Ch 7-1. Object-Oriented Programming and Classes

Transcription

1 Ch 7-1. Object-Oriented Programming and Classes May 10, 2014 Advanced Networking Technology Lab. (YU-ANTL) Dept. of Information & Comm. Eng, Graduate School, Yeungnam University, KOREA (Tel : ; Fax : ytkim@yu.ac.kr)

2 Outline Classes Object-Oriented Programming Concept Defining, member functions Public and private members Accessor and mutator functions Structures vs. classes ch

3 Major Considerations in Large-scale Software System Developments Procedure of Design, Development and Maintenance of Large-Scale Software Requirements analysis Software design Unit testing Component testing System testing Maintenance Major Considerations Clear unit/component/sub-system interface Stability of unit/component/sub-system Easy modification/update of unit/component/sub-system without great impact on other parts Easy employment of new technology for unit/component/sub-system ch

4 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Object-Oriented Programming Object-oriented programming (OOP) (객체 지향형 프로그래밍) an approach to designing modular, reusable software systems a programming paradigm that represents the concept of "objects" that have data fields (attributes that describe the object) and associated procedures known as methods Objects, which are usually instances of classes, are used to interact with one another to design applications and computer programs Goals of object-oriented programming : Increased understanding: rather than talking about database tables and programming subroutines, the developer talks about things the user is familiar with: objects from their application domain Ease of maintenance and adoption of new technologies by the use of encapsulation and information hiding Ease of evolution by the use of inheritance and polymorphism ch

5 Similar to structures Classes Not only, just member data But also, adds member functions Integral to object-oriented programming Focus on objects Object: Contains data and operations Class: mold (주형 형틀, 거푸집) to instantiate an object In C++, variables of class type are objects ch

6 Class Definitions Defined similar to structures Example: class DayOfYear // name of new class type { public: // access specifier void output(); // member function int month; // data member int day; // data member }; Notice only member function s prototype Function s implementation is elsewhere ch

7 Declaring Objects Declared same as all variables Predefined types, structure types Example: DayOfYear today, birthday; Declares two objects of class type DayOfYear Objects include: Data (attribute) Members: month, day Operations (member functions) output() ch

8 Class Member Access Members accessed same as structures Example: today.month today.day And to access member function: today.output(); Invokes member function ch

9 Class Member Functions Must define or "implement" class member functions Like other function definitions Can be after main() definition Must specify class: void DayOfYear::output() { } :: is scope resolution operator Instructs compiler "what class" member is from Item before :: called type qualifier ch

10 Class Member Functions Definition Notice output() member function s definition (in next example) Refers to member data of class No qualifiers Function used for all objects of the class Will refer to "that object s" data when invoked Example: today.output(); Displays "today" object s data ch

11 Complete Class Example: Display 6.3 Class With a Member Function (1 of 4) ch

12 Display 6.3 Class With a Member Function (2 of 4) ch

13 Display 6.3 Class With a Member Function (3 of 4) ch

14 Display 6.3 Class With a Member Function (4 of 4) ch

15 Dot (.) operator and Scope Resolution (::) Operator Used to specify "of what thing" they are members Dot operator (.) : Specifies member of particular object Scope resolution operator (::) Specifies what class the function definition comes from class DayOfYear { public: // access specifier void output(); // member function int month; // data member int day; // data member }; DayOfYear today; today.year = 2014; today.month = 5; DayOfYear::output() { } ch

16 A Class s Place Class is full-fledged type! Just like data types int, double, etc. Can have variables of a class type We simply call them "objects" Can have parameters of a class type Pass-by-value Pass-by-reference Can use class type like any other type! ch

17 Encapsulation Any data type includes Data (range of data) Operations (that can be performed on data) Example: int data type has: Data: +-32,767 Operations: +,-,*,/,%, logical, etc. Same with classes But WE specify data, and the operations to be allowed on our data! ch

18 Abstract Data Type (ADT) "Abstract" Programmers don t know details Abbreviated "ADT" Collection of data values together with set of basic operations defined for the values ADT s often "language-independent" We implement ADT s in C++ with classes C++ class "defines" the ADT Other languages implement ADT s as well ch

