sgy: A Id. Ld: Sg Pb Ipd. MCgh, J, d Khw Fhbkhh Sq pg, d h: F N dkg w f d fd p, pgm, d p. Th I Idg Py J 3 (1): Pm dkg w f d. Th Wdm Th Abg W d Ww A f O Nw. Jy: 3 6.

98 294 JASON MCCULLOUGH, KHOSROW FARAHBAKHSH M W C Pg Pb Hh Sm W Sym. Bzm: M S Uvy. N Abg Hh Ogz OCAP: Owhp, C, A d P. Ow: N Abg Hh Ogz. N Cbg C f Pb Hh Sm Dkg W Sym Pj: C Rd Tg Pgm f W Op. Vv: N Cbg C f Evm Hh Sm Dkg W Sym Pj: W-B D Obk Cd Sm Dkg W Sym. Vv: N Cbg C f Evm Hh. Ng Bd Lmd N Am f F N W d Ww Sym: N R-Up Rp. Ow: Dpm f Id d Nh Aff Cd. Nhwb Ak N W Lg F Add C Lk f If NAN N [w ], 1 Mh. T: Nhwb Ak N. O. Wk Iqy Rp. P O. T: My f h Ay G. Rp ppd by h Hb D R. O C. P, Bw C vg: F N d w. Cd Cg Eg 44: Sm, T, d Sh Tk Lgv Smmy: B S-8: Th Sf Dkg W f F N A. Ow: Lby f Pm. Smh, Ld Thw Dzg Mhdg: Rh d Idg Pp. Nw Yk: Zd Bk Lmd. Smh, D W., Rdy K. G, Ck P. Svk, d Khw Fhbkhh Pb hh v f dkg w ym f F N v Ab, Cd. J f Evm Egg d S 5: S1 17. Wv, Sy M Mkg Cd Id Py: Th Hdd Agd T: Uvy f T P. Wh, Jy P., L Mphy, d Nh Sp W d Idg pp: Cd pdx. Th I Idg Py J 3 (3): Wd Hh Ogz I Nwk Sm Cmmy W Sppy Mgm [I pdg fm h 3d Nwk Mg], 22 Spmb. Kw: Wd Hh Ogz.

99 J G. Lv Jph Kf A J. Bw Sh Mh Jh D. O N Sph S Kh BSky Ngg b, vgg h mz: F N pp xp f md Ab: Th dy dm h py fmwk h hp F N xp f g md. W yzd py dm d gvm wb, vwd dvd wh hv xpd, fmy mmb, hh pvd, hh dm, d dd w f gp wh gvm pv. Fd d pv pgm mg p p, mk d gby, xd dy vg. D hpd by hkg bdg, fgmd pgm vg, d jd f. Pvd dvy hp, b pp pp f b d d. N py w qd d h. Smm : L p d dm d gq q fç xp d dpm d Pmè N p v è x mdx. N v y d dm d pq d Wb gvmx, vw d p q d^ dmg, d mmb d fm, d p d d, d dm d v d, v m dx gp d v d p gvmx. L g d pgmm fdx pvx pè pq, p d d v dmb, p d j v. L d d p d mp bdg, fgm d hmp d pp d pgmm, f d d jd. L v d v m p p pv d, m pv gm pp d pp d pd b d df. U v d pq p d. J G. Lv A Pf, Cmmy Hh Sv, d D f Mb F N C f Abg Hh Rh (MFN-CAHR), Uvy f Mb. Jph Kf Pf, Cmmy Hh Sv, Uvy f Mb. A J. Bw Pf, Sh f Ng, Uvy f Bh Cmb. Sh Mh Rh A, MFN-CAHR. Jh D. O N D, Fy f Hh Sv, Sm F Uvy. Sph S Py Ay/Rh, Igvm Cmm Mb F N Hh (ICMFNH). Kh BSky Cd, ICMFNH. Fdg f h dy w pvdd by h Cd I f Hh Rh. Th dy w dd php wh h Amby f Mb Chf Hh & S Dvpm S. Th h w kwdg h vb b f h Chf Tkf Hh, h AMC Mb F N Hh Th Nwk d h Mb F N S Dvpm Adv Th Gp. W wd k kwdg h vb b md by h wh vwd df f h mp. CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA VOLUME 58, NO. 2 (JUNE/JUIN 2015), PP VC Th I f Pb Adm f Cd/L I d dm pbq d Cd 2015

100 296 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. Id Lk my Cd vg d b, F N pp m gy v h mmy v g p, p, f hpz, h v. I m, b fm h mmy my p fw h fw dy. Th m md f wh F N pp b f xdd pd f m. I m, h pm (d-f-f, dy, p pf); h, g v h m-md d hm (, m-md ; m-md m; hgh-k pgy). I my, hwv, md mm b h d b p, fmy d mmy mmm wh h d f pzd hh v my, wh dvd mv bk d fh bw b ( h dg ph d dg pd) g (f pd f w y), h hm mmy ( d p, fmy, mmy d bg). Th, h h bg m md, bm pm f f pp v. Md w phm. F xmp, m h wy y g, M dmd F N p p mpx m-d, whh vvd mp mv bw hm mm, p f d b m (M 1991). Wh w h h mpx jy gy h m. Wh w h hf hh d p, m g p f by (Hgh Thy 2003), d bdgy, hv hpd h dg f p pvy m fxb, g dd by f h by b pv hfg d (Lpky 2010). W g h h m-jd py fmwk hzd by gp d mbgy mpg d f fd d pv pgm mg wh p d mpm md f F N pp Th p f g dy h md ) mp h py fmwk h y hp h xp f md /my; d b) dm h xp f F N pp hy g jd bd d vg h hh ym. W g h h m-jd py fmwk hzd by gp d mbgy mpg d f fd d pv pgm

101 NEGOTIATING BARRIERS, NAVIGATING THE MAZE 297 mg wh p d mpm md f F N pp. Th pp f Mb, hm h hgh pp f F N h pv (15%); jd f gy dd fd-pv py b. Th pp gzd fv. Th f pvd m h bkgd gd h dy. Th d db h mhd d gh d yz h vd f h pp. Th hd d fh mmz h h fdg d h p h m py wh F N pp f md. O y f f py mbgy; g mp f v, f pym d pyh mp f p, fm, F N mm d pvd hghghd. Th fwd by d f F N pp xp f md, bd -dph vw wh F N p wh xpd, fmy mmb gv gd, d hh pvd. Th d ky hm, mp f py d hh dvy, d. Th fmwk Py h b pzd w d f d md by -v b 1 (Lpky 2010) h vydy p. Lpky h dmd h -v b mpy md h hp bw h d z by bg bw pb d h f dvd kg pb gd. Lpky h md gy py, d g h -v b vy gg py-mkg wh gg h p bw ff p (-g ) d dvd m (mpm--d, Lpky 2010). Myd- Mdy d Mh (2012) g h h pv v f -g d py mpm--d hw h h d jdgm f bh dm d f wk (v b h x) fqy p d h bd f -bd d hy gg g d vg h f h (Myd-Mdy d Mh 2012: S18, S20). Wh d bd m, h -v wk b g wh hy (Myd-Mdy d Mh 2012: S19). O h h hd, h hv ggd h g -fm h d pdd vby f b dmkg h pb: ymy g b gd (Mzbg d Bg 2000; Sv 2003). Mzbg d Bg (2000) g h md pb mgm q b bw p (gv pb d), p (py d bdg

102 298 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. ) d khd ( d bf f pgm) (2000: 49). S, mdd d -v b m b d mg h, mdf h h v f h by w wgh h mp f h dffy. I h x f F N, w g h g d vg h f h (Myd-Mdy d Mh 2012: S20) q -v b h ddg gby f pp fm pgm hy mg b h d dfy mz f fd d pv fdd pgm, d k b bw: 1. mpm f (bd pvd d d dd by h mg); 2. pb pz f d (wh gby dd d m m); d 3. mgm f gy d bdg. Skg b mpx b h jd dvd q h d d pgm gby d jd pby md jd y, y hfg, d d (Lv, Fg, d Bw 2010). Th fzz f jd bd pp f -v b dv wh yg h hv pgm d, gkp wh fg py h x f bdg (Ev 1991). Op pvd (py) pd g d hby hgh k f h -v b d mpy, my b vkd fv f dyg vg. Th pvd k gy bjv. A, h bdy bw d dvd f v d bd. Th x pdx, wh xp fxb d jd gp, d wh -by- d-mkg pvd b ppg d pgm mg. W g h h hd pb y F N hh d wf (by Amy I Cd, h Ud N Sp Rpp h Rgh f Idg Pp, F N hmv, h, -gvm gz,.) hgh f k d fh m fxby d pv. Th dy f gf gp h. Ahgh h f -v b py-mkg h vd m (C, Sg, d I f Pb Adm f Cd 1999; Mzbg d Bg 2000; Wd d Sdm 2010; Wd, Sdm, d Lq 2009), w w b dy f -

103 NEGOTIATING BARRIERS, NAVIGATING THE MAZE 299 v by pg h x f F N hh dvy py. Mhd Th d w dw f h f dd vw f fd d pv p h pp d F N xp f md. Th dy w fmd by php bw h Amby f Mb Chf (AMC) d vy-bd h fm h Uvy f Mb, h Uvy f Nh Bh Cmb, h Uvy f Bh Cmb, d Sm F Uvy. Th py vw w mmd by h Igvm Cmm Mb F N Hh (ICMFNH, whh d fd d pv d-mk). 2 Th g dy, whh xpd F N xp f md, w fdd by h Cd I f Hh Rh. Eh ppv w bd fm h Uvy f Mb, h Uvy f Nh Bh Cmb d h Uvy f Bh Cmb Eh Bd. F h py vw, w yzd vg f v pgm dbd gvm wb d ky py dm (Amby f F N 2005; Hh Cd [FNIHB] 2003, 2005; Mb Fmy Sv d Hg 2005; Mb Hh 1997, 2005, 2005b, 2005, 2005d; Mb My f Hh d S Aff 2007). W ggd v d wh ICMFNH pv, m gp, m dvdy, fy pgm. Tw f gp w hd 2007 d 2008 wh F N Hh d S Dvpm D (10 d 19 pp, pvy) xp hw w ppd. Pmy fdg w dd gh wh h ICMFNH fd d pv pv f vd. W dd vw dvd fd d pv pgm mg b w gzd h hghd vy d f gby, vg d pd g, d mgh b b fdy gv h m mb f dvd vvd. T pvd x, w d 91 vw (99 dvd) wh pp wh hd xpd, wh fmy mmb f f h dvd hd dd w b b vwd (gv mpm, hh ), d wh F N mmy-bd d ff pv hh pvd ( Tb 1). M vw w wh g dvd. Egh p pfd bg vwd wh fmy mmb f pp, wh bd h w ppv. Smpg w ppv d h (Dz d L 2011) p wd v f xp. I F N mm, hh pvd d/ hh

