Database Processing 11 th Edition

Transcription

1 Database Processing 11 th Edition David M. Kroenke and David J. Auer Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g

2 Executive Editor: Bob Horan Editorial Director: Sally Yagan AVP/Editor-in-Chief: Eric Svendsen Assistant Editor: Kelly Loftus Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Anne Fahlgren Marketing Assistant: Susan Osterlitz Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Kelly Warsak Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Design Director: Christy Mahon Cover and Interior Design: Karen Quigley Manager, Rights and Permissions: Charles Morris Manager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions: Karen Sanatar Cover Illustration: Stockbyte/Veer/Corbis Media Director: Lisa Rinaldi Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Jennifer Welsch/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Quebecor World-Versailles Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Text Font: 10/12 Kepler MM Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. MySQL, the MySQL GUI Tools (MySQL Query Brower and MySQL Administrator ), the MySQL Command Line Client, and MySQL Workbench are registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S.A and other countries. Screenshots and icons reprinted with permission of Sun Microsystems, Inc. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with Sun Microsystems. Eclipse and The Eclipse PHP Development Tools (PDT) Project are trademarks of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. The Eclipse platform is copyright Eclipse copyright holders and others, 2000, Screenshots reprinted under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0 available at This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. PHP is copyright The PHP Group , and is used under the terms of the PHP Public License v3.01 available at This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with The PHP Group. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Copyright 2010, 2006, 2004, 2000, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kroenke, David. Database processing: fundamentals, design, and implementation/david M. Kroenke, David J. Auer. 11th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (casebound : alk. paper) 1. Database management. I. Auer, David J. II. Title. QA76.9.D3K dc ISBN 10: ISBN 13:

3 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g Chapter Objectives To be able to install Oracle Database 11g and create a database. To be able to use Oracle Database 11g s Web-based Database Control Enterprise Manager utility. To be able to use Oracle Database 11g s graphical utilities. To be able to create and use Oracle Database 11g namespaces. To be able to submit both SQL DDL and DML via the SQL Developer. To understand the purpose and role of stored procedures and learn how to create simple stored procedures. To understand the purpose and role of triggers and learn how to create simple stored procedures. To understand how Oracle Database 11g implements concurrency control. To understand the fundamental features of Oracle Database 11g backup and recovery facilities. This chapter describes the basic features and functions of Oracle Database 11g. The discussion uses the View Ridge Gallery database from Chapter 7, and it parallels the discussion of the database administration tasks in Chapter 9. The presentation is similar in scope and orientation to that for SQL Server 2008 in Chapter 10 and for MySQL in Chapter 10B. However, among the DBMS products we are discussing, Oracle Database 11g is the proverbial horse of a different color, we will have to rearrange our discussion of the topics we cover. Specifically, we will have 10A-1

4 10A-2 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing to discuss the creation of user accounts early in the chapter, and show how users are linked to Oracle database namespaces. Oracle is a powerful and robust DBMS that runs on many different operating systems, including Windows 2000, Windows XP, several variations of UNIX, a number of mainframe operating systems, and Linux. It is a very popular DBMS, and it has a long history of development and use. Oracle exposes much of its technology to the developer; consequently, it can be tuned and tailored in many ways. All of this means, however, that Oracle can be difficult to install and daunting to learn. A gauge of Oracle s breadth is that one of the most popular references, Oracle Database 11g: The Complete Reference by Kevin Loney, 1 is more than 890 pages long, but it does not contain everything about Oracle. Moreover, techniques that work with a version of Oracle on one operating system may need to be altered when working with a version on a different operating system. You will need to be patient with Oracle and with yourself and not expect to master this subject overnight. The Oracle program suite has many configurations. To start, there are different versions of Oracle Database 11g. It addition, there are Forms and Reports, Oracle Designer, and a host of tools for publishing Oracle databases on the Web. For an overview of these products, go to the Oracle Web site Products and Services page at Add to this the need for Oracle s products to operate on many different operating systems and over networks using several different communication protocols and you can see why it is so difficult to learn. Installing Oracle Database 11g Oracle Database 11g (Oracle 11g) is an enterprise-class DBMS that has been around for many years. In 2001, Oracle 9i was released, followed by Oracle 10g (with g for grid, a reference to grid computing 2 ), and Oracle 11g became available in Oracle 11g is available in several versions, which can be reviewed at the Oracle Database 11g Web site ( product_editions.html). For our purposes, there are five editions we need to be aware of: Enterprise Edition. The most powerful and feature-laden version of Oracle 11g. This version handles as many CPUs and memory as the computer s operating system will support. It has full Data Warehouse Builder features. In addition, OLAP and data mining options are available. Standard Edition. This is the basic commercial version of Oracle 11g. It does not have the complete feature set of the Enterprise edition. It can support up to four CPUs and includes only limited data warehouse capabilities. Standard Edition One. This is a variant of the basic commercial version. It supports only two CPUs and has the same limited data warehouse capabilities of the Standard Edition. 1 Loney, Kevin, Oracle Database 11g: The Complete Reference (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009). 2 For more information on grid computing, see the Wikipedia article at Grid_computing. For information on Oracle grid computing, see and

