Section 1: Wind Turbines Section 2: Crookwell Aerodrome
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1 Section 1: Wind Turbines Section 2: Crookwell Aerodrome By Ralph Holland, B Sc., Dip Ed., Dip. Com. Sc., ACT Australia. Nov 2009 (c) Copyright /12/2009 version 2.1 1
2 Section I Covers Turbine Wake pressure changes velocity deficit turbulence and visual evidence 1/12/2009 version 2.1 2
3 Parameters and assumptions wind Blade max tip Max tip tip wind speed at max tip speed at max tip 16 * Diameter Total Max speed speed speed speed speed blade m height m RPM kph knots ratio Knots m/s diam. m /12/2009 version 2.1 3
4 Turbine Wake Free stream velocity 8 m/s From M Pawlka and F Richert ref. 1 1/12/2009 version 2.1 4
5 Pressure Differential Severe pressure differential crossing the blade/disk pressure differential represents a bio hazard to air-borne mammals crossing the disk. blade tip velocities of the order of 160 Kts (298 kph) for 93 m diameter turbines. Gary L Johnson Ref 3 5 1/12/2009 version 2.1
6 Velocity deficit airspeed reduced to 2/3 of free flow velocity in front airspeed reduced to 1/3 of free flow velocity behind airspeed deficit 37% at 16 blade/disk diameters downstream how far downstream does it return to normal? Gary L Johnson Ref 3 1/12/2009 version 2.1 6
7 Profile of Velocity Deficit Hand M et al Ref 4. A plume, almost contained within the diameter of the blades, extends downstream behind the turbine velocity is 0.33 times free stream velocity at 6 blade diameters (558/600 m) downstream velocity is 0.55 times free stream velocity at 10 blade diameters (930/1200 m) downstream velocity is 0.63 times free stream velocity at 16 blade diameters (1488/1920 m) downstream 1/12/2009 version 2.1 7
8 How far does the deficit extend? Velocity change versus axial distance from wind tunnel measurements (U / Uo) measured U/U0 Linear Extrapolation asymptotic extrapolation (X / D) Blue line obtained from data on the Profile graph Red and green lines are extrapolations 1/12/2009 version 2.1 8
9 Hornes Rev Wind Farm Denmark Measurements made via Dromader Aircraft equipped with Synthetic Aperture Radar, Christiansen and Hasager Ref 16 1/12/2009 version 2.1 9
10 Satellite Data wind farm ship plumes Hornes Rev Wind Farm data from E-SAR track L1, Christiansen and Hasager - ref 16. 1/12/2009 version
11 ERS-2 SAR and ENVISAT ASAR satellite data Start of farm End of farm Velocity deficit as a percentage versus distance, Christiansen and Hasager - ref 16 1/12/2009 version
12 Tip Vortices and Turbulence Alfredson P-H, Dahlberg J-A. - Ref 2 1/12/2009 version
13 Turbulence The wake turbulence is generated as a side-effect of the rotation and power. The wake turbulence at 10 blade diameters downstream is 12% of the velocity at that point (variation of 12% in wind 930/1200 m) Hand M et al. Ref 4 1/12/2009 version
14 Power Assumptions: 3.3MW generated with turbine operating at Betz limit with blade tip speed of 6 17 rpm with wind velocity of 13.8 m/s blade disk diameter 93 metres P = T 2π rpm / 60 T = P * 60 / ( 2π rpm) = * 60 / (6.283 * 17) = Kg m F = T / d = 39,864 kg force at blade tips (approx 39.9 metric tonnes) (Ref. 5) 1/12/2009 version
15 Vortices from the tips Vortex Circulation = 4L/(πρbV) (Ref. 6) where L = lift (kg) ρ = air density (kg / m^3) b = wingspan (m) V = speed (m/s) Examples Vortex Circulation Cessna 172R m Turbine 5.4 Boeing Boeing (156Kts) Vortex Circulation Cessna 172R 93m Turbine Boeing 737 Boeing (156Kts) 1/12/2009 version
16 Windmills in the Mist Please view the video at this point to see: the danger of the blade-tips hidden by cloud, the downstream void in the cloud, and the turbulence effects in that cloud, around Cullerin Wind Farm situated 33.4 km SSW of Crookwell Aerodrome. Windmills in the Mist 1/12/2009 version
17 Summary By direct wind tunnel measurements the velocity deficit in the wake is 37% at 16 blade diameters (1,488 /1920) metres. The wake extends more than 16 blade/disk diameters downstream (1488/1920 m), and by asymptotic extrapolation the wake could extend 50 blade diameters (4,650/11,112m) or more. Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar measurements of offshore wind farms show the velocity deficit extending more than 15 km (>100D), from turbine clusters with a total height of only 110 m. The velocity deficit is coupled with turbulence being 12% of the free stream velocity at 10D 930 (1200) metres downstream, and by accounts extends further than the velocity deficit. The wake interacts with terrain and airflow as it flows downstream. The wake represents wind-sheer, which is dangerous to passing aircraft. Light aircraft taking off and landing are at substantial risk. Ultra-light aircraft with little momentum are more at risk. In aviation terms, the volume behind a turbine is a no-go zone for an aircraft (ref 1/12/ ). version
18 Section II Covers: Turbine locations Simulated vista from Crookwell Aerodrome Flight path after take off from R27 Standards Operational airspace extent and buffer zones 1/12/2009 version
19 Turbine locations Turbine Name Easting Northing Lat Lon KIA_ ' ' " KIA_ ' " ' " KIA_ ' " ' " KIA_ ' " ' " KIA_ ' " ' " KIA_ ' " ' " KIA_ ' " ' " KIA_ ' '' ' '' KIA_ ' '' ' '' KIA_ ' '' ' '' KIA_ ' '' ' '' KIA_ ' '' ' '' BAN_ ' '' ' '' KIA_ ' '' ' '' Turbine locations supplied by Epuron (Ref. 9) as GDA zone 55 Northing and Eastings. The position data were sorted by Northings and converted to WGS84 Latitude and Longitude for entry into Google Earth. A 93 metre height turbine tower model was chosen from the Google Sketchup 3D Warehouse and used to place turbines at each way-point for visualisation, note the proposed Crookwell turbines will be taller. 1/12/2009 version
