Field Cone Penetration Tests with Various Penetration Rates - Test Results Holmsgaard, Rikke; Nielsen, Benjaminn Nordahl; Ibsen, Lars Bo
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1 Aalborg Universitet Field Cone Penetration Tests with Various Penetration Rates - Test Results Holmsgaard, Rikke; Nielsen, Benjaminn Nordahl; Ibsen, Lars Bo Publication date: 2 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Poulsen, R., Nielsen, B. N., & Ibsen, L. B. (2). Field Cone Penetration Tests with Various Penetration Rates - Test Results. Aalborg: Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University. (DCE Technical Reports; No. ). General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at vbn@aub.aau.dk providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: January 2, 21
2 Field Cone Penetration Tests with Various Penetration Rates Test Results Rikke Poulsen Benjaminn Nordahl Nielsen Lars Bo Ibsen ISSN 1-2X DCE Technical Report No. Institut for Byggeri og Anlæg
3 Aalborg Universitet Institut for Byggeri og Anlæg Sektionen for Konstruktioner, materialer og geoteknik DCE Technical Report No. Field Cone Penetration Tests with Various Penetration Rates Test Results Rikke Poulsen Benjaminn Nordahl Nielsen Lars Bo Ibsen December 2 Aalborg Universitet
4 FIELD CONE PENETRATION TESTS WITH VARIOUS PENETRATION RATES TEST RESULTS Contents Test site description... 2 Test setup... 2 Interpretation of CPT... Cone Penetration Test results... Test A1... Test A2... Test A... Test A... 1 Test A... 1 Test B Test B Test B... 2 Test B... 2 Test B... 2 Test C1... Test C2... Test C... 1 Test C... Test C... References... 1
5 Test site description The test site is located at Nordre Ringgade near the town called Dronninglund in the northern Jutland in Denmark. The site area is relatively flat, and was chosen because it has a size of approximately ha and contains a relatively thick deposit of silty soils. Furthermore the groundwater was encountered at approximately.2-. m below the ground level. The soil stratigraphy of the test site was before test start identified by geotechnical borings results. The geotechnical borings indicated that the site contains of sandy silt with clay stripes from approx.. to m. In the top the silty soil is very sandy with few clay stripes, and gradually the clay stripes increases wherefore the soil from approx. m contains of clay with sandy silt stripes. Large soil sample was also collected from the test site in order to determine basic soil properties in the laboratory. Test setup The experimental programme consists of 2 soil strata borings and 1 Cone Penetration Tests. The CPTs were conducted with five different penetration rates; these were, 2,, 1, and. mm/s. In order to make sure that the drainage of the CPTs did not influence each other, the CPTs were conducted with a centre to centre distance of approx. m. For the same reason the 2 soil strata borings were places a little outside the area because they could contribute to a larger drainage. A detailed location of the borings and 1 CPTs can be seen in Figure 1. North coordinate (m) 1 2 A B C mm/s 2 mm/s mm/s 1 mm/s. mm/s Borings East coordinate (m) Figure 1. Location of the 1 CPTs with various penetration rates and the 2 soil strata borings. Furthermore, the notation of each CPT can be seen e.g. CPT B has been conducted with a penetration rate of mm/s. The penetration rates of, 2,, 1, and. mm/s were chosen on the basis of a supposition that the penetration would be undrained and drained for a penetration rate of respectively and. mm/s, (Poulsen et. al, 2). The applied cone is a standard cm 2 piezocone with an apex angle of from Envi. Besides 2
6 the cone resistance, qc, pore pressure, u2 (behind the cone), sleeve friction, fs, and depth, d, the penetration rate, v, were measured during the execution of the CPTs. In order to keep the penetration rate as constant as possibly the CPTs were conducted by a drilling rig which has a trust capacity of. ton and has an automatic feed, which can be seen in Figure 2. Figure 2. Picture showing the test setup. According to McNeilan and Bugno (1), whenever a stop occurs (rods set-up stops, or stop caused by reaching maximum trust capacity), the excess pore pressure starts to dissipate, and hence an increase in cone resistance occurs. This effect is especially observed in sandy silt where the dissipation occurs faster than in e.g. a clayed soil. Therefore, all stop during the penetration was minimized by using two rods at a time, and also by pre-drilling per 2 m in order to minimize the friction on the CPT rods and thereby avoiding stops and keeping the penetration rate as constant as possibly. Interpretation of CPT The tests were made with pre-drilling in order to minimize the friction on the CPT rods and thereby keeping the penetration rate as constant as possible. Therefore, some of the soil at the start of each CPT test could have been disturbed. Furthermore, the pore water pressure starts to dissipate after each pre-drilling wherefore the measurements not necessarily is correct. For that reason data corresponding to 2 mm has been deleted after each predrilling. In addition, data has also been deleted whenever a stop caused by reaching maximum trust capacity occurred. Due to unequal area effects of the cone, the corrected total cone resistance, qt, is calculated by: 1 where qc is the measured uncorrected cone resistance, u2 is the pore pressure behind the cone, and a is the cone area ratio, which for the applied cone is.. (Lunne et al., 1).