5 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-3 Express Edition 10g. This is a free downloadable version based on Oracle Database 10g. It has limited features: it supports only one CPU, it has 1 GByte of memory, and the maximum database size is only 4 GByte. Despite its limitations, it is a great learning tool (and did we mention that it s free?). Personal Edition. Although not shown on the Web page referenced on the previous page, a Personal Edition is available only for Windows operating systems. It is intended for single-user use by a developer. It has nearly all the features of the Enterprise Edition. Figure 10A-1 The Oracle Express Edition was introduced with Oracle Database 10g, and it remains based on that version. The Oracle Express Edition, like the SQL Server Express Editions, seems to be designed to compete with MySQL (see Chapter 10B). MySQL, although not having as many features as Oracle Database 11g or SQL Server 2008, is an open-source database that has had the advantage of being available for free via download over the Internet. It has become widely used and very popular as a DBMS, supporting Web sites running the Apache Web server. Be aware that Oracle Database 11g is an enterprise-class DBMS, and, as such, is much more complex than Microsoft Access. Further, the basic DBMS product does not include application development tools, such as form and report generators. This text is available with a shrink-wrapped copy of Oracle Database 11g Personal Edition (i.e., a Developer License), and if you purchased that version of the text, you will be able to install Oracle from the included DVD. Regardless of which version of Oracle Database 11g you are going to use, you should install it now. If your computer is set up to get an IP number from a DHCP server (which is typical of high speed internet connections), then you must install a loopback adapter, which assigns a local and fixed IP address to your computer, before installing Oracle Database 11g. See the Oracle installation documentation for your operating system at oracle.com/pls/db111/homepage. If you are using the developer edition of Oracle Database 11g packaged with this book, see the Microsoft operating system instructions in the preinstallation requirements section at reqs.htm#babbdgbi." The Oracle documentation refers to using Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) to install Oracle Database 11g. The OUI is itself installed as part of the installation process in fact, it is the first thing installed. Figure 10A-1 shows the OUI after it has been installed and is starting the actual installation of Oracle Database 11g. After the installation process is complete, the The Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) The Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) installing Oracle Database 11g using the Basic installation A database named orcl will be created during the installation process You must enter a password this same password will be used by SYS, SYSTEM, SYSMAN, and DBSNMP user accounts The Next button it will be available after the password is entered

6 10A-4 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing Figure 10A-2 The Database Configuration Assistant Dialog Box The Password Management button Click the OK button OUI is available by using the Start All Programs Oracle OraDb11g_home1 Oracle Installation Products Universal Installer. 3 As shown in Figure 10A-1, our installation of the Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition used the basic installation method. If you are not using a network installation of Oracle Database 11g, a similar installation of the Personal Edition on a workstation will allow you to do everything we discuss in this chapter. We created the suggested starter database named orcl and assigned a password for joint use by the SYS, SYSTEM, SYSMAN, and DBSMNP user accounts. This database is created using the Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA), which is automatically launched by the OUI as part of the installation process. The DBCA is discussed in detail later in this chapter. The orcl database includes a sample database schema (we will discuss Oracle schemas later in this chapter) named hr that is used for examples in Oracle Database 11g documentation, and having this schema available will make it easier for you to use the documentation. At the end of the installation process, the DBCA displays the dialog box shown in Figure 10A-2, which gives us a chance to manage database accounts and passwords beyond the four system accounts that are enabled during the installation process. At this point, we do not need any other user accounts, so we will click the OK button to complete the installation. At this point, Oracle displays the End of Installation dialog box shown in Figure 10A-3. We click the Exit button (which prompts a Do you really want to exit message) to complete the installation process. Oracle Database 11g Documentation Oracle provides excellent documentation in Web page and PDF format on the Oracle Web site Good first references for installing Oracle Database 11g are the installation guides (start with the Quick Installation Guide ) for your operating system in the Installing and Upgrading section and the 2-Day DBA document in the Getting Started section. 3 The Oracle Database 11g DBMS is shown running in SQL Server 2008 in this chapter. All command references are to the SQL Server 2008 commands; they may vary in other operating systems.