104 300 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. Typ Fmy mmb gd Tb 1. Bkdw f Ivw N f pp b g N f pp -v g 4 32 P Hh Pvd 15 9 Hh dm 29 5 d d-mk T dm dfd pb p d fmy mmb f vw. Th dvd w h d by h pvd dm, fmd f h dy, d kd whh hy wd b vwd. Egb p w h gd 19 y d v, wh gv mpm, d wh hd xp f hmv wh fmy mmb. P fmy mmb wh d pp w vwd h F N hh (f v) gd p ( b g). Pvd w dfd hgh p mpg. Ky fm fm h pvd mp w vwd h wk p. Af w fmd fm w gd, pp w vwd by h m mmb. Op-dd q xpd pp xp wh. A pp w vwd. A vw w dgy dd, bd vbm d d f p df. Tp w f mpd wh h d dg f h y. Ug pv hm y f qvy dvd d (Th 2008), h m vwd h p dfy p d p, d kg h ppv w y g d dy p h d. NVv 10 w d d d gz h vw d. Th fd h dg f d bd d, d h df d fm f b-d. Evy, y hfd m b d p p f h p d hm fd h d. C py fmwk F N pp mvg fm h v mmy b hh f mb f hg. Sm h hg, fmy d, d m q F N pp. Wh h pg f h q b g

105 NEGOTIATING BARRIERS, NAVIGATING THE MAZE 301 v ppp m, m dvd w xp db xy hy y g (wh v), fmy (wh y, wh v, dpdg h xpd gh f h ) d f ( f m mpym, d wh h ). Uq F N pp h h d d xp f dm, z, gm, d f dmhm f h hh (Ad. 2003; Bw. 2011, 2012; Tg d Bw 2008). Th xp hp F N pp ddg f pgm mg mv d. Cvy, h p p h F N pp py h Cd p dp, d hw hy fd h md d vydy d f pgm mg ddg f F N dvd d d m. A q h fd-pv jd dvd d mp vd xp. Th 1867 Bh Nh Am A dfd hh m f pv jd, wh Id ff w dfd m f fd jd. Th jd dv h d mbg m f v dvy f F N. Th fd gvm w m pby f fdg pb hh d md pmy v -v. Th fd gvm p h hh pm, pv d (m) pmy pvdd by hv hy b pvdd hm gd, d f gd bg (Lv. 2013). Pv gvm hd h pby f h pv f hh v, dvd vg ff-v. Th d v qd d h Cd Hh A ( phy, p d hp). Sv pbd by h Cd Hh A, b pvdd by h pv m f py, my my b xdd F N pp, bd ff m zd p f p (Lv. 2013). Th dv f pby pp vy, b fd-pv jd mbg hv b pdy pd f y fv dd (Bz A Hm Cd Ld. 1969; Lv, Fg d Bw 2010; L 2008) d b g. I dd, fd pgm mg p hghd v f vby, f-gvm pp hv mgd. Th 1985 C fm d pp f F N k mgm d dvy f mmy-bd hh d pgm. A f 2008, h F N d I Hh Bh f Hh Cd (FNIHB) 3 p h 89 p f gb mm hv m v f f-gvm v hh v (Hh Cd [FNIHB] 2008). Fdg gm d mmy-bd pmy

106 302 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. (wh h x) d pv v. Th fd N-Id Hh Bf pgm xpy xdd, ky pgm wh h pp d, b pvd fdg f md p, hh, pp dg d y. A hdf f mm hv pd mg h pgm bhf f FNIHB, hgh yy b gm. I h mm, h pgm mgd by fdy hd Tp Ck wh wk mm. I h x f md, h Tp Ck (whh F N FNIHB-mpyd) kd wh g fd pgm dfd y d mgd by g mg, wh p d dfd by hh pvd, fm d h p (Lv. 2005). Th f bw h p d h fmy d d gg h dvd v d f pp f p. F N ggm hh v pg d dvy h d h vby f fd d-mkg d d h pby f ph bk, g d dd j d by. Sh ph bk b pb, d d mbm (L 2008). Dv fd, pv, g hh h, hp, d F N p my ppy dff m md. Hwv, m hh pvd, F N, d fmy mmb w vwd mmd h hg d wh d g Im A (IA). Th q hfg vg vd fm h F N (d fdd hgh h Abg Aff d Nh Dvpm Cd, AANDC 4 ) vg fm h Mb Dpm f Jb d Emy (MJE). 5 Pp mmd xvy hf d wh f pp fm FNIHB f md p. Bh vwd m d bw. FNIHB md p py Tb 2 f vg fm dff p fm h m m q F N dvd v gy v. A h m f wg, FNIHB md p py w dvd v bk d fh f p f mh bf hy kd (Hh Cd [FNIHB] 2005), wh h qf: Dg h m, m w b dd vvg h g phy, h v hh pf() d h dm h pv f fh bf, kg d h md d (Hh Cd [FNIHB] 2005). Idvd kd wh kw h, () hy

107 NEGOTIATING BARRIERS, NAVIGATING THE MAZE 303 Tb 2. Imp f h Chg h Df f Ody Rd O-v (f/wh Impmd) Bf h hg Im A (IA) py Th gb f IA Th gb f IA S h ( y mpmd) hg IA py* Th gb f IA FNIHB A wh md p, hg d m pvdd wh mmg. Af mx f 4 mh, dvd xpd. Af, wh md p, m d hg pvdd f 3 mh. AANDC IA pvdd f 3 mh f. MJE Egby f IA bg f 12 mh. N pv IA pvdd f ( m m). N pv N/A, Cvg pvdd by AANDC Th gb f IA N pv N pv *(Id d Nh Aff Cd 2007; Abg Aff d Nh Dvpm Cd 2012)

108 304 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. hm d h d, (b) v pb h mmy, () h v dy. O d, FNIHB v h f m, mmd d -y p h md /m, wh hy vd by pv/ hh pgm, h pby fdd pgm pv p, my b vd f p h mh pd y (Hh Cd [FNIHB] 2005). Adg FNIHB, h py ppd wh m fxby, f m (Lv. 2009). F xmp, x h p- f-mh m my b pvdd wh h pby h h w b g hm h f. Idvd vg h hp f fxd d h my xd byd f mh my b pvdd wh x. F h vg mm wh d dpdb d wh hv gg v d, h f-mh vg dd pvd m mk h gm. R my m f m qm, fqy f p qd, m, -ffv, p h d h f. Sm mm hv dvpd ffv p ym, d pp gg v (Lv. 2009). Hwv, hh pvd pd h h fxby ppyg h py dvd m h hk p d f by. Tgh bdg d d y mp f m vv d-mkg. O pvd mmd h dmhd fxby py mg h py f FNIHB ff g f x f pp f vg xp: [C]y m, hy d b mh m g h vg. Ad w v hd pp y f mh. A g y d mk h gm, W, f mpy. B hy v g mh hy y fwg h w. Thy hd h m yg h hy wd y v p 3 mh (Hh Pvd 40). I wh h p f d fw h m mgd by py-mk. A pvd mphzd h pbm f p qfyg f g bf d m h mmd f d vg xp wh hy hd bhd h b d qd f pv bf: [P]p m h f md, whh hy w Mdv-d Lfd f mgy pp d hy m wh h h h bk...h N-Id Hh Bf/Md Tp Pgm [w ] v h f h p g bk d g h ff. Ad hy xpd wh hy h hp, myb vg bdg hm h m. Ad h f f, y kw, bg y ff. Lk, wh g pvd h pp f h? Th hg, hg [] (Hh Pvd 22).

109 NEGOTIATING BARRIERS, NAVIGATING THE MAZE 305 Th f gby gy bdy pd dm. Imp h q bv py p h k b bw h mpm f, h k f pz f d, d f f g jd pd. F N mm mgg h md p bdg xpd f gd h bdy dfd dm, b m y dfd by h p f ppv, hy fd hmv pb f h. A F N pp wh xp hh pgm dm dbd h p: [B] w dmg h pgm bhf f FNIHB, d b w hvg mk w pp jmp hgh h hp, pp bm... Th h [ bd by FNIHB gby d]. Y y g [wh FNIHB] d y, Y kw, h g wk f... [A]g, h [FNIHB ] p f pb py (F N Hh Adm 102). Md p k wkg -v mg pgm wh gby ddd by h FNIHB g ff. T mg wh gby dd f xpy d p (f xmp, d f dg g md p ppm f h mp f hmhpy, f pp wh xpy qd by fmy phy). P k b hghd by fxby, d m b fy mgd. Sm pp ggd h FNIHB ppfy dffd v hgg f by mg h k d wh gv d: [W] kw [h] mgm p... W, y k. Gv m y pv... Y ph h pv. Oh, w, w v j gzd d d. Ad hy dg h y. Oh, y hd b kg m. W hv U Spv w (Hh Pvd 102). Th q f h f xpd by hh pvd bg b fd h gh p k f vg ppv f F N p b f g d hgg gby. AANDC/MJE d h m py gp Tb 2 hw h, h m f h py vw (2007) f dvd gb f Im A (IA), vg fm AANDC f h mh f. Cvg fm MJE pkd p f 12 mh f d h b bhd ff-v. N ff py pvd IA vg bw mh 3 d 12. MJE vg my

110 306 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. b dd f 12 mh f dvd d -v. MJE vg mh 4, b hy q df whh f wh h gp h. Wh pp h vg ff pb bw mh 3 d 12, h gy dff d fg. I v b wkg wh h f 4 mh,... h [pv] Im A Dby. Dby w v [h] h Ty. Ad h, wh I ph h bd, h hy m, Sh ff-v w hp h. S [h ] gh (Hh Pvd 17). I h, F N wm vg wh dby bg dd vg, dp bg pv Im A, b f pvd gby by pv mpy b h. Wh p dv f dd h mddg, h q m v, d dyd vg. I hg y gg [F N p hvg j d] ppy d f h pp b dg wh kd f h p,... kd f f h pp f hg d Empym d Im A. S hy d h dm bk-p dm hp pp h pp. A f [F N pp] d v hv h. A d hv df (Hh Pvd 19). My pvd xpd h F N dvd g b f k df, f d d g, g b f hm pp v d pb hg. Tb 2 hw h mp f h 2007 hg h AANDC IA Pgm N M (Id d Nh Aff Cd 2007). Adg S 2.3.3, F N pp wh dy d v gb f IA. Bd h 2007 hg h df, dvd g ff-v f h pp f bg g v vb -v b dd dy d. Th hg fd h m pd h m (Abg Aff d Nh Dvpm Cd 2012: S 2.1.5). A h m f wg, h hg hd y b bdy pzd. A xp f h fg p hm, wh vg ff-v w pb. If bdy mpmd, vg IA wd g p bw mh h d wv, d g b d dvd gvg p h v dd. Th d b mj mpvm, b mpm mpx f v. F, h f mp f AANDC g ff d f F N mm. T d, h pb hv b mmd F N d