7 The normalized cone resistance, Q t, is calculated by: where σ v and σ v is the total and effective vertical overburden stress, (Lunne et al., 1). In order to calculate the overburden stress, information of the soil unit weight is needed. In the current CPT interpretation a constant soil unit weight of 1 kn/m has been used. The pore pressure parameter ratio, B q, is calculated by: where u is the excess pore pressure given by, where is the equilibrium water pressure, (Lunne et al., 1). At the test site two soil strata borings were conducted in which the groundwater level was measured each day in the test programme. The groundwater level has then been calculated as an average between the two borings measured the day the CPT B was conducted. In the current CPT interpretation the ground water level is assumed located in.2 meters depth. The normalized friction ratio, F r, is calculated by: where f s is the uncorrected measured sleeve friction, (Lunne et al., 1). For each set of data the cone resistance and sleeve friction has been measured in different depths because of the location of the sleeve friction. Therefore, the normalized friction ratio has been calculated with an offset of mm for the cone resistance. Because some data has been deleted due to pre-drilling effects, the normalized friction ratio cannot be calculated for the first mm after each pre-drilling, (ASTM, 2). In order to compare and interpret the results in a scientific context all CPTs are assumed having same stratum boundary. These boundaries have been found on the basis of the two soil strata boring conducted at the tests site. The soil strata boring show that sand was encountered from -. m. Silt was encountered from.-.1 m and clay from. and to the end of each soil boring. Within every layer (stratum boundary and predrilling) the data has been smoothed for every mm. For each depth (for each measurement), the data has been smoothed according to the following equation: Each depth (each measurement) is then substituted with calculated mean value, Z n. From the smoothed data Q t, B q, and F r has been calculated. Cone Penetration Test results In the following the test results for the 1 conducted tests with various penetration rates are presented. Further, information on how each test was executed can be seen.
8 Test A1 Table 1. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: A1 Rate of Penetration: mm/s Date: 1..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:.1 N: 1.2 Z: 22. Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops: Comments: Stops are caused by back pulling the cone. Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT A1. Statistical data Mean value,.2 Coefficient of variation, δ.
9 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT A Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A1.
10 Figure. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT A Figure. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A1.
11 Test A2 Table 2. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: A2 Rate of Penetration: 2 mm/s Date: 1..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:. N: 2. Z: 22. Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops: Comments: Stops are caused by back pulling the cone. 2 Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT A2. Statistical data Mean value, 1. Coefficient of variation, δ.1
12 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT A Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A2.
13 Figure. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT A Figure. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A2.
14 Test A Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: A Rate of Penetration: 1 mm/s Date: 1..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E: 2.2 N:. Z: 22.1 Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 2 and are caused by pre drilling Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure 1. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT A. Statistical data Mean value, 1. Coefficient of variation, δ.1
15 Figure 1. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT A. -.. Figure 1. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A.