7 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-5 Figure 10A-3 The Oracle Universal Installer: End of Installation Dialog Box Click the Exit button Oracle and Java Oracle depends on Java. For example, the Oracle SQL Developer GUI tool (which we will use extensively in the chapter) must be linked to a Java environment before it will run. Java is an object-oriented programming language. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems, but it became as open-source product in Java programs need to be run in the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), which must also be installed on the computer. However, besides the JRE, there is also the Java Development Kit (JDK), which is a software development kit (SDK) for Java. The JDK is a more powerful environment than the JRE, and you will need to download and install the JDK for Java Standard Edition (Java SE) in order for SQL Developer to work correctly. You can download the JRE from and the Java SE Development Kit (JDK) from If you are, or will be, working in a Java environment (which is common for Oracle database users), you may want to download the combination of the JDK and NetBeans. NetBeans is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) particularly well-suited to Java development. It is also a good IDE for PHP Web page development, and is thus an alternative to the Eclipse IDE that we will use in our discussion of PHP Web pages in Chapter 11. Download and install the current JRE and JDK (with or without NetBeans) for your computer. Oracle Database 11g Administration and Development Tools We will use four administration and development tools with the Oracle Database 11g DBMS: Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) A GUI administration tool which is used to create, manage and delete databases. Enterprise Manager 11g Database Control A Web-based administration tool. SQL*Plus The classic Oracle command-prompt utility. SQL Developer A GUI development tool. 4 For more information on Java and its history, see the Wikipedia article at Java_(programming_language).

8 10A-6 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing Oracle separates database administration and database development functions between these tools (allows some overlap). We will discuss the administration tools first, while we set up our database, followed by a discussion of the development tools as we build the database structures, populate the database and create stored procedures and triggers. The Oracle Database Configuration Assistant Although an Oracle 11g database can be created via the SQL CREATE DATABASE command, the easiest way to do it is by using the Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA), and this is the method you should use. Note that the DBCA was used during the installation process to create the orcl database. In this chapter, we will use the View Ridge Gallery database we designed in Chapters 5 and 6, and for which we wrote the SQL statements in Chapter 7. At this point, we would expect to create a database named VRG for the View Ridge Gallery database, and, in fact, we do so when working with the other DBMS products discussed in this book. However, the term database in Oracle Database 11g refers to a database instance, which is the overall structure used by the DBMS to manage one or more of the sets of tables, views, and other related objects that we usually call a database. In Oracle Database 11g, we manage these sets of objects by creating a namespace to hold them. Oracle allows us to create many namespaces within one database instance, and since we ve already created the orcl database instance, we can simply create a VRG namespace there. We will discuss namespaces after we introduce the Oracle Enterprise Manager 11g Database Control utility in the next section If we do need to create another database instance, we would use the DBCA to do so. For example, we might have a very large database application that warrants its own database instance. To open the DBCA, use the command Start All Programs Oracle OraDb11g_home1 Configuration and Migration Tools Database Configuration Assistant. The DCBA Welcome page is shown in Figure 10A-4. Figure 10A-4 The Database Configuration Assistant : Welcome Page The Oracle Enterprise Manager 11g Database Control The Oracle Enterprise Manager 11g Database Control (Database Control) is a Web-based Oracle DBMS administration tool. The Oracle documentation refers to this tool as both the Enterprise Manager and the Database Control. We will use the term Enterprise Manager, but remember that you will encounter both terms. The DBC Welcome page The Next button

9 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-7 Figure 10A-5 The Oracle Enterprise Manager 11g Database Control Login Screen To access the Enterprise Manger, you can either: Open a Web browser and enter the URL If the Enterprise Manager is running on your own computer, use the URL /em. Use the menu command Start All Programs Oracle OraDB11g_home1 Database Control orcl. Figure 10A-5 shows the Enterprise Manager login screen. In Figure 10A-5, we are logging in as the Oracle SYS system account with a password that we assigned to this account during the installation process. When we use the SYS account, we connect as SYSDBA, as shown in the Connect As selection. Figure 10A-6 shows Enterprise Manager displaying information about the orcl database. The tabbed Home page shows summary information about performance and other statistics about the database. We will use the Enterprise Manager for DBMS administrative tasks in this chapter. SYS is an Oracle system account This is the SYS password that you assigned during the installation process SYS must connect as SYSDBA Click the Login button If you are running Oracle Database 11g on your own computer, you may see a security certificate error in the browser you can ignore this error as long as you are the only user of this computer (no network connections) Figure 10A-6 The Oracle Enterprise Manager Home Page This information is for the database orcl, which was created during the installation process The Home page tab summary information about the database is shown here The Logout command