111 NEGOTIATING BARRIERS, NAVIGATING THE MAZE 307 bdg hv b djd. Sd, AANDC d F N dm hv mhm dv IA pgm ff-v. Fh, h dvy f IA wh mpym pp wd bg dv v m f h dmd mpyb (g, jb h mg, ). Adg ff dm, h py hg h hppd, g hf pby, wh F N mm, pp, pb f pvdg IA ff-v. A F N Hh Adm dbd h : [I] w j mhg h f [F N dm ] b...w v d y f h pv hg h fd hg... A f dd, j hw p... W, hy p d h p. Ad ddy y pb. Ad h wpp (F N Hh Adm 101). Th pp hf, whh h b w mmd mhd wh, d p by. Py fmwk: ky p Th w xmp dd bv dm h wk h md py fmwk. Pgm df y mbg h y b d -by- b. Th p, d gp m. Pgm mg f h f bw d d py gd, mkg d d kg m f mhg g wg f g pb. Th w dd xvy by gvm pv; h vw, d gdy py vg h d gp. Sv py mk w w h hf jd h, wh vg f xpd hf fm h pv h fd gvm v v wy mh. I pp h m, g d mm d hf jd d vg m. C my b dvd h hy g qfy f h vg by gy, d d h gvm d vg. Thy d mm h x f h pbm, d h mp h h F N dvd. A g d h pvd w vwd d h. Th fxby b h m g by fmwk pp b b vg h f pym f v. O hh pvd mphzd h f f g pd d w xp wh gd gby pgm d v h why mg dp -p- pph wh pg p:

112 308 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. Evy d wh py. Ad my p h d h wy kp vyhg ff-k. S pp d gz h h wy d hg. Oh, w d d h. W d w g pd. Thy y h h wd b g pd d, W d d h. W j k -by- (Hh Pvd 25). Th fxby b h m g by fmwk pp b b vg h f pym f v A dd bw, h vm wh pvd b, f, d p, f, d d m d. Ngg jd b d vgg h hh ym Th w py xmp fm d pv f h g jd x h dd pp F N g f md. A hm m vw f p, fmy mmb d hh pvd w h m f d p f hgh f d b m. O p mphzd h xp f vgg h b m ym d gg m: I hd g yhg f g hp h mh fm h pp. Ad h, hy gv y -d m. My ppm: hy wd d h pp m. [W]h w d v h, hy hv k, wh w g h Cy, w hv hy gv mb ph wh g d y. Ad hy d mk h gm hd f m (P 54). Ah dbd b mp f wh w m bdg-d dy: I hd h d d I hd h pp [f hpd h]. Ad h, hy w ppvd d, f dd, Oh, y g w Ap 1. Why Ap 1? Ad h w wy bk, I hk, Spmb whv myb g h h (P 016). I mpx f ym, my p w f mh y b hdd f ppm wh b p. N pgy, h f -v b ppvg dyg p xp w f f d f, dbd by h p:

113 NEGOTIATING BARRIERS, NAVIGATING THE MAZE 309 S I j wd... I wd wh y. Ad wh h ppm dd m d h, [FNIHB md p] j b d m dw h. Ad I d, N. I d, I d g h ppm. I wd y f h ppm. Ad I d, I d g... S, k, wh y hv ppm dw h, m k y g hm mh hd. Ad wh y d, m k y fghg wh hm f my g y ppm (P 50). Ah p dbd hvg jfy h y f h g mg d hgh g v wh h g p: Ad I w kd, Dd y d y hv f? I d, Why d I d f wh I v b g h m d h y? I j h I hv g h f y, vy 6 mh, whv h w m bk (P 54). Th bv q f p xp mpg qd, h my h pp fm FNIHB f md p. Ahgh mp d f h kw, gby d pp b. Rh, h d-mkg f pgm ff f pp f h p h m. Th m b m vm fm hh pvd d dm bkg, dd h fwg q: Thy wy hv h d p; wh. W hv h p, h h p, h h p, h h p. Ad mm h fm h hff. Th y hv v g (Hh Pvd 25). I m by yg dg, pg p dbk. Oky, w y kw, w fgh h f h h d gv h... B h d v d h d f md. Y hk h 75-y-d d whh wh pbby v b Wpg y g g? Sh gg w (Hh Pvd 102). J wk, w hd d wh f mmb hd d f. Sh pg d h hd b Wpg hgh-k pgy...w hv v h v pvdd hgh [h Hh Ahy] pp hv g Wpg. Th d f, dg h py fmwk h w bgd fw, whh w fwg, : O d f, h hpp. Pvd h fm. Am: ky, w fwg y. Nhg hd hpp. I w d. Th h d f w qd by f h [FNIHB] p k... A k qd d... Why d h d? Ky, m, h bm d I d kw h w gh b m, pvy. I f y b. I f y b why h p wh d hy hv, y kw, why h d mmdg h... Wh gv hm h gh kw h h p yhg b h p d? (Hh Pvd 102). Ahgh h bv q my gg h pp f g f gby, h vd w d dm h fdvy, dvy fm fmy mmb hh pvd, my bg mpmd dffy:

114 310 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. B f y k f yf, fg ; y y dw h mwh, y kw, d whv hy w. B I d hm, Y d whv y w wh m my hbd. I d, I w pk p (P 208). Wh h F N-pf I y d g hgh h xp p..., m, h wh g b h v f, k I d, fdg h hy v v vy md d h pgm h fdd by d d w d h kd ff... Ad f m, w hv y h Bd k h Bd f hy pvd m f h h [] qd g h p hm. A, h m m, mm h pv--pv f h [] vd (Hh Pvd 22). O d hw h pvd, fm d p f F N mm k (f pp dg md p d vd by FNIHB, f xmp) wh h v hv b xpd. Th q m wh mxd, dpdg pgm, gby, d F N bdg d f v I h q, pvd k pp fm F N mmy (h Bd) h p hm. O d hw h pvd, fm d p f F N mm k (f pp dg md p d vd by FNIHB, f xmp) wh h v hv b xpd. Th q m wh mxd, dpdg pgm, gby, d F N bdg d f v. Wh p my hv m gdy m f gby, p d pd mp dvy pp bg hd. Th d f-dv q F N. Wh q h h f-dvy m k p x f bd jd bd, wh g vvd my dd h q m pby. D d W hv gd h py fmwk h pp d F N pp xp f md f wh gp, d d mbg, vg pgm mg d bh F N mm d b-bd b hw mpm py gd -by- b h md f

115 NEGOTIATING BARRIERS, NAVIGATING THE MAZE 311 jd fzz. Pgm mg -v b f mpm mp d m dy py gd, dd gby, d fd wh wyg b g pd. Mv, pgm mg mbddd, g d d F N m, whh fm h d-mkg. Advy hp, b f h mp h d dvdy gd, h h pyfmd, d f by. Th pp h mp f qy h pp f, d pm h pz f gv d. O fdg hw h h py fmwk p pp F N pp wh f md mpx, mjd, d bj p by -v b. D gby w vby q py p hpd by v, dm p, p, bdgy d. Hwv, mbg d gp h fmwk mpy h pp f p, v, d f. Evd fm pvd d p dvg f vg f d vy gg: (1) h h p h fxb xpd, (2) h pgm mg hv d, (3) h pgm mg b h mpm f wh h k d wh dv wh my g pb by pzg f. A m wh gvm dy g hh d xp wh by, h ff pd h pp g Cdb m p dvg by hh pvd, dm, F N pp wh g d/ h fmy mmb. Th d f, f h ym, v pp f, d d h d f qb bw h wh dv d h wh. Th py d -v b p, p ddg f jd bg, k mgm d bhg pd, d mpdd by py fmwk djd f jd fgm. Th q x f h h v, d pp dv d pzd vm wh ppp bm mpmd, dp b. Th k f fd d pv d h df f pgm d gby dm F N hh d pp v. Th gp h b dd f v ffy y, d ky m g hh gzd pv jd d

116 312 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. F N ff m m f fd jd. Amp hgg h hv b y dbd mg F N d d pp ky b vd. M h qd dfy whh f pv w v b d-mkg, d h mp h. M h qd k h mp f h F N hh m, gv dmd hh q. Fy, m h qd qfy h f h ff m f pvd m. A m wh gvm dy g hh d xp wh by, h ff pd h pp g. I dd, w pp py fmwk h d mhm f fd-pv d. Th f p wd b fd-pv-f N d b, k h Bh Cmb Tp Tb (F N Hh C, Gvm f Cd, d Gvm f Bh Cmb 2010) h Igvm Cmm f Mb F N Hh (Igvm Cmm Mb F N Hh 2008). Th d p wd vv h f f m fd d-mkg hy h b mpv g d. Dvpm Bh Cmb (BC) d h wy bhd F N Hh Ahy gg p h mmd, d d pp gg. [W] pp py fmwk h d mhm f fd-pv d A ky dff bw h x dbd h pp d h mgg x BC h hgh v f mmm d vm by h pv gvm, h Hh Ah, Hh Cd, h F N Hh Ahy d F N mm j pg d d-mkg d p by m f m (F N Hh C; F N Hh Ahy 2013). Th p f v v d ym d hf f fm jd bd bdgg jd g bv md fmd by Jd pp b v F N d (L 2008). N 1 Lpky dbd -v b h, p ff d h w fm p, wk, jdg, pb wy d h ff,

117 NEGOTIATING BARRIERS, NAVIGATING THE MAZE 313 hh wk, d my h pb mpy wh g gvm pgm d pvd v wh hm (2010: 3). 2 Th Igvm Cmm Mb F N Hh (ICMFNH) d pv fm h Amby f Mb Chf, h Sh Chf Ogz, h Mb Kwk Iw Okmw, Abg Aff d Nh Dvpm Cd (fmy Id d Nh Aff Cd), Mb Abg & Nh Aff, h F N & I Hh Bh f Hh Cd Mb Off, Mb Hh, h Pb Hh Agy f Cd, Mb Fmy Sv & Lb (fmy Fmy Sv & Hg). Th py vw w fdd by h Mb Dpm f Abg Aff. 3 FNIHB h fd dpm pb f h fdg f hh v dvd -v. 4 Th fd dpm w kw AANDC w pvy kw Id d Nh Aff Cd (INAC). 5 Th Mb Dpm f Jb d h Emy (MJE) pb f h dvy f Empym d Im A gb Mb. Rf Abg Aff d Nh Dvpm Cd N S Pgm M. Ow: Abg Aff d Nh Dvpm Cd. Ad, J., Py, J., B, C., Bw, A., Hd, A., Kh, K. B., Rm, K. S., Lym, J., Smk, P., Smy, V Rg fy wh h p d p fm pj: Twd w pmg f hg. Adv Ng S 26 (3): Amby f F N F N p f -d hh bf. Ow. Bz A Hm Cd Ld Sdy f hh v f Cd Id. Ow. Bw, A. J., Smy, V., Rdy, P., Tg, S. Y., M, B., d O N, J. D A pmy fm h ppv f Abg p b mgy dpm. Qv Hh Rh 21 (3): Bw, A. J., V, C., Wg, S., Smy, V., Lv, J. G., Ljh, D., T, D., Gdw, O., K, M., Kh, K. B., Fdk, A., Rdy, P., O N, J., Lx, S Cg h hh qy gp: Evd-bd g f pmy hh gz. I J f Hh Eqy 11(1), 59. d: / C, B. W., Sg, D., d I f Pb Adm f Cd Sv h Fd: Th Wd f F-L Pb Sv. M d Kg; Ld: MG- Q Uvy P. Dz, N. K., d L, G Th SAGE Hdbk f Qv Rh (4h d.). Thd Ok, CA: Sg. Ev, T Pf D Wf Sv: Byd S-Lv By. Wwk: Ahg. F N Hh C, d F N Hh Ahy Gdbk: Bdg Bk f Tfm. Vv: F N Hh Ahy. F N Hh C, Gvm f Cd, d Gvm f Bh Cmb Bh Cmb p f hh: B f fmwk gm hh gv. V. Hh Cd (FNIHB) N-d hh bf pgm, fm bk. Ow Md p py fmwk Jy Ow Tf f Mh Ow.