19 Encapsulation More on Encapsulation Means "bringing together as one" Declare a class get an object Object is "encapsulation" of Data values (attributes) Operations on the data (member functions) ch

20 Encapsulation Principles of OOP Bring together data and operations, but keep "details" hidden Information Hiding Details of its implementations and its operations work not known to "user" of class Data Abstraction Details of how data is manipulated within ADT/class not known to user ch

21 Encapsulation in Object Encapsulation and protection of private data Object outside program interface to outside Friend Functions - cin >> // standard input - cout << // standard output Public Member Functions - get() // read with validity check - set() // write with validity check Private Member Functions - house keeping Private Data Members ch

22 Public and Private Members Data in class almost always designated private in definition! Upholds principles of OOP Hide data from user Allow manipulation only via operations Which are member functions Public items (usually member functions) are "user-accessible" ch

23 Public and Private Example Modify previous example: class DayOfYear { public: void input(); void output(); private: int month; int day; }; Data now private Objects have no direct access ch

24 Public and Private Example 2 Given previous example Declare object: DayOfYear today; Object today can ONLY access public members cin >> today.month; // NOT ALLOWED! cout << today.day; // NOT ALLOWED! Must instead call public operations: today.input(); today.output(); ch

25 Public and Private Style Typically place public first Allows easy viewing of portions that can be USED by programmers using the class Private data is "hidden", so irrelevant to users Can mix and match public and private Outside of class definition, cannot change (or even access) private data ch

26 Accessor and Mutator Functions Object needs to "do something" with its data Accessor member functions Allow object to read data Also called "get member functions" Simple retrieval of member data Mutator member functions Allow object to change data Manipulated based on application Set member functions ch

27 // Display 6.4 Class with Private Members #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> using namespace std; class DayOfYear { public: void input( ); void output( ); void set(int newmonth, int newday); //Precondition: newmonth and newday form a possible date. void set(int newmonth); //Precondition: 1 <= newmonth <= 12 //Postcondition: The date is set to the first day of the given month. int getmonthnumber( ); //Returns 1 for January, 2 for February, etc. int getday( ); private: int month; int day; }; ch

28 int main( ) { DayOfYear today, bachbirthday; cout << "Enter today's date: n"; today.input( ); cout << "Today's date is "; today.output( ); cout << endl; bachbirthday.set(3, 21); cout << "J. S. Bach's birthday is "; bachbirthday.output( ); cout << endl; if ( today.getmonthnumber( ) == bachbirthday.getmonthnumber( ) && today.getday( ) == bachbirthday.getday( ) ) cout << "Happy Birthday Johann Sebastian! n"; else cout << "Happy Unbirthday Johann Sebastian! n"; } return 0; ch

29 //Uses iostream and cstdlib: void DayOfYear::set(int newmonth, int newday) { if ((newmonth >= 1) && (newmonth <= 12)) month = newmonth; else { cout << "Illegal month value! Program aborted. n"; exit(1); } if ((newday >= 1) && (newday <= 31)) day = newday; else { cout << "Illegal day value! Program aborted. n"; } } exit(1); //Uses iostream and cstdlib: void DayOfYear::set(int newmonth) { if ((newmonth >= 1) && (newmonth <= 12)) month = newmonth; else { cout << "Illegal month value! Program aborted. n"; } exit(1); } day = 1; ch

30 int DayOfYear::getMonthNumber( ) { return month; } int DayOfYear::getDay( ) { return day; } //Uses iostream and cstdlib: void DayOfYear::input( ) { cout << "Enter the month as a number: "; cin >> month; cout << "Enter the day of the month: "; cin >> day; if ((month < 1) (month > 12) (day < 1) (day > 31)) { cout << "Illegal date! Program aborted. n"; exit(1); } } ch

31 void DayOfYear::output( ) { switch (month) { case 1: cout << "January "; break; case 2: cout << "February "; break; case 3: cout << "March "; break; case 4: cout << "April "; break; case 5: cout << "May "; break; case 6: cout << "June "; break; case 7: cout << "July "; break; case 8: cout << "August "; break; case 9: cout << "September "; break; case 10: cout << "October "; break; case 11: cout << "November "; break; case 12: cout << "December "; break; default: cout << "Error in DayOfYear::output. Contact software vendor."; } // end switch } cout << day; ch