10 10A-8 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing Oracle Tablespaces An Oracle tablespace is a logical subdivision of an Oracle database instance that is used to group related table, view, trigger, stored procedure, and similar objects. For example, we can create a VRG tablespace to hold the VRG tables, views, and other objects. Thus, an Oracle tablespace corresponds to what we would call a database in SQL Server 2008 or MySQL 5.1. Each tablespace is associated with one or more datafiles, which provide the physical storage on a computer, and thus tablespaces provide a mapping to actual files located on the computer hard drives. Oracle also provides backup and recovery based on tablespaces. When a database instance is created, Oracle automatically creates a default set of tablespaces, and some of these are illustrated in Figure 10A-7. The SYSTEM and SYSAUX tablespaces are used by Oracle for database management. The TEMP tablespace is used, as the name implies, for temporary storage, for example, during SQL statement processing. The USERS tablespace is the default space for the non-system objects created by Oracle users. We could keep the VRG objects in this tablespace, but a better practice is to create a tablespace for a database application. Creating the VRG Tablespace 1. Open a Web browser, and the browser to the URL to display the Enterprise Manager Login Web page shown in Figure 10A Login to Enterprise Manager as SYS connecting as SYSDBA, and using the password for SYS you created during the installation of Oracle Database 11g. 3. Upon login, the Database Instance: orcl page is displayed as shown in Figure 10A Click the Server link to display the Server page as shown in Figure 10A On the Server page, click the Tablespaces link in the Storages section to display the Tablespaces page as shown in Figure 10A On the Tablespaces page, click the Create button to display the Create Tablespace page as shown in Figure 10A In the Name text box, type in VRG. 8. The Extent Management, Type, and State settings are correct. 9. Click the Add button in the Datafiles section to display the Add Datafile page as shown in Figure 10A In the File Name text box, type in VRG. 11. The File Directory is correct, but change the File Size setting to 10 MB. 12. In the Storage section, check the Automatically extend datafile when full (AUTOEXTEND) check box, and set the Increment to 5 MB. Keep the unlimited Maximum File Size Setting. Figure 10A-7 The Oracle Tablespace and Datafile Structure LOGICAL: Tablespaces SYSTEM SYSAUX USERS TEMP PHYSICAL: Datafiles

11 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-9 The Server page tab links to server configuration and management pages are shown here The Tablespaces link Figure 10A-8 The Server Page The Tablespaces page summary information about tablespaces is shown here The Create button The CAPECODD tablespace is for the Cape Codd database we used in Chapter 2 Figure 10A-9 The Tablespaces Page The Create Tablespace page Type the VRG tablespace name here The OK button The Add button Figure 10A-10 The Create Tablespace Page

12 10A-10 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing The Add Datafile tab the datafile parameters are set here Type the VRG file name here Set the file size to 10 MB Select Automatically extend datafile when full (AUTOEXTEND) Set the increment size to 5 MB The Continue button Figure 10A-11 The Add Datafile Page 13. Click the Continue button to return to the Create Tablespace page, and then click the OK button to create the VRG tablespace and associated datafile. A confirmation page is displayed as shown in Figure 10A Click the Database link to return to the Database Instance: orcl page, but stay logged into the Enterprise Manager. We have been logged in as SYS (connected as SYSDBA), and that is fine while we are performing database administration functions. But there will be problems if we try to build the VRG database application logged in as SYS. The problems occur because system accounts such as SYS and SYSTEM primarily use the SYSTEM tablespace, and that is not where we want to place database application objects. Further, we cannot store triggers in the SYSTEM tablespace. So, now that we have created the place to build the VRG database application we need to create the Oracle user account that will be used to actually build it. Figure 10A-12 The Confirmation Page The Confirmation message on the Tablespaces page The VRG tablespace The Database link

13 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-11 Oracle Security Oracle provides robust and comprehensive security facilities. The relationships among the basic components of the Oracle security system are shown in Figure 10A-13. The components are User, Profile, Role, System privilege, and Object privilege. A User is a user account such as SYSTEM, Mary Jane, Fred, or some other user account. 5 A Profile is a set of system resource maximums that are assigned to an account. The Profile limits both computer and database resources; it is also used for password management, as described in the next section. As shown in Figure 10-44, a User has exactly one Profile, but a Profile may be assigned to many accounts. User Privileges Each User can be allocated many System privileges, Object privileges, and Roles. A System privilege is the right to perform some action on the database data; on database structures, such as tables, views, or indexes; or on one of the Oracle system resources, such as a tablespace. An Object privilege is the right to perform action on a specific object, such as the CUSTOMER table, the view CustomerInterestsView, and so on. A Role can have many System privileges and/or object privileges, and it may also have a relationship to other Roles. The User account inherits the roles and privileges of each of the Roles it has been granted. As shown in Figure 10A-13, a Role may itself have other Roles assigned to it. If so, it inherits the roles and privileges of those other Roles as well. Roles simplify the administration of the database. Without Roles, each account would need to be assigned the privileges that it needs, one by one. This time-consuming process would need to be repeated every time a new account is created. Using Roles, a set of privileges can be assigned to a Role just once; and when a new User account is given that Role, all privileges of the Role are given to the new User account. Also, when a privilege is removed from a Role, all accounts that have that Role automatically have that privilege removed as well. Creating a User Account The Enterprise Manager is used to create a new user account. We will create a user named VRG_USER (Oracle likes uppercase letters and underscores). Creating the VRG_USER User Account 1. You should still be logged in to Enterprise Manager as SYS connecting as SYSDBA. If not, log in now using the password for SYS you created during the installation of Oracle Database 11g. Figure 10A-13 System privilege Oracle Database 11g Security Model Profile User Role Object privilege 5 Unfortunately, Oracle uses the word SYSTEM in two different ways here. There is an account named SYSTEM, and there are SYSTEM PRIVILEGEs.