16 Figure 1. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT A. -.. Figure 1. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A. 1
17 Test A Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: A Rate of Penetration:. mm/s Date: Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:.1 N:. Z: 22.1 Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 1,,, are caused by pre drilling Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure 1. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT A. Statistical data Mean value,. Coefficient of variation, δ. 1
18 Figure 1. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT A. -.. Figure 2. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A. 1
19 Figure 21. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT A. -.. Figure 22. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A. 1
20 Test A Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: A Rate of Penetration: mm/s Date: 2..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:. N:.1 Z: 22. Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 1 and 2 are caused by pre drilling. Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure 2. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT A. Statistical data Mean value,.1 Coefficient of variation, δ. 1
21 Figure 2. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT A. -.. Figure 2. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A. 1
22 Figure 2. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT A. -.. Figure 2. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT A. 1
23 Test B1 Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: B1 Rate of Penetration:. mm/s Date: 2..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:. N:.2 Z: Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 1, and are caused by pre drilling Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure 2. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT B1. Statistical data Mean value,. Coefficient of variation, δ. 2
24 Figure 2. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT B Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B1. 21
25 Figure 1. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT B Figure 2. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B1. 22
26 Test B2 Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: B2 Rate of Penetration: 1 mm/s Date: 2..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:. N:. Z: 22. Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 1, 2, and are caused by pre drilling Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT B2. Statistical data Mean value,. Coefficient of variation, δ.1 2
27 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT B Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B2. 2
28 Figure. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT B Figure. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B2. 2
29 Test B Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: B Rate of Penetration: mm/s Date: Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E: 2.2 N:.1 Z: 22.2 Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 1, and are caused by pre drilling. Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT B. Statistical data Mean value,. Coefficient of variation, δ.21 2
30 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT B. -.. Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B. 2
31 Figure 1. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT B. -.. Figure 2. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B. 2
32 Test B Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: B Rate of Penetration: 2 mm/s Date: 2..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:. N: 1. Z: 22. Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: The stops are caused by pre drilling 2 Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT B. Statistical data Mean value, 1. Coefficient of variation, δ. 2
33 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT B. -.. Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B.
34 Figure. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT B. -.. Figure. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B. 1
35 Test B Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: B Rate of Penetration: mm/s Date: Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:. N: 2. Z: 22.1 Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: The stops are caused by pre drilling Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT B. Statistical data Mean value,. Coefficient of variation, δ. 2
36 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT B. -.. Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B.
37 Figure 1. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT B. -.. Figure 2. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT B.
38 Test C1 Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: C1 Rate of Penetration: mm/s Date: 2..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:. N:.2 Z: 22.2 Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 1, 2 and are caused by pre drilling. Data are missing between and meters depth. Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT C1. Statistical data Mean value,. Coefficient of variation, δ.
39 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT C Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C1.
40 Figure. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT C Figure. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C1.
41 Test C2 Table. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: C2 Rate of Penetration: 2 mm/s Date:..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:. N:.222 Z: Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 1, 2, and are caused by pre drilling. Some data are missing between. and. meters depth. 2 Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT C2. Statistical data Mean value, 1. Coefficient of variation, δ.1
42 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT C Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C2.
43 Figure 1. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT C Figure 2. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C2.
44 Test C Table 1. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: C Rate of Penetration: 1 mm/s Date: 2..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:.1 N:. Z: 22.1 Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 1, 2, and are caused by pre drilling Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT C. Statistical data Mean value,. Coefficient of variation, δ.2 1
45 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT C. -.. Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C. 2
46 Figure. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT C. -.. Figure. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C.
47 Test C Table 1. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: C Rate of Penetration:. mm/s Date: 2..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:. N:. Z: 22.2 Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: Stop 2,, and are caused by pre drilling. Some data are missing between. and. meters depth Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT C. Statistical data Mean value,. Coefficient of variation, δ.
48 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT C. -.. Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C.
49 Figure 1. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT C. -.. Figure 2. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C.
50 Test C Table 1. Information of the conducted CPT test. CPT no.: C Rate of Penetration: mm/s Date:..2 Location: Dronninglund Coordinates: E:.1 N:. Z: 22.1 Cone type: Envi standard cm 2 piezocone Stops (meters depth): Comments: The stops are caused by pre drilling. Some data are missing between. and. meters depth. Penetration rate [mm/s] Figure. Rate of penetration for the conducted CPT C. Statistical data Mean value,. Coefficient of variation, δ.
51 Figure. Cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure for the conducted CPT C. -.. Figure. Normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C.
52 Figure. Smoothed cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore pressure, for the conducted CPT C. -.. Figure. Smoothed normalized cone resistance, normalized friction ratio and pore pressure ratio for the conducted CPT C.
53 References ASTM. (2). Standard Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soils. D-, ASTM, Pennsylvania. Lunne, T., Robertson, P. K., and Powell, J. J. M. (1). Cone penetration testing in geotechnical practice, Blakie Academic and Professional, Melbourne, Australia. McNeilan, T. W., and Bugno, W.T. (1). Cone Penetration Test Results in Offshore California Silts. Strength Testing of Marine Sediments: Laboratory and In-Situ Measurements, ASTM STP, ASTM, Philadelphia, -1. Poulsen, R., Nielsen, B. N., Ibsen, L. B. (2). Effect of Drainage Conditions on Cone Penetration Testing in Silty Soils. Proc. th Canadian Geotechnical Conference and 1th Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
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