118 314 JOS EE G. LAVOIE ET AL. Hgh Thy, C Agy,, d gv: hfg hp f by h hh. J f Hh P, Py d Lw 28 (2 3): Id d Nh Aff Cd Im pgm - N m (pp. 1 66). Ow. Igvm Cmm Mb F N Hh Mb F N Pmy Hh C Fmwk. Wpg. Lv, J. G., O N, J., Sd, L., E, B., Mg, J., B, J., Fg, E., B, R., Shmh, C., MN, D Th Ev f h F N d I Hh Tf Py. Wpg. Lv, J. G., Fg, E., Rw, G., d Dh, M Lvg f h y: Rp f h md pj, ph II (pp. 1 46). Wpg. Lv, J. G., Fg, E. L., d Bw, A. J Cgh h d: F N, hh, d h Lgy f h Id A. Pmw 8 (1): Lv, J. G., Gv, L., T, J., Bg, O., d Thm, G Abg Hh P Cd: Th Py Syh Pj. P Gg, BC. L, D Jd Pp m mb. Cd Md A J 179 (12): Lpky, M S-Lv By: Dmm f h Idvd Pb Sv (2d d.). Nw Yk: R Sg Fd. Mb Fmy Sv d Hg Empym d m f. Mb. Mb Hh C hh v Mb. Mb A y vd? Q d w b hh vg. Wpg b. Emgy v, fy f gd. Wpg Emgy v, h p p pgm. Wpg d. Mb dg bf & hgby fmy. Wpg. Mb My f Hh d S Aff S v py. Rvd Mh 12, Myd-Mdy, S., d Mh, M S q d q p: S-v wk g d pgm. Pb Adm Rvw, Nvmb/ Dmb 8. Mzbg, H., d Bg, J Mgg Pby. T: I f Pb Adm f Cd/Cd C f Mgm Dvpm. M, C. J Th Imp f Ub R Nv Kdy Tp P d Th Fm: A Rpv Sd. (M f A), Uvy f Mb: Wpg, Mb. Sv, D. J Bkg h Bg: Pb Sv, M, d Pm. T: T Uvy P. Tg, S. Y., d Bw, A. J R m: Rz d g d vvg Abg pp h Cd hh x. Ehy & Hh 13 (2): Th, S Ipv Dp. W Ck, CA: Lf C P. Wd, A. M., d Sdm, R Py py d py Cd fd gvm. Pb Mgm Rvw 12: 20. Wd, A. M., Sdm, R. C., d Lq, E. A Th f g py wk Cd fd pb v. Cd P S Rvw 3: 24.

119 Jph Ly Cv hy bd mp d whd mgm O Ab: Th b h g db b pzd gvm, whh my p my mp. Th h mp h Upp Thm Rv Cv Ahy (UTRCA) d fgmd bd d h dd bd f h Hm Cv Ahy (HCA) whh bd mp ff py mpm. I fd h h UTRCA m pv h pv md f whd mgm h h HCA. Th gg h pzd gvm vg v mp ky b m fhf h md h h vg g mpy. Smm : C fv d g j d gvm p, q p p p mp. L hh mp Off d p d d Upp Thm (UTRCA) d dm fgm d d Off d p d d Hm (HCA) p dm mp d d dm f m œv d pq. I q UTRCA p b md pv p g d b hydgphq q HCA. C pp q d gvm p dv p mp q d ^ p fdè md q x q dv mp. I Cd, my v dvd hgh gz h hv db my fm mp gvm. Sp pp bd, hgh vb h mp gvm, mp mp f gvm. Sp pp bd d p v bd, v h, pb hh, h, d by bd. Th pw f h dff bd vy; h, p pp bd mk d ffg h mm wh h jd, d m f hm pd pb my. Mv, b h jd my b dmd by h f, hy mm Jph Ly pf, Dpm f P S, Uvy f W O, Ld, O. H hk D. Rb Yg d h J d d vw f hpf mm. A v f h pp w pd h 2013 Cd P S A Cf V, BC. Th h kwdg h f pp f h O Gd Shhp d h S S d Hm Rh C. CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA VOLUME 58, NO. 2 (JUNE/JUIN 2015), PP VC Th I f Pb Adm f Cd/L I d dm pbq d Cd 2015

120 316 JOSEPH LYONS d mp bd. Wh p pp bd y g wh mp, p pp bd mm m m k mm f h h dpd g. Hwv, h p pp bd v mp mp. Th bd f h g f m fgmd, d g mpy dm. Ggph fgm d f pz hv b p f db db h gvm bw py d d. Py g f mp, vppg, fy pzd gvg, wh d fv g, -wd, g-pp gvm (M 2009). Th pp b h db by mpg w pzd gvm h dv h m v. O d h f g mpy, wh h h. Ug whd mgm O dy, h pp w h x whh bd mp m f py pv. Th vb f bd mp h b d by g w v h (CA) h hv dff hp wh h pmy. Th Upp Thm Rv Cv Ahy (UTRCA) bd fgmd b jd mp my mp, h g bg Ld. Th jd f h Hm Cv Ahy (HCA) my wh Hm mp bdy, bd mmbhp dd. I h gvm, pv y f h wg f gvm pd pf. Hwv, pf hpd hgh gvm, d Nh Am mp h v f dvpm f h d. If h ym b wd dvpm p, h p f pzd gvm h m d fm mp my b m ky f mjy pf. Ad dd, my p pp bd O g f h pv gvm, h h mp. H, pv f h wg f CA fhfy mpm pv py wh mkg mmd bdv pp. Th pz f pv ffg md d wh w (Kpp 2003: 181). Whd mgm d h hh f whd wh. Rpv h pv g f whd mgm my d h d y mh h pf f p hmw f g hg, wh h f dvp kg bd d h hm, wh h pf f mp p f gwh d g x b. B h pv d h bd pb wy mg d p pb hh d fy. D gdg d mp mp f whd mgm b

121 BOARD COMPOSITION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 317 dvpm mp whd hh. Th mp b dd, b h mm ddd d v f dvp d mp. Th vd wh bdv dvpm b py hzd v f h whd. Sbdv ppv mpx p; mp d CA hv pf d mm vppg, d h f. Th fdg fm h pp d h bd mp m h x f h f, h UTRCA w m fhf md h h HCA f pv g w dd. Th pp pd v. Th f pvd vvw f h v h db d h hyph b d. Th d h pv whd mgm d dvpm. Th hd xp h f CA h mp d pg p, wh mph bdv ppv. Th fh jf d pvd bkgd fm h UTRCA d h HCA, d h hp wh h Cy f Ld d Cy f Hm, pvy. Th ffh xp h mhdgy d d mpyd f h dy. Th hyph d h xh. Th vh d. Spz d pv Udyg db v hw b gv whd db v h dvg d ddvg f pzd v g pp gvm. Rpv ky vb h db. Py g h pzd gvm m pv z pf h g pp gvm b v dmd vy v d f z v d mp h pfm f pzd gvm (Fy d Ehbg 1999; Hwk 1976; Om, Tb, d W 1961). Cd g h pzd gvm f z d m pb h f f pv p. Adg hm, d mkg m vb g pp gvm d m ky b d dg mjy pf (B 1961; F 1997; Ly d Lwy 1989). R mp f h py pv f p d d mp dpm fm h Ud S hv hd mxd. M (2009) fd h p d wh d bd m pv h md v h mp dpm p d wh ppd bd, wh pbm vy w. B By (2009) fd h p d wh d bd m ky h mp dpm b pd by gp wh k h v h pvdd. Th h f bf p gp, h xp

122 318 JOSEPH LYONS f vy. Bh M d By fd my h dff bw pzd d g pp gvm, h mp g f h bd h db. Th dff d fh vg, b v h b w b h bhv f pzd gvm wh dff bd. My p d h US hv dy d bd d h hy vy x. I h jd, pzd gvm m mbddd wh h g pp gvm ym (Hgh d Mk 2003: 238). I Cd, p pp bd gvd by ppd pv d f m f h d mp. Sm p pp bd dmd by g mp gvm d h v my mp, whh fd h bd mp. Dpdg p bd mp, mp my b b x m v pzd gvm. Nh M By d hw bd md p f ppd pv fm mp g g pp jd my ff pv. Th mp d f p pp bd k v h b h jd dmd by h f h h xg mp bd. T dd h h gp, h pp mp w CA wh dff ggph h. Rpv fm h Cy f Ld mp mh m g h UTRCA bd, mpd wh Cy f Hm pv h HCA bd. Ld pp f f ff mmb h UTRCA bd, wh Hm pp f v HCA bd mmb. Th hyph h h UTRCA w b m pv h pv md b m fgmd bd fm mp. Rpv md h pg f bdv pp h h p hzd d hg f gd by CA, f whh h UTRCA d HCA mmd df. A mmd f df m h h CA d pp mvg h pp fwd hg md h p f bdv m fm bmd. Th pv f h pvv d py pph dvd by h pv h dvpm d gvy ff whd hh. Th f h pf f m d, wh wd pf dvpm d wy fm (Edm 2010; Sk 2002). Th pv whd mgm Amg h pv, O h h g d f whd mgm, d CA h m mphv whd-bd gvg m p Cd (Cv, B d Bzy

123 BOARD COMPOSITION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT : 336). Th Cv Ah A (R.S.O. 1990,. 27) w pd by h O Lg Th g w f h p f CA m f whd-bd d mkg. CA gvd by bd ppd by mmb mp, my f whm mp p. Rp h bd dmd by h pp f ppg mp. Th x whh CA pv h pv whd mgm h dpd vb f h pp. CA mp py mg h pv g f whd mgm. Th g hv vvd h mph h hfd fm fd mgm, dg p, h pz h d h whd h ppp f m dd, ym-bd pph d- pg (Cv O 2003: 7; O 1993: 4). Cm hg d mp h G Lk, h fqy f xm wh v d h hgg g f dff p d m p hv mvd h p fwd (Cv O 2010: 98). Th pv m h gg bd g d h pg p w d- p h p ym d hm hh d vd h d f xpv d mpd dpv m. S h y 1990, h pv h d v py dm fm d- pg d p whh f xd byd h bd f dvd mp. Th dm y h bf f whd pph, h h p f ym d hm hh (O 1993, 1993b, 1993, 1997; O, My f N R 1999, 2002, 2002b, 2010). Thy gz h h-ghd d bd h mmd m mp f b d d gwh hv dy w v h g-m g, m, d pb fy bf f mgm. Mv, pg p, whh mphzd h p f dvd hg hzd f, fd k h vy f h ym. Eym whd-bd pg gd wy m g fg d p pp d ppy fm fdg d h w d hzd. Th pv m h gg bd g d h pg p w d- p h p ym d hm hh d vd h d f xpv d mpd dpv m.