14 10A-12 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing The Users page The CAPECODD_USER UserName is for the Cape Codd database we used in Chapter 2 Figure 10A-14 The Users Page Figure 10A Starting at the Database Instance: orcl page, click the Server link to display the Server page, and then click the Users link in the Security section to display the Users page as shown in Figure 10A On the Users page, click the Create button to display the Create User page as shown in Figure 10A In the Name text box, type in VRG_USER. 5. The Profile and Authentication settings are correct. 6. In the Enter Password and Confirm Password text boxes, enter the password VRG_USER+password. 7. Click the flash light icon to display the Search and Select Tablespace dialog box as shown in Figure 10A In the Search and Select Tablespace dialog box, select the radio button for the VRG tablespace, and then click the Select button. 9. Click the Roles link to display the Roles page as shown in Figure 10A Click the Edit List button to display the Modify Roles page as shown in Figure 10A On the Modify Roles page, scroll through the Available Roles and locate and select the RESOURCE role. 12. Click the Move button to add the RESOURCE role to the Selected Roles list. 13. Click the OK button to close the Modify Roles page. The Create User Page The Create User page Type the VRG_USER user name here Type and retype the password in these text boxes Click the flashlight icon

15 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-13 Figure 10A-16 The Search and Select Tablespace Dialog Box The Search and Select Tablespace dialog box Select the VRG tablespace Click the Select button The Create User Roles page The CONNECT role The Edit List button Figure 10A-17 The Create User Roles Page The Modify Roles page The Available Roles list The Move button The Selected Roles list The OK button Figure 10A-18 The Modify Roles Page 14. On the Create User page, click the OK button to create VRG_USER. A confirmation page is displayed 15. Click the Database link to return to the Database Instance: orcl page, but stay logged into the Enterprise Manager. Creating a Role When creating VRG_USER, we assigned two predefined Roles to the User account CONNECT and RESOURCE. CONNECT allows the user to connect to the database instance, and RESOURCE grants most of the System privileges needed to develop a database application. Therefore, these are typical Role assignments for a new User.

16 10A-14 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing However, the RESOURCE Role does not include the CREATE VIEW System privilege, which is needed to work with SQL views. Since VRG_USER will need to create and use SQL views with the VRG database application, we need to assign this System privilege to the user. The proper way to do this is to create a Role that is then granted the privilege, and then assign that Role to the User. Creating and Assigning a Role 1. You should still be logged in to Enterprise Manager as SYS connecting as SYSDBA. If not, log in now using the password for SYS you created during the installation of Oracle Database 11g. 2. Starting at the Database Instance: orcl page, click the Server link to display the Server page, and then click the Roles link in the Security section to display the Roles page as shown in Figure 10A On the Roles page, click the Create button to display the Create Role page as shown in Figure 10A In the Name text box, type in VRG_DEV. 5. The Authentication setting is correct. 6. On the Create Roles page, click the System Privileges link to display the Create Roles System Privileges page as shown in Figure 10A Click the Edit List button to display the Modify System Privileges page as shown in Figure 10A On the Modify System Privilege page, scroll through the Available System Privileges and locate and select the CREATE VIEW role. 9. Click the Move button to add the CREATE VIEW role to the Selected System Privileges list. The Roles page The Create button The CAPECODD_DEV role is for the Cape Codd database we used in Chapter 2 Figure 10A-19 The Roles Page The Create Role page Type the VRG_DEV role name here The Roles link Figure 10A-20 The Create Role Page

17 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-15 The Create Role System Privileges page The Edit List button Figure 10A-21 The Create Role System Privilege Page The Modify System Privileges page The Available System Privileges list The Move button The Selected System Privileges list The OK button Figure 10A-22 The Modify System Privileges Page 10. Click the OK button to close the Modify System Privileges page. 11. On the Create Role page, click the OK button to create the VRG_DEV role. A confirmation page is displayed 12. Click the Database link to return to the Database Instance: orcl page, but stay logged into the Enterprise Manager. Now that we ve created the VRG_DEV Role, we need to assign it to VRG_USER. This is simply a variation of the steps we used to create the VRG_USER account, and you should be able to accomplish this task. We have now completed the database administration steps we needed to take in Enterprise Manager before we could actually start building the VRG database application in Oracle Database 11g. Now, we will logout of Enterprise Manger, and move on to using Oracle s application development tools. Oracle Application Development Tools Now that we have completed our review of the two Oracle database administration tools, we can look at the two Oracle tools used for application development. Oracle SQL*Plus In the beginning, there were the command-line utilities. A command-line utility is strictly text based. You are presented with a symbolic prompt to show you where to enter your commands. You type in a command (only one at a time) and press the [Enter] key to execute it. The results are displayed as plain text (with some rudimentary character-based line and box drawing capabilities) in response. All major computer operating systems have their version of a command-line utility. For personal computer users using a Microsoft operating system, the