32 Separation of Interface and Implementation User of class need not see details of how class is implemented Principle of OOP encapsulation User only needs "rules" Called "interface" for the class In C++ public member functions and associated comments Implementation of class is hidden Member function definitions elsewhere User need not see them ch

33 Structures Typically all members public No member functions Structures vs. Classes Classes Typically all data members private Interface member functions public Technically, same Perceptionally, very different mechanisms ch

34 Thinking Objects Focus for programming changes Before algorithms center stage Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) data is focus Algorithms still exist They simply focus on their data Are "made" to "fit" the data Designing software solution Define variety of objects and how they interact ch

35 Summary Structure is collection of different types Class used to combine data and functions into single unit -> object Member variables and member functions Can be public accessed outside class Can be private accessed only in a member function s definition Class and structure types can be formal parameters to functions ch

36 C++ class definition Summary Should separate two key parts Interface: what user needs Implementation: details of how class works ch

37 Homework Structure of planets in the solar system. Each planet has following information: Name : a character string of less than 10 characters Relative-Mass : double type value of mass relative to Earth Distance from sun : double type value of mean distance from sun in [10 6 Km] 1) Design a structure for a planet with the information of planets. struct Planet { char name[10]; double relativemass; double distance; }; ch

38 2) Using the structure designed above, make an array Planet solar_planet[9], and initialize the array from an input file solar_planet.dat which contains following data : Name of Planet Relative Mass Distance from Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto ) Using the solar_planet[ ] array, make a sorted list of solar planets in non-decreasing order of relative mass. Output the result to sortedsolarplanet.dat in the same format of input file. 4) Using the solar_planet[ ] array, make a sorted list of solar planets in non-decreasing order of distance from Sun. Output the result to sortedsolarplanet.dat in the same format of input file. 5) Using the solar_planet[ ] array, make a sorted list of solar planets in non-decreasing order of name of planet. Output the result to sortedsolarplanet.dat in the same format of input file. ch

39 7-1.2 Write a header file Class_Planet.h with a class Planet with following members: (1) Private Data members:. name: a character string of less than 10 characters. relativemass: double type value of mass relative to Earth. distance: double type value of mean distance from sun in [10 6 Km] (2) Public methods:. constructor: constructs the object instance of Planet with given arguments. destructor: destructs the object instance of Planet. print(): printout the name, relative mass and distance of the planet object. setname(): set name that truncate the name if the length is longer than 10 characters. setrelmass(): set relative mass when the passed value is greater than 0 and less than 100; otherwise the value is set to 0. setdist(): set distance when the passed value is greater than 0 and less than 10,000.. getname(): returns the name of the planet. getrelmass(): returns the relative distance. getdistance(): returns the distance ch

40 7-1.3 Write a header file SolarSystem.h that includes Class_Planet.h and contains a class SolarSystem with following members: (1) Private Data members:. planets: array of planet object instances (2) Public methods:. constructor: constructs the object instance of SolarSystem. destructor: destructs the object instance of SolarSystem. addplanet: create a new planet with given parameters for the planet. deleteplanet: delete a planet with the given planet name. sortplanetsbyname(): sort the planets in the solar system in the nondecreasing order of name. sortbyrelmass(): sort the planets in the solar system in the nondecreasing order of relative mass. sortbydistance():sort the planets in the solar system in the nondecreasing order of distance. print(): print outs the ordered list of planets in the solar system ch

41 7-1.4 Write a solarsystem.cpp that includes the header file Class_Planet.h and solarsystem.h. (1) This program reads in solarsystem.dat file to create & initialize the solar system. (2) It prints out the sorted list of planets in the solar system: i) in non-decreasing order of name, ii) in non-decreasing order of relative mass, iii) in non-decreasing order of distance. (3) Contents of solarsystem.dat file Name of Planet Relative Mass Distance from Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto ch