124 320 JOSEPH LYONS Th, whd mgm h pb, f ym dm h w-bg d ppy gh f dvd (O 1993b: 11). Ad d- pg d fmd by whd-bd d bf f y h vm, b f h d m w-bg f mm d dvd w. Cmmg pg pp ky pby f CA, d- hg f h m gf h whd hh. Em f whd mgm hv gd h hgh pv g, h h Pg A, h Cv Ah A d h C W A. I 2005, h wdg h Pg A (R.S.O. 1990,. P.13) w ghd, qg pg pp b wh py m d d h h h j hv gd hm. Th gf b h Pv Py Sm d gwh wy fm gf v d whh my p k pb fy (O, My f Mp Aff d Hg 2005: 3). Rv S 28 f h Cv Ah A, f mpmd My 2006, gv CA h hy g wd, h h f d k d h G Lk-S. Lw Rv Sym, hzd d d w (Cv O 2008). Ad h C W A (S.O. 2006,. 22), pd 2006, q mm dfy p h h fy f h dkg w pp d dvp whd-bd p mmz m h h. Th p h xp f h pv whd mgm d h p f dkg w. I m, h pv h g whd mgm. Th p h vvd fm y wh fd mgm d d f v d m ym, gdw, wd, d vmy gf. Th pv y fv pvv d py pph wh dvpm my ff whd hh. Th f CA d- pg CA hv b gd mb f pw, dg pby dvp mgm gy f h whd, pv fdg, bd dm d ph d. Wh gd d-

125 BOARD COMPOSITION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 321 pg, CA pvd p p v h mp wh h jd hgh h vw f pp bmd d h Pg A. Th d ff p d mdm, zg byw,, df p f bdv d dmm d p ppv. Cmmg pg pp ky pby f CA, d- hg f h m gf h whd hh (Dvd Szk Fd 2012: 23). S h pp d pmy wh df p f bdv, h h p vw p h w b xpd h. P f bdv qd wh d dvdd m h w p (O, My f Mp Aff d Hg 2010). Ny, h d h d. I h pp, h f d bdv ( ppd d bdv). P f bdv d fm z d, h m d f d h f h pk. Bh Ld d Hm hv b dgd ppv hy f p f bdv by h My f Mp Aff d Hg. App mgd by h pv pg dpm. O pp vd d pd f d, h p mgg h f hv hy dy dd whh h pp mp. If, h pg dpm h 180 dy fm h d f bm mk d df ppv. Pg ff m h pp h v g, bd d mm wh gy mmg pb. CA fd f bdv pp hgh h hy gd hm d h Cv Ah A, h Pg A, h Cv O/My f N R/My f Mp Aff d Hg Mmdm f Uddg CA Dgd Rpb d hgh v h gm wh mp h v f gvm. Bd h hy, hy my mmd h h pp b ppvd wh d, mmd d f df ppv mmd h h pp b dfd fd h pp pvd fh fm mk hg h p f bdv. A xmp f df d fm CA qm h h pp pp d bm gdg p h f f h CA bf y dvpm k p. Af h CA d h h v g d dpm hv d df d, h pg dpm my h g df ppv f h bdv pp. Th d my b ppd h O Mp Bd (OMB). Df ppv p mmm by h ppv hy mv fwd wh h p. O df ppv h b gd, h pp p

126 322 JOSEPH LYONS p f ; hwv, b d h p f bdv gd. P f bdv gd f h df d m (O, My f Mp Aff d Hg 2010). CA gy hy h pmy f f h pp b bkd wh gv hy hgh h Cv Ah A. Th p f h hy h vvd v m, d h w db hg md h g dg h pd vd by h dy. P My 2006, CA gd h pg dmpg f f wh h f fdg, p, h v f d 1 wd b ffd, h f bdg d y pb fdg dg g m d h ghg, hgg, dvg fg y wy wh wwy. Bgg My 2006, h gy hy f CA w xpdd d dvpm d v dj v m vy, w, hzd d, wd, d h h f d k d h G Lk-S. Lw Rv Sym (Cv O 2008). Th w mp hg b gy xpdd h m f d gd by m CA. Wh h gd ppy w m ppy f d v pm fm h ppp CA p y dvpm,, pm f f (UTRCA 2006: 6-6). Th, df dm h wg f CA dy df ppv d h h pv g f whd mgm hvd. Th d- pg d pm p p h hy dff g f dvpm pm y d f df ppv, b bf bdg pm d. Hwv, CA mk h pg mmd bd p h gy hy. P h d f h w g My 2006, CA hd y h p f mp d h m md Pg A pw h wd, h d hzd p w pd. CA y v f, wh mp dd fw h mmd, w h OMB. App hgh h OMB y d -mg d CA d hv fdg v b. Wh h pdd g, CA w hv h gv hy pv dvpm h. Wg dd gy f df ppv p CA ff ddvg, mh m dff hg f df ppv h b gd.

127 BOARD COMPOSITION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 323 Rpv h pv md f whd mgm A mmd by CA df f bdv pp d hv mp f h dvpm d f h by f h mpy mk d wh h 180-dy m. Mv, mmd d by CA my h d f mj mdm h h v f d d w d h f m-w mgm pd. H, pv h pv md f whd mgm pzd hgh h mmd md by CA df p f bdv h h b gd. A h h pv whd mgm, h pv fv py pph dvpm h my gvy ff whd hh. A mmd df df p f bdv fh fm bmd hgd pv f h m py pph. Th, df dm h wg f CA dy df ppv d h h pv g f whd mgm hvd. Th m f pv bd h mp h mp f dff f v wh gd df ppv. I wh h CA mm hdg p h ppv p, mp pg ff w mm g CA ff ff df d bf hy ppd, fm h mm d h pg p. I h gvm, mp gy dd b ppv f d dvpm b fm f gwh (L 2002; Lg d Mh 1987). Thy mpg wh h mp f m b gwh, dvpm hg, d jb, b wh h ddg h pp m m pv py d h ff p. I Ld d Hm, h g mg m h d gwh d y py f f, b m m d f pp f w bdv. Th, mp b dvdd h bf f w bdv, b mk dmd d h p f - mp m h m mp w f h dvpm. Evm q f dd (Edm 2010: 1218). Obvy, h g f dvpm d whd mgm f. CA mmd f

128 324 JOSEPH LYONS m fw p hzd hg f m h y v fm dvpm hg, bdg pm d my ppy x. F xmp, dvp f w bd m-w pd h fd p h hy d hv bd pmpg, h h d vb p h, b CA g h p. Ah xmp f hw pg g ff mp d mkg gd h 180-dy m f d df ppv. Th mp g f mp, f h pmy g f pg dpm vd pp h OMB. Wh h 180- dy pd, pg dpm v h pp, mp, f h ppmy fm h gh d d vm mp m, h pp g mm fm h pb d h g, v h mm d y g d h m p wh mmd h m h f h Pg A. Th p pg dpm mk d df ppv wh h m fm. If dvp f h p dggg, hy w f g h ppp wd xp h. Ad w h y g ff, h y dm h f h dy p hm fd. I wh h CA mm hdg p h ppv p, mp pg ff w mm g CA ff ff df d bf hy ppd, fm h mm d h pg p. I m, bdv ppv k p p vm, wh pd by dvp d d mp mp. Mp m d g f f wh vg bdv pp, f whh whd mgm y. CA h y h pph h p fm whd ppv. C d bkgd Th y hy-x CA O. Ov wv m pp, ppxmy y p f h pp, v whd mgd by CA. Th mbd pg bdg f CA $300 m. Ogy, pv fdg d f hf f CA bdg, b h y 1990 h pv h h b dd dmy d CA hv dvfd h v. I g, h bkdw fw: hy-v p f-gd, fyh p mp, h p fd d v p pv (Cv O 2011). CA bdg by h gvg

129 BOARD COMPOSITION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 325 bd d mmb mp vy f h h f h v bdg. Wh bd md p pdmy f mp p d mmb mp pg h g f fdg, m hv qd h by f CA mk d h b f h whd, py wh hy y h wh f h mpy h dy ffd (Chg 2007). Th UTRCA d h HCA w d b hy bh d g g y wh h bd, b h hp h y dff (bdv pp wd b m m mp). Th bd f h pv h CA vy dby, b b h UTRCA d HCA dff h h, hy w f mp. Th mp h h CA wh fgmd bd ky bhv my h UTRCA, wh CA wh m dd bd ky bhv my h HCA. Th fdg fm h dy hv v f h v hp bw p pp bd, mp, h pv d m h fd gvm. F xmp, pb hh h py wh h v bd d h f h pv d mp mm f. Oh p pp bd h p v bd d p, p d g h hv pb dff v f gvm. Th Upp Thm Rv Cv Ahy Th jd f h UTRCA p ppxmy 3,400 q km, vg pp f 485,000 wh Ph, H, Oxfd d Mddx C, h Cy f Ld, h Cy f Sfd d h pd Tw f S. My (UTRCA 2006: 1 3). Th UTRCA h y CA wh jd h Cy f Ld. Ld mmb f h K Ck Cv Ahy d h Lw Thm Vy Cv Ahy, b m f h y vd by h UTRCA jd. Th UTRCA h ff bd mmb, f f whm ppd by h Cy f Ld. Dg h dy pd, w f h pp w mp d w w z pv. Th ppd by h x h mp h bg h UTRCA, wh m ppg hd pv. F 2009 d 2010, h ppvd pg bdg f h UTRCA w ppxmy $13.2 m d $12.9 m, pvy. I 2010, h mp vy pd wy-x p f UTRCA v, f whh h Cy f Ld pb f d xy-x p. S, f 2010, Ld f

130 326 JOSEPH LYONS mmm h pg bdg w ppxmy $2 m (UTRCA 2011). O bdgy m, vg wghd h Ld vg wgh ffy p. O h m, mjy v k. Dp h pp dg f h h gv h y v h bdg, h UTRCA d g fm h y v h vy m y. Nh, h UTRCA bd pv f h gz d d k bdg d fm h y. Th Hm Cv Ahy Th jd f h Hm Cv Ahy (HCA) mp m f h Cy f Hm d p f h Tw f Gmby d h Twhp f Ph. Th ppxmy 477 q km d hm b 400,000 pp. Th HCA hd 10,700 f vmy v d pb (HCA 2009b). Wh m f h Cy f Hm f d h jd f h HCA, h y mmb f Cv H, h Ng P Cv Ahy d h Gd Rv Cv Ahy. Th HCA h v bd mmb. Th Twhp f Ph pp mmb d h Cy f Hm pp h h. Dg h dy pd, fv Cy f Hm pp w mp d fv w z pv. F 2009 d 2010, h ppvd pg bdg f h HCA w ppxmy $10.9 m. Mp v p ppxmy hy p f h HCA v. I 2009, Hm bd ppxmy $3.4 m; 2010 b w $3.5 m. Ov h m pd, Ph b w $9,602 d $9,794 (HCA 2009, 2010). F h v h mp vy, h Hm pv h wghd v f p d h Ph pv v wh p. B f h Cy f Hm dm v h bd, h HCA fw h y mmd vy, v hgh h p h d h py f h gz. D d mhdgy Ifm w d fm ff pd gdg bdv pp bw h UTRCA d h Cy f Ld d bw h HCA d h Cy f Hm. I, vy bdv f w d h hd gd fm : fy-h fm h UTRCA d wy-v fm h HCA. Eff w md h v f w d, b pb h m w md. Sm pp hd b ddd

131 BOARD COMPOSITION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 327 b f mp fm. Ivw d dw p hp xp m f h f h py d hghgh m f h dff bw h w CA. F vw w dd bw Mh d Ag Ivw dd CA ff fm h UTRCA d h HCA d mp ff d fm Ld d Hm. Ivw w dby h bd p h h d- pg p d ff w md q mp d CA p. Th m pd d fm b h mgmd Cy f Hm w bhd 2001 d h m f wg h m f mp m dd By mmdg df, CA mmg bh h pp d h pg dpm h pp h gg f df ppv ddd. Th UTRCA d h HCA w b mpd bd h p k ppd bdv dvpm h dy ffd whd hh. Ag, h UTRCA xmp f CA wh bd mmbhp fgmd, d g mpy dm. Th HCA xmp f CA wh g mpy y h bd. Wh CA bd dy vvd d gdg pf bdv f, hy d h bdg d dm h g py f h gz, whh f h m f d fd ff hv d h jb. Th dpd vb pv h pv md f whd mgm. Th w b pzd m f h pg f df p f bdv gd Ld d Hm wh h CA mmd df. A df b w hd pp f whh h CA md h d hd ff ffg df d m fm w bmd, v w md h df p f bdv mpyg d p. Wh h UTRCA y y mmd df h, h HCA mmd f ppb mm, b h h wy f mmdg df. 2 Ag, gd d hzd h w, fd hzd, d 2006 wd, hzd, d h G Lk h. T f mp, h pp f y h pp h q pm fm h CA (CA mmg pb vy dpdg p h v gm wh mmb mp). Th mhdgy

132 328 JOSEPH LYONS Tb 1. Pg f Sbdv App Dfd, Dfd UTRCA HCA T N 18 (41.86%) 16 (59.26%) 34 (48.57%) Y 25 (58.14%) 11 (40.74%) 36 (51.43) T 43 (100%) 27 (100%) 70 (100%) P h2 (v 2 ) , P gy f h p f hzd d hg f: h, f h ppv dmg h vm. Df gv h CA g v h p d h p p f h y v pd h pp. I h, mmd f df pp f h py pph dvd by h pv. Th bd f pf h pp dm h h bdv w ggv hzd vm hm. By mmdg df, CA mmg bh h pp d h pg dpm h pp h gg f df ppv ddd. Af df ppv gd, h bd f pf hf h CA. A mmd f df h h CA p f h pp h OMB. Th hyph h h UTRCA w df g pg f bdv pp gd h h HCA. Th hyph h bh w df m pg f pp. R d d F h pd, h UTRCA dfd ppxmy ffy-gh p f bdv pp gd. Th HCA dfd ppxmy fy- p. Wh h UTRCA dd df g pg f pp, h y gf. I h wd, h dff my j b h f dm h dg h pd. Th pd Tb 1. Th hyph b jd bd h fdg f h pd, b h dff f df fm h m mp m fh xm. A mb f h pb vb b dd bd p h fm h dd h pd bw h CA d mp. Th d f h pdd g, whh m f 1 My 2006, f h. 3 Th w g gy xpdd h m f d gd by CA.

133 BOARD COMPOSITION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 329 Tb 2. Pg f Sbdv App Dfd Ud h Nw Rg Dfd UTRCA HCA T N 9 (36%) 10 (76.92%) 19 (50%) Y 16 (64%) 3 (23.08%) 19 (50%) T 25 (100%) 13 (100%) 38 (100%) Fh Ex Lmbd_ Th w g w vd dffy by UTRCA d HCA ff. Sff h UTRCA g h hy hv g f dpd b f h UTRCA fgmd bd mmbhp, whh dggg mp. Thy m m fd h dv f h whd, d mfb hgg y p. Ivw fm h UTRCA vwd h gy hg ghg h hd d gvg hm h by m ffvy m h f g f dvpm h whd. Th d f h w g w dbd m py hg h gv h gv by p wd. HCA ff h h hd, v h hp wh h y. Thy pp v h d w pv h w g. O HCA ff mmb bd h w g fm f dwdg, d pby wh h m. Ah dbd h pdd g v-g. Wh h HCA w dvpg mpmg g, bbd h pv, gg h dd hv h f ff py f h w g m, d h mp, h dvpm mmy d pv dw wd b ky h y f (HCA 2005: 14 15). A b Tb 2, h d f h hg pd h y gf h y-fv p v. Af h d f h w g, h UTRCA dfd xyf p f pp gd, wh h HCA dfd wy-h p. Lmbd h gh f h hp. Lmbd ppxmy 0.37, whh mdy g. A h d, h HCA dd z h ppy pd by h w g b m v mmd gdg bdv pp gd. Th UTRCA dd. Th, mp f h UTRCA d h HCA pp hgh bd mp py mp py mpm. Th w CA bhvd my d h wk gy vm. Hwv, g pv py gv h m m CA m mm, hby ghg h hp bw

134 330 JOSEPH LYONS df d bd mp. CA bd dy vvd h d df bdv pp, b hy d mk mp d whh ff h by d wg f CA ff h md f whd mgm. Th m fgmd UTRCA bd m ky h h HCA bd h b f h CA wh hy f wh h f mmb mp. Th dff pph gdg h mp vy v f h. Th dpd f h UTRCA ffd ff h d py x h hy gd hm d h w g. Th HCA bd, whh md p pmy f pp fm h Cy f Hm, dpd d ff w wg d b h w gy hy. C I h, bd mp pp hv hd mp py mpm. Th g f dvpm d whd mgm mm wk -pp. Wh hy d, CA hv h gv hy v. Th gv hy w ghd by pv g, b y h m m CA hgd bhv f h. A h UTRCA, wh bd mmbhp fgmd, ff xpd fd h w gy hy d h xpdd dv f hzd d hg p. Sff h HCA, wh bd mmbhp pmy dw fm g mpy, w pv h hg. Th hyph p fwd h w h h HCA wd b ky df bdv pp gd h h UTRCA. F h pd, h UTRCA dfd ffy-gh p f bdv pp gd d h HCA dfd fy- p. Hwv, h w y gf. Wh h d f h w g, h UTRCA dfd xy-f p f bdv pp gd d h HCA dfd wy-h p. Th dff w gf h y-fv p v d h m f w mdy g. Th, h hp bw bd mp d df bm m pd f g g w dd. Th fdg wd b md m gzb by dg m CA h dy, b hy d d h dff bd mp m f ppd bd. A x f h h db bw py d d, mp mp f pzd d g ppd gvm hv fd my pzd gvm wh

135 BOARD COMPOSITION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 331 d bd. M d mk d bw d d ppd bd, b h d dff bd p h bd mp f ppd bd. I h, fgmd CA bd wh mmb ppd by mp mp w m pv h pv whd mgm h dd CA bd md p f mmb fm g mpy f h CA gd m pw. Th fdg m d h pzd gvm h v mp mp ky b m fhf h md h h d by g mpy. N 1 Th v f d f h v f hg f h d wh hzd f. Th f d dd- wh mkg d pp b h vg d hf vb pp. B mp f h v p hg f. 2 O w pp, fm 2009 d h fm 2010, h UTRCA d mmd f df f. Th w gy h p f ff h h bj w wh ppd h pp wd pp h OMB. Thy w d df. 3 Oh xpy vb h dff p f wh mmd f df g pp d mp, b d bw h HCA d h Cy f Hm, d h f f pv dvp w dd, b dff w m -x. D fh xp gdg h h vb b bd hgh pd wh h h. 4 Fh x d h, b hv fqy bw fv. Fh x dy p-v. Rf By, Chph R Impf U: Rp d Tx Mv Gvm. Nw Yk: Cmbdg Uvy P. B, Jh C Sp D Gvm h Ud S. L Ag: Uvy f Cf P. Cv, L, Adw B, d K Bzy Impmg gd w mgm: Th mp f - d d d O d Nv S. Cd W R J 33 (4): Chg, Adw Tbd w. T S, Ap, 8. Cv O Whd Mgm O: L Ld d B P. Nwmk, ON: Cv O Dvpm, If, d A Rg f A v Ah. Nwmk, ON: Cv O Igd Whd Mgm: Nvgg O F. Nwmk, ON: Cv O F h. Nwmk, ON: Cv O. Dvd Szk Fd Whd f h O Gb: Py Op Pv, P, d R h Whd f h Gb. Vv: Dvd Szk Fd. Edm, Gb Mgg b pw O: Gd py gd p. P d Py 38 (6):

136 332 JOSEPH LYONS F, Khy. A Th P Emy f Sp-Pp Gvm. Whg, DC: Ggw Uvy P. Fy, B, d R Ehbg Th Nw Dm Fdm f Ep: F, Ovppg, d Cmpg Jd. Chhm: Edwd Eg. Hm Cv Ahy (HCA) Rf M: Dm f Rg Lm. Hm, ON: HCA Hm Rg Cv Ahy Bdg, Hm, ON: HCA b. Pg d Rg P d Gd. Hm, ON: HCA Hm Rg Cv Ahy Bdg, Hm, ON: HCA. Hwk, Rb B., J Sf-Gvm by D: Myh d Ry. Sfd, CA: Hv I P. Hgh, Lb, d Gy Mk Uvg h, b hw? Typ f m-v gv. Am P S Rvw 97 (2): Kpp, Jh Th P f Q-Gvm: Hybd Ogz d h Dym f B C. Cmbdg, UK: Cmbdg Uvy P. L, Chph Ub dvpm: Pg p d p. I Ub Py I: Cd Ppv, 2d d, dd by Edmd P. Fw d Dvd Sg. T: Oxfd Uvy P. Lg, Jh R., d Hvy L. Mh Ub F: Th P Emy f P. Bky d L Ag: Uvy f Cf P. Ly, W. E., d Dvd Lwy Gvm fgm v d: Fv pb-h myh b hw fmd, vvd, d hppy z. Pb Adm Rvw 49 (6): M, Mg Gvg h Tp: Sp D Gv d h Nw L P f W. Cmbdg, M: MIT P. O Igg W Mgm Objv Mp Pg Dm. T: Q P b. Sbwhd Pg. T: Q P Whd Mgm Whd B: Impmg Eym Apph. T: Q P A Ev f Whd Mgm O: F Rp. T: Q P. O, My f Mp Aff d Hg Pv Py Sm. T: Q P Cz Gd: Sbdv. T: Q P. O, My f N R (MNR) N Hg Rf M F Py 2.3 f h Pv Py Sm. T: Q P Rv d Sm Sym: E Hzd Lm. Pbgh, ON: O MNR, W R S b. Rv d Sm Sym: Fdg Hzd Lm. Pbgh, ON: O MNR, W R S N Hg Rf M f N Hg P f h Pv Py Sm, 2005, 2d d. T: Q P. Om, V, Ch M. Tb, d Rb W Th gz f gvm mp : A h qy. Am P S Rvw 55 (4): Sk, Ed Mp F d h P f Ub Gwh. C.D. Hw I Cmmy N Upp Thm Rv Cv Ahy Evm Pg Py M f h Upp Thm Rv Cv Ahy. Ld, ON: UTRCA Appvd Opg Bdg. Ld, ON: UTRCA.

137 COMPTES RENDUS 333 Gvg F: Pv Exp d h Tfm f Gb Dvpm F By JACQUELINE BEST. Cmbdg Uvy P, Pp. 275, d, dx. Gvg F v d mbg. D f f h gv f f dvpg h f f h hv g? Th d mp. D y bm h f f vm bk f bd dg p h m f gg h bk dv? Th w wd, f, b f dg ppy vd d mgd, m f pg. B f h m b bmd f h h w f, h h xp hy f h d m. Gvg F d wh h q gb v. Jq B h y f hw h f mmy fd xp hy hdg f h dp x h Gvg F b hw h IMF d h Wd Bk, fd by h US d Bh gvm, pddd by NGO, dm d h, mvd wy fm djm h w, hgh-dy d my fd dg pp f h 1980 h p w dy, v d p B pv b f v fd. By d g, djm bd dwzg gvm d pmg mk dvpm hg fd. B dg dp h p f f: y wh fd d why, b whh f m, d f, f whm. P f h pbm h djm w xpy dd dmh pvy; md pm gwh. Th mp w h wh gwh, pvy wd my d. Th w h p-mnm, k-dw dy f h B pvy f g h wy, mkg dff f my gvm m h d whh hy hd gd. Amg h m f gd, dffd dg pgm w dd Af d m mdw L Am d A. Th HIV/AIDS d ppy f w d d dg h 1990 g h wy f h b gwh d dvpm, mkg h Wd Bk, h IMF d m f h mmb gvm h w gy w dd. B p v y wg h bk d h p pk my f h wh w ky h hg h k p. Sh db f m h v f w gy. Th f,

138 334 BOOK REVIEWS fg whp, m g b by- fm bwg gvm. Th w hkg q dg f pvy d b pvy d h d, f d g h mpy w dp v h b-d p. Add d b py, by d pp, dvd w m, w g gg by- d wh NGO p f h p y g w z vvm d b dmddv vgh. Th d p f h w gy h dvpm f gb dd d hm h gd gv. Th d h fg f wd g f dm hdg gvm b f v dd f b mgm d p. Th, pd, w d mg h hg hgh v f fg vm. B hd w gv gy b hw d mg k d vby, d h vd z h h d phy wd b xmy pdb. A vy f w h d hq hv b d b dd vby d k, dg dgm d m pv kd f f gv. L dgm, php, b h f f dy d f k d d b pfm. Ad fy, h f -bd mgm v h p w dd h qd d (d p) f h dd m d f ff, h h p gd f h f gwh. B bk b f, d hgh m f h bk d d y f why h wd dvpm g mvd fm djm h w pdgm, h f hp h w ym k d d h f. Th jy f f h w w h d f h djm w f d, bffg d m, h y. I y h p f f h b m mpx (p. 191). Th f kd f f h My f h m vvd h p f fg whp, mgg k d dvpg gb dd m mbv b h g d h b mp h dp hm (p. 191). Th d f f pfm: my f h hq mpy dvg wh hy pm. Owhp fdg hd, w dd bgg h xpd v, wh k d vby m fm d mhg f f d. R-bd mgm dgd f pmy d f d, m pfy, h vg pb, h bm b wh mg h mmb, phg dvpm gv g xm d

139 COMPTES RENDUS 335 ffvy fmg dvpm fm ymb p y f v (p. 207). O f h v h h mb f pp vg b pvy h b hvd h p w dd. If w d m f wh w hv b dg, h y g, pvy b dd by Th m d h fhmg Sb Dvpm G d pd fqy d hy by Wd Bk Pd Jm Yg Km. I h v pvy h dd v h p 20 y, hk my mpvm Ch d Id. B h mb f pp vg b pvy h hgd 35 y, d my p pvy h xpdd d dpd. B y h Wh h dby f xp m phd wd pdy, ff pd p v h m pmg f... w g h hy h hy gh fy bd, d w w fd v bk wh w d: dyg h f f dvpm f d yg fg wh g x (p. 208). If y k mpx h f pb h, p my d pb mgm, vd wh p k h -wk hy, h bk f y. If y d, Jq B h h gh hd y. Th hv, mphv, mp, d h d, dpg bk b hw gb dvpm f d wh f h g d m b pbm f m: vy w. I Sm Ow-bd dvpm d h. H bk Fdm Fm W, Bd h S d Dmd.

140 336 BOOK REVIEWS Ov h Cff? Ag Nw Avd Nw Bwk Bkpy By RICHARD SAILLANT. Cd: Cd I f Rh Pb Py d Pb Adm, Pp. x, 179, bbgph f, dx. I hd fd gd bk Nw Bwk p d my. Sm, k Jq P dy h f Bd Ld Th Rgh Fgh, d gh h pv g, p, d h. B fw f xvy h wd f Dm hgg v h hd f Nw Bwk gdg h p m k. I h 2006 bk Vg Gdhd: Em Dvpm h Mm, Dd Sv hghghd hg ddvpm h Mm. I 2010, UNB Ch Rhd C v d Nw Bwk fd pv. I h ym f f y d wg pp f f dmp h Rhd S mk h my b Ov h Cff? Ag Nw Avd Nw Bwk Bkpy, h f m f h CIRPPPA w Rm Lb S pb py. Pbhd y 2014, h bk ff dqg y f h f Nw Bwk pb f. Ag h bkdp f gyg pp, pyzg db, pfg pb pdg (h m pdg gy pp p. 134), mg b f, d fw p p m, S w f p dyp f whh Ow my hv mp g gdhp f h pv f v. O, h w, Ow mgh mp hh m p h pv dg h pv fm fwg Nw Bwk fp. F h dbg h hh md, S vk mp wh m mdw G, Pg d Iy. Th bk w v y dd f bd mp. S h h mk h. I hv dd h bk wh ghb, fw pg p, b, d d fy, d v h Pm f Nw Bwk wh w m yg (h hd d ). Th bk y g, v d g, d w-dvpd p f d d y. Chp xm Nw Bwk f by, dmgph, pb pdg, gwh pp, d fd f. A p gh f h bk f hp, whh ff py p g d b md. I h, h bk ppv y. I hv v q b h bk.

141 COMPTES RENDUS 337 F, wh S wk y wh h md Dd Sv h CIRPPPA h Uv d M, I w pd h dd xp m dpy h p f m pp gy wv Sv xp f ymm fd-pv m Pg Ag Gvy, d h wk k Hgh Thb P Nw Bwk. My hv gd h Nw Bwk mpvhm fv f fdm xb d pp f g m dpy whh ff pv dpdy fd. Sh x wd hv b v. Sd, S xm Nw Bwk gg pp, fg bh, d b f xd f h pv dmgph d b h d p bg h by h k f Mh H f Uvy f Nw Bwk Em dpm, wh d mg d d, hg h y yg pp, h Nw Bwk, b, hwv, h, whv hy d, hy w d h (CBC, Spmb 11, 2014). Nh d h f h Uvy f Nw Bwk Td MDd wh, 2002, w xvy mmg d h, P M bk Bkw: Nv S Em D, whh p m f m w. Thd, d f dy p, I hpd h bk wd yz Nw Bwk ym f ff bgm hgh m fm f -bf -ffv y. Gv h g p f, v Nw Bwk, m k pvdg gvm v w gg, dy f hh d d v, d p m bf hgh gb m wd hv b vb. Sy, I hpd h y mgh q bgm yy d. Id, S d-p, g h m pvd gh wg dg wh m gm f g bk h hd-w g f pgv (p. 8). Fh, I d wh gv v h wh m bgm xy h w ffd g f f (p. 8). Obvy S kw h dvv d h dvy f f my b d dv m ff bgm. I hm bvy S md; h d h bk by g, bgm bm f Nw Bwk f m, h mp vd gg h bgm mk g m d b pv, d bgm p f h, h pbm (p. 149). B by dg h h y fh h bk bk-d, S m h pw f h h pw f y, hby wg h m f bgm d g.

142 338 BOOK REVIEWS Fh, I fd w p f h bk dg wh p mp q g. S d h dv f pw f Cd p ym (pp ). Dp h pv hvg mpy, hwv, Ow k dd h by dgg pgm fdg b. Wh m pv h v, wy f jd p, p f vw hm pp f f qd p q. F xmp, wh Nw Bwk ppd fd ff g 2009, 2014 ppd h d wh Ow d h A g ff S Jh. B, h m m, S h g d f p vm fv dmhd f Ow, pv mpwm d d- f pgm. Th mp f h dmhd fd v, S g, w f Nw Bwk hk g g w v. A g S dv gdg g wy fm h f ff. Wh qz, wg gwh, d pgm pdg m hv wkd h p, S g h Nw Bwk dkg f pp m hy ff mvg fwd. Id, h bv h g b f f w ddy q dm d b pb pdg, wh my g v hgh hgh x d m gwh. Th pbm, hwv, h g pgm fdg, hkg x, d f gdg x d pb Nw Bwk. Wh S g fv f y dbg h f g xp hdg h b pm f gwg h pv v, pv ggg fd d d pd wh h. Ufy, h h y w, fy b, d pp S ff. I jyd h bk, d I v f Nw Bwk m hg. I bv S wk gh b qd dg f Nw Bwk d hd b pmd y f m, -dpd jd d h wd. Up mpg h bk I f mwh dpd b wh h f my hd f my pv, b h m m pm h S bk mgh hp hg d f h b. Rjv Vgp h P S d Pb Adm S Thm Uvy d h Uvy f Nw Bwk.

143 COMPTES RENDUS 339 Th I Hdbk f Pb F Mgm Edd by RICHARD ALLEN, RICHARD HEMMING, d BARRY H. POTTER. Nw Yk: Pgv Mm, Pp. x, 850, m dx, bj dx. Th d f h hdbk m h pj bg mp mphv ypd f pb f mgm b h pj pvd. I dff hw h ypd wd hv dffd by fm h hdbk hy hv pbhd. Th x 38 hp d vv b by h h d p 35 h h d -h. Idg h dy, h x d h dx, h bk w v 900 pg d md bh g d d p f mgm. M f h b h wk m dvd wh m dm bkgd wh hd hv hd dm p v v. M b hv hd p v gvm d hv g xp. Am hf hv wkd f h I My Fd (IMF), m my f h Wd Bk d g mb f h Og f Em C-p d Dvpm (OECD). A h d p, my f h h hv hv hd h ff mmb (p fm) xp dv wh h Wd Bk IMF. A w, my f h h hv d dv d h xp... dz f dvpg... (p. 11). M b m fm h Egh-pkg wd, py h US, h UK, A d Nw Zd. A fw fm Ch d h, b bd Cd. Oy b bgphy mk y f Cd d h dvd wkd y bfy f h fd Dpm f F h I h b y mv mhy bk d fh bw v d gvm d g Cd h h? Th hdbk b pb f mgm dvpd d dvpg d h wd d, py, b dg h f k h b h. Pb f mgm f wh gvm f mb d bzg f p. I q h ghg f w h dvpm f ppp m d f p. I b h w, gz, ym d pd vb

144 340 BOOK REVIEWS gvm wg d ffvy, ffy d py. I d x d h v, bwg d db mgm, b m f xpd mgm d bdgg. F my f h b, h k md m dff by, h wd f h d, p d h d dmz d-mkg p hgh wd pb pp... T h d, h g my h p by whh p f ppy bdgg b dv f by p p gp d h fgm f h bdg p, py f d mkg, d ff dvy f b v (p. 8). Th g f h hdbk h f f vv: f by, bd bdg, dy dg v f pb db, h ff dvy f pb v, d ff b xpdg x v. Th bk hp dvdd x vg v fd f pb f mgm. Wh h d g fmwk, p d bhg mm fmwk, h p my f f, h g fmwk, mpm f f h py d, h f g, h f f g k m f f, d f mgm ym. I h h d h f, h hdbk d wh h vg d f f bdg d h m f x xpd, h bdg p, xpd fmwk, pfm bdgg, f fdm d gvm f. Th x d wh bdg mpm d d hp pm, py mgm, h y f, d, d xbdgy fd. Th mgg gvm v h pvd hp -wb v h h p f fd d h f gvg hw h v hdd. Ab md h gd, b h md jd Nwy d Gvm P Fd Gb. Th bk h bj h x wh d wh vg wh fd. Oh hp d wh v fg d dm, x dg, m dm, hg, d fg d. Th by d mgm d hp f k, -db b k Cd mmm v md, b h, db d h mgm, d -wd p. Of p h hp pb-pv php (3P), whh mk h h v f 3P pj xmy dff p...h h d d b wdd by p, h 3P p f k h

145 COMPTES RENDUS 341 dff mg d mg d h hy my ff w pp f p d f mmgm... (p. 587). Th f f h hdbk, dg wh pg d vgh, d f py, pg dd d p, fm ym, d x d. Th hp g dd h hd p g h hy g, dy Nw Pb Mgm (NPM) d m h h mj dv f g gvm gp f dvpd h Bh Cmmwh A, Cd, Nw Zd d h UK. Th f hp f h d f h bk d wh h f dpd f g h ppd dpz f py d mkg. Th g hv xd h f mb f y, b Cd h Pmy Bdg Off vy w h h b m wh db vy. Th hdbk ky b d by my pp fm v v. I pp, hgh y y, d h ggd wkg d wh dvpg. Lk ypd h f bk, m d w dv h hp h m v hm d w gy g f h bk d f h p. Th hdbk hghy ppv d f hd mpyd, hd d h d h. I hvy d gvm h v, d h y fw hp h hd mh gh, pv, g gvm p. M h d dgh y ym wy bw fd d y gvm, d fw f h h fm y dpy mp wh h dpd f b- gvm. Cd pv md, f, y wh hy pvd xmp f pf pph m p f f mgm. A f gvm, hy d fg pmy h bk v hgh m f hm pb f g m f my d pvd v m f pp. Smy, v p h bk, f md dff bw fph pph d gph pph pb f mgm. Hwv, h ff d bw h w yp f ym, d h vdg fmwk hghgh h dff. Th v h hdbk m b h mm mphm h k h d p gh d d wh bd g f bj d h b f pb f mgm. Th hdbk d k y m/g pdgm h f d k g xbk d mm

146 342 BOOK REVIEWS m mwh mp d ıv. If y h p d h g pp wd k h d k dv, h h gvm wd hv bd bdg, d w wd hv pp my. Fy f h g d, y y d h v h p g mhm q f jg. A m, hgh, h hdbk mpy h bd-bh pph h f k y fyg p v mb f v hd m. Y kw h pp dw h, b y v y g kw vy mh b wh y f h k m y f h pp b h, hp d dm. Jm A. MA y hg h Sh f Pb Py d Adm Yk Uvy. H w pvy mpyd by h O My f F.

147 Ifm f bb Cd Pb Adm pbhd f p y. I bp p f 2015 : P & O: US$507 (US), US$545 (d R f Wd), 353 (Ep), 280 (UK). P xv f x. A- Pf GST, Cd GST d Ep VAT w b ppd h ppp. F m fm x, p g Th p d h d bk f Jy , wh vb. F h pg p, dg fm d m d d, p v Ifm x b Adm pbq d Cd pb q f p. L f d bm p 2015 : Impm g US$507 ( E.-U.), US$545 ( d md), 353 (Ep), 280 (R.-U.). L px mp p x. L TPS d, TPS d z A-Pfq TVA p j f pv d dmd. P d fm j d x x ppq x b v, vz L px è x fm g, hv jq 1 jv P fm px, p bm, v, z J Cm Sv: F dg fm, m d y qy g y j bp p g y ff. Am: Em: [email protected]; T: ( f h USA & Cd). Ep, Mdd E d Af: Em: [email protected]; T: +44 (0) A Pf: Em: [email protected]; T: Jp: F Jp pkg pp, Em: [email protected]; T: T (-f): V O Cm Hp vb 7 gg Sv x b d Rv : P mm mmd, m dmd d gm v v bm, vz wyby.m/pp b p pph. N v d dpb 7 g. R.U.: C: [email protected];.: +44 (0) ;.: +44 (0) ; E.-U.: C: [email protected];.: ( f x E.-U. Cd); A: C: [email protected];.: Dvy Tm d Lg T: Wh h bp p d p d dvy h p dd, dvy m Dvd P (DAP); h p pb f pyg y mp dy x. T f FOB hppg p, fgh ppd. W w dv ff m f mg dmgd p wh x mh f pb, wh b d d bj vby. Cd d v jdq : L px mpd v d v mpm d d d. L d d v «Rd d d v (DAP)»; d pb d pm d f d mp. L jdq f b mm db v. N ff d d x m xmp mq dmmg d x m q v pb, jg b v d dpb. Bk : Sg fm d vm vb h g p fm [email protected]. E my b bd fm Pd Sv Cmpy, 351 Fvw Av S 300, Hd, NY 12534, USA. T: , Fx: , Em: [email protected] A m : A m : L m dvd d vm dpb f vg p m dvd [email protected]. P b d m, pè d d Pd Sv Cmpy, 351 Fvw Av S 300, Hd, NY 12534, USA. T: , Fx: , C: [email protected] Mg: Cd Pb Adm/Adm pbq d Cd md Sdd R. Mg h f h wd by IMEX (I M Exp). Cd m by Cd pb m gm mb POSTMASTER: Sd dd hg Cd Pb Adm/Adm pbq d Cd, J Cm Sv, Jh Wy & S I., 350 M S., Md, MA Ev : Adm pbq d Cd/ Cd Pb Adm vy p p f m. L v d d md f p IMEX (I M Exp). L v d f v d d d v d pb d m MA^ITRE DE POSTE: Evy hgm d d Adm pbq d Cd/ Cd Pb Adm, J Cm Sv, Jh Wy & S I., 350 M S., Md, MA A h j vb f wh h dvpg wd hgh h AGORA v wh h FAO, h HINARI v wh h WHO d h OARE v wh UNEP. F fm, v

148 Cpygh d Cpyg VC 2015 Th I f Pb Adm f Cd/L I d dm pbq d Cd. A gh vd. N p f h pb my b pdd, d md y fm by y m wh h p pm wg fm h pygh hd. Ahz py m f d p gd by h pygh hd f b d h gd wh h Rpd Rgh Og (RRO),.g. Cpygh C C (CCC), 222 Rwd Dv, Dv, MA 01923, USA ( pvdd h ppp f pd dy h RRO. Th d xd h kd f pyg h pyg f g db, f dvg pm pp, f g w v wk f. Sp q hd b ddd : [email protected] D d p VC 2015 L I d dm pbq d Cd/Th I f Pb Adm f Cd. T d v. A p d p pb p ^ pd, m mm m d qq fç q p qq my q pb d p p d d dd. L d d d d d d p d g p x bbhè q g pè d gm d d d pd (Rpd Rgh Og (RRO)), p.x., Cpygh C C (CCC), 222 Rwd Dv, Dv, MA 01923, USA ( d q d ppp py dm RRO. C m p d yp d php mm php d f d db g, d pb d pm, p d v v v p v. L dmd p dv ^ vy : [email protected] O A: Th j vb Wy O Lby. V h h d g f b f -m. ISSN (P) ISSN (O) F bm, bp d h fm v: Aè g : C v dpb g Wy O Lby. C p hh dmd v d b d mè. ISSN (mp) ISSN ( g) P pd d m, bm fm, vz z Cd Pb Adm p f Op A pb. P v hp://b.wy.m/wycda/s/d hm f fh fm b OOp Pd Ed: Mhmmd Hd Md Sh (m: [email protected]). Advg: K MChy (m: [email protected]). Pd Pg Pd Hbk, NJ d dd ff. Pm: Sd dd hg Cd Pb Adm, Jh Wy & S I., C/O Th Shd P, PO Bx 465, Hv, PA Wy Cp Czhp v k dd h vm,, m, d h hg fd b d whh mp dv khd gp. S hg h v, w hv fd hg wh h d, hg mmy phhpy, dg b mp, g gb gd d b p f pp, bhg vd d f h, d ggg g d h khd ff. Fw pg L v d y d p d Wy v v df vmx, x, mq hq d p q mp p dvgp d ^. Dp m d v, v m pg d v x d b, m phhp mm, d mp d b, b d g d d m pq p d pp, d d hq d f, gg èg d d ff. Svz pgè Dm: Th Pbh, h I f Pb Adm f Cd, d h Ed() b hd pb f y q g fm h f fm d h j; h vw d p xpd d y f h f h Pbh, h I f Pb Adm f Cd, d h Ed(), h d h pb f dvm y dm by h Pbh, h I f Pb Adm f Cd, d h Ed() f h pd dvd. Rj d pb :L Ed, I d dm pbq d Cd, d pv p ^ pb d d q d d d fm d v; p d v p xpm fè p m x d Ed, I d dm pbq d Cd, x d d, pb d pb d p d Ed, I d dm pbq d Cd, d d pg d pd. Shd Gp Pd h USA by Th Shd Gp

149 Sv Tm d L h Rh Cm Y Sg p f w f f y fv j: B h f d Ey Vw G fd f Apd A wh hy pp Rv b f d h m w pbhd Nv m h! Fw h 3 y p g f : Lg Wy O Lby. If y dy gd, y y pf f f. S G Nw C A fm J T h p f m y j pg v h Pb pg vw. Sbm y pf d y d. Y w w v m wh w f h j pbh wyby.m

150 D S J f Ivv Ed Th pp g,, h, pmp, d pp h g-m gwh f h j d h. Ch S. Sk, Ed I f Fd Thg By mbg x m v d g vw f h pbhg mk, hy hv bd f y m g... Jy Bwm, V Pd f Cmm xhg.wy.m/ Vy C Phgy I b mpd wh bh h dy--dy mgm, dg f qy, d g-m pg. W k fwd g hp f my y K M. Yg, Ed--Chf

151 Gvg h Nw. Chg dy vm f pb dm b hgg. Jy wh f v b gvg h w. Ag 2 26 h, 2015 Hfx M Hbf H Gv d Mm. T v d x d 'dm pbq p ê xg. Ampgz- d v fç d gv d mm. D 2 26 û 2015 Hô Hfx M Hbf INITIATE. INTEGRATE. INNOVATE. INVITER. INTÉGRER. INNOVER.

152 Cd Pb Adm Adm pbq d Cd j j 2015 vm 58 mb mé 2 mmm d p mém d d p g gx D. Sv/205 L f pbq d pd pè P. W/227 M C Advy Cmm d h Hp gvm B. Ev/249 A -gvm py bg hd? H. Sph Ag Nw Pb Gv J. MCgh/271 Rfg h : Dkg w F K. Fhbkhh N O J. Lv/295 Ngg b, vgg h mz: J. Kf F N pp xp f A. Bw md S. Mh J. O N S. S K. BSky J. Ly/315 Cv Ahy Bd mp d py mpm 333 bk vw mp d