18 10A-16 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing The Enter username: prompt to login SYS as SYSDBA The Enter password: prompt type in the SYS user password and press the Enter key The SQL> prompt with the command to run the utlrp.sql script Figure 10A-23 Oracle SQL*Plus classic example is the MS-DOS command line, which still exists in Windows as the CMD program. For Oracle, the classic command-line tool is SQL*Plus, which is still part of Oracle Database 11g. SQL*Plus can be used to submit both SQL and Oracle Procedure Language/SQL (PL/SQL) statements (discussed later in this chapter), as well as perform various maintenance and administrative functions. It has some statements and commands that are unique to it it is not simply a shell for submitting SQL and PL/SQL commands to the database. Figure 10A-23 shows SQL*Plus ready to run the utlrp.sql script, which is a utility script Oracle recommends running after Oracle 11g has been installed on a computer using a Windows operating system. 6 We opened SQL*Plus with the command Start All Programs Oracle OraDb11G_home1 Application Development SQL Plus. As shown in Figure 10A-23, we then connected to the Oracle DBMS with the SYS account running as SYSDBA (with the password set for SYS during installation) and then we typed in the command for the script. When we press the Enter key, the script will be run. Note that this script command should only be used immediately after installation of Oracle 11g on a Windows system, as specified in the documentation. To close SQL*Plus, we use the exit command. Oracle SQL Developer As beloved as the SQL*Plus utility is among Oracle users, Oracle has developed a very powerful GUI utility that is now installed as part of the Oracle Database 11g installation process. The utility, Oracle SQL Developer, is particularly useful for database development with Oracle Database 11g. SQL Developer is similar to the Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (discussed in Chapter 10) and the MySQL Query Browser (discussed in Chapter 10B). It is installed as part of the DBMS installation, and we start it with the command Start All Programs Oracle OraDb11g_home1 Application Development SQL Developer. When you start SQL Developer for the first time, a dialog box will prompt you for the location of the Java JDK java.exe file. 7 Be sure you have the JDK installed before opening SQL Developer! SQL Developer will also ask you to configure file type associations, and you should select all the available types. Updated versions of SQL Developer can be downloaded from products/database/sql_developer/index.html. In this chapter, we are running SQL Developer version Figure 10A-24 shows SQL Developer with the New / Select Database Connection dialog box open (opened by clicking the New Connection button) and with the settings for connecting to the VRG namespace in the orcl database. Note that when Oracle asks for a System Identifier (SID), it is asking for the database instance name, in this case orcl! 6 See Section 4.2, Validating Invalid PL/SQL Modules in Oracle Database Installation Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1) for Microsoft Windows at 7 On a Windows operating system, look in C:\Program Files\Java\jdk{version number}\bin.

19 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-17 The New Connection button The New / Select Database Connection dialog box VRG_USER is the user name This is the VRG_USER password VRG_USER connects using the default role SID is the database name in this case orcl Figure 10A-24 Oracle SQL Developer Figure 10A-25 In Figure 10A-25, VRG_USER has connected to the VRG namespace, and we can see the VRG database connection open in SQL Developer. Although we will use the Enterprise Manager Database Control for database administration, we will use SQL Developer for database development. Oracle Schemas We just described VRG_USER as connecting to the VRG namespace (which holds the objects of the VRG database application) in SQL Developer. However, while this is basically true, it is not quite what is actually happening. When VRG_USER connects to the orcl database instance with SQL Developer, he sees the objects in the VRG_USER schema. In Oracle Database 11g, a The orcl Database in SQL Developer The Open SQL Worksheet button Connections navigator tabbed pane is an object browser that shows connected databases and their objects The New Connection button The VRG database VRG-Database is the connection name The VRG database objects The SQL Worksheet

20 10A-18 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing schema is the collection of objects in the database instance that can be used by a user. When a new user is created, a new schema with the exact same name is created and associated with the user. When the user is given privileges to work with an object, that object becomes part of his schema. A schema spans namespaces if a user has rights to an object, it is in his schema. Therefore, when VRG_USER connects to the database instance using SQL Developer, a more accurate connection name would be VRG_USER-Schema. But since all VRG_USER can currently see is what s in the VRG namespace, we ll leave the connection name as it is. Oracle Database 11g 2008 SQL Statements and SQL Scripts Because we have already argued that you need to know how to write and use SQL statements instead of relying on GUI tools, we come back to simply using SQL as the basis of our work. But we don t want to use a command-line utility, and we re not going to use the GUI tool in GUI mode, so what s left? The answer is that SQL Developer provides an excellent SQL editing environment. It enables us to take advantage of GUI capabilities while still working with text-based SQL statements. We do this by opening an SQL Worksheet window, but using it more generally as an SQL statement editor window. Opening an SQL Developer SQL Statement Editor Window 1. SQL Developer should appear as shown in Figure 10A-25, with an open SQL worksheet labeled VRG-Database. 2. If an SQL Worksheet is not open in SQL Developer, click the Open SQL Worksheet button to open one. Note that there is a drop-down list associated with this button that lets you select which database the SQL Worksheet is to be associated with. If the tabbed document window looks familiar, it is because it is the same window we used for Oracle Database 11g SQL queries in Chapter 2. We are simply using it for a slightly different purpose. This SQL editing environment will be our tool of choice. One advantage of using this SQL editor is that it enables us to save and reuse SQL Scripts. For Oracle Database 11g, SQL scripts are plain text files labeled with the *.sql file extension. We can save, open, and run (and rerun) SQL scripts. An SQL script is composed of one or more SQL statements, which can include SQL script comments. SQL script comments are lines of text that do not run when the script is executed, but are used to document the purpose and contents of the script. Each comment line begins with the characters /* and the ends with the characters */. Creating and Saving an SQL Script 1. In the open tabbed SQL Worksheet window, type the SQL comments shown in Figure 10A Click the Save button shown in Figure 10A-26. The Save dialog box is displayed, as shown in Figure 10A Click the Documents button on the Save dialog box to move to the Documents folder. 4. If you have already created an Oracle Workspace directory, select the directory and go to step 6. Otherwise, click the Create New Subdirectory button to open the Create New Directory dialog box (no, that s not a typo the Create New Subdirectory button opens the Create New Directory dialog box). 5. Type the folder name Oracle Workspace into the Directory Name text box on the Create New Directory dialog box. 6. Click the OK button on the Create New Directory dialog box. 7. Click the Create New Subdirectory button (again) to open the Create New Directory dialog box.

21 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-19 The Open File button The Save button The SQL text Figure 10A-26 Entering SQL Statements in the SQL Worksheet The Open File button The Save button The Save dialog box The Documents button The Create New Subdirectory button Type the SQL script file name here The Save button Figure 10A-27 Saving the SQL Script in a New Folder 8. Type the folder name View-Ridge-Gallery-Database into the Directory Name text box on the Create New Directory dialog box. 9. Click the OK button on the Create New Directory dialog box. 10. In the File Name text box, type the SQL script file name VRG-Create-Tables.sql. 11. Click the Save button. The script is saved. Note that the SQL Worksheet tab is now labeled VRG-Create-Tables.sql. 12. Move the mouse pointer over the tab of the VRG-Create-Tables.sql SQL Worksheet. A Close button (marked, as usual with an X) appears. 13. Click the Close button. The SQL Worksheet is closed.

22 10A-20 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing Creating and Populating the View Ridge Database Tables In Oracle Database 11g, tables and other SQL Server structures can be created and modified in two ways. The first is to write SQL code using either the CREATE or ALTER SQL statements we discussed in Chapter 7. The second is to use the SQL Developer GUI tool. Although either method will work, CREATE statements are preferred for the reasons described in Chapter 7. Some professionals choose to create structures via SQL but then modify them with the GUI tools. Each DBMS product has its own variant of SQL. Oracle s is called Procedure Language/ SQL (PL/SQL). We will point out specific PL/SQL syntax as we encounter it in our discussion. For more on Oracle SQL and PL/SQL, see the SQL Reference and PL/SQL Reference in the Application Development section at install.111/b32006/toc.htm. Creating the View Ridge Database Table Structure The Oracle Database 11g version of the SQL CREATE TABLE statements for the View Ridge database in Chapter 7 are shown in Figure 10A-28. As discussed in Chapter 6, we are using the table name TRANS instead of TRANSACTION in Figure 10A-28. This was done because TRANSACTION is a reserved word in some of the databases discussed in this book. 8 Even if you make TRANSACTION into a delimited identifier by placing the name in square brackets, as in [TRANSACTION], or some other delimiter, the DBMS may still become confused when executing the logic of stored procedures and triggers. Life became much simpler for applications using this database when the table TRANSACTION was renamed to TRANS. WORK is not currently a PL/SQL reserved word, but it is an ODBC reserved word (ODBC will be discussed in Chapter 11). Still, Oracle is less sensitive to it, and therefore we can use it. Several alterations to the SQL statements shown in Chapter 7 had to be made for Oracle. Data types were modified to the Oracle data types shown in Figure 7-4(b). In addition, although Oracle supports ON DELETE actions, it does not support the ON UPDATE CASCADE constraint, and therefore all ON UPDATE constraints have been removed. The constraints on Nationality, DateOfBirth and DateDeceased also were modified. The default value for Nationality was dropped. Because Oracle does not interpret the constraints shown in Chapter 7 for DateOfBirth and DateDeceased (LIKE ([1-2], [0 9], [0-9], [0-9]) ) correctly, range constraints were substituted. Also note that Oracle Database 11g does not support surrogate keys, as such. However, it does allow us to create a sequence and use values from that sequence in a primary key. We will define sequences when we discuss populating the tables. Other than these changes, the SQL in Figure should be very familiar to you by now. Creating the VRG Table Structure Using SQL Statements 1. Click the Open button to display the Open dialog box. 2. Click the Documents button to open the Documents folder. 3. Double-click the Oracle Workspace folder icon to open it. 4. Double-click the View-Ridge-Gallery-Database folder icon to open it. 5. Click the VRG-Create-Tables.sql script to select it, and then click the Open button to open the script in an SQL Worksheet. 6. You may be asked to reconnect to the VRG database at this point. If so, a dialog box will appear asking for the login name (we have been using VRG_USER) and password. 7. Type in the SQL statements shown in Figure 10A-28. Be sure to save the script often, and when you have completed entering all of the SQL statements, save the script a final time. 8 For a complete list of Oracle Database 11g reserved keywords, see B28359_01/server.111/b28286/ap_keywd.htm#SQLRF022. For PL/SQL reserved keywords, see oracle.com/docs/cd/b28359_01/appdev.111/b28370/reservewords.htm#lnpls019.

23 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-21 Figure 10A-28 The SQL Statements to Create the VRG Table Structure 8. Scroll up to the top of the script. The completed SQL script to create the VRG table structure appears as shown in Figure 10A Be sure that the text insertion point is at the beginning of the script. Click the Execute button to run the script. 10. If there are any errors, messages appear in the Results pane below the SQL editor pane. If any error messages are displayed, then there are errors in your SQL statements. Correct any errors, and rerun the script. You can run individual SQL statements in the script by highlighting them and then clicking the Execute button. 11. Click the Save button to save your debugged SQL script. 12. Expand the VRG-database Tables folder to see the VRG tables. 13. Find the ARTIST table, and expand the ARTIST table to show the columns in the table, as shown in Figure 10A Close the SQL Worksheet containing the VRG-Create-Tables.sql script.

24 10A-22 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing Figure 10A-28 (Continued)

25 Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Oracle Database 11g 10A-23 The Save button The Execute button The Execute Script button The Commit Transaction button The Rollback Transaction button The SQL text to create the VRG table structures The Results tab Figure 10A-29 The SQL Script to Create the VRG Table Structure The VRG-database Table objects The ARTIST table The ARTIST table columns Figure 10A-30 The VRG Database Tables Now we ve created the VRG table and relationship structure. By the way, there is a filter available for the objects in the Connections page object browser, but it would be more trouble than it is worth to filter out all the system tables Oracle displays in the Tables folder of SQL Developer. We ll just work with the tables in a nonfiltered state. Reviewing Database Structures in the SQL Developer GUI Display After building the table structure using SQL statements, we can inspect the results using the SQL Developer GUI tools. We will take a look at the ARTIST table, particularly the properties of the ArtistID primary key.

26 10A-24 Part 4 Multiuser Database Processing The ARTIST table Select the Columns tab to see the ARTIST column properties Click the ARTIST table object to display the ARTIST properties The ARTIST table ArtistID column properties The Primary Key indicator Figure 10A-31 The ARTIST Table Columns and Column Properties Viewing the ARTIST Table Structure in the GUI Display 1. In the SQL Developer Connections pane object browser, click the ARTIST table object. The ARTIST table design is displayed in a tabbed document window, as shown in Figure 10A-31, with the columns and column properties shown. We can also inspect the constraints on the ARTIST table. Let s take a look at the ValidBirthYear constraint we coded into our SQL CREATE TABLE statements. Viewing the ARTIST Table Constraints in the GUI Display 1. In the ARTIST tabbed document, click the Constraints tab to display the ARTIST table constraints. The ARTIST table constraint objects are displayed as shown in Figure 10A Note that the ValidBirthYear constraint is displayed and that the constraint is correct. 3. Close the ARTIST table tabbed pane in SQL Developer. Note that in Figure 10A-32 there are also constraints for the NOT NULL status we set on ArtistID, LastName, and FirstName. Because we did not name them, Oracle has named them as SYS_C009664, SYS_C009665, and SYS_C009666, respectively. Given our preference for providing our own names for constraints, it looks like we should have provided names for the NOT NULL columns. In fact, in Oracle we could have done this. For example, the SQL syntax we would have used for ArtistID would have been: ArtistID Int CONSTRAINT ArtistID_Not_Null NOT NULL, Another way to look at table properties is to use the Edit command in the table shortcut menu to open the Edit Table table editor (this tool is too complex to simply call it a dialog box). Edit Table displays more information and options than we have seen in the previous display (which is also opened by the Open command in the shortcut menu). Because ARTIST does not have any foreign keys, we will close it and look at the foreign key in the WORK table that references ARTIST.