20 Vista looking southwest near aerodrome 1/12/2009 version
21 Take-off from R27, then heading south 1/12/2009 version
22 Instructions to Pilots MOS Part Cat 1 aerodrome 2.5 km arc. MOS Part Cat 2 aerodrome 3.0 km arc. AIP ENR 1.5 Cat A aircraft km arc,... Cat B aircraft 2.66 nm (4.926 km) arc. Old ICAO rules 3 nm (5.556 km) from aerodrome reference point (i.e. a circle). 1/12/2009 version
23 CAT B Aircraft circling area 1/12/2009 version
24 15 km Buffer Zone & CAT B aircraft circling area 72 GUR_ ' '' ' '' 73 GUR_ ' " ' " 1/12/2009 version
25 Summary Wind Turbines are dynamic obstructions that generate a plume in their wake, by measurements extends more than 16 blade diameters (1488/1920 m) down stream, and by extrapolation we can expect the plume to extend to 30 blade diameters (2790/3600m) or more downstream, airborne SAR evidence shows it extending > 15 kms downstream for offshore wind farm clusters. The wake plume contains turbulence energy. This wake and turbulence plume cannot be seen directly, and is a void to flight. Pilots should avoid flying behind the turbine blades, because the velocity deficit extends downstream in the plume like a tube for a few kilometres. Note there is also an upstream velocity deficit close in front of the turbine. A suitable buffer zone is required around any aerodrome to permit safe operations of aircraft. To ensure pilots can avoid the wake, the turbines should be set-back so it is not possible for the wake plume to affect expected aerodrome traffic and operational areas. 1/12/2009 Version
26 Safety Considerations 1. The NSW Rural fire services requires the aerodrome to support Category B Aircraft (ref-14), namely the twins: Cessna 310, Piper Cheiftain, Beechcraft Baron, and the Partenavia P That Category-B circling requirements and areas be used because they match the category of aircraft operating into the aerodrome. 3. That consideration be given to the extent of the turbine wake plumes when determining set-back of turbines to ensure that the wake does not infringe on the operational areas of any aircraft using the aerodrome and associated operational areas. 1/12/2009 version
27 References and Credits New Model for Calculating the Intensities of Turbulence in the Wake of Wind-Turbines. M Pawlka, F Richert. A preliminary wind tunnel study of windmill wake dispersion in various flow conditions. Technical Note AI-1499, Part 7, FFA, Stockholm, Sweden, September Alfredson P-H, Dahlberg J-A. 3. Wind Energy Systems. Gary L Johnson Unsteady aerodynamics experiments phase VI: Wind tunnel test configuration and available data campaigns. Technical report BREL/TP , NREL, December Hand M, Simms D, Finger L, Jager D, Coteril J, Schreck S, Larwood S. Torque and Power equations 6. Departure Exclusion Zone: Monitoring System Concept. Carmine Primeggia FAA, Washington DC. 7. Manual of Standards Part 139 Aerodromes, CASA 8. AIP ENR Turbine locations supplied by Epuron and converted from GDA84 to WGS GDA84 to WGS84 conversions via calculator from GeoSciences website Google Sketchup tool and turbine model from the Sketchup Warehouse. 12. Google Keyhole markup file containing Turbine waypoints etc supplied by Ralph Holland. 13. Google Earth and Maps (c) copyright by Google and Google providers, used under fair use for academic and for environmental report reasons as per the terms on All the maps views in this presentation can be reproduced entirely from the CrookwellAerodrome.kmz data file by importing into the Google Earth application. Letter from Alan Lawrance, the Director of Works and Operations, Upper Lachlan Shire Council, regarding NSW Fire Service aircraft. Tabled Thursday 15 October from Richard Thompson, regarding Wind Turbine affect on the flight of an Aero Commander 680E aeroplane. Wake Studies around a large offshore wind farm using Satellite and Airborne SAR, Christiansen and Hasager /12/2009 version
28 Revision History Dec 09 Airborne SAR data shows 29% deficit at 15 km so included that as buffer zone with Cat B aircraft circling area, removed unnecessary slides Nov 09 reduced summary to > 10 km for SAR data Nov 09 Included 3 slides and reference 16 on SAR measurements of the velocity deficit plumes for the Hornes Rev 80 turbine offshore wind farm, Denmark Nov 09 Page 5 understated the length of the blade., though the tip velocity was correct Nov 09 Twin aircraft included in Category B due to 1.3 times stall speed Nov 09 Updated Section I and Section II Summary. Included safety considerations in Section II and the references 14 and Nov 09 corrected the placement of KIA_ Nov 09 corrected turbulence statement to 12% of free stream velocity at 10D Nov 09 Included Google Map with distance arc for ICAO Cat B aircraft, which operate into Crookwell for fire-fighting Nov 09 - Corrected GDM to GDA and included statement on Google Maps use. Included statement on aerodrome arcs instead of the simple circles employed in the Google Sketchup models, included additional references and mark-up to that effect, and some minor typographical edits. Corrected placement of several turbines and updated Google Map diagrams Nov 09 - Included extrapolation of wake plume distance Nov 09 - Initial writing. 1/12/2009